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Pouched mice are sometimes sold as a pets, although their aggressiveness toward conspecifics would require that they only be caged individually. In some areas, they are a food source for humans, as each mouse provides 723 KJ of energy when consumed.
Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food
While it is presumed that S. campestris faces predation from larger carnivorous mammals and snakes, the only predator that has been specifically noted for this species is the barn owl.
One explanation for the tendency of S. campestris to seal off the entrances to its burrow while it is inside is protection from predators, although it is equally likely that the pouched mouse seals itself in to maintain thermal protection or hide its cache from other terrestrial seed eaters.
Known Predators:
Saccostomus campestris has a robust body (94-188 mm length, 40-85 g mass) with a short tail (30-81 mm). Their short legs and strong toes are well-adapted to digging. They have a broad head with short, rounded ears and small eyes. Pouched mice are named for their cheek pouches that stretch from the corners of their mouths to their shoulders that is used to carry seeds and grains. Female pouched mice have 10-12 mammae and both sexes have incisors that are not grooved. The rear feet of S. campestris are small, like many other members of the family Muridae.
The pelage of S. campestris is long, yet dense and fine. The coat is gray/gray-brown on top with lighter sides and white underparts (including the underside of the tail). S. campestris is sometimes said to resemble the common hamsters that are part of the U.S. pet trade.
Saccostomus campestris may be considered heterothermic due to its use of torpor to save energy when temperatures drop or when food resources become scarce. Scientists have observed that females employ torpor more often than males, presumably due to males' need to remain ready for reproductive opportunities that may arise.
Research indicates that males are not significantly heavier than females, on average, but older mice are heavier than younger mice. There is an annual cycle of body weights, such that on average, mice tend to be heavier in the wet season (December-March) than in the dry season (June-September), mainly due to an increased availability of high quality food resources. Much of the weight that is lost by a population of S. campestris is lost by younger mice, who tend to lose more weight during times of lowered food availability than older mice. This trend may be explained by the ability of the older, more experienced mice to find and secure more seeds in their burrows to be eaten throughout the winter than the younger mice.
Range mass: 40 to 85 g.
Range length: 94 to 188 mm.
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.618 cm3.O2/g/hr.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.274 W.
The lifespan of this specific mammal is not well-recorded, but due to its unpredictable environment, it may be expected to live only 1-3 years in the wild. This lifespan is similar to that of other small mammals in sub-Saharan Africa.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 2.8 years.
Saccostomus campestris prefers sandy, grassy or cultivated fields, steppe, and savannah habitats. The pouched mouse is completely terrestrial and lives in burrows that it either digs itself or finds vacated by other species.
Range elevation: 263 to 1198 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland
Saccostomus campestris inhabits the savannahs, steppes, cultivated lands, scrub fields and sand plains of Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
Saccostomus campestris is a granivore, primarily eating seeds, grains, and nuts. It also eats fruits, berries, insects such as ants or termites, and some leafy material. Pouched mice gets their name by gathering food in the field and carrying it to their burrows, where the food is eaten and/or stored. Foraging behavior takes place at night and in the more temperate areas of their range, pouched mice store food for the winter. If they are available, S. campestris prefers seeds of Acacia species, particularly A. tortilis. Their preference for these seeds may impact the community structure in years of either abundant Acacia production or high densities of mice. Studies also showed that when available, S. campestris hoards rat pellets, presumably due to their high protein levels and lower fiber content.
It appears that S. campestris, although it is fairly omnivorous, tends to hoard only seeds in its burrow, presumably because these are the least perishable constituents of its diet. Large caches, as are seen in the burrow of pouched mice living in the more temperate southern portions of their range, may represent up to 70 foraging trips. This value is based on the amount of seed found in the burrows and the maximum capacity of the cheek pouches of these mice. This caching may be essential in times when food becomes scarce. Caching may be particularly important for female pouched mice, as it may allow them to fuel the lactation process without leaving their young unattended as well as to provide their young with the increased nutrition that can help them to become large before they leave the safety of the nest.
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Other Foods: dung
Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food
Primary Diet: herbivore (Granivore )
Due to its preference for specific types of seeds, S. campestris can impact the structure of the vegetation in its ecosystem by consuming large numbers of those preferred seeds. One of those preferred seeds is Acacia tortilis, which is heavily predated by S. campestris and other small mammals when it is available. Additionally, S. campestris impacts its environment by indirectly competing with other small mammal seed eaters, such as Mastomys natalensis, Aethomys chrysophilus, Acomys spinosissimus and Gerbilliscus leucogaster.
