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Schlundsackschnecken ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Schlundsackschnecken (Sacoglossa, fälschlich oft auch Saccoglossa) sind eine Unterordnung der Hinterkiemerschnecken (Opisthobranchia). Die Unterordnung umfasst rund 700 Arten der im Meer lebenden Nackt- und Halbnackt- und Gehäuseschnecken. Der Name Schlundsackschnecken ist von einer sackförmigen Bildung des Schlunds abgeleitet, in dem das Vorderende der einreihigen Raspelzunge (Radula) steckt.

Merkmale

Die Vertreter der Sacoglossa sind meist kleine Tiere. Das Gehäuse ist dünnwandig, eiförmig und/oder meist reduziert. Es gibt allerdings noch Formen, die sich vollständig in das Gehäuse zurückziehen können. Bei den meisten Arten ist es jedoch mehr oder weniger stark reduziert und die Tiere werden als „Nacktschnecken“ bezeichnet. Bei einigen Familien ist das Gehäuse von den Fußlappen (Parapodien) bedeckt. Einige Arten können diese Fußlappen auch zum Schwimmen gebrauchen. Ungewöhnlich ist das Auftreten von Gattungen mit zweiklappigen Schalen (In der Familie Juliidae) unter den Schlundsackschnecken. Diese Schneckenschalen ähneln den Schalen der Muscheln. Dabei ist die linke Schalenklappe den Schalen (Gehäusen) der übrigen Schnecken homolog, die rechte ist eine zusätzliche Bildung des Mantels. Der Kopf weist ein oder zwei Paar Tentakel auf, die z. T. reduziert sind. Vor der Radula befindet sich ein sackförmiger Blindsack des Schlundes, in dem das Vorderende der Radula steckt. Die Radula besteht aus nur einem Mittelzahn pro Reihe. Im Schlundsack sammeln sich mit der Zeit die abgenutzten Radulareihen; der Sack wird mit zunehmendem Alter daher immer größer.

Lebensweise und Vorkommen

Die Tiere sind hauptsächlich in der Algenzone der Meeresküsten zu finden. Die Schnecken ernähren sich von Algen, deren Chloroplasten sie aufnehmen und in ihre Haut oder vergrößerte Mitteldarmdrüse einlagern können (Kleptoplastiden). Neben der kräftig grünen Farbe, die viele Arten dadurch entwickeln, weisen sie in ihrer Körperform selbst eine Ähnlichkeit mit Algen auf. Durch die Photosynthese der aufgenommenen Chloroplasten gewinnen die Tiere zudem Nährstoffe, von denen sie einige Zeit leben können. Die Chloroplasten sterben nach einiger Zeit wieder ab und müssen durch Aufnahme neuer Algen ersetzt werden. Viele Arten nutzen Grünalgen der Gattung Caulerpa. Andere Arten ernähren sich auch von anderen Grünalgen, Braunalgen, Kieselalgen (Diatomeen), Seegras und andere.[1] Entsprechend ihrer Lebensweise leben die meisten Arten in flachen Küstengewässern zwischen Seegräsern und Algen. Einige wenige Arten sind auch ins Süßwasser vorgedrungen.

Bei zwei Arten wurde in Japan 2021 die Fähigkeit zur Autotomie eines besonders großen Teils des Körpers und die Fähigkeit zur Regeneration entdeckt. Der bestehen bleibende Kopf verheilt, kann kriechen und überlebt dank Photosynthese ohne Herz und Organe während deren Regeneration, die etwa zwei Wochen dauert.[2][3]

Stammesgeschichte

Trotz dieser Vielgestaltigkeit gelten die Schlundsackschnecken stammesgeschichtlich als eine monophyletische Gruppe, deren wichtigstes gemeinsames Merkmal (Synapomorphie) der Schlundsack ist. Diese Gruppe stellt ein basales Taxon für die Kladistik der Schnecken dar.

Systematik

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Spiralförmiges Eipaket von Oxynoe olivacea auf der Innenscheibe eines Aquariums
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Elysia crispata aus der Karibik

Die Taxonomie der Schnecken unterliegt Revisionen und Wandel. Daher gibt es verschiedene Systematiken. Als klassisch wird meist die auf J. Thiele (1929–1935) zurückgehende betrachtet. Sie war bis in die 1990er anerkannt. Eine modernere und die letzte aufgrund rein morphologischer Ansätze aufgestellte Systematik ist die von Ponder & Lindberg (1997).[4] Die aktuelle Systematik ist phylogenetisch orientiert und geht zurück auf Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).[5][6][7]

Systematik nach Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)

Als Synonyme werden die Familie Placobranchidae nach Rang (1829) und die Familie Elysiidae nach Forbes & Hanley (1851) betrachtet.

