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Associations

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Numerous species of small invertebrates and even fish can be found living in the holdfasts of Macrocystis pyrifera. In a study in M. pyrifera forests around Navarino Island, Chile, Ojeda and Santelices (1984) found 42 species of invertebrates and 1 fish living in kelp holdfasts. Five invertebrate phyla were represented, but especially prominent were crustaceans (especially decapods), echinoderms, and molluscs. The authors note that in a similar study in California, over 100 invertebrate taxa, mostly amphipods, polychaetes, and isopods, were found dwelling in M. pyrifera holdfasts (Ghelardi 1971, cited in Ojeda and Santelices 1984).

In giant kelp forests, shade from the canopy of M. pyrifera negatively affects understory algae. Because these algae compete for space with sessile (i.e., stationary) invertebrates, the shade from the giant kelp indirectly benefits the sessile invertebrates. In a study off San Clemente, California (USA), this indirect positive effect turned out to be quite substantial (Arkema et al. 2009).

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Dispersal

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Hernandez-Carmona et al. (2006) reviewed the literature on long-distance dispersal of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera). Long-distance dispersal is believed to occur via drifting sporophytes. Drifting M. pyrifera sporophytes (kelp rafts) are created following sporophyte detachment from benthic substrates; in California, this occurs primarily during the winter months (November–February). Kept afloat by numerous pneumatocysts (gas-filled bladders), M. pyrifera sporophytes may remain alive and adrift for more than 100 days. Zoospore germination rates remain fairly high even after several months of floating. Based on their investigation of the rate of fertility decline while afloat, Hernandez-Carmona et al. (2006) conclude that the reproductive longevity of drifting M. pyrifera sporophytes is long enough to support effective long-distance dispersal of over 1000 km. Drifter reproductive viability is maintained at relatively high levels so long as enough biomass is present to promote the production of spore-bearing sori.

Kelp rafts disperse kelp, but they may also disperse an enormous diversity of kelp forest fauna among isolated kelp forests. Some pelagic species with larval dispersal may even complete a cycle of larval settlement, growth, and reproduction before kelp rafts sink or wash ashore (Hobday 2000).

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Distribution

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Macrocystis is the most widely distributed kelp genus in the world, with an amphitropical distribution that spans the west coasts of North and South America and also includes Argentina, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and most of the sub-Antarctic islands (Neushul 1971, cited in Hernandez-Carmona et al. 2006). Macrocystis pyrifera forms dense forests in many parts of the world, including parts of the northeast Pacific (but not north of San Francisco, California), the southern shores of South America, many Southern Ocean islands, and isolated areas of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand (Dayton 1985).

According to Abbot and Hollenberg (1976), M. pyrifera occurs on the west coast of North America from Alaska to Baja California.

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Ecology

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Kelp forests experience irregular cycles of growth and deforestation. The biotic (biological) and abiotic (physical) factors driving these changes, both "natural" and anthropogenic, have been the subject of much study by ecologists over many decades and in several parts of the world (see, e.g., Dayton et al. 1998). Steneck et al. (2002) review the major factors controlling the development and disappearance of kelp forests, including M. pyrifera forests. They find that between about 40 and 60 degrees north in both hemispheres, well developed kelp forests are most threatened by herbivory, usually by sea urchins. Overfishing and loss of apex vertebrate predators such as sea otters have repeatedly led to increased herbivore (e.g., urchin) populations and consequently deforestation of kelp forests. In southern California, however, home to extensive forests of M. pyrifera, widespread deforestation is rare. Steneck et al. suggest that this relative stability may result from functional redundancies among both predators and herbivores (in contrast to less species-rich regions to the north).

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Habitat

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Nearly all kelp forests occur on hard substrata, an exception being Macrocystis pyrifera in some protected fjords in Chile and New Zealand (Dayton 1985). Abbot and Hollenberg (1976) describe the habitat of this species as "on rocky substrata or occasionally anchoring in coarse sand, subtidal (6-20 (80) m)"

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Life Cycle

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The life history of Macrocystis pyrifera involves a complex alternation of generations between large diploid (spore-producing) sporophytes and microscopic haploid (gamete-producing) gametophytes. Meiosis within the sporangium of the diploid sporophyte produces haploid microscopic flagellated zoospores, which settle and germinate into male or female haploid gametophytes. These gameteophytes produce male and female gametes, which combine via fertilization to form diploid sporophytes which then grow from microscopic to macroscopic size (Dayton 1985; Ladah and Zertuche-Gonzalez 2007). Based on studies of M. pyrifera in La Jolla, California (USA), Neushul (1963) estimated the minimum time required to complete the sexual cycle to be 12 to 14 months.

Macrocystis pyrifera produces spores year round, but with seasonal peaks (Reed et al. 1997).

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Life Expectancy

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In a study near San Diego, California (USA), maximum lifespan recorded for a Macrocystis pyrifera plant was about five years (Dayton et al. 1992).

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Risk Statement

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Dayton et al. (1998) and Steneck et al. (2002) review (and speculate about) how human activities (hunting marine mammals, harvesting urchins, polluting the seas, etc.) from prehistoric times to the present have likely impacted the dynamics of kelp forests, including M. pyrifera forests, in several geographic regions.

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Taxon Biology

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Macrocystis pyrifera plants consist of a holdfast, which anchors the plant to the substrate, bundles of fronds analogous to the branches and leaves of a land plant, and reproductive structures called sporophylls located just above the holdfast (Tegner et al. 1996). Like most kelp species, M, pyrifera is perennial. It may exceed 45 m in length and the holdfasts of old plants are conical and may reach a meter in height (Abbot and Hollenberg 1976). Macrocystis pyrifera occurs in extensive stands (kelp forests) throughout its range, providing the basis for biologically diverse ecological communities.

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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Magallanes, Tierra del Fuego, Patagonia, Chiloe, Chile central, Chiloele norte, Peru
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Comprehensive Description

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Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh

Fucus pyriferus Linnaeus, 1771:311.

Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh, 1820:47; Setchell and Gardner, 1924a:728; Dawson, 1944:237; González-González et al., 1996:154; Pedroche et al., 2008 (in part; only Gulf of California record):85.
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bibliographic citation
Norris, James N. 2010. "Marine algae of the northern Gulf of California : Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 276-276. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.94.276

Reusekelp ( Afrikaans )

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Reusekelp (Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh.) is 'n spesie van bruin alge wat tot 6o meter lank kan word. Dit kan onder water woude vorm, wat 'n tuiste van baie organismes is. Kelp is ook eetbaar en word veral in die Asiatiese kombuis baie aangewend.

Hulle word teenswoordig (2018) in die orde Laminariales van die klas Phaeophyceae in die filum Ochrophyta van die superfilum Heterokonta geplaas. Dit beteken dat hulle eintlik nouer aan byvoorbeeld die malariaparasietverwant is as aan die plante, hoewel hulle dikwels wel as 'n soort plante beskou word.

Die genus Macrocystis bevat net een spesies Macrocystis pyrifera wat wêreldwyd voorkom. Ander verwante genera is Pelagophycus, Nereocystis en Postelsia. wat ook net een spesie bevat en endemies is aan die noordoostelike Stille Oseaan. Die enigste soort wat geen woude vorm nie is Postelsia.

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Macrocystis pyrifera ( Czech )

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Bobulák Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) Agardh je druh hnědé řasy z čeledi Laminariaceae. Macrocystis pyrifera je významnou součástí kelpových lesů. Rodové jméno Macrocystis pochází z řeckého μακρός + κύστις „dlouhý, velký“ + „měch“, druhové jméno odkazuje na tvar vzduchových měchů na bázi fyloidů – z latinského pirus + *-feros „hrušky“ + „nesoucí“.

Popis

Stélky bobuláků Macrocystis pyrifera dorůstají obřích délek – až 60 metrů.[1] Délka stélky přesahuje hloubku, z níž chaluha vyrostla, navíc může být stélka mořským proudem vychýlena ze svislé polohy. Při dalším růstu se rozprostře při hladině. Ze spletitého systému rhizoidů (hapterů) vyrůstá kauloid, který se třikrát až čtyřikrát větví. Z terminálního fyloidu se postupně oddělují jednotlivé kopinaté fyloidy, ty jsou po obvodu pilovité, plocha fyloidu je krabatá. Každý fyloid má na bázi jeden vzduchový měch, který se postupně zvětšuje.

Sporofyt bobuláku je víceletý, jejich stáří bylo odhadnuto na 16 až 30 let.[2]

Rozšíření

Bobulák Macrocystis pyrifera žije v hlubších vodách sublitorálu (10 až 30 metrů).[3] Je běžný podél tichomořského pobřeží Severní Ameriky: od Baja California až na sever k jihovýchodní Aljašce, vyskytuje se v pobřežních vodách Jižní Ameriky, jižní Afriky, jižní Austrálie a Nového Zélandu. V teplých tropických vodách se nevyskytuje.

Význam

Bobulák Macrocystis pyrifera je hospodářsky významná chaluha. Jsou z ní získávány algináty (alginátový gel, alginátová vlákna, atp.) a organobromidy. Je bohatým zdrojem přírodního jodu, draslíku a dalších minerálů. Někdy je lidmi přímo konzumována, zejména fyloidy.

Galerie

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Kalina et Váňa, 2010, s. 174.
  2. Kalina et Váňa, 2010, s. 187.
  3. Kalina et Váňa, 2010, s. 186.

Literatura

  • KALINA, Tomáš; VÁŇA, Jiří. Sinice, řasy, houby, mechorosty a podobné organismy v současné biologii. 1., první dotisk vyd. Praha: Karolinum, 2010. 606 s. ISBN 978-80-246-1036-8. S. 174, 175, 178, 179, 184, 186.

Externí odkazy

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Macrocystis pyrifera: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Bobulák Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) Agardh je druh hnědé řasy z čeledi Laminariaceae. Macrocystis pyrifera je významnou součástí kelpových lesů. Rodové jméno Macrocystis pochází z řeckého μακρός + κύστις „dlouhý, velký“ + „měch“, druhové jméno odkazuje na tvar vzduchových měchů na bázi fyloidů – z latinského pirus + *-feros „hrušky“ + „nesoucí“.

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Riesentang ( German )

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Der Riesentang (Macrocystis pyrifera) ist die einzige Art der Braunalgen-Gattung Macrocystis in der Ordnung der Laminariales. Mit bis zu 45 Metern Länge ist er die größte aller Braunalgen und auch das größte festsitzende (benthische) Meeres-Lebewesen.[1] Der Riesentang ist an der Pazifikküste Nordamerikas sowie an Meeresküsten der Südhalbkugel weit verbreitet. Dort bildet er produktive Tangwälder. Der Riesentang besitzt wirtschaftliche Bedeutung für die Gewinnung von Alginaten.

Beschreibung

 src=
Schwimmblasen an den Stielen der Phylloide

Der Sporophyt des Riesentangs ist ein großer, hell- bis dunkelbrauner Seetang, der bis 45 Meter lang werden kann. Sein Thallus ist in Haftorgan (Rhizoid), Stiel und blattartige Phylloide gegliedert. Das ausgreifend verzweigte, wurzelähnliche Rhizoid verankert ihn am felsigen Untergrund. Der aufrechte, sehr lange Stiel ist nahe der Basis zwei- bis viermal gabelig verzweigt und trägt einseitig in regelmäßigen Abständen die Phylloide. Diese weisen am „Blattstiel“ eine gasgefüllte Blase (Pneumatocyste) auf, wodurch der Tang im Wasser aufrecht gehalten wird. Die mehr oder weniger birnenförmigen Schwimmblasen waren für den Artnamen pyrifera (= birnentragend) namensgebend. Die Phylloide sind ungeteilt, bis 80 cm lang, breit lanzettlich bis schmal zungenförmig, mit gekräuselter, runzeliger oder blasiger Oberfläche und gezähntem Rand. Neue Blattorgane werden an der Spitze des Thallus durch Längsspaltung gebildet.[2] Der Tang kann täglich 27[2] bis 30[3] Zentimeter wachsen.