Pouched mice are burrowers, therefore they provide habitat for other small mammals and aerate the soil. Likewise, if any seed that is cached is not consumed, it has a better chance at germinating and surviving than seeds that are left on the surface that will likely be consumed by another small mammal or be dessicated before germination.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; creates habitat; soil aeration
Saccostomus campestris can be a crop pest for grain farmers and it is a host for a number of pulicid fleas.
Negative Impacts: crop pest
This species is not considered to be threatened.
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Saccostomus campestris is a nocturnal forager, therefore although it was not found in the literature, it is likely that pouched mice uses tactile and/or olfactory sensation to orient itself in the dark. Likewise, because S. campestris shows a preference for some types of food resources, it must use tactile and/or chemical signals to determine which food sources are the best.
Saccostomus campestris is a solitary animal and will defend its burrow and its solitary lifestyle by biting and physically attacking conspecifics. In this manner, it uses a tactile mode of communication to keep other mice away.
Communication Channels: tactile
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Recent research indicates that S. campestris and S. mearnsi, the only other member of this genus, are still actively speciating and that the classifications that we have made thus far may need to be revised as more evidence of this speciation becomes available.
Female pouched mice tend to be aggressive toward all conspecifics except for a very short time, generally a 24-hour period that precedes their true estrous phase. Males must present themselves to females early in this pro-estrous stage or they will be in danger of injury or death from the aggressive females. The female’s estrous phase will commence approximately 12 hours after mating. If that mating did not result in a successful fertilization, the female will tolerate the presence of the male after a mating session. If the mating was successful in fertilizing the female, she will return to her normal aggressive behavior and injure the male if he does not leave within a few hours of copulation. This relationship of female aggression to successful conception is suspected to be influenced by hormones, as females are also intensely aggressive during pregnancy and lactation, but tests have been inconclusive thus far.
Mating System: polygynous
Saccostomus campestris completes its breeding in the wet season so that the young are born when food will be readily available to the lactating mother and emerging juveniles. The winter inhibition of reproduction in S. campestris seems to be associated with multiple environmental cues, including photoperiod, ambient temperature, and food quality and quantity. Given the set of environmental cues that will inhibit reproduction, mating in S. campestris is termed by some to be opportunistic based on the quality of the conditions presented by the environment. In the unpredictable environment of southern Africa, the male pouched mouse must be prepared for reproduction often and is therefore more reluctant to enter torpor than female conspecifics.
Breeding interval: Saccostomus campestris is an opportunistic breeder, so it will breed whenever the environment is favorable.
Breeding season: Although it is an opportunistic breeder, S. campestris tends to breed from January though September, as this is most likely to be the time when favorable conditions will occur.
Range number of offspring: 2 to 10.
Average number of offspring: 5.
Range gestation period: 50 (high) days.
Range weaning age: 20 to 25 days.
Average weaning age: 25 days.
Average time to independence: 25 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Average birth mass: 2.6 g.
Average number of offspring: 6.8.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 45 days.
Mothers suckle their young in captivity for up to 8 weeks, during which time the young grow to be 38-56 g. The hoarding behavior of mothers also gives young that have not been fully weaned a good source of nutrition which allows them to leave the nest at a size that makes them more likely to survive.
In the wild, it is much more common that pups are weaned after 25 days. Gestation in the pouched mouse is less than 50 days. The young begin developing very rapidly after birth and are essentially pushed from the nest immediately after being weaned. The upper and lower incisors begin erupting anywhere from 10-14 days after birth and the eyes become fully functional around 24 days. The speed of growth in S. campestris is similar to that of house mice and brown rats.
Research in the laboratory has shown that if alien pups are introduced within the suckling period of her own pups, a female will accept the new pups as her own. If alien pups appear after her own pups have been weaned, however, the female will viciously attack the pups until they die. It has been postulated that the females cannot recognize their own young, but are sensing the difference in diet between weaned and non-weaned pups and can therefore distinguish alien pups which have been weaned. A female will not, however, attack one of her own pups if it has been eating solid food and suckling, indicating that the female must somehow detect a difference in those individuals that suckle and those that do not. All pups are moved from the nest at 25 days, regardless of whether or not they are the mother's own pups or alien pups. This study was undertaken in a laboratory environment, so while it appears that females will accept alien suckling pups as their own, it seems highly improbable that pups that have not yet been weaned would appear in a nursing mother's den outside of a laboratory environment.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female)
Die Wangsakmuis (Saccostomus campestris) kom in feitlik die hele Suider-Afrika voor, uitsluitende die weskus van Suid-Afrika en Namibië. Die knaagdier het sy naam gekry weens die feit dat hy kos in sy wangsakke stoor om dit later in die veiligheid van sy nes te eet.