Einzelnachweise

  1. S. I. Williams, D. I. Walker: Mesoherbivore-macroalgal interactions. Feeding ecology of sacoglossan sea slugs (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and their effects on their food algae. In: Oceanography and Marine Biology. An Annual Review. Band 37, 1999, S. 87–128 (englisch).
  2. Meeresschnecken : Ein neuer Körper für den alten Kopf orf.at, 8. März 2021, abgerufen 9. März 2021.
  3. Sayaka Mitoh, Yoichi Yusa: Extreme autotomy and whole-body regeneration in photosynthetic sea slugs. In: Cell, Current Biology, Correspondence. Band 31, Nr. 5, 8. März 2021, S. PR233-R234, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.014 (englisch, Online).
  4. Winston F. Ponder, David R. Lindberg: Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters. In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Band 119, Nr. 2, 1997, S. 83–265, doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00137.x (englisch).
  5. Philippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi: Part 2: Working classification of the Gastropoda. In: Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families (= Malacologia. Band 47). ConchBooks, 2005, ISBN 3-925919-72-4, ISSN 0076-2997, S. 240–283 (englisch, Online).
  6. Philippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Jiri Frýda, Bernhard Hausdorf, Winston F. Ponder, Ángel Valdés, Anders Warén: Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families (= Malacologia. International Journal of Malacology. Band 47, Nr. 1–2). ConchBooks, 2005, ISBN 3-925919-72-4, ISSN 0076-2997 (englisch, Online).
  7. Guido T. Poppe, Sheila P. Tagaro: The New Classification of Gastropods according to Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. 23. Februar 2006 (englisch, Online [PDF]).
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wikipedia DE

Schlundsackschnecken: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Die Schlundsackschnecken (Sacoglossa, fälschlich oft auch Saccoglossa) sind eine Unterordnung der Hinterkiemerschnecken (Opisthobranchia). Die Unterordnung umfasst rund 700 Arten der im Meer lebenden Nackt- und Halbnackt- und Gehäuseschnecken. Der Name Schlundsackschnecken ist von einer sackförmigen Bildung des Schlunds abgeleitet, in dem das Vorderende der einreihigen Raspelzunge (Radula) steckt.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia DE

Sacoglossa ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular contents of algae, hence they are sometimes called "sap-sucking sea slugs".[4]

Some sacoglossans simply digest the fluid which they suck from the algae, but in some other species, the slugs sequester and use within their own tissues living chloroplasts from the algae they eat, a very unusual phenomenon known as kleptoplasty, for the "stolen" plastids.[5] This earns them the title of the "solar-powered sea slugs", and makes them unique among metazoan organisms, for otherwise kleptoplasty is known only among single-celled protists.[6]

The Sacoglossa are divided into two clades - the shelled families (Oxynoacea) and the shell-less families (Plakobranchacea).[7] The four families of shelled species are: Cylindrobullidae, Volvatellidae, Oxynoidae, and Juliidae, the bivalved gastropods. The shell-less Plakobranchacea are grouped in six families, divided between two clades ("superfamilies"), the Plakobranchoidea and the Limapontioidea. All sacoglossans are distinguished from related groups by the presence of a single row of teeth on the radula. The teeth are adapted for the suctorial feeding habits of the group.[8]

Kathe R. Jensen (2007)[3] recognized 284 valid species within the Sacoglossa.

Appearance

Many of these gastropods (e.g. Elysia spp.) resemble winged slugs with a pair of cephalic tentacles. In photosynthetic members of the group, the wings, or parapodia, can be unfurled to maximise the area of the organism that is struck by sunlight.[9] In others (e.g. Placida spp.), cylindrical cerata extend from the dorsal surface. The majority of sacoglossans are 1-3 cm in length; they are typically uniform in color because the chloroplasts they ingest end up installed in their own cells.[1]

Distribution

Sacoglossa species are found worldwide in tropical and temperate oceans, but most live in the central Pacific Ocean, where they frequent the shorelines of tropical islands; diverse tracts of species are also known in the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific. These three areas have distinct ranges of species, indicating a high degree of biogeographic separation. Where sacoglossans are present further from the equator, in places such as Australia or Japan, diversity is lower, and the species present are typically tropical species that have a higher tolerance for temperature variation. Their temperate distribution closely corresponds to the distribution of their important food source, Caulerpa spp.[3] They typically live at very low population densities, making scientific study of the group difficult.[1]

