Dichodontium Moss

The leaf margins of Dichodontium pellucidum are strongly serrate-denticulate in the distal ²/3-³/4 of the leaf, varying to minutely serrulate to nearly entire in the proximal part. In D. olympicum there are no distant marginal teeth in addition to the even denticulations from apex almost to the leaf insertion. In D. pellucidum, such teeth are always present even though the denticulations may be nearly absent. A distinct hydroid strand is visible in leaf sections in the proximal half of the leaf in the larger stems, disappearing in the distal half together with a general loss of anatomical differentiation.

The distinction of Dichodontium flavescens from D. pellucidum has been supported by J. Werner (2002), and accepted by D. H. Norris and J. R. Shevock (2004) for the California flora. Werner reviewed the literature regarding the separation of these two species and showed that there is no consensus of opinion, which ranges from no distinction (all D. pellucidum) to intergradation to separation. Analysis of the morphology of collections, including a few from the flora area, determined that the two taxa are inseparable morphologically. A similar, systematic review of the issue in the flora area, using additional characters, was made by B. C. Tan and W. B. Schofield (1980), who found no clear distinction between the two species, which is the view adopted here. Werner indicated that D. flavescens has a more elongate leaf (4:1) whereas that of D. pellucidum did not exceed 3:1, the capsules were longer in D. flavescens and erect (not inclined), the leaves were broadest at the base and less papillose with the costa wider proximally (to 100 µm in California specimens), whereas D. pelludicum was broadest above the base with much more coarsely papillose cells and with a much narrower costa (to 30 µm). The two variants are sympatric across the United States and they appear to have the same ecology and intergrade morphologically. Curiously, in the Japanese moss flora (A. Noguchi and Z. Iwatsuki 1987+), there is a similar distinction between an elongate variant (D. pellucidum var. pellucidum) and a shorter-leaved, “endemic” one (var. yezoense Noguchi), also apparently sympatric. Dichodontium nelsonii Kindberg described from Missouri is, according to B. H. Allen (2005), Bartramia pomiformis.

The rather smooth leaves of large-stemmed Dichodontium pellucidum without their typical robust papillae and generally from the northwestern United States may resemble Hyophila involuta. In H. involuta the width of the leaf at the insertion is nearly ¹/2 the width of the leaf lamina at mid leaf. Its marginal teeth are located in the distal ¹/4 of the leaf, not nearly to the insertion as in D. pellucidum. In D. pellucidum the leaf cells, in section, are convex and papillose, sometimes strongly so, on both sides of the leaf, whereas in H. involuta they only bulge on the adaxial side. Hyophila involuta has no papillae, and has clavate, stellate or dentate-elliptical “multi-horned” axillary gemmae, whereas the gemmae of D. pellucidum are simpler, cylindrical or globose with smooth walls and without projections.

Plants variable in size, usually 1–4(–8) cm high, dull, yellowish green to dark green or brownish below, in loose or compact tufts. Stems often branched, often with slender, subapical innovations, sparsely radiculose below, sometimes with small, subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoidal propagula on short branched filaments along the stem. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ligulate, 1–3(–4) mm long, erect-spreading with incurved, variously contorted to twisted apices when dry, widely spreading to somewhat squarrose when moist, acute to rounded-obtuse at the apex; margins often recurved below, somewhat undulate above, irregularly dentate in the upper part, nearly entire below the middle; costa subpercurrent, usually projecting on the back in the upper part of leaves, with 4–5 large, guide cells in the middle row, dorsal stereid band better developed than the ventral band in transverse section; upper laminal cells irregularly quadrate to subquadrate, 8–12 µm wide, obscure, the marginal teeth noticeably pellucid, mammillose to conic-papillose on both surfaces; lower cells rectangular, rather pellucid, smooth; alar cells not differentiated. Dioicous. Perichaetial leaves not much differentiated from vegetative leaves. Setae erect, 6–20 mm long, yellowish; capsules oblong-ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm long, suberect to curved or inclined, smooth, not strumose; opercula erect to obliquely long-rostrate, almost as long as the urn; annuli absent; peristome teeth dark reddish, divided about halfway down, vertically striate below, papillose above, basal membrane extending 2–3 rows of cells above the mouth. Spores 14–20 µm in diameter, minutely papillose.