An kürzeren Stielen an der Basis entstehen blattartige Sporophylle, die in Gruppen (Sori) angeordnete Sporangien tragen. Jedes Sporangium entlässt 32 haploide zweigeißelige Sporen ins Wasser, die mit der Strömung verdriftet werden. Auf geeignetem Untergrund setzen sie sich fest und keimen zu mikroskopisch kleinen, männlichen oder weiblichen Gametophyten aus. Diese bilden Eizellen beziehungsweise Spermien. Mithilfe des Pheromons Lamoxirene finden die Spermien zu den Eizellen. Aus der befruchteten Eizelle wächst wieder ein großer Tang (Sporophyt) heran.[1]

Vorkommen und Ökologie

Der Riesentang kommt in kalt- bis warmtemperierten Meeren vor.[1] Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst die Pazifikküste Nordamerikas von Alaska bis Kalifornien, Südamerika, Atlantische Inseln (Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha, Kanaren), Südafrika, den Indischen Ozean, Australien und Neuseeland, die Antarktis und subantarktische Inseln.[3]

Er wächst in Küstennähe unterhalb der Niedrigwasserlinie, meist in 6–20 Meter Wassertiefe, in sehr klarem Wasser selten bis 80 Meter Wassertiefe.[2] Auch in der Gezeitenzone kann der Riesentang vorkommen, hier zeigen die Populationen meist nur vegetative Vermehrung.[1]

Der Riesentang ist ein wesentliches Element vieler Tangwälder, welche äußerst produktive Lebensräume für zahlreiche Meeres-Lebewesen darstellen.[2] In den Riesentang-Wäldern vor der Küste Kaliforniens sind die Sporophyten langlebig und bilden unter der Wasseroberfläche ausgedehnte, den Untergrund beschattende „Kronendächer“ aus. Sie pflanzen sich hier auch reichlich fort. Weltweit stellen die meisten Riesentang-Populationen aber eher sich verändernde, schmalere Tangwald-Säume dar, deren Nachwuchs oft aus größerer Entfernung stammt.[1]

In höheren Breiten verläuft das Wachstum der Sporophyten in jahreszeitlichem Rhythmus und ist von der Sonneneinstrahlung abhängig. In niedrigen Breiten wird es dagegen vor allem von der Verfügbarkeit an Nährstoffen bestimmt.[1]

Systematik

Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1771 durch Carl von Linné unter dem Namen Fucus pyrifer. Carl Adolph Agardh stellte die Art 1820 in die Gattung Macrocystis.[3] Der Riesentang wurde früher der Familie Lessoniaceae zugeordnet, gehört nach molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen aber zur Familie Laminariaceae.[1]

Die Taxonomie der Gattung Macrocystis war lange umstritten. Es wurden über 17 Arten beschrieben, die sich im Aussehen von Blatt- und Haftorganen unterscheiden sollten. Vier Arten davon waren lange anerkannt. Nach morphologischen und molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen stellte sich im Jahr 2010 heraus, dass es sich bei den weltweiten Vorkommen um eine einzige Art handelt, die Gattung Macrocystis also monotypisch ist.[4]

Synonyme sind Fucus giganteus Gaudichaud, Fucus pyrifer L., Laminaria pyrifera (L.) J. V. Lamouroux, Macrocystis angustifolia Bory de Saint-Vincent, Macrocystis communis Bory de Saint-Vincent, Macrocystis pyrifera var. humboldtii Bonpland, Macrocystis humboldtii (Bonpland) C. Agardh, Macrocystis integrifolia Bory de Saint-Vincent, Macrocystis laevis C. H. Hay., Macrocystis latifolia Bory de Saint-Vincent, Macrocystis pyrifera var. longibullata Reinsch, Macrocystis pyrifera var. luxurians J. D. Hooker & Harvey, Macrocystis luxurians (J. D. Hooker & Harvey) J. Agardh, Macrocystis orbigniana Montagne, Macrocystis pelagica Areschoug, Macrocystis planicaulis C. Agardh und Macrocystis tenuifolia Postels & Ruprecht.[3]

Nutzung

Der Riesentang wird in vielen Ländern zur Gewinnung von Alginaten genutzt, die unter anderem in der Nahrungsmittelindustrie verwendet werden. Dafür werden die Tangbestände mit Trawlern abgeerntet. Der Ertrag erreichte vor der Küste Kaliforniens jährlich 150.000 t Frischgewicht.[2] Auch als Futter für Seeschnecken-(Abalone)-Kulturen wird der Riesentang genutzt.[3] In Kosmetikprodukten findet es sich in der Liste der Inhaltsstoffe unter der Bezeichnung MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (INCI)[5] aufgeführt.

Quellen

  1. a b c d e f g Michael H. Graham, Julio A. Vásquez, Alejandro H. Buschmann: Global ecology of the giant kelp Macrocystis. From ecotypes to ecosystems. - In: Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Band 45, S. 39–88, 2007. pdf (Memento des Originals vom 3. August 2014 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.i-mar.cl
  2. a b c d e Wolfram Braune: Meeresalgen. Ein Farbbildführer zu den verbreiteten benthischen Grün-, Braun- und Rotalgen der Weltmeere. Ruggell: Gantner, 2008, ISBN 978-3-906166-69-8, S. 202–205.
  3. a b c d e Michael D. Guiry, G.M Guiry: Macrocystis pyrifera - In: Algaebase - World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway, abgerufen 2. Juni 2014
  4. E.C. Macaya, G.C Zuccarello: DNA barcoding and genetic divergence in the giant kelp Macrocystis (Laminariales). In: Journal of Phycology, Vol. 46(4), S. 736–742, 2010. Zusammenfassung
  5. Eintrag zu MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA in der CosIng-Datenbank der EU-Kommission, abgerufen am 18. Januar 2022.

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Riesentang: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Riesentang (Macrocystis pyrifera) ist die einzige Art der Braunalgen-Gattung Macrocystis in der Ordnung der Laminariales. Mit bis zu 45 Metern Länge ist er die größte aller Braunalgen und auch das größte festsitzende (benthische) Meeres-Lebewesen. Der Riesentang ist an der Pazifikküste Nordamerikas sowie an Meeresküsten der Südhalbkugel weit verbreitet. Dort bildet er produktive Tangwälder. Der Riesentang besitzt wirtschaftliche Bedeutung für die Gewinnung von Alginaten.

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Macrocystis pyrifera

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Macrocystis is a monospecific genus[3] of kelp (large brown algae) with all species now synonymous with Macrocystis pyrifera. It is commonly known as giant kelp or bladder kelp. This genus contains the largest of all the phaeophyceae or brown algae. Macrocystis has pneumatocysts at the base of its blades. Sporophytes are perennial and the individual may live for up to three years;[4] stipes/fronds within a whole individual undergo senescence, where each frond may persist for approximately 100 days.[5] The genus is found widely in subtropical, temperate, and sub-Antarctic oceans of the Southern Hemisphere (e.g. Chile, New Zealand, Australia, Falkland Islands, Auckland Islands, etc.) and in the northeast Pacific from Baja California to Sitka, Alaska. Macrocystis is often a major component of temperate kelp forests.

Despite its appearance, it is not a plant; it is a heterokont. Giant kelp is common along the coast of the northeastern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California north to southeast Alaska, and is also found in the southern oceans near South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Individual algae may grow to more than 45 metres (150 feet) long at a rate of as much as 60 cm (2 ft) per day. Giant kelp grows in dense stands known as kelp forests, which are home to many marine animals that depend on the algae for food or shelter. The primary commercial product obtained from giant kelp is alginate, but humans also harvest this species on a limited basis for use directly as food, as it is rich in iodine, potassium, and other minerals. It can be used in cooking in many of the ways other sea vegetables are used, and particularly serves to add flavor to bean dishes.

Description

Macrocystis is a monospecific genus, the sole species is M. pyrifera. Some individuals are so huge that the thallus may grow to up to 60 m (200 ft).[6] The stipes arise from a holdfast and branch three or four times from near the base. Blades develop at irregular intervals along the stipe.[7][8] M. pyrifera grows to over 45 m (150 ft) long.[8][9] The stipes are unbranched and each blade has a gas bladder at its base.[10]

Macrocystis pyrifera is the largest of all algae. The stage of the life cycle that is usually seen is the sporophyte, which is perennial and individuals persist for many years. Individuals may grow to up to 50 m (160 ft) long or more. The kelp often grows even longer than the distance from the bottom to the surface as it will grow in a diagonal direction due to the ocean current pushing against the kelp.[11]: 201  The stalks arise from a basal meristem, with as many as 60 stalks in older well protected plants.[12] Blades develop at irregular intervals along the stipe, with a single pneumatocyst (gas bladder) at the base of each blade.[10] At the base of each stalk a cluster of blades that lack pneumatocysts, instead they develop small sacks on the blade that release the biflagellated zoospores these are the sporophylls.[12]

The smaller morphs, formerly identified as Macrocystis integrifolia, have deep brown color on flattened rhizomes which are profusely dichotomously branched. Each is attached by branched root-like structures coming out of the sides of the rhizomes. Slender main stipes (about 1 centimetre (0.39 in) wide to 30 metres (98 ft) long) come from the rhizome which is up to 0.1 metres (3.9 in) at the widest. Periodically 5 centimetres (2.0 in) wide and 35 centimetres (14 in) long flattened leaf-like branches derive from the stipe. They have furrowed surfaces and taper gradually, but then have an oval or rounded float where attached to the stipe. The blade-like branches have notched denticulate edges leading to the terminal blade at the tip of the stipe, which is separated by several smaller branches.[13] It grows to only 6 m (20 ft) long. It is found on intertidal rocks or shallow subtidal rocks along the Pacific coast of North America (British Columbia to California) and South America.[8][14] In New Zealand M. pyrifera is found in the subtidal zone of southern North Island, the South Island, Chatham, Stewart, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland and Campbell Islands.[15] The species can be found on rock and on sheltered open coasts.[15]

Life cycle

The macroscopic sporophyte has many specialized blades growing near the holdfast. These blades bear various sori containing sporangia, which release haploid spores, which will grow into microscopic female and male gametophytes. These gametophytes, after reaching the appropriate substrata, grow mitotically to eventually produce gametes.[16]

Females release their eggs (oogonia) along with a pheromone, the lamoxirene.[17][18] This compound triggers sperm release by males. The Macrocystis sperm consists of biflagellate non-synthetic antherozoids, which find their way to the oogonia following the lamoxirene. The egg is then fertilized to form the zygote, which, through mitosis, begins growth.