Use of ingested cellular material

The sacoglossans can use the chloroplasts of the algae on which they feed, which they keep alive for hours to months after their ingestion. They maintain the cells and metabolise the photosynthetic products;[10] this process is termed kleptoplasty, and the sacoglossans are the only animals to employ it; some ciliates and foramanifera (protists) also employ the strategy.[9] Sacoglossans have been known to survive for months living solely on the photosynthetic products of their acquired plastids.[9] This process is somewhat mystifying, as the upkeep of chloroplasts usually requires interaction with genes encoded in the plant cell nucleus. This seems to suggest that the genes have been laterally transferred from algae to the animals.[9] DNA amplification experiments on Elysia chlorotica adults and eggs using Vaucheria litorea derived primers revealed the presence of psbO, an algal nuclear gene.[11] These results were likely an artefact, as most recent results based on transcriptomic analysis[12] and sequencing of genomic DNA from the slug's eggs[13] reject the hypothesis that lateral gene transfer supports kleptoplast longevity. Sacoglossans are able to choose which method of feeding they use. The switch from active feeding to photosynthesis in sacoglossans is triggered by the shortage of food resources, and typically not preferred. If food is readily available, the animal will actively consume it. Starvation periods (with photosynthesis and no active feeding) vary between species of sacoglossans from less than a week to over four months, and photosynthesis is used as a last-resort mechanism to avoid mortality.[14] Another unclear step in the process is how the chloroplasts are protected from digestion, and how they adapt to their new position in animal cells without the membranes that would control their environment in the algae.[9] However it is achieved, kleptoplasty is an important strategy for many genera of Placobranchacea. One species of Elysia feeds on a seasonally calcifying alga. Because it is unable to penetrate the calcified cell walls, the animal can only feed for part of the year, relying on the ingested chloroplasts to survive whilst the foodstuff is calcified, until later in the season when the calcification is lost and the grazing can continue.[9]

Sacoglossans can also use antiherbivory compounds produced by their algal foodstuffs to deter their own would-be predators, in a process termed kleptochemistry.[10] This may be achieved by converting algal metabolites to toxins,[15] or by using algal pigments for camouflage in a process termed nutritional homochromy.[9][16]

Oxynoacea

Around 20% of sacoglossan species bear a shell. The Oxynoacea contains three shelled families, and all feed solely on algae of the genus Caulerpa.[1] None of these organisms benefits from the photosynthesis of the ingested chloroplasts, but the chloroplasts may have been retained to perform a camouflaging function.[9] The shells of the Volvatellidae and Oxynoidae somewhat resemble those of the cephalaspid bubble snails. The Juliidae are extraordinary in that they are shelled, bivalved gastropods. They have a shell in two pieces, which resemble the valves of a minute clam. Living members of this family have been known since 1959, and had previously only been known to science as fossils (which had been interpreted as bivalves).

Plakobranchoidea

The majority of sacoglossans are shell-less, consequently the Plakobranchoidea are commonly described using the vernacular term "sea slugs", which can lead to their confusion with the only very distantly related nudibranchs. However, the plakobranchoid Elysia (and undoubtedly others) do develop a shell before hatching from their egg.[17] Indeed, at least the Elysiidae, Limapontiidae, and Hermaeidae all bear larval shells, which are spiral, and possess between three-quarters and one complete whorl.[18]

The plakobranchoids have a more diverse feeding range than the Oxynoacea, feeding on a wider range of green (and sometimes red)[9] algae, and even, in three cases, being carnivorous.[1]

Evolution

The ancestor of the Sacoglossa is presumed to have fed on a now-extinct calcifying green alga in the Udoteaceae.[1] The first fossil evidence of the group comes from bivalved shells dating to the Eocene, and further bivalved shells are known from later geological periods, although the thin nature of the shells and their high-erosion habitat usually make for poor preservation.[1] The corresponding fossil record of algae points to an origin of the group deeper in time, perhaps as early as the Jurassic or Cretaceous.[1]

The loss of the shell, which was apparently a single evolutionary event, opened up a new ecological avenue for the clade, as the chloroplasts of the green algae on which they fed could now be retained and used as functioning chloroplasts, which could generate energy by photosynthesis.[1]

Taxonomy

2004 taxonomy

This taxonomy follows Marin 2004.[19]


2005 taxonomy

In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005),[20] the clade Sacoglossa is arranged as follows:

In this taxonomy, the family Elysiidae Forbes & Hanley, 1851 is considered a synonym of the family Placobranchidae Gray, 1840 , and the families Oleidae O'Donoghue, 1926 and Stiligeridae Iredale & O'Donoghue, 1923 are synonyms of the family Limapontiidae Gray, 1847 .