Die Wangsakmuis se kleur wissel van grys in die weste tot donkerder grysbruin in die ooste van die gebied waarin hy woon. Die keel en onderkant is wit. Die diertjie word tot 16cm lank en weeg ±45g.
Hulle woon in verskeie habitatte maar verkies sanderige grond om in te woon en is naglewend. Hulle eet grassade, forbe, struike, bessies en selde insekte. Daar word 2 - 10 kleintjies in die somer gebore.
Die Wangsakmuis (Saccostomus campestris) kom in feitlik die hele Suider-Afrika voor, uitsluitende die weskus van Suid-Afrika en Namibië. Die knaagdier het sy naam gekry weens die feit dat hy kos in sy wangsakke stoor om dit later in die veiligheid van sy nes te eet.
Saccostomus campestris és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels nesòmids. Viu a Angola, Botswana, la República Democràtica del Congo, Malawi, Moçambic, Namíbia, Sud-àfrica, Tanzània, Zàmbia i Zimbabwe. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos de sabana i altres zones. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1] El seu nom específic, campestris, significa 'de les planes' en llatí.[2]
Saccostomus campestris és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels nesòmids. Viu a Angola, Botswana, la República Democràtica del Congo, Malawi, Moçambic, Namíbia, Sud-àfrica, Tanzània, Zàmbia i Zimbabwe. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos de sabana i altres zones. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie. El seu nom específic, campestris, significa 'de les planes' en llatí.
Die Kap-Hamsterratte (Saccostomus campestris) ist ein Nagetier in der Gattung der Kurzschwanz-Hamsterratten, das in Afrika vorkommt.[1]
Mit einer Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 83 bis 145 mm und einem Gewicht von 33 bis 68 g ähnelt die Art einer kleinen gedrungenen Maus mit einem kurzen Schwanz, der eine Länge von 32 bis 83 mm erreicht. Die Länge der Hinterfüße beträgt 17 bis 30 mm und die Ohren sind 12 bis 22 mm lang.[2] Je nach Population ist das Fell der Oberseite graubraun, grau oder dunkelgrau. Mehrere Haare auf der Rückenmitte besitzen schwarze Spitzen. In trockenen Gebieten ist die Fellfarbe allgemein heller als in feuchten Regionen. Es besteht eine deutliche Grenze zur weißen Unterseite. Weiterhin sind die unteren Bereiche der Wangen, das Kinn und die Kehle weiß. Die Kap-Hamsterratte besitzt gut ausgebildete Backentaschen zum Transport der Nahrung. Die abgerundeten Ohren sind zu Seite des Kopfes ausgerichtet. Es kommen vier Finger an den Vorderpfoten und fünf Zehen an den Füßen vor. Der Schwanz ist nicht mit Schuppen, sondern nur mit kurzen Borsten bedeckt. Er hat eine dunkle Oberseite und eine weiße Unterseite.[2]
Die nördliche Grenze des Verbreitungsgebiets reicht vom Norden Angolas über den Süden der Demokratischen Republik Kongo bis in den Süden Tansanias. Die Kap-Hamsterratte erreicht die Südküste Südafrikas, fehlt jedoch in den westlichen Regionen des Landes sowie in Lesotho und in den umliegenden südafrikanischen Gebieten. Das Verbreitungsgebiet liegt zwischen 50 und 2000 Meter Höhe.[3]
Als Habitat dienen vorwiegend Savannen mit größeren Grasflächen und verstreuten Baumgruppen sowie Büschen. In den Wüsten Namibias bewohnt die Kap-Hamsterratte die Vegetation entlang von Wasserläufen. Sie besucht weiterhin veränderte Landschaften, wie Gärten.[3]
Die Exemplare bewegen sich auf dem Boden oder klettern in Gewächsen. Sie sind nachtaktiv und ruhen am Tage in mehr oder weniger komplexen Erdhöhlen, die selbst gegraben werden oder von anderen Tieren, wie Springhasen oder Erdferkeln, übernommen werden. Manchmal liegt das Nest in einem Termitenhügel. Im Bau wird ein Vorrat an Samen angelegt. Bei gutem Nahrungsangebot legt die Kap-Hamsterratte Fettreserven im Körper an. Diese werden bei kaltem und trockenem Wetter aufgebraucht, wobei die Aktivität der Individuen sinkt. Gelegentlich kann die Art einen Starrezustand (Torpor) einnehmen.[2]