Macrocystis integrifolia is found on intertidal rocks or shallow subtidal rocks along the Pacific coast of North America from British Columbia to California.[1][19][20] It prefers water about 7 metres (23 ft) to 10 metres (33 ft) deep and exposed to the open sea and normal salinities, yet sheltered from full wave action.[21]

Macrocystis integrifolia alternates heteromorphic phases from a macroscopic sporophyte to dioecious microscopic gametophytes.[20] It has been studied as a plant fertilizer, increasing bean yields up to 24% and chemical studies indicate presence of phytohormone-like substances.[22]

Growth

Juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera, Whaler's Cove (Point Lobos State Reserve)

Macrocystis pyrifera is one of the fastest-growing organisms on Earth.[23][24]: 8  They can grow at a rate of 60 cm (2 ft) a day to reach over 45 m (150 ft) long in one growing season.[8][25][26]

Juvenile giant kelp grow directly upon their parent female gametophyte. To establish itself, a young kelp produces one or two primary blades, and begins a rudimentary holdfast, which serves to anchor the plant to the rocky bottom. As the kelp grows, additional blades develop from the growing tip, while the holdfast enlarges and may entirely cover the rock to which it is attached.

Growth occurs with lengthening of the stipe (central stalk), and splitting of the blades. At the growing tip is a single blade, at the base of which develop small gas bladders along one side. As the bladders and stipe grow, small tears develop in the attached blade. Once the tears have completed, each bladder supports a single separate blade along the stipe, with the bladders and their blades attached at irregular intervals.[7][27]: 226–227 

Ecology

Macrocystis typically grow forming extensive beds, large "floating canopies", on rocky substrata between the low intertidal.[8][16] It was harvested by barges which used large blades to harvest up to 300 tons a day along the coast of California.[28]

Macrocystis pyrifera is found in North America (Alaska to California), South America, South Africa, New Zealand, and southern Australia.[29] It thrives in cooler waters where the ocean water temperature remains mostly below 21 °C (70 °F).[26] The species is also found near Tristan da Cunha in the Mid-South Atlantic Ocean.

Where the bottom is rocky and affords places for it to anchor, giant kelp forms extensive kelp beds with large "floating canopies".[8] When present in large numbers, giant kelp forms kelp forests that are home to many marine species that depend upon the kelp directly for food and shelter, or indirectly as a hunting ground for prey. Both the large size of the kelp and the large number of individuals significantly alter the availability of light, the flow of ocean currents, and the chemistry of the ocean water in the area where they grow.[30]: 158 

In high-density populations, giant kelp individuals compete with other individuals of the species for space and resources. Giant kelp may also compete with Pterygophora californica in these circumstances.[31][32]

Where surface waters are poor in nutrients, nitrogen in the form of amino acids is translocated up the stipe through sieve elements that very much resemble the phloem of vascular plants.[30]: 151–153 [11]: 204  Translocation of nutrients along the stipe may be as rapid as 60 cm (24 in) per hour.[27] Most translocation occurs to move carbon-rich photosynthate, and typically transfers material from mature regions to actively growing regions where the machinery of photosynthesis is not yet fully in place. Translocation also moves nutrients downward from light-exposed surface fronds to sporophylls (reproductive fronds) at the base of the kelp, where there is little light and thus little photosynthesis to produce food.

Species

Initially, 17 species were described within the genus Macrocystis.[33] In 1874, Hooker, following blade morphology, put them all under the same taxon, Macrocystis pyrifera.[34] In modern times, the large number of species were re-classified based on the holdfast morphology, which distinguished three species (M. angustifolia, M. integrifolia, and M. pyrifera) and on blade morphology, which added a fourth species (M. laevis) in 1986.[35] In 2009 and 2010, however, two studies that used both morphological[36] and molecular[3] assessments demonstrate that Macrocystis is monospecific (as M. pyrifera), which is currently accepted by the phycological community (see AlgaeBase).[37]

Morphs

Although Macrocystis is a monospecific genus, some split it into the four morphs, or sub-species, described below, following pre-2010 taxonomy:[38][39]

Distribution

Macrocystis is distributed along the eastern Pacific coast from Alaska to Mexico and from Peru and along the Argentinian coast as well as in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and most sub-Antarctic islands to 60°S.[16]

Aquaculture

Macrocystis pyrifera has been utilized for many years as a food source;[44][45] it also contains many compounds such as iodine, potassium, other minerals vitamins and carbohydrates and thus has also been used as a dietary supplement.[46][47]: 58  In the beginning of the 20th century California kelp beds were harvested as a source for soda ash.[44][48][49] With commercial interest increasing significantly during the 1970s and the 1980s this was primarily due to the production of alginates, and also for biomass production for animal feed due to the energy crisis during that period.[48][49] However the commercial production of M. pyrifera never became reality. With the end of the energy crisis and the decline in prices of alginates, the research into farming Macrocystis also declined.[45]

The demand for M. pyrifera is increasing due to the newfound uses of these plants such as fertilizers, cultivation for bioremediation purposes, abalone and sea urchin feed.[45] There is current research going into utilizing M. pyrifera as feed for other aquaculture species such as shrimps.[50] Recently, M. pyrifera has been examined as a possible feedstock for conversion into ethanol for biofuel use.[51]

Conservation

In recent years, the kelp forests have decreased dramatically throughout Japan, Chile, Korea, Australia and North America.[52] Harvesting of kelp as a food source and other uses may be the least concerning aspect to its depletion. In the Northwest Pacific kelp forests in waters near large population centres may be most affected by the sewer/stormwater discharge.[53]

The natural phenomenon known as El Niño cycles warm, tropical water from the South Pacific to Northern waters. This has been known to kill off M. pyrifera, due to its need for cold waters it would usually find in the North Pacific Ocean.[54] In California, El Niño also brought along a population bloom of purple sea urchins which feed on the giant kelp.[55] By the late 2000s most of the onshore giant kelp in California was practically nonexistent.

Tasmania

Off the coast of Tasmania, kelp forests have been significantly affected by several factors, including warming waters, shifting of the East Australian current (EAC), and invasion of long-spine sea urchins. Locals have noticed significant effects on the population of abalone, a food source for the Aboriginal Tasmanians for thousands of years. These changes have also affected the oyster farming industry. By saving oysters that have survived disease outbreaks, they have been able to continue their way of life.[56] It was estimated that by 2019, 95 per cent of the giant kelp forests along Tasmania's east coast had been lost within just a few decades.[57] Some of this loss was attributed by locals to the harvesting of the forests by Alginates Australia, which opened its factory near Triabunna in 1963, shutting down operations 10 years later as uneconomical. However, expert in marine ecosystems Craig Johnson says that the loss of the forests "is almost certainly the result of climate change". Water temperatures along the east coast of Tasmania have been rising at nearly four times the average rate globally. The EAC brings warmer waters, which are also nutrient-poor compared to the previously usual cold water around the coast. Common kelp (Ecklonia radiata) is better at nitrogen storage than giant kelp, so has been taking over the areas formerly occupied by giant kelp.[58]

Macrocystis pyrifera has become Australia’s first federally-listed endangered marine community.[58][59] Scientists and conservationists are continuously looking into ways to restore the once heavily populated species to its original state. Methods include artificial reefs, reducing numbers of purple sea urchins in overpopulated areas, and planting roots along the ocean floor.[52] Scientists had built 28 artificial reefs off Maria Island by 2019, and were hopeful of bringing the kelp forests back.[57]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M., AlgaeBase: Species: Macrocystis integrifolia, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  2. ^ Bory de Saint-Vincent, J.B.G.M. (1826). Macrocyste. In: Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle. (Audouin, I. et al. Eds) Vol. 10, pp. 8-10. Paris:
  3. ^ a b Macaya, Erasmo C.; Zuccarello, Giuseppe C. (August 2010). "DNA barcoding and genetic divergence in the Giant Kelp Macrocystis (Laminariales)". Journal of Phycology. 46 (4): 736–742. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00845.x.
  4. ^ W.J. North (1971) The biology of giant kelp beds.
  5. ^ G.E. Rodriguez, A. Rassweiler, D.C. Reed, & S.J. Holbrook (2013) The importance of progressive senescence in the biomass dynamics of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera). Ecology, 94(8), 1848-1858.
  6. ^ C. van den Hoek, D.G. Mann and H.M. Jahns (1995) Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9
  7. ^ a b Mondragon, Jennifer and Mondragon, Jeff (2003) Seaweeds of the Pacific Coast. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California. ISBN 0-930118-29-4
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h I.A. Abbott and G.J. Hollenberg (1976) Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press, California. ISBN 0-8047-0867-3
  9. ^ A.B. Cribb (1953) Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Ag. in Tasmanian waters Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol 5, issue 1.
  10. ^ a b Kain, J M (1991) Cultivation of attached seaweeds in Guiry, M D and Blunden, G (1991) Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John Wiley and Sons.
  11. ^ a b Hoek, C van den; D G Mann & H M Jahns. (1995) Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30419-9
  12. ^ a b "Biology of the Macrocystis resource in North America". www.fao.org. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  13. ^ Phylum: Phaeophyta, Class: Phaeophyceae, Order: Laminariales, Family: Lessoniaceae, Macrocystis integrifolia (Bory), Pearson College UWC. Retrieved 6 February 2013
  14. ^ AlgaeBase: Species: Macrocystis integrifolia
  15. ^ a b Nelson, W. A. (2013). New Zealand seaweeds : an illustrated guide. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780987668813. OCLC 841897290.
  16. ^ a b c d e f M.H. Graham, J.A. Vásquez and A.H. Buschmann (2007) Global ecology of the giant kelp Macrocystis: From ecotypes to ecosystems. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 45: 39-88.
  17. ^ I. Maier, D.G. Müller, G. Gassman, W. Boland and L. Jaenicke (1987) Sexual pheromones and related egg secretions in Laminariales (Phaeophyta). Zeitschrift Naturforschung Section C Biosciences 42: 948–954.
  18. ^ I. Maier, C. Hertweck and W. Boland (2001) Stereochemical specificity of lamoxirene the sperm-releasing pheromone in kelp (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole) 201: 121–125.
  19. ^ Abbott, I. A. & G. J. Hollenberg. (1976) Marine Algae of California. California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0867-3
  20. ^ a b Macrocystis integrifolia Bory, DeCew's Guide to the Seaweeds of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Northern California, Center for Phycological Documentation, University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, 2002. 13 July 2007
  21. ^ The Race Rocks Taxonomy, Macrocystis integrifolia, Pearson College UWC. Retrieved 6 February 2013
  22. ^ Temple, W. D., A. A. Bomke, Effects of kelp (Macrocystis integrifolia and Ecklonia maxima) foliar applications on bean crop growth, Plant and Soil, June 1989, Volume 117, Issue 1, pp. 85-92 (paywall)
  23. ^ Fenner, Bob The Brown Algae
  24. ^ White, L P & L G Plaskett, (1982) Biomass as Fuel. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-746980-X
  25. ^ Cribb, A B. (1953) Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Ag. in Tasmanian waters Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 5 (1):1-34.
  26. ^ a b Davis, Chuck. (1991) California Reefs. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-87701-787-5
  27. ^ a b Prescott, G W. (1968) The Algae: A Review. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  28. ^ Smith, G.M. 1955. Cryptogamic Botany. Volume 1. Algae and Fungi. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
  29. ^ AlgaeBase: Species: Macrocystis pyrifera
  30. ^ a b Lobban, C S & P J Harrison. (1994) Seaweed Ecology and Physiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40334-0
  31. ^ Reed, D C. (1990) "The effects of variable settlement and early competition on patterns of kelp recruitment." Ecology 71:776-787.
  32. ^ Reed, D C, M Neushul, & A W Ebeling. (1991) "Role of settlement density on gametophyte growth and reproduction in the kelps Pterygophora californica and Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae)." Journal of Phycology 27:361-366.
  33. ^ W.J. North (1971) Review of Macrocystis biology. In Biology of Economic Algae, I. Akatsuka (ed.). Hague: Academic Publishing, 447–527.
  34. ^ J.D. Hooker (1874) The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror. I. Flora Antarctica. London: Reeve Brothers.
  35. ^ C.H. Hay (1986) A new species of Macrocystis C. Ag. (Phaeophyta) from Marion Island, southern Indian Ocean. Phycologia 25: 241–252.
  36. ^ Demes, Kyle W.; Graham, Michael H.; Suskiewicz, Thew S. (December 2009). "Phenotypic plasticity reconciles incongruous molecular and morphological taxonomies: the Giant Kelp, Macrocystis (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae), is a monospecific genus". Journal of Phycology. 45 (6): 1266–1269. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00752.x. PMID 27032582.
  37. ^ AlgaeBase: Genus: Macrocystis
  38. ^ Demes, Kyle W.; Graham, Michael H.; Suskiewicz, Thew S. (December 2009). "Phenotypic Plasticity Reconciles Incongruous Molecular and Morphological Taxonomies: The Giant Kelp, Macrocystis (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae), is a Monospecific Genus1". Journal of Phycology. 45 (6): 1266–1269. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00752.x. PMID 27032582. S2CID 29176127.
  39. ^ Demes, K.W, Graham, M.H. & Suskiewicz, T.S. (2009). Phenotypic plasticity reconciles incongruous molecular and morphological taxonomies: the giant kelp, Macrocystis (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae), is a monospecific genus (note). Journal of Phycology 45(6): 1266-1269.
  40. ^ M. Neushul (1971) The biology of giant kelp beds (Macrocystis) in California: the species of Macrocystis. Nova Hedwigia 32: 211–22.
  41. ^ AlgaeBase: Species: Macrocystis pyrifera
  42. ^ AlgaeBase: Species: Macrocystis integrifolia
  43. ^ J.M. Huisman (2000) Marine Plants of Australia. University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 1-876268-33-6
  44. ^ a b Abbott, I. A. (1996). Ethnobotany of seaweeds: clues to uses of seaweeds. Hydrobiologia, 326-327(1), 15-20.
  45. ^ a b c Gutierrez, A., Correa, T., Muñoz, V., Santibañez, A., Marcos, R., Cáceres, C., et al. (2006). Farming of the Giant Kelp Macrocystis Pyrifera in Southern Chile for Development of Novel Food Products. Journal of Applied Phycology, 18(3), 259-267.
  46. ^ Bushing, William W (2000) Giant Bladder Kelp .
  47. ^ Connor, Judith & Charles Baxter. (1989) Kelp Forests. Monterey, California: Monterey Bay Aquarium. ISBN 1-878244-01-9
  48. ^ a b Neushul M (1987) Energy from marine biomass: The historicalrecord. In: Bird KT, Benson PH (eds), Seaweed Cultivation for Renewable Resources, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1–37.
  49. ^ a b Druehl LD, Baird R, Lindwall A, Lloyd KE, Pakula S (1988) Longline cultivation of some Laminareaceae in British Columbia. Aquacult. Fish Management 19, 253–263.
  50. ^ Cruz-Suarez, L. Elizabeth; Tapia-Salazar, M., Nieto López, M., Guajardo-Barbosa, C., & Ricque-Marie, D. (2009). Comparison of Ulva clathrata and the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Ascophyllum nodosum as ingredients in shrimp feeds. Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(4), 421-430.
  51. ^ Wargacki, A.J., Leonard, E., Win, M.N., Regitsky, D.D., Santos, C.N.S., et al. (2012). An engineered microbial platform for direct biofuel production from brown macroalgae. Science, 335(1), 308-313.
  52. ^ a b "Scientists Work to Save Disappearing Kelp Forests". VOA. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  53. ^ Filbee-Dexter, K; Scheibling, Re (9 January 2014). "Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 495: 1–25. doi:10.3354/meps10573. ISSN 0171-8630.
  54. ^ Advances in Ecological Research. Academic Press. 5 November 1987. ISBN 9780080567013.
  55. ^ Young, E. Gordon; McLachlan, J. L. (16 May 2014). Proceedings of the Fifth International Seaweed Symposium, Halifax, August 25–28, 1965. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483165523.
  56. ^ "Warming has dire effects in oceans 1/19/2020". Star Tribune. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  57. ^ a b MacDonald, Lucy (5 February 2019). "Scientists in race to save giant kelp off Tasmanian coast". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  58. ^ a b Kean, Zoe (27 February 2021). "These giant kelp forests were a boon for Tasmania's economy in the 60s and 70s. Now they're all but gone". ABC News. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  59. ^ Department of the Environment, Commonwealth of Australia. "Threatened Ecological Community Profile — Giant Kelp Marine Forests of South East Australia". www.environment.gov.au. Retrieved 29 July 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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Macrocystis pyrifera: Brief Summary