Stems 1.5-5.5(-8) cm. Leaves 1-4 mm, apex narrowly to broadly acute to rounded-obtuse; margins weakly to strongly recurved in proximal half or sometimes nearly to the apex, generally smooth near the insertion, margins of leaf apex strongly papillose but without teeth; marginal laminal cells weakly papillose by projecting distal cell ends or smooth in proximal half of the leaf; median leaf cells with horned papillae on both surfaces; costal cells adaxially elongate (3-6:1), often smooth, clearly different from adjacent laminal cells. Specialized asexual reproduction occasional, by mullticellular ovoid to ellipsoidal gemmae borne on branched, rhizoid-like structures in the leaf axils. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta 9-20 mm. Capsule 1.2-1.6 mm, not strumose, smooth when dry. Spores 13-20(-25) µm.

Distribution: China, Pakistan, Japan, Russia (Siberia), Europe, and North America.

Habitat: on wet rocks in forests.

Dichodontium verrucosum Card., Bull. Herb. Boissier sér. 2, 7: 712. 1907.

Dicranum pellucidum Hedwig, Sp. Musc. Frond., 142. 1801; Bryum flavescens Dickson ex Withering; Dichodontium flavescens (Dickson ex Withering) Lindberg; D. pellucidum var. americanum Lesquereux & James; D. pellucidum var. fagimontanum (Bridel) Schimper; D. subflavescens Kindberg

Dichodontium pellucidum (I,.) Schimp. Coroll. Bryol
Eur. 12. 1855.
Bryum pellucidum L. Sp. PL 1118. 1753. Bryum Jlavescens Dicks. PI. Crypt. Brit. 2: 4. 1790. Dichodontium Jlavescens Lindb. Bot. Not. 1878: 113. 1878. Dichodontium subjlavescens Kindb.; Roll, Hedwigia 35: 59. ' 1896.
Dioicous : male plants of the same size as the fertile and mixed with them or in separate tufts, the perigonial leaves from a broad, concave base rather abruptly narrowed to a lanceolate point with the costa vanishing below the more or less obtuse or acute apex, the antheridia numerous, more than 0.5 mm. long, with slender paraphyses: plants in small tufts to often extensive mats, yellowish-brown to darkgreen, with radiculose stems 1-10 cm. long, often bearing slender, distantly-leaved innovations from just below the apex: stem-leaves ovatelanceolate or Ungulate to linear-lanceolate, up to about 3.5 mm. long (or in D. pellucidum fagimontanum Brid. pointed-ovate or oblong and mostly 1 mm. or less long), when dry incurvedspreading, somewhat crispate or variously flexuous from an erect base, when moist widely spreading, the broad point keeled, with a rounded or acute apex and flat, not thickened margins, from finely serrulate to coarsely and irregularly serrate (D. pellucidum s erratum Schimp.), the margin in the lower part of the leaf just above the base entire and somewhat farther up more or less recurved on one or both sides ; costa stout, rough on the back in the upper part and vanishing below the apex, in cross-section near the middle showing 4 guide-cells, stereidbands above and below and outer cells differentiated ; upper leaf -cells rather irregular, mostly quadratic and slightly or not elongate, the median ones about 8 by 8-10 m, the lower leaf-cells toward the costa more or less rectangular, 8-10 fj. wide and 20-40 /i long, those toward and in the margin nearly square, the alar cells not differentiated; perichaetial leaves very similar to the stem-leaves but slightly longer with a somewhat broader base: seta erect, yellowish, 1—2 cm. long: capsule oblong, from nearly symmetric and erect to curved and nodding, 1.5— 1.75 mm. long, when dry often showing a short collum and more or less contracted under the broad mouth, with smooth, thick walls and 1 or 2 rows of stomata at the base; annulus none; peristome-teeth up to 80 m wide and more than 400> high, dark-reddish, lanceolate, divided about one half down into mostly 2 forks, finely papillose above, more or less vertically striate on the outer face, from a darker, smooth, basilar membrane extending 2 or 3 rows of cells above the rim of the capsule and attached about the same distance below the rim; lid conic, obliquely rostrate, sometimes about as long as the capsule: calyptra cucullate, entire below, slightly rough at the apex: spores not quite smooth, 18-20 ^ in diameter.
Type ix>cau:ty : Europe.
Distribution: Labrador to New Jersey, westward in the region of the Great Lakes, and from Alaska and Montana to California; also in Europe. Growing in cool, damp places, mostly along
streams, sometimes in water.

Dichodontium pellucidum is a species of moss belonging to the family Dicranaceae.

It has cosmopolitan distribution.