The family Cylindrobullidae belongs to the superfamily Cylindrobulloidea in the sister "group" Cylindrobullida.[21]

2010 taxonomy

Jörger et al. (2010)[22] moved Sacoglossa into the Panpulmonata.

A molecular phylogeny analysis by Maeda et al. (2010)[23] confirmed the placement of Cylindrobulla within the Sacoglossa.[23]

2017 taxonomy

Bouchet et al. (2017) moved Sacoglossa from Panpulmonata to the subterclass Tectipleura.[24][25]

Autotomy

Extreme autotomy has been observed on two species, Elysia marginata and E. atroviridis, studied in vitro.[26][27] Over the course of the study, some individuals decapitated themselves, a behavior known as autotomy. The neck wound usually closed within one day, and the heads, especially in younger specimens, began to feed on algae within hours. Twenty days later, an entirely new body had regrown, while the discarded bodies never regrew heads. In E. atroviridis, three of 82 studied individuals autotomized, and two of the three eventually grew new bodies. All of these animals were infected with small crustaceans known as copepods. In another group of 64 without parasites, none self-decapitated, leading the researchers to hypothesize that animals cast off their bodies as a means to get rid of parasites. Another possibility is that the slugs autotomized to escape predators, but when the researchers tried to mimic an enemy’s attack by pinching and cutting the creatures, none cast off their bodies. The process itself takes several hours, which the scientists say would make it ineffective as means of escape.