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Macrocystis is a monospecific genus of kelp (large brown algae) with all species now synonymous with Macrocystis pyrifera. It is commonly known as giant kelp or bladder kelp. This genus contains the largest of all the phaeophyceae or brown algae. Macrocystis has pneumatocysts at the base of its blades. Sporophytes are perennial and the individual may live for up to three years; stipes/fronds within a whole individual undergo senescence, where each frond may persist for approximately 100 days. The genus is found widely in subtropical, temperate, and sub-Antarctic oceans of the Southern Hemisphere (e.g. Chile, New Zealand, Australia, Falkland Islands, Auckland Islands, etc.) and in the northeast Pacific from Baja California to Sitka, Alaska. Macrocystis is often a major component of temperate kelp forests.

Despite its appearance, it is not a plant; it is a heterokont. Giant kelp is common along the coast of the northeastern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California north to southeast Alaska, and is also found in the southern oceans near South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Individual algae may grow to more than 45 metres (150 feet) long at a rate of as much as 60 cm (2 ft) per day. Giant kelp grows in dense stands known as kelp forests, which are home to many marine animals that depend on the algae for food or shelter. The primary commercial product obtained from giant kelp is alginate, but humans also harvest this species on a limited basis for use directly as food, as it is rich in iodine, potassium, and other minerals. It can be used in cooking in many of the ways other sea vegetables are used, and particularly serves to add flavor to bean dishes.

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Macrocystis pyrifera ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Macrocystis pyrifera es un alga parda gigante que habita en la costa del Pacífico de América del Norte, desde Baja California hasta Alaska, así como en las costas de los mares del sur, en América del Sur, Sudáfrica, Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Habita desde la zona intermareal hasta unos 30 metros de profundidad y puede formar bosques submarinos. Sus ejemplares individuales pueden alcanzar longitudes de 45 metros o más. El principal producto comercial que se obtiene de esta alga es el ácido algínico.

Descripción

M. pyrifera [1]​ es la mayor de todas las algas. La fase en la que se le observa normalmente es la del esporófito, que es perenne y los individuos subsisten por muchos años. Como otras algas pardas, posee estructuras que recuerdan las de los vegetales. Sus filoides ("hojas") son de color castaño verdoso y pueden medir más de medio metro de largo. A lo largo del cauloide ("tallo") hay cistos, que son pequeñas vesículas llenas de aire que le sirven de flotadores. En su base cuentan con una fijación grampón y con estiletes (talo), del cual salen las laminas hacia la superficie del mar, en busca del sol y en constante movimiento, lo cual ayuda en parte a la oxigenación del mar.

Una especie similar y relacionada, Macrocystis integrifolia, habita los roqueríos intermareales de las costas del Pacífico de América del Norte y del Sur y solo alcanza los 6 metros. [2][3]

Ecología

Macrocystis pyrifera se encuentra en América del Norte (Alaska a California), América del Sur, Sudáfrica, Nueva Zelanda, y el sur de Australia. Prospera en aguas más frías donde la temperatura del agua del océano se mantiene por debajo de los 70 grados Fahrenheit (21.1 grados centígrados).

Tanto el gran tamaño de las algas y el gran número de individuos alteran de manera significativa la disponibilidad de la luz, el flujo de las corrientes oceánicas, y la química de las aguas del océano en la zona donde crecen. En las poblaciones de alta densidad, las algas gigantes individuales compiten con otros individuos de la especie por el espacio y los recursos. El M. pyrifera gigante pueden competir con estas circunstancias.

Cuando las aguas superficiales son pobres en nutrientes, el nitrógeno en forma de aminoácidos se traslada hasta el estípite tamiz a través de elementos que se parecen mucho a la floema de plantas vasculares. La translocación de nutrientes a lo largo del estípite puede ser tan rápida como 60 cm por hora. La mayoría de desplazamiento se produce al moverse fotosintatos ricos en carbono, y por lo general trasfiere material desde regiones maduras a las regiones en crecimiento activo, donde la maquinaria de la fotosíntesis aún no está totalmente en su lugar. La translocación también mueve los nutrientes superficiales hacia abajo desde las frondas de la superficie de expuestas a la luz a los esporófilos (frondas reproductivas) en la base de las algas marinas, donde hay poca luz y por tanto existe poca fotosíntesis para producir alimentos. Es una planta medicinal usada por muchos científicos y médicos. También es un elemento alimenticio fundamental para algunos peces.

Uso humano

 src=
Les Ramasseuses de varech: "Las recolectoras de algas", óleo de Émile Schuffenecker

Industria alimentaria

El ácido algínico se utiliza como espesante y emulsionante en la producción de alimentos elaborados, tales como helados, postres, salsas, alimentos para bebés, aliños de ensaladas y muchos otros usos.[4]​ No se suele consumir directamente, prefiriéndose en general otras especies de algas pardas para el uso culinario directo, como por ejemplo Durvillaea antarctica (cochayuyo), consumido en Chile. Para el ceviche en el Perú, se utiliza el alga roja Chondracanthus chamissoi.

Farmacológico

En la reunión científica ICBAR se presentaron estudios donde los resultados indican que el extracto etanólico de esta alga podría tener un efecto hipoglicemiante en ratones inducidos a diabetes con aloxano. [5]​ La M. pyrifera es usada como fuente de agar-agar para preparados farmacológicos y para recetas magistrales de obesidad.

Navegación

La presencia de bosques de algas de esta especie se marca en las cartas náuticas pues representan un peligro a la navegación, puesto que si gran cantidad se enreda en los propulsores, puede dejar a una embarcación sin gobierno.

También, en el Atlántico Sur, en las costas de la Patagonia, las algas han servido a las naves de refugio contra las tempestades. Las grandes aglomeraciones de esta alga, ancladas a profundidad de hasta 60 m, estabilizan el golpeo de las olas. Así detalla Francisco P. Moreno en su libro "Viaje a la Patagonia Austral. 1876 - 1877"

Biocombustible

Aproximadamente un 50% del peso seco de la M. pyrifera corresponde a diferentes tipos de azúcares, las cuales luego de un proceso biotecnológico y de fermentación puede ser transformado en etanol o en otros biocombustibles.

Desembarque, precio de playa, exportaciones en Chile

 src=
Desembarco y transporte de algas en la playa de Los Molles, comuna de La Ligua, Región de Valparaíso, Chile

En las costas chilenas, las cosechas de M. pyrifera constituyen una parte no despreciable del total de desembarques de algas, aunque existen otras especies que la superan ampliamente. Los precios playa de alga mojada o húmeda (no secada) han exhibido altos y bajos, como se desprende de la tabla siguiente, no superando, en general, los 50 centavos de dólar por kilógramo.