Nie Nahrung besteht hauptsächlich aus Samen, sowie aus Kräutern, Termiten, Grashüpfern und anderen Insekten. Im Kruger-Nationalpark ist die Zusammensetzung der Nahrung abhängig von der Jahreszeit. Während der Trockenzeit enthält die Nahrung 31 % Insekten, 12 % Kräuter sowie 57 % Samen. In der Regenzeit steigt der Anteil der Samen auf 79 %, der Anteil der Kräuter bleibt gleich und der Anteil der Insekten sinkt auf 9 %.[2] Die in den Vorratslagern gefundenen Samen stammten vorwiegend von Pflanzen der Gattungen Grewia (Malvengewächse), Acacia (Mimosengewächse) und Langfäden (Combretum) sowie von Gewächsen wie Mopane (Colophospermum mopane), Farbkätzchenstrauch (Dichrostachys cinerea), Burkea africana (Johannisbrotgewächse), Euclea crispa (Ebenholzgewächse) oder Peltophorum africanum (Hülsenfrüchtler).[2]
Die Exemplare leben vorwiegend einzelgängerisch. Die Paarungszeit variiert je nach Verbreitung der jeweiligen Population, konzentriert sich jedoch auf die warmen und feuchten Monate des Jahres. Für die Kap-Hamsterratte wurden unterschiedliche Wurfgrößen dokumentiert, wie 4,8 (2–8) in Südafrika, 5,1 (2–9) in Malawi, 6,7 (1–10) in Simbabwe und 7 (5–10) in Botswana. Die Nachkommen wiegen bei der Geburt nach 20 bis 21 Tagen Trächtigkeit durchschnittlich 2,8g. Sie haben zu diesem Zeitpunkt schon ein Fell entwickelt. Jungtiere werden 19 bis 25 Tage gesäugt.[2]
Die Kap-Hamsterratte wird von Beutegreifern, wie der Schleiereule, der Afrika-Graseule, dem Milchuhu sowie von verschiedenen kleinen Raubtieren gejagt.[2]
Für die Kap-Hamsterratte liegen keine Bedrohungen vor und sie wird häufig angetroffen. Die Art wird von der IUCN als „nicht gefährdet“ (least concern) gelistet.[3]
Die Kap-Hamsterratte (Saccostomus campestris) ist ein Nagetier in der Gattung der Kurzschwanz-Hamsterratten, das in Afrika vorkommt.
The South African pouched mouse or southern African pouched mouse (Saccostomus campestris) is a species of rodent in the family Nesomyidae,[2] which is viewed as actually representing a complex of at least three undescribed species.[1] It is found in southern Africa in Angola, Botswana, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[1] This species occurs in savanna woodland, as well as various other habitats, at elevations from 50 to 2000 m.[1] It is present in arid regions of Namibia.[1] The rodent is abundant and is tolerant of human disturbance of its habitat.[1]
The South African pouched mouse or southern African pouched mouse (Saccostomus campestris) is a species of rodent in the family Nesomyidae, which is viewed as actually representing a complex of at least three undescribed species. It is found in southern Africa in Angola, Botswana, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This species occurs in savanna woodland, as well as various other habitats, at elevations from 50 to 2000 m. It is present in arid regions of Namibia. The rodent is abundant and is tolerant of human disturbance of its habitat.
Saccostomus campestris Saccostomus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Cricetomyinae azpifamilia eta Nesomyidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Saccostomus campestris Saccostomus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Cricetomyinae azpifamilia eta Nesomyidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Le Rat fouisseur à queue courte[1] (Saccostomus campestris) est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des Nesomyidae. C'est un « rat à poche » africain qui vit dans des terriers et transporte les provisions dans ses abajoues.
Il n'y a pas de dimorphisme sexuel. L'adulte mesure 9,4 à 18,8 cm de long pour un poids de 40 à 85 g. Sa queue mesure de 3 à 8 cm. Le pelage est long fin et dense. Il est gris ou gris-brun sur le dos et blanc sur le ventre. La femelle a 10 ou 12 mamelles[2].
Il est présent dans tout le sud de l'Afrique, on le trouve en Angola, en République démocratique du Congo, en Zambie, au Malawi, en Tanzanie, en Namibie, au Botswana, au Zimbabwe, en Mozambique et en Afrique du Sud[3].
Cette espèce vit principalement dans les savanes boisées. Elle n'a cependant pas d'habitat spécifique. Au Malawi, elle vit dans les prairies boisées et en Namibie on la trouve dans des zones arides près des cours d'eau[3].