How the slugs survive without a heart and other vital organs for nearly a month remains a mystery. Mitoh and her colleagues suspect it may be tied to their ability to survive using the photosynthetic algae in their diet while other energy sources are unavailable.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jensen, K. R. (1997). "Evolution of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants". Evolutionary Ecology. 11 (3): 301–335. doi:10.1023/A:1018468420368. S2CID 30138345.
  2. ^ Ihering H. v. (1876). "Versuch eines natürlichen Systemes der Mollusken". Jahrbücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 3: 97-148. Sacoglossa is on the page 146.
  3. ^ a b c Jensen K. R. (November 2007). "Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)" Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55(2006)(3-4): 255–281.
  4. ^ Anonymous. (Last changed: December 2008). "Sap-sucking slugs". Accessed 12 January 2010.
  5. ^ de Vries, Jan; Christa, Gregor; Gould, Sven B. (2014). "Plastid survival in the cytosol of animal cells". Trends in Plant Science. 19 (6): 347–350. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2014.03.010. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 24767983.
  6. ^ Händeler, K.; Grzymbowski, Y. P.; Krug, P. J.; Wägele, H. (2009). "Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life". Frontiers in Zoology. 6: 28. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-28. PMC 2790442. PMID 19951407.
  7. ^ Handeler, K.; Grzymbowski, Y. P.; Krug, P. J.; Wagele, H. (2009). "Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life". Front Zool. 6 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-28. PMC 2790442. PMID 19951407.
  8. ^ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 377. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rumpho, M. E.; Dastoor, F. P.; Manhart, J. R.; Lee, J. (2007). "The Kleptoplast". The Structure and Function of Plastids. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 23. pp. 451–473. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_23. ISBN 978-1-4020-4060-3.
  10. ^ a b After Marín, A.; Ros, J. N. (2007). "Chemical defenses in Sacoglossan Opisthobranchs: Taxonomic trends and evolutionary implications" (PDF). Scientia Marina. 68 (Suppl. 1): 227–241. doi:10.3989/scimar.2004.68s1227.
  11. ^ Rumpho, M. E.; Worful, J. M.; Lee, J.; Kannan, K.; Tyler, M. S.; Bhattacharya, D.; Moustafa, A.; Manhart, J. R. (2008). "Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (46): 17867–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804968105. PMC 2584685. PMID 19004808.
  12. ^ Wägele, H.; Deusch, O.; Händeler, K.; Martin, R.; Schmitt, V.; Christa, G.; Pinzger, B.; Gould, S. B.; Dagan, T.; Klussmann-Kolb, A.; Martin, W. F. (2011). "Transcriptomic evidence that longevity of acquired plastids in the photosynthetic slugs Elysia timida and Plakobranchus ocellatus does not entail lateral transfer of algal nuclear genes". Mol Biol Evol. 28 (1): 699–706. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq239. PMC 3002249. PMID 20829345.
  13. ^ Bhattacharya, D.; Pelletreau, K. n.; Price, D. C.; Sarver, K. E.; Rumpho, M. (2013). "Genome analysis of Elysia chlorotica Egg DNA provides no evidence for horizontal gene transfer into the germ line of this Kleptoplastic Mollusc". Mol Biol Evol. 30 (8): 1843–52. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst084. PMC 3708498. PMID 23645554.
  14. ^ Middlebrooks, M. L.; Pierce, S. K.; Bell, S. S. (2011). "Foraging behavior under starvation conditions is altered via photosynthesis by the marine gastropod, Elysia clarki". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e22162. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...622162M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022162. PMC 3140505. PMID 21799783.
  15. ^ Gavagnin, M.; Marin, A.; Mollo, E.; Crispino, A.; Villani, G.; Cimino, G. (1994). "Secondary metabolites from Mediterranean Elysioidea: origin and biological role". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 108: 107–115. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(94)90170-8.
  16. ^ Clark, K. B.; Jensen, K. R.; Stirts, H. M. (2009). "Survey for Functional Kleptoplasty among West Atlantic Ascoglossa (= Sacoglossa) (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)". Veliger. 33 (4): 339–345.
  17. ^ Thompson, T. E.; Salghetti-Drioli, U. (1984). "Unusual features of the development of the sacoglossan Elysia hopei in the Mediterranean Sea". J. Molluscan Stud. 50 (1): 61–63. Archived from the original on 2005-07-10.
  18. ^ THOMPSON, T. E. (1961). "The Importance of the Larval Shell in the Classification of the Sacoglossa and the Acoela (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia)". J. Molluscan Stud. 34 (5): 233–238. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a064867.
  19. ^ Marín, A.; Ros, J. N. (2007). "Chemical defenses in Sacoglossan Opisthobranchs: Taxonomic trends and evolutionary implications" (PDF). Scientia Marina. 68 (Suppl. 1): 227–241. doi:10.3989/scimar.2004.68s1227.
  20. ^ Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
  21. ^ Discussion in the Seaslug Forum : Ascobulla, Cylindrobulla.
  22. ^ Jörger, K. M.; Stöger, I.; Kano, Y.; Fukuda, H.; Knebelsberger, T.; Schrödl, M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323. PMC 3087543. PMID 20973994.
  23. ^ a b Maeda, T.; Kajita, T.; Maruyama, T.; Hirano, Y. (2010). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Sacoglossa, With a Discussion of Gain and Loss of Kleptoplasty in the Evolution of the Group". Biological Bulletin. 219 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1086/bblv219n1p17. PMID 20813986. S2CID 27608931.
  24. ^ Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Kaim, Andrzej; Kano, Yasunori; Nützel, Alexander; Parkhaev, Pavel; Schrödl, Michael; Strong, Ellen E. (2017). "Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families". Malacologia. 61 (1–2): 1–526. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201. ISSN 0076-2997.
  25. ^ Bouchet P, Gofas S (2018-02-02). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Sacoglossa". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  26. ^ Mitoh, Sayaka (2021). "Extreme autotomy and whole-body regeneration in photosynthetic sea slugs". Current Biology. 31 (5): PR233–R234. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.014. PMID 33689716. S2CID 232145105.
  27. ^ Shultz, David (8 March 2021). "This sea slug cut off its own head—and lived to tell the tale". Sciencemag. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
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Sacoglossa: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular contents of algae, hence they are sometimes called "sap-sucking sea slugs".

Some sacoglossans simply digest the fluid which they suck from the algae, but in some other species, the slugs sequester and use within their own tissues living chloroplasts from the algae they eat, a very unusual phenomenon known as kleptoplasty, for the "stolen" plastids. This earns them the title of the "solar-powered sea slugs", and makes them unique among metazoan organisms, for otherwise kleptoplasty is known only among single-celled protists.

The Sacoglossa are divided into two clades - the shelled families (Oxynoacea) and the shell-less families (Plakobranchacea). The four families of shelled species are: Cylindrobullidae, Volvatellidae, Oxynoidae, and Juliidae, the bivalved gastropods. The shell-less Plakobranchacea are grouped in six families, divided between two clades ("superfamilies"), the Plakobranchoidea and the Limapontioidea. All sacoglossans are distinguished from related groups by the presence of a single row of teeth on the radula. The teeth are adapted for the suctorial feeding habits of the group.