Como dato general, más allá de M. pyrifera, alrededor del 90% de la cosecha chilena de algas se exporta como «secado de algas», alcanzando en 2013 un volumen de 81.761 toneladas, a un precio de 1.735 dólares por tonelada.[6]

Sustentabilidad de la cosecha de M. pyrifera

Se han dedicado grandes esfuerzos a la creación de modelos del crecimiento de M. pyrifera y de las posibilidades de su cosecha sustentable.[7]​ Igualmente se han investigado los efectos de los diversos métodos de cosecha del recurso.[8]​ La cosecha mecanizada desde grandes embarcaciones, tal como se practica en Baja California, solo remueve las frondas hasta una profundidad de 1,2 metros y no afecta los esporófilos ubicados cerca de la base del individuo, encargadas de proveer las esporas para la próxima generación. Dado el hecho de que las frondas individuales pueden llegar a crecer hasta 7 cm diarios, se ha probado que este tipo de cosecha no afecta la estabilidad de los doseles de algas. Experimentos desarrollados en Chile llevaron a la conclusión de que la remoción del dosel causaba un aumento de la presencia de ejemplares juveniles, reduciéndose la distancia media entre ejemplares, es decir, aumentando su densidad.

Igualmente se ha observado el efecto de las cosechas sobre el desarrollo de otras especies asociadas, así como el efecto de la remoción ejemplares de otras especies sobre el desarrollo del bosque de algas.[8]​ Estudios realizados en el sur de California indicaron que ciertas especies de peces redujeron su presencia al iniciarse las cosechas, aunque la variedad general de especies no disminuyó. Se sabe de una importante interacción entre las poblaciones de M. pyrifera y las de erizos de mar. De hecho, una abundante presencia de erizos de mar es capaz de dificultar y hasta de impedir la recolonización de áreas del fondo de mar por estas algas, aunque estas interacciones son complejas; dependen también del comportamiento de las poblaciones de los depredadores del erizo, la nutria marina o el equivalente chungungo, así como también, en California, de las de abalone que compiten con los erizos de mar en cuanto a pastar el alga. Se ha observado que es posible fortalecer las poblaciones de M. pyrifera por medio de la recolección comercial de erizos de mar comestibles, o bien por medio del fomento de las poblaciones de Enhydra lutris o de Lontra felina, según el hemisferio.[8]

Igualmente, se han investigado las consecuencias de métodos alternativos de cosecha, como por ejemplo la remoción de todas o de solo la mitad de las frondas de cada ejemplar.,[9]​ con el resultado de que lo óptimo sería remover la mitad de las frondas de cada individuo, así como los efectos a mediano plazo de la cosecha sobre la composición de la biomasa en cuanto a componentes de interés económico.,[10]​ donde se llega a la conclusión de que, si bien el valor económico de la población varía en el tiempo, presumiblemente por causas asociadas a la variabilidad de las condiciones oceánicas, el carácter sostenido de la cosecha no muestra tener un efecto significativo sobre esta variable.

Nombre común

Sargazo gigante, sargazo (Perú y sur de Chile)[11][12]​ o huiro, calabacillo o canutillo (Chile).[11][13]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. AlgaeBase: Especie: Macrocystis pyrifera
  2. Abbott & Hollenberg 1976
  3. AlgaeBase: Especie: Macrocystis integrifolia
  4. Bushing, William W. «Giant Bladder Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)» (en inglés). Consultado el 29 de marzo de 2016.
  5. http://www.unmsm.edu.pe/noticias/ver/un-espacio-para-la-investigacion
  6. a b Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. Leonardo Arancibia Jeraldo, Departamento de Estudios, Extensión y Publicaciones, Asesoría Técnica Parlamentaria larancibia@bcn.cl equipo de trabajo Samuel Arguello Área de Economía, Anexo: 3197. 10/12/2014
  7. G.A. Jackson, "Modelling the growth and harvest yield of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera", Institute of Marine Resources, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Marine Biology 95 (611-624), 1987
  8. a b c Effects of harvesting Microcystis pyrifera
  9. Renato Borras-Chávez, Matthew Edwards, Julio A. Vásquez, "Testing sustainable management in Northern Chile: harvesting Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaerophyceae, Laminariales). A case study." J.Appl.Phycol. 24 (1655-1665), 2012
  10. Renato Borras-Chávez, et al., "Repetitive harvesting of Microcystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) and its effects on chemical constituents of chemical value", Botánica Marina 2016; 59(1), p. 63-71
  11. a b Instituto del Mar del Perú. Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh 1820. Consultado el 29 de marzo de 2016.
  12. Espinosa, Marcial. Observaciones sobre la vegetación en Yelcho (Chiloé) y en la parte superior del valle del río Palena (Aysén). (I-III de 1940).. p. 28. Consultado el 26 de agosto de 2019.
  13. «Científica chilena crea el primer mapa de distribución de los bosques submarinos de huiro en el mundo». El Mostrador. 26 de febrero de 2020. Consultado el 26 de febrero de 2020.

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Macrocystis pyrifera: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Macrocystis pyrifera es un alga parda gigante que habita en la costa del Pacífico de América del Norte, desde Baja California hasta Alaska, así como en las costas de los mares del sur, en América del Sur, Sudáfrica, Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Habita desde la zona intermareal hasta unos 30 metros de profundidad y puede formar bosques submarinos. Sus ejemplares individuales pueden alcanzar longitudes de 45 metros o más. El principal producto comercial que se obtiene de esta alga es el ácido algínico.

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Päärynälevä ( Finnish )

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Päärynälevä (Macrocystis pyrifera) on makrolevä, joka voi kasvaa jopa 60 metriä pitkäksi. Se on suurikokoisin tunnettu levälaji ja samalla suurin koko Chromalveolata-kunnan edustaja. Se on yksi viidestä levälajista, joiden metsämäisiä kasvustoja kutsutaan kelppileväksi. Päärynälevien rakenne on kehittynyt varsin erikoistuneeksi: niiden sekovarsi muistuttaa suuresti kasvien juuria, vartta ja lehtiä. Tämä on hyvä esimerkki rinnakkaisista, toisistaan riippumattomista evoluutioprosesseista.

Päärynäleviä tavataan Pohjois-Amerikan Tyynenmeren puoleisella rannikolla. Se viihtyy alle 40 metrin syvyydessä vesissä, joiden lämpötila pysyy 20 asteen kylmemmällä puolella, mutta lämpimämmässä kuin 5 astetta. Päärynäleväyksilö voi elää 4-10 vuotta ja sen yksittäinen verso 6-12 kuukautta. Päärynälevä sisältää paljon jodia, kaliumia ja muita hivenaineita. Sitä on kerätty 1900-luvun alussa potaskan raaka-aineeksi ja nyttemmin muun kemianteollisuuden ja elintarviketuotannon käyttöön.[2] Päärynälevä kasvaa huomattavan nopeasti, parhaimmillaan 30 cm päivässä.[3]

Lähteet

  1. Taksonomian lähde: Adl, S. M. et al.: The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 2005, 52. vsk, nro 5, s. 399–451. Artikkelin verkkoversio. (englanniksi)
  2. Giant Bladder Kelp
  3. Algaebase
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Päärynälevä: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Päärynälevä (Macrocystis pyrifera) on makrolevä, joka voi kasvaa jopa 60 metriä pitkäksi. Se on suurikokoisin tunnettu levälaji ja samalla suurin koko Chromalveolata-kunnan edustaja. Se on yksi viidestä levälajista, joiden metsämäisiä kasvustoja kutsutaan kelppileväksi. Päärynälevien rakenne on kehittynyt varsin erikoistuneeksi: niiden sekovarsi muistuttaa suuresti kasvien juuria, vartta ja lehtiä. Tämä on hyvä esimerkki rinnakkaisista, toisistaan riippumattomista evoluutioprosesseista.

Päärynäleviä tavataan Pohjois-Amerikan Tyynenmeren puoleisella rannikolla. Se viihtyy alle 40 metrin syvyydessä vesissä, joiden lämpötila pysyy 20 asteen kylmemmällä puolella, mutta lämpimämmässä kuin 5 astetta. Päärynäleväyksilö voi elää 4-10 vuotta ja sen yksittäinen verso 6-12 kuukautta. Päärynälevä sisältää paljon jodia, kaliumia ja muita hivenaineita. Sitä on kerätty 1900-luvun alussa potaskan raaka-aineeksi ja nyttemmin muun kemianteollisuuden ja elintarviketuotannon käyttöön. Päärynälevä kasvaa huomattavan nopeasti, parhaimmillaan 30 cm päivässä.

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Macrocystis pyrifera ( French )

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Macrocystis pyrifera est une espèce d'algues brunes de la famille des Laminariaceae, du genre Macrocystis. C'est la plus grande des algues géantes dites kelp, plus grande que d'autres Laminariales également exploitées par l'Homme, qui peuvent aussi pousser à son couvert ou à proximité. Fixée sur des fonds rocheux par de solides crampons, Macrocystis pyrifera y forme des herbiers très denses, souvent comparés à des forêts sous-marines.

Description

L’algue est fixée sur le fond rocheux marin par des crampons. La fronde se maintient dans la colonne d’eau et jusqu’à la surface grâce à des flotteurs caractéristiques en forme de poires, qui donnent leur nom à l’espèce : pyri = poire et fera = qui porte.

Cette espèce peut atteindre des longueurs exceptionnelles dans le monde végétal aquatique (jusqu’à 43 mètres).

Répartition

Cette algue brune forme des herbiers ou forêts sous-marines à proximité des continents (baies, fjords, côtes californiennes) ou autour d'îles (ex : Nouvelle-Zélande, îles Kerguelen, îles Crozet, etc) et sur certains hauts-fonds rocheux.

Écologie

Par allusion aux forêts terrestres, les populations d'algues géantes sont souvent qualifiées de « forêts sous-marines », dont les frondes de M. pyrifera forment l'équivalent d'une canopée par leurs rameaux qui atteignent la surface.
Macrocystis pyrifera est souvent dominante dans ces forêts, ou Nereocystis luetkeana, le sous-étage étant occupée par d'autres Laminariales, par exemple en Californie ; Pterygophora californica Ruprecht ou Laminaria setchellii P.C. Silva) ou encore Durvillaea antarctica dans l'hémisphère sud. Sous le couvert de ces forêts et dans le kelp se développent de nombreuses étoiles de mer, crustacés, corallines (articulées et non articulées), invertébrés, poissons, etc. C'est aussi un des habitats essentiels de la loutre de mer.
Grâce aux ondulations des algues animées par la houle et le courant, la photosynthèse est efficace jusqu'à plusieurs dizaines de mètres de fond quand l'eau est claire, ce qui pourrait expliquer un développement parfois plus important dans les zones exposés que dans les zones abritées du vent où cependant la distribution des algues est plus homogène et régulière. Le kelp semblent se développer avec une taille, une densité, une profondeur et une profondeur d'ancrage variant selon l'exposition du littoral aux tempêtes, le relief du fond, le degré de pente (surtout si le lieu est proche d'un rivage exposé aux tempêtes) mais aussi selon la température de l'eau (les épisodes El Nino ont montré que le réchauffement de l'eau est un facteur important de perturbation du kelp[4].
De la même manière que le bois mort reste en tant que nécromasse une ressource importante pour l'écosystème forestier, le kelp mort reste encore un support pour le vivant, mais qui peut être exporté et intégré dans les laisses de mer.

Usages

 src=
Récolte industrielle.

Le kelp est maintenant récolté de manière industrielle, à l'aide de bateaux spécialisés[5].