Ce rongeur se nourrit principalement de graines (notamment d'acacias), mais également de fruits, d'insectes (fourmis, termites) et de feuilles[2].
Le Rat fouisseur à queue courte (Saccostomus campestris) est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des Nesomyidae. C'est un « rat à poche » africain qui vit dans des terriers et transporte les provisions dans ses abajoues.
Saccostomus campestris is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Nesomyidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Peters in 1846.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Saccostomus campestris, o rato-bochechudo,[1] é uma espécie de roedor da família Nesomyidae.
Pode ser encontrada em Angola, República Democrática do Congo, Tanzânia, Zâmbia, Malawi, Moçambique, Zimbábue, Botsuana, Namíbia e África do Sul.
Saccostomus campestris, o rato-bochechudo, é uma espécie de roedor da família Nesomyidae.
Pode ser encontrada em Angola, República Democrática do Congo, Tanzânia, Zâmbia, Malawi, Moçambique, Zimbábue, Botsuana, Namíbia e África do Sul.
Saccostomus campestris[2][3][4] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Peters 1846. Saccostomus campestris ingår i släktet kortsvansade hamsterråttor (Saccostomus)[5] och familjen Nesomyidae.[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[6]
Arten blir 83 till 145 mm lång (huvud och bål), har en 32 till 83 mm lång svans och väger 33 till 68 g. Bakfötterna är 17 till 30 mm långa och öronen är 12 till 22 mm stora. På ovansidan förekommer mjuk, tjock och tät päls som har en gråbrun till grå färg. Vid ryggens topp har flera hår svarta spetsar. Det finns en tydlig gräns mot den vitaktiga undersidan. Även strupen, hakan, bröstet och nedre delen av kinderna är vita. Saccostomus campestris har liksom andra släktmedlemmar kindpåsar för att bära födan. Den korta svansen är täckt av några mörka styva hår men den saknar fjäll. Hos honor förekommer 10 spenar.[7]
Denna gnagare förekommer i Afrika från Angola och Tanzania till Sydafrika. Arten vistas i låglandet och i bergstrakter upp till 2000 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs främst av savanner med trädgrupper. I öknar lever den i växtligheten längs floder. Den besöker dessutom trädgårdar.[1]
Saccostomus campestris går på marken eller klättrar på träd. Den är aktiv på natten och vilar på dagen i självgrävda bon, som kan ligga i termitstackar, eller i håligheter som skapades av springharen eller av jordsvinet. Gnagaren lagrar födan i boet. För att komma över den kalla och torra årstiden kan den lagra fett i kroppen. Djuret vilar i boet och sänker sin ämnesomsättning samt sin kroppstemperatur. Ibland intar den ett stelt tillstånd (torpor). Individerna äter huvudsakligen frön samt några örter och ryggradslösa djur som termiter eller gräshoppor.[7]
Artens fortplantningstid varierar beroende på utbredning. Allmänt sker ungarnas födelse under varma månader efter 20 till 21 dagar dräktighet. Honor föder i södra delen av utbredningsområdet 2 till 8 ungar per kull och längre norrut har en kull 5 till 10 ungar. Nyfödda ungar har redan päls och väger i genomsnitt 2,8 g. Ungarna diar sin mor 19 till 25 dagar. Några exemplar kan ha en egen kull efter 96 dagar.[7]
Saccostomus campestris är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Peters 1846. Saccostomus campestris ingår i släktet kortsvansade hamsterråttor (Saccostomus) och familjen Nesomyidae. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Saccostomus campestris là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Nesomyidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Peters mô tả năm 1846.[2]
Bài viết về một loài thuộc bộ Gặm nhấm này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Saccostomus campestris là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Nesomyidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Peters mô tả năm 1846.
남아프리카도깨비쥐(Saccostomus campestris)는 붉은숲쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.,[2] 기재되지 않은 종들의 복합종을 실제로 대표하는 것으로 보는 시각이 있다.[1] 앙골라와 보츠와나, 콩고민주공화국, 말라위, 우간다, 모잠비크, 나미비아, 남아프리카공화국, 탄자니아, 짐바브웨의 남아프리카에서 발견된다. 스와질란드에서도 서식하는 것으로 추정하고 있다. 사바나 지역 산림과 해발 50m와 2000m 사이의 다양한 서식지에서 산다. 나미비아의 건조 지역에서도 발견된다. 개체수가 풍부하고, 서식지에 대한 사람들의 교란에 대한 저항력을 갖고 있다.