Kathe R. Jensen (2007) recognized 284 valid species within the Sacoglossa.

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Sacoglossa ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Sacoglossa son un clado de las babosas de mar pequeña y caracoles de mar, moluscos gasterópodos marinos que pertenecen al clado Heterobranchia.

Taxonomía

2005

En la taxonomía de Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) el clado se organiza de la siguiente manera:

En esta taxonomía de la familia Elysiidae Forbes & Hanley, 1851 es considerado sinonimia de la familia Placobranchidae Gray, 1840 y de la familia Oleidae O'Donoghue, 1926 y Stiligeridae Iredale & O'Donoghue, 1923 sinónimos de la familia Limapontiidae Gray, 1847

La familia Cylindrobullidae pertenece a la superfamilia Cylindrobulloidea, del "grupo" hermano Cylindrobullida.[1]

2010

Jörger trasladó Sacoglossa a Panpulmonata Análisis de filogenia molecular de Maeda han confirmado la colocación de Cylindrobulla en Sacoglossa.

Referencias

 title=
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wikipedia ES

Sacoglossa: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Sacoglossa son un clado de las babosas de mar pequeña y caracoles de mar, moluscos gasterópodos marinos que pertenecen al clado Heterobranchia.

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Sacoglossa ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Les sacoglosses forment un groupe monophylétique parmi les opisthobranches, qui sont des mollusques gastéropodes[1]. Ce sont des limaces de mer en grande majorité herbivores et hermaphrodites, vivant sur les côtes du monde entier, à l’exception de celles d’eaux froides, et en particulier dans les îles du Pacifique central, l’écozone indomalaise et les Caraïbes[2]. L’ordre compte actuellement un peu plus de 300 espèces, mais ce nombre est en constante augmentation[2].

Les opisthobranches sacoglosses sont des organismes de petite taille ; celle-ci est généralement comprise entre 1 et 3 centimètre[1]. Ce sont de petites limaces de mer aux apparences diversifiées : on trouve des genres avec ou sans coquille, ou encore des genres avec des parapodes de formes excentriques[1].

On connaît aux organismes sacoglosses des propriétés étonnantes telles que la kleptoplastie ou l’autotomie[3].

Mode de vie

Les sacoglosses vivent parmi les algues dont ils se nourrissent, et adoptent dans la plupart des cas les mêmes couleurs et les mêmes motifs que celles-ci[2],[4],[5]. On parle d’homochromie nutritionnelle[4],[5]. Cette caractéristique, en plus de leur rareté, en fait des organismes difficiles à observer et à étudier[4]. Certaines espèces, cependant, adoptent des couleurs vives dans le but de dissuader leurs prédateurs, ce qui les rend plus visibles[4]. Le fait qu’ils vivent avec les plantes dont ils se nourrissent implique que leur aire de distribution est limitée en profondeur à la zone photique, soit plus ou moins 100 mètres de profondeur, au-delà de laquelle il n’y a plus d’algues[4]. Les organismes sont hermaphrodites et, après fécondation, 3 types de développement existent chez les sacoglosses : le développement direct sans stade planctonique ; le développement lécithotrophique avec une forme véligère ne se nourrissant pas et nageant librement, et une courte phase planctonique ; le développement planctotrophique avec une forme véligère se nourrissant et nageant librement, et un long stade planctonique[1]. Les limaces de mer sont soumises à une forte pression de la part des prédateurs et des parasites[3]. Pour survivre, elles utilisent plusieurs techniques parmi lesquelles l’utilisation de toxines ou l’autotomie[3]. L’autotomie est l’abandon volontaire d’une partie du corps[3]. Il a été démontré que certains sacoglosses (Elysia cf. marginata et Elysia atroviridis) ont la capacité de séparer leur tête du reste de leur corps, et de reconstituer à partir de celle-ci un nouveau corps en moins d’un mois[3].

Alimentation

L’ordre des sacoglosses a la particularité d’être extrêmement sténophage[4],[5]. En effet, cet ordre est presque exclusivement herbivore et se nourrit principalement d’algues à structure siphonnée[4]. Toutes les espèces ont une alimentation par succion avec une radula à une seule série[1],[4],[5]. Les sacoglosses à coquille, qui représentent 20 % des espèces, se nourrissent tous d’un seul genre d’algue verte appelé Caulerpa[4]. On considère d’ailleurs, sur base de cette observation, qu’il est fort probable que ce genre soit le genre initialement consommé par l’ordre des sacoglosses[4]. On retrouve dans l’ordre des espèces à la capacité étonnante d’utiliser les chlorophylles des plantes dont elles se nourrissent[4]. Les chlorophylles sont aspirées du cytoplasme des algues avant d’être stockées dans la peau ou les cérates des limaces pour produire de l’énergie[4]. Les quelques espèces qui ne sont pas herbivores se nourrissent des œufs d'autres opisthobranches et sont dites oophages[2].