Menaces

Les forêts de kelp sont menacées par la surexploitation par l'homme, mais aussi par des déséquilibres écologiques. Par exemple, là où la loutre de mer a régressé (chasse, dérangement, empoisonnement par les métaux lourds qu'elle accumule comme prédateur situé au sommet de la pyramide alimentaire), le kelp régresse aussi. En effet, la loutre consomme des animaux prédateurs du kelp.
On peut supposer que les pollutions marines (désherbants, eutrophisation) ne sont pas sans effet sur ces algues quand ils atteignent des taux importants.

Cette algue si elle était introduite hors de son aire normale de répartition (introduction envisagée en Bretagne dans les années 1970) pourrait éventuellement devenir elle-même une menace pour des espèces locales et poser de graves problèmes écologiques, par exemple en devenant invasive[6].

Liste des variétés

Selon Catalogue of Life (22 novembre 2012)[7] :

  • variété Macrocystis pyrifera var. humboldtii

Selon World Register of Marine Species (22 novembre 2012)[8] :

  • variété Macrocystis pyrifera var. longibullata Reinsch, 1890

Notes et références

  1. Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org, consulté le 18 août 2017
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p et q World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 18 août 2017
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l et m SeaLifeBase, consulté le 18 août 2017
  4. Synthèse d'une étude sur l'importance du contexte pour le kelp, ici sur une île permettant d'étudier les variations de populations selon profondeur, exposition, etc.
  5. Photo : Exemple de récolte industrielle, Californie
  6. * L'algue géante Macrocystis pyrifera et le problème de son introduction Dizerbo A. H., Floc'h J. Y. n°78 1974, Penn Ar Bed, revue de la SPENB (France)
    * Que résulterait-il de l'implantation en Bretagne de Macrocystis, l'algue géante du Pacifique ? Chasse C. n° 18 1974, Penn Ar Bed, revue de la SPENB (France)
  7. Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 22 novembre 2012
  8. World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 22 novembre 2012

Voir aussi

Liens internes

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Macrocystis pyrifera: Brief Summary ( French )

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Macrocystis pyrifera est une espèce d'algues brunes de la famille des Laminariaceae, du genre Macrocystis. C'est la plus grande des algues géantes dites kelp, plus grande que d'autres Laminariales également exploitées par l'Homme, qui peuvent aussi pousser à son couvert ou à proximité. Fixée sur des fonds rocheux par de solides crampons, Macrocystis pyrifera y forme des herbiers très denses, souvent comparés à des forêts sous-marines.

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Divovski kelp ( Croatian )

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Divovski kelp (lat. Macrocystis pyrifera) je vrsta smeđe alge iz reda kelpa. Rasprostranjena je uz obale istočnog Pacifika, od Baje Californije do Aljaske, a može se naći i blizu Južne Amerike, Južne Afrike i Australije. Raste u gustim podvodnim područjima, koja se zovu šume kelpa i pružaju stanište brojnim morskim životinjama.

Opis

Divovski kelp najveća je od svih algi, a ime je dobio po svojoj nevjerojatnoj veličini. Može narasti i do 50 metara u duljinu. Stabljika se uzdiže iz korijenskog sustava. i grana se tri ili četiri puta. Za stjenovito dno pričvršćuje se korijenčićima.

Sadrži pneumatociste, mjehuriće ispunjene zrakom na početku svakog lista. Oni mu pomažu da se održi na vodi i da listovi skupe potrebnu svjetlost za obavljanje procesa fotosinteze. Jedan je od najbrže rastužih organizama na planetu Zemlji. Raste oko pola metra dnevno da bi dosegla veličinu od 45 metara.

Slična vrsta, ali mnogo manja vrsta, M. integrifolia raste samo do šest metara duljine. Živi na stijenama obala Tihog oceana u Sjevernoj (Britanska Kolumbija i Kalifornija) i Južnoj Americi.

Akvakultura

M. pyrifera se godinama koristi kao izvor hrane, jer sadrži brojne korisne tvari, kao što su jod, kalij, te mnoge, minerale, vitamine i ugljikohidrate. Izvor je potaše, kao i natrijeva alginata, koji služi kao emulgator u prehrambenoj industriji.

Izvori

  • Abbott, I A & G J Hollenberg. (1976.) Marine Algae of California. California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0867-3
  • Agardh, C A. (1820.) Species algarum rite cognitae, cum synonymis, differentiis specificis et descriptionibus succinctis. Vol. 1, Part 1, pp. [i-iv], [1]-168. Lund: Berling.
  • Buschmann, A. H., Hernández-González, M. C., Astudillo, C., Fuente, L. d. l., Gutierrez, A., & Aroca, G. (2005.). Seaweed cultivation, product development and integrated aquaculture studies in Chile. World Aquaculture, 36(3), 51-53.
  • Cribb, A B. (1953.) Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Ag. in Tasmanian waters Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 5 (1):1-34.
  • Cruz-SuÁRez, L., Tapia-Salazar, M., Nieto-LÓPe

Galerija

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Divovski kelp: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Divovski kelp (lat. Macrocystis pyrifera) je vrsta smeđe alge iz reda kelpa. Rasprostranjena je uz obale istočnog Pacifika, od Baje Californije do Aljaske, a može se naći i blizu Južne Amerike, Južne Afrike i Australije. Raste u gustim podvodnim područjima, koja se zovu šume kelpa i pružaju stanište brojnim morskim životinjama.

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Macrocystis pyrifera ( Italian )

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Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.Ag., 1820, conosciuta anche come kelp gigante, è una specie di kelp (grandi alghe brune) appartenente alla famiglia Laminariaceae[2], ed una delle quattro specie del genere Macrocystis. Viene raccolta perché ricca di minerali come iodio, potassio e altri; ma i prodotti principali ottenuti da essa sono gli Alginati.

Descrizione

 src=
Kelp gigante con sebastidi

Questa specie è la più grande di tutte le alghe, e riceve il suo nome dalle sue dimensioni ragguardevoli: può arrivare a 50 m di altezza[3]. Il fusto si sviluppa in modo irregolare, ma è ricco di vesciche contenenti gas che rendono stabile l'alga[4].

Somiglia molto a M. integrifolia, ma quest'ultima è più piccola e non supera i 6 m[5].

Viene ritenuta uno degli organismi a crescita più veloce della Terra[6][7]: può anche crescere a ritmi di 2 ft al giorno (all'incirca 0,61 m)[8]. Gli esemplari giovanili crescono direttamente dal Gametofito della pianta madre, e solo in seguito inizia ad ancorarsi al fondo come una pianta a sé stante.

Distribuzione e habitat

È comune lungo la costa orientale dell'oceano Pacifico orientale (Baja California, sud-est dell'Alaska, Perù, Cile, Terra del Fuoco) e Australia (Victoria, Tasmania e Nuovo Galles del Sud) e vicino alle isole dell'oceano Atlantico meridionale (es. Tristan da Cunha, Gough etc.). Crea delle vere "foreste marine", infatti cresce in gruppi anche molto densi che fungono da riparo per numerosi organismi marini, sia pesci che invertebrati, che trovano in essi anche il loro cibo.

Vive in acque fredde (con temperature inferiori ai 21°) e ricche di sostanze nutritive[9].

Terra del Fuoco

Il Kelp gigante è presente anche nella Terra del Fuoco: citato da Carlos Gallardo nel suo libro riguardante la regione[10], è descritto da Lucas Bridges, che visse nella Terra del Fuoco per quarant'anni, come un ottimo frangiflutti, al quale gli indigeni Yaghan per ancorare le loro canoe e proteggerle dalle onde; il kelp, nella loro lingua, era chiamato "howush", ma esisteva anche il termine "palan", utilizzato per indicare un bosco di kelp separato dalla costa da un tratto di acque profonde.[11]

Bridges racconta che in alcuni posti le foreste di Kelp coprivano così capillarmente la superficie da permettere a gabbiani, anatre e aironi di passeggiarvi sopra; racconta che c'erano piante di kelp che, attecchendo sui fondali rocciosi vicini ai litorali fino a 25 m di profondità, potevano raggiungere una lunghezza di ben 60 m.[11]

Ecologia

Dove il fondo è roccioso ed è quindi ideale per l'ancoraggio di queste piante, questa specie diventa estremamente rigogliosa, creando delle vere e proprie foreste di Kelp[8] che ospitano numerose specie che dipendono da questo habitat direttamente per il cibo e il riparo, o indirettamente come terreno di caccia delle prede. Queste foreste sono inoltre l'habitat di molti pesci, come Oxyjulis californica, un labride[12], e alcuni esemplari della famiglia Sebastidae. Sia le grandi dimensioni che l'elevato numero di individui modificano significativamente la disponibilità di luce, il flusso delle correnti oceaniche e la composizione dell'acqua dell'oceano nella zona in cui crescono[13].

A volte compete per il nutrimento e lo spazio con Pterygophora californica[14].

Dove le acque superficiali sono poveri di nutrienti, azoto in forma di amminoacidi viene trasportato lungo il fusto della pianta con un sistema che ricorda molto in floema delle piante vascolari[15]. Questa traslocazione è molto rapida e muove anche nutrienti verso le zone più basse, meno esposte alla luce e dove quindi la fotosintesi difficilmente avviene.

Acquacoltura

Questa specie è stata utilizzata per molti anni come fonte di cibo[16]; contiene anche molti composti come minerali, vitamine e carboidrati, quindi è utilizzato anche come integratore alimentare[17]. All'inizio del XX secolo in California molti esemplari sono stati raccolti come fonte di carbonato di sodio[16]. L'interesse commerciale crebbe significativamente tra il 1970 e il 1980, questo a causa della produzione di alginati e di biomasse. Tuttavia, la sua produzione commerciale non è mai divenuta realtà[18].

La domanda di questa specie è però in aumento a causa del suo uso come fertilizzante. C'è una ricerca in corso per utilizzarla come mangime per altre specie allevate, come i gamberi[18]. È stata inoltre esaminata come possibile materia prima per la conversione in etanolo per i biocarburanti[19].

Note

  1. ^ Agardh.
  2. ^ (EN) Guiry, Michael D. (2014), Macrocystis pyrifera, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species).
  3. ^ Hoek, p. 201.
  4. ^ Kain.
  5. ^ Algaebase: Macrocystis integrifolia, su algaebase.org. URL consultato il 28 ottobre 2013.
  6. ^ The Brown Algae, su wetwebmedia.com. URL consultato il 28 novembre 2013.
  7. ^ White & Plaskett 1982, p. 8.
  8. ^ a b Abbott & H.
  9. ^ Davis 1991, p. 21.
  10. ^ Gallardo, p. 55.
  11. ^ a b Bridges, pp. 47-48.
  12. ^ (EN) O. californica, su FishBase. URL consultato il 28 novembre 2013.
  13. ^ Lobban & Harrison, p. 158.
  14. ^ Reed.
  15. ^ Lobban & Harrison, pp. 151-153.
  16. ^ a b Abbott 1996.
  17. ^ Bushing.
  18. ^ a b Gutierrez et al. 2006.
  19. ^ Wargacki.