Description

Parmi les caractéristiques des sacoglosses, on retrouve leur appareil buccal : celui-ci est composé d’un pharynx suctorial musclé et d’une radula en une série dont les dents sont conservées tout au long de la vie des individus[1],[6]. La taille des dents augmente avec l’âge chez la plupart des taxons[1]. Chez les formes avec coquille, celle-ci est souvent calcifiée, de faible épaisseur, et recouverte d’un périostracum transparent, élastique et solide sur le dessus[1]. La taille de la coquille varie selon les genres et peut, par exemple, recouvrir tout le corps, comme c’est le cas chez Ascobulla, ou être réduite, comme chez Oxynoe, Lobiger et Roburnella[1]. La présence d’un muscle adducteur diagonal de la coquille est une synapomorphie au sein des sacoglosses, tandis que ce muscle en position transversale est une apomorphie[1]. Certaines espèces qui pratiquent l’enfouissement et creusent des trous peu profonds, telles que Cylindrobulla et Ascobulla, ont développé un bouclier céphalique par adaptation[1]. La plupart des sacoglosses ont des rhinophores longs et enroulés situés devant les yeux et n’ont pas de tentacules oraux[1]. On retrouve des tentacules céphaliques à fonction chimiosensorielle chez les genres appartenant à l’épifaune[1]. Les rhinophores bifides et la présence de tentacules oraux semblent être une synapomorphie au sein des genres de la famille Polybranchiidae[1]. Les yeux en position latérale sont considérés plésiomorphes chez les sacoglosses[1]. La présence de lobes pédieux formés par la marge antérieure du pied et servant à la préhension est retrouvée chez la plupart des genres[1]. Les branchies sont simples, ciliées, composées de nombreuses lamelles parallèles et situées à la surface du rein[1]. Des parapodes sont présents chez la plupart des genres sacoglosses, et leur forme est parfois caractéristique de certaines familles[1]. La position et la forme du péricarde varient entre les sacoglosses à carapace et ceux qui en sont dépourvus : dans les genres à carapace, celui-ci est situé devant les branchies, dans la cavité du manteau en position dorsale ; dans les genres sans carapace, il forme une bosse à la surface dorsale[1]. Chez la plupart des genres, le cœur et déporté[1]. L’anus peut être situé soit devant le péricarde, soit en position latérale, soit au-dessus ou en dessous des cérates, soit sur une papille orientée postérieurement à la surface de la glande digestive[1]. Au niveau du système nerveux, les ganglions pleuraux sont fusionnés avec les ganglions cérébraux chez tous les sacoglosses[1]. Pour ce qui est du système de reproduction, celui-ci est hermaphrodite avec un stylet pénien cuticulaire, une papille génitale femelle musclée qui ouvre sur un réceptacle génital, une glande à mucus, une ampoule hermaphrodite et un réceptacle séminal[1]. Le nombre de chromosomes des sacoglosses est n = 17, à l’exception de Bosellia mimetica qui est à n = 7[1].

Subdivisions

Classification selon Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) :

Selon World Register of Marine Species (23 février 2015)[7] :

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w et x (en) « Phylogenetic systematics and classification of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) », Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, vol. 351, no 1335,‎ 29 janvier 1996, p. 91–122 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 31 août 2021)
  2. a b c et d (en) Jensen, K. R., « Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) », Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 55(3/4), 255-281.,‎ 2007, p. 255-281.
  3. a b c d et e (en) Sayaka Mitoh et Yoichi Yusa, « Extreme autotomy and whole-body regeneration in photosynthetic sea slugs », Current Biology, vol. 31, no 5,‎ mars 2021, R233–R234 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 31 août 2021)
  4. a b c d e f g h i j k et l (en) Kathe R. Jensen, « Evolution of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants », Evolutionary Ecology, vol. 11, no 3,‎ mai 1997, p. 301–335 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 31 août 2021)
  5. a b c et d (en) Kathe R. Jensen, « Morphological adaptations and plasticity of radular teeth of the Sacoglossa (= Ascoglossa) (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) in relation to their food plants », Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 48, no 2,‎ février 1993, p. 135–155 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 31 août 2021)
  6. (en) Clark, K. B., « Ascoglossan (= Sacoglossa) molluscs in the Florida Keys: rare marine invertebrates at special risk. », Bulletin of Marine Science, 54(3),‎ 1994, p. 900-916.
  7. World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 23 février 2015
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Sacoglossa: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Les sacoglosses forment un groupe monophylétique parmi les opisthobranches, qui sont des mollusques gastéropodes. Ce sont des limaces de mer en grande majorité herbivores et hermaphrodites, vivant sur les côtes du monde entier, à l’exception de celles d’eaux froides, et en particulier dans les îles du Pacifique central, l’écozone indomalaise et les Caraïbes. L’ordre compte actuellement un peu plus de 300 espèces, mais ce nombre est en constante augmentation.