Bibliografia

  • C.A. Agardh, Species algarum rite cognitae, cum synonymis, differentiis specificis et descriptionibus succinctis, vol. 1, 1820, pp. 1-168.
  • C. van den Hoek, D G Mann & H M Jahns, Algae: An Introduction to Phycology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press., 1995, ISBN 0-521-30419-9.
  • J.M. Kain, Culivation of attached seaweeds in Guiry, M D & G Blunden, 1991.
  • L.P. White, Biomass as Fuel, Academic Press, 1982, ISBN 0-12-746980-X.
  • Chuck Davis, California Reefs, San Francisco, California, Chronicle Books, 1991, ISBN 0-87701-787-5.
  • C.S. Lobban, P J Harrison, Seaweed Ecology and Physiology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-521-40334-0.
  • I.A. Abbott, Ethnobotany of seaweeds: clues to uses of seaweeds., in Hydrobiologia, vol. 326-327, n. 1, 1996, pp. 15-20.
  • I.A. Abbott, G J Hollenberg, Marine Algae of California, California, Stanford University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-8047-0867-3.
  • A. Gutierrez, Correa, T., Muñoz, V., Santibañez, A., Marcos, R., Cáceres, C., et al. (2006)., Farming of the Giant Kelp Macrocystis Pyrifera in Southern Chile for Development of Novel Food Products, in Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 18, n. 3, pp. 259-267.
  • A.J. Wargacki, Leonard, E., Win, MN, Regitsky, DD, Santos, CNS, et al. (2012), An engineered microbial platform for direct biofuel production from brown macroalgae, in Science, vol. 335, n. 1, pp. 308-313.
  • D.C. Reed, The effects of variable settlement and early competition on patterns of kelp recruitment, vol. 71, Ecology, 1990, pp. 776-787.
  • William W. Bushing, 2000, http://www.starthrower.org/research/kelpmisc/kelp_mp.htm. Parametro titolo vuoto o mancante (aiuto)
  • Lucas Bridges, Ultimo confine del mondo, Einaudi, 2009 [1948].
  • (ES) Carlos Gallardo, Los Onas, Buenos Aires, Cabaut y cia, 1910.

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Macrocystis pyrifera: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.Ag., 1820, conosciuta anche come kelp gigante, è una specie di kelp (grandi alghe brune) appartenente alla famiglia Laminariaceae, ed una delle quattro specie del genere Macrocystis. Viene raccolta perché ricca di minerali come iodio, potassio e altri; ma i prodotti principali ottenuti da essa sono gli Alginati.

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Macrocystis pyrifera ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Macrocystis pyrifera (ook wel reuzenkelp genoemd) is een kelpsoort uit de familie Laminariaceae. De soort komt voor langs de oostelijke Grote Oceaan van Baja California noordwaarts tot aan Zuidoost-Alaska. Verder wordt de soort ook aangetroffen rondom het zuidelijke deel van Zuid-Amerika, Zuid-Afrika, Australië en Nieuw-Zeeland.

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Macrocystis pyrifera: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Macrocystis pyrifera (ook wel reuzenkelp genoemd) is een kelpsoort uit de familie Laminariaceae. De soort komt voor langs de oostelijke Grote Oceaan van Baja California noordwaarts tot aan Zuidoost-Alaska. Verder wordt de soort ook aangetroffen rondom het zuidelijke deel van Zuid-Amerika, Zuid-Afrika, Australië en Nieuw-Zeeland.

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Kjempetare ( Norwegian )

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Kjempetare (Macrocystis pyrifera) er en tare som vokser langs kysten på kysten av Nord-Amerika (California til Alaska), Sør-Amerika, Sør-Afrika og sørlige deler av Australia. Taren kan vokse og bli opp til 60 meter lang, og er derfor verdens lengste alge. Den er også en av de raskest voksende plantene i verden. Kjempetaren danner undersjøiske skoger rike på marint liv på grunt vann, og de lange bladplatene flyter som oftest på overflaten takket være luftblærer som holder dem oppe.

Se også

Eksterne lenker

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Kjempetare: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Kjempetare (Macrocystis pyrifera) er en tare som vokser langs kysten på kysten av Nord-Amerika (California til Alaska), Sør-Amerika, Sør-Afrika og sørlige deler av Australia. Taren kan vokse og bli opp til 60 meter lang, og er derfor verdens lengste alge. Den er også en av de raskest voksende plantene i verden. Kjempetaren danner undersjøiske skoger rike på marint liv på grunt vann, og de lange bladplatene flyter som oftest på overflaten takket være luftblærer som holder dem oppe.

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Wielkomorszcz gruszkonośny ( Polish )

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Ilustracja
Wielkomorszcz gruszkonośny u wybrzeży Kalifornii Systematyka Domena eukarionty Supergrupa sar Gromada brunatnice Rząd listownicowce Rodzina listownicowate Rodzaj wielkomorszcz Gatunek M. pyrifera Nazwa systematyczna Macrocsytis pyrifera

Wielkomorszcz gruszkonośny, morzypławiec gruszkonośny (Macrocystis pyrifera) - wielki glon morski z gromady brunatnic. Plecha składa się z bardzo długiej części łodygokształtnej (kauloidu), złożonej z wyrastających z niej na całej prawie długości "liści" części liściokształtnej (fylloidu), oraz złożonej z korzeniopodobnych chwytników części chwytnikowej (stopki, ryzoidu), którą wielkomorszcz przytwierdza się do podłoża. "Ogonki liściowe" mają gruszkowate zgrubienia (stąd nazwa gatunkowa), będące w rzeczywistości pęcherzami pławnymi, umożliwiającymi plechom zachowanie pozycji pionowej lub unoszenie się na powierzchni wody. Wielkomorszcz gruszkonośny to jeden z gatunków tworzących lasy wodorostów. Na Nowej Zelandii jest jednym z glonów najczęściej używanych na nawóz[1].

Galeria

Przypisy

  1. Zbigniew Podbielkowski: Glony. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1985, s. 149. ISBN 83-02-02352-3.
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Wielkomorszcz gruszkonośny: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Wielkomorszcz gruszkonośny, morzypławiec gruszkonośny (Macrocystis pyrifera) - wielki glon morski z gromady brunatnic. Plecha składa się z bardzo długiej części łodygokształtnej (kauloidu), złożonej z wyrastających z niej na całej prawie długości "liści" części liściokształtnej (fylloidu), oraz złożonej z korzeniopodobnych chwytników części chwytnikowej (stopki, ryzoidu), którą wielkomorszcz przytwierdza się do podłoża. "Ogonki liściowe" mają gruszkowate zgrubienia (stąd nazwa gatunkowa), będące w rzeczywistości pęcherzami pławnymi, umożliwiającymi plechom zachowanie pozycji pionowej lub unoszenie się na powierzchni wody. Wielkomorszcz gruszkonośny to jeden z gatunków tworzących lasy wodorostów. Na Nowej Zelandii jest jednym z glonów najczęściej używanych na nawóz.

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Macrocystis pyrifera ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення

Macrocystis pyrifera поширена в холодних та теплих помірних морях. Ареал охоплює тихоокеанське узбережжя Північної Америки від Аляски до Каліфорнії, Південної Америки, островів Атлантики (Острів Гоф, Тристан-да-Кунья, Канарські острови), у Індійському океані, узбережжя Південній Африці, Австралії та Нової Зеландії, навколо антарктичних і субантарктичних островів.

Опис

Довге стебло має безліч язикоподібних листків. Кожен листок забезпечений повітряним міхуром. Він виконує роль поплавця. На поплавцях і тримається все громіздке тіло рослини. Це найбільша підводна рослина, а можливо і найбільша рослина на землі. За деякими непідтвердженими даними, довжина Macrocystis pyrifera може досягати 300 м. Звичайна довжина сягає 45-60 м, а вага до 150 кг.

Зарості цієї рослини утворюють цілі підводні ліси, в яких з великою охотою селиться різноманітна живність. Нескінченні стрічки макроцистіса, з безліччю «відгалужень» і «листя», шикуються в густі хащі. Потужні «стебла» рослин (іноді не поступаються по товщині стовбурів дерев) витримують найсильніші шторми, і здатні зупинити хід невеликого судна. Коріння так міцно чіпляються за дно, що вирвати рослину можна тільки разом з шматком каменю.

Дивує і швидкість росту цієї водорості — за сприятливих умов за добу рослина прирощує 30 см зросту, а при вдалому збігу обставин і всі 60. Коли проводилися спостереження і виміри, одна з особин за 120 днів виросла до 25 метрів.

Розмноження

Це багаторічна рослина, окремі екземпляри живуть до 8-10 років. Вперше спорангії з'являються на шестимісячних рослинах. Спорангії утворюються на нижніх пластинах, що сидять на вильчато-розгалужених коротких пагонах в основі слані. Ці пластини іноді називають спорофілами. Спорангії можуть з'являтися також на верхніх пластинах, плаваючих біля поверхні. Дозрівання спорангіїв відбувається спочатку на верхній, більш старій, частині пластини. Розвиток спорангія завершується за два тижні.

Ефективний радіус розсіювання спор, при якому вони дають нові, рослини, становить у окремих рослин 5 м. У заростях відновлення рослини відбувається на відстані до 90 м. Розселення на великі відстані здійснюється за допомогою відірваних пластин зі спорангіями.

Використання

У Новій Зеландії з цих водоростей виробляють калійні добрива. В Каліфорнії з нього добувають йод і альгін, що використовуються в харчовій промисловості. За рік на плантаціях цієї водорості знімають до трьох врожаїв.

Загрози

Macrocystis pyrifera має велике практичне значення, тому в даний час його екологію інтенсивно вивчають, особливо біля берегів Каліфорнії, де знаходяться найбільші підприємства з її переробки. Виявлено, що великої шкоди макроцистісу можуть заподіювати морські їжаки. Вони здатні повністю знищувати цілі зарості цієї водорості. Масова загибель великих заростей відбувається в роки з незвичайно сильним річним прогрівом води. При цьому гинуть пагони, що піднімаються до перегрітого шару води. На молодих рослинах, що знаходяться глибше, прогрів поверхневих шарів води не відбивається.

Посилання

  • Abbott, I A & G J Hollenberg. (1976) Marine Algae of California. California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0867-3
  • Abbott, I. A. (1996). Ethnobotany of seaweeds: clues to uses of seaweeds. Hydrobiologia, 326—327(1), 15-20.
  • Agardh, C A. (1820) Species algarum rite cognitae, cum synonymis, differentiis specificis et descriptionibus succinctis. Vol. 1, Part 1, pp. [i-iv], [1]-168. Lund: Berling.
  • Buschmann, A., Varela, D., Hernández-González, M., & Huovinen, P. (2008). Opportunities and challenges for the development of an integrated seaweed-based aquaculture activity in Chile: determining the physiological capabilities of Macrocystis and Gracilaria as biofilters. Journal of Applied Phycology, 20(5), 571—577.
  • Buschmann, A. H., Hernández-González, M. C., Astudillo, C., Fuente, L. d. l., Gutierrez, A., & Aroca, G. (2005). Seaweed cultivation, product development and integrated aquaculture studies in Chile. World Aquaculture, 36(3), 51-53.
  • Bushing, William W (2000) Giant Bladder Kelp .
  • Druehl LD, Baird R, Lindwall A, Lloyd KE, Pakula S (1988) Longline cultivation of some Laminareaceae in British Columbia. Aquacult. Fish Management 19, 253—263.
  • Chaoyuan, W., & Guangheng, L. (1987). Progress in the genetics and breeding of economic seaweeds in China. Hydrobiologia, 151—152(1), 57-61.
  • Connor, Judith & Charles Baxter. (1989) Kelp Forests. Monterey, California: Monterey Bay Aquarium. ISBN 1-878244-01-9
  • Cribb, A B. (1953) Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Ag. in Tasmanian waters Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 5 (1):1-34.
  • Cruz-SuÁRez, L., Tapia-Salazar, M., Nieto-LÓPez, M., Guajardo-Barbosa, C., & Ricque-Marie, D. (2009). Comparison of Ulva clathrata and the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Ascophyllum nodosum as ingredients in shrimp feeds. Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(4), 421—430.
  • Davis, Chuck. (1991) California Reefs. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-87701-787-5
  • Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. (2007). Retrieved from ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i1013t/i1013t.pdf[недоступне посилання з лютий 2019]
  • Gutierrez, A., Correa, T., Muñoz, V., Santibañez, A., Marcos, R., Cáceres, C., et al. (2006). Farming of the Giant Kelp Macrocystis Pyrifera in Southern Chile for Development of Novel Food Products. Journal of Applied Phycology, 18(3), 259—267.
  • Hoek, C van den; D G Mann & H M Jahns. (1995) Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30419-9
  • Huisman, J M (2000) Marine Plants of Australia. University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 1-876268-33-6
  • Kain, J M (1991) Cultivation of attached seaweeds in Guiry, M D & G Blunden (1991) Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John Wiley and Sons.
  • Lobban, C S & P J Harrison. (1994) Seaweed Ecology and Physiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40334-0
  • Macchiavello, J., Araya, E., & Bulboa, C. Production of Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales;Phaeophyceae) in northern Chile on spore-based culture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 1-7.
  • Mariculture of Seaweeds. (2010). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20101226110745/http://aquanic.org/species/documents/6_Algae_3__Culturing.pdf
  • Mondragon, Jennifer & Jeff Mondragon. (2003) Seaweeds of the Pacific Coast. Monterey, California: Sea Challengers. ISBN 0-930118-29-4
  • Neushul M (1987) Energy from marine biomass: The historicalrecord. In: Bird KT, Benson PH (eds), Seaweed Cultivation for Renewable Resources, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1–37.
  • North, W J, G A Jackson, & S L Manley. (1986) «Macrocystis and its environment, knowns and unknowns.» Aquatic Biology 26:9-26.
  • Prescott, G W. (1968) The Algae: A Review. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Reed, D C. (1990) «The effects of variable settlement and early competition on patterns of kelp recruitment.» Ecology 71:776-787.
  • Reed, D C, M Neushul, & A W Ebeling. (1991) «Role of settlement density on gametophyte growth and reproduction in the kelps Pterygophora californica and Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae).» Journal of Phycology 27:361-366.
  • Simenstad, C.A., Estes, J.A. and Kenyon, K.W., 1978. Aleuts, sea otters, and alternatestable state communities. Science, 200: 403—411.
  • Wargacki, A.J., Leonard, E., Win, M.N., Regitsky, D.D., Santos, C.N.S., et al. (2012). An engineered microbial platform for direct biofuel production from brown macroalgae. Science, 335(1), 308—313.
  • Westermeier, R., Patiño, D., Piel, M. I., Maier, I., & Mueller, D. G. (2006). A new approach to kelp mariculture in Chile: production of free-floating sporophyte seedlings from gametophyte cultures of Lessonia trabeculata and Macrocystis pyrifera. Aquaculture Research, 37(2), 164—171.
  • Westermeier, R., Patiño, D., & Müller, D. G. (2007). Sexual compatibility and hybrid formation between the giant kelp species Macrocystis pyrifera and M. integrifoliat (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) in Chile. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19(3), 215—221.
  • White, L P & L G Plaskett, (1982) Biomass as Fuel. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-746980-X
  • Connor, Judith & Charles Baxter. (1989) Kelp Forests. Monterey, California: Monterey Bay Aquarium. ISBN 1-878244-01-9
  • Davis, Chuck. (1991) California Reefs. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-87701-787-5


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Macrocystis pyrifera ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Macrocystis pyrifera, thường được biết đến như tảo bẹ khổng lồ, là một loài tảo bẹ (tảo nâu lớn), và là một trong bốn loài của chi Macrocystis. Tảo bẹ khổng lồ phổ biến ở vùng biển nông phía đông Thái Bình Dương, từ bắc Baja California tới đông nam Alaska, và cũng được tìm thấy ở vùng biển phía nam gần Nam Mỹ, Nam Phi, và Australia. IMội cá thể có thể phát triển đến chiều dài 45 mét (148 ft) với tốc độ tới 2 foot (61 cm) mỗi ngày. Tảo bẹ khổng lồ mọc thành một đám rất dày đặc được gọi là rừng tảo bẹ, là nhà của nhiều loài động vật biển dùng tảo bẹ làm thức ăn hay nơi trú ẩn. Đây là một nguồn giàu iốt, kali, và các chất khoáng khác, nhưng sản phẩm thu được chủ yếu từ tảo bẹ khổng lồ là alginate.

Mô tả

Macrocystis pyrifera là loài tảo lớn nhất. Giai đoạn sống thường được nhìn thấy là thể bào tử tồn tại lâu năm. Tảo bẹ khổng lồ được gọi như vậy vì kích thước khác thường của nó. Có những cá thể có thể phát triển đến 50 mét (160 ft).[2]

Một loài họ hàng và tương tự, như nhỏ hơn nhiều của M. pyriferaM.integrifolia, chỉ dài khoảng 6 mét (20 ft). M.integrifolia được tìm thấy ở vùng biển Thái Bình Dương của Bắc Mỹ (British Columbia tới California) và Nam Mỹ.[3][4]

Phát triển

M.pyrifera là một trong những sinh vật lớn nhanh nhất thết giới.[5][6] Chúng có thể phát triển thêm 0,6 mét (2 ft) mỗi ngày để đặt chiều dài 45 mét (148 ft) trong một mùa sinh trưởng.[3][7][8]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Agardh 1820
  2. ^ Hoek et al. 1995, p. 201
  3. ^ a ă Abbott & Hollenberg 1976
  4. ^ AlgaeBase: Species: Macrocystis integrifolia
  5. ^ Fenner, Bob The Brown Algae
  6. ^ White & Plaskett 1982, page 8
  7. ^ Cribb 1953
  8. ^ Davis 1991, p. 21

Đọc thêm

  • Connor, Judith & Charles Baxter. (1989) Kelp Forests. Monterey, California: Monterey Bay Aquarium. ISBN 1-878244-01-9
  • Davis, Chuck. (1991) California Reefs. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-87701-787-5
 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Macrocystis pyrifera
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Macrocystis pyrifera: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Macrocystis pyrifera, thường được biết đến như tảo bẹ khổng lồ, là một loài tảo bẹ (tảo nâu lớn), và là một trong bốn loài của chi Macrocystis. Tảo bẹ khổng lồ phổ biến ở vùng biển nông phía đông Thái Bình Dương, từ bắc Baja California tới đông nam Alaska, và cũng được tìm thấy ở vùng biển phía nam gần Nam Mỹ, Nam Phi, và Australia. IMội cá thể có thể phát triển đến chiều dài 45 mét (148 ft) với tốc độ tới 2 foot (61 cm) mỗi ngày. Tảo bẹ khổng lồ mọc thành một đám rất dày đặc được gọi là rừng tảo bẹ, là nhà của nhiều loài động vật biển dùng tảo bẹ làm thức ăn hay nơi trú ẩn. Đây là một nguồn giàu iốt, kali, và các chất khoáng khác, nhưng sản phẩm thu được chủ yếu từ tảo bẹ khổng lồ là alginate.

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オオウキモ ( Japanese )

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Question book-4.svg
この記事は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。
出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2011年11月
オオウキモ CAS Macrocystis 2.JPG
オオウキモ
分類 ドメ
イン
: 真核生物 Eukaryota 階級なし : ディアフォレティケス Diaphoretickes 階級なし : SARスーパーグループ Sar 階級なし : ストラメノパイル Stramenopiles : 不等毛植物門 Heterokontophyta : 褐藻綱 Phaeophyceae : コンブ目 Laminariales : コンブ科 Laminariaceae : オオウキモ属 Macrocystis : オオウキモ M. pyrifera 学名 Macrocsytis pyrifera (Turner) C.Agardh, 1820 和名 オオウキモ 英名 Giant kelp, Giant bladder kelp

オオウキモ学名Macrocystis pyrifera)は、不等毛植物門褐藻綱コンブ目コンブ科に属する海藻である。英名のジャイアントケルプ (Giant Kelp) が用いられることも多い。既知の藻類の中では最大種である。

根状部で海底の岩に付着し、上方に向かって茎状部や葉状部を成長させていく。その成長のスピードは著しく速く、1日に50cm近くも成長することもある。茎状部には空気をためた浮き袋が付いているため、これにより海中で直立して浮いていることができる。茎状部は海面に達するまで伸び続け、50m以上に達することもある。海面に達した後は、海面上に広がるような形で成長する。

生態[編集]

 src=
モントレー水族館の展示

オオウキモが密集した場所では、「ケルプの森」と言われる海底から海面に及ぶ長大な藻場が形成される。海中に林立し、さらに海面を覆い尽したオオウキモを側柱と天蓋に見立てて、「カテドラル(大伽藍)」などと呼ばれることもある。この藻場は生物多様性に富んでおり、カニなどの甲殻類ウニヒトデなどの棘皮動物魚類、そしてアザラシラッコなどの海獣類のコロニーとなっている。特にラッコは、海流により藻場から流されないように布団にくるまるようにオオウキモを体に巻きつけて眠る習慣がある。カリフォルニア州にあるモントレー水族館 (Monterey Bay Aquarium) ではオオウキモと魚を配した「ケルプの森」大水槽が人気を博している。

日本の水族館においてはかつては展示していなかったが、1981年神戸ポートアイランド博覧会芙蓉グループパビリオンでは、長大なオオウキモの標本がパビリオンの内側の壁面いっぱいに巻くような形で展示されていた。その後、のとじま臨海公園水族館葛西臨海水族園で実際にジャイアントケルプを植えてケルプの森を再現した水槽が展示されたことがある。ちなみに海遊館のケルプの森水槽に展示されていたジャイアントケルプはイミテーション(人工模造)である。

分布[編集]

アラスカ半島からカリフォルニア湾にかけての北東太平洋に主に生息するが、南半球の高緯度地域にも生息する。

利用[編集]

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この節は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2013年6月

オオウキモは食用に供さないため、従来採集されることはなかった。しかし近年、オオウキモに含まれるアルギン酸が健康に良いと標榜されたため、アメリカを席巻している健康ブームに乗って、サプリメントなどの材料として節度なき乱獲が続いている。沿岸海域の埋立てや水質汚染、海水温上昇などともあいまってアメリカ沿岸のオオウキモは激減しており、近い将来に藻場の豊かな生態系もろともオオウキモの森は消滅するものと予想されている[1]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ テレビ朝日「素敵な宇宙船・地球号」2006年5月28日放映分より[出典無効]
執筆の途中です この項目は、原生生物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル 生き物と自然プロジェクト 生物)。
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オオウキモ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

オオウキモ(学名:Macrocystis pyrifera)は、不等毛植物門褐藻綱コンブ目コンブ科に属する海藻である。英名のジャイアントケルプ (Giant Kelp) が用いられることも多い。既知の藻類の中では最大種である。

根状部で海底の岩に付着し、上方に向かって茎状部や葉状部を成長させていく。その成長のスピードは著しく速く、1日に50cm近くも成長することもある。茎状部には空気をためた浮き袋が付いているため、これにより海中で直立して浮いていることができる。茎状部は海面に達するまで伸び続け、50m以上に達することもある。海面に達した後は、海面上に広がるような形で成長する。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語