Les opisthobranches sacoglosses sont des organismes de petite taille ; celle-ci est généralement comprise entre 1 et 3 centimètre. Ce sont de petites limaces de mer aux apparences diversifiées : on trouve des genres avec ou sans coquille, ou encore des genres avec des parapodes de formes excentriques.

On connaît aux organismes sacoglosses des propriétés étonnantes telles que la kleptoplastie ou l’autotomie.

licença
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Sacoglossa ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

I sacoglossi (Sacoglossa (von Ihering, 1876)) sono un superordine di molluschi gasteropodi dell'infraclasse Euthyneura.[1]

Descrizione

La maggior parte dei Sacoglossa (con l'eccezione delle specie appartenenti alle famiglie Volvatellidae, Oxynoidae e Juliidae) sono prive di conchiglia.

Alcune specie di Sacoglossi, come per esempio quelle appartenenti alla famiglia Elysiidae, hanno livree molto colorate il che può indurre a considerarli, erroneamente, come appartenenti al sottordine Nudibranchia.

Le conchiglie di alcune specie di Volvatellidae e di Oxynoidae assomigliano a quelle di alcuni Cephalaspidea.

Tassonomia

Classificazione di Ponder e Lindberg (1997)

Nella classificazione di Ponder e Lindberg (1997)[2] il sottordine Sacoglossa veniva suddiviso in quattro superfamiglie:

Classificazione di Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)

Nella classificazione filogenetica proposta da Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)[3] il clade Sacoglossa comprende solo 3 superfamiglie, secondo il seguente schema:

La superfamiglia Cylindrobulloidea è assegnata al "sister group" Cylindrobullida[4]. La famiglia Elysiidae è considerata sinonimo di Placobranchidae mentre le famiglie Oleidae e Stiligeridae sono assorbite nella famiglia Limapontiidae.

Classificazione MolluscaBase/WoRMS (2020)

La classificazione attualmente accettata, frutto di una revisione del 2017 della classificazione di Bouchet & Rocroi che ha portato alla reintroduzione dei tradizionali ranghi linneani al posto di cladi e gruppi informali, assegna al raggruppamento Sacoglossa il rango di superordine, suddividendolo in 3 superfamiglie: Oxynooidea, Plakobranchoidea e Platyhedyloidea:[5]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) MolluscaBase eds. 2020, Sacoglossa, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 26/6/2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Ponder W. & Lindberg D.R., Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs; an analysis using morphological characters, in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1997; 119: 83-265.
  3. ^ (EN) Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. Issn = 0076-2997. 397 pp. http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278
  4. ^ Discussion in the Seaslug Forum : Ascobulla, Cylindrobulla
  5. ^ (EN) Bouchet F., Rocroi J.-P., Hausdorf B., Kaim A., Kano Y., Nützel A., Parkhaev P., Schrödl M. and Strong E.E., Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families, in Malacologia, 61(1-2), 2017, pp. 1-526.

Bibliografia

  • Egidio Trainito, Nudibranchi del Mediterraneo. Guida al riconoscimento dei molluschi opistobranchi, 2005ª ed., Milano, Il Castello, 2005, ISBN 88-8039-438-X.

 title=
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wikipedia IT

Sacoglossa: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

I sacoglossi (Sacoglossa (von Ihering, 1876)) sono un superordine di molluschi gasteropodi dell'infraclasse Euthyneura.

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Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
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Sacoglossa ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Sacoglossa of kieuwloze zeenaaktslakken zijn een superorde van weekdieren (Mollusca) die behoren tot de slakken (Gastropoda).

Kenmerken

De uit één rij tanden bestaande radula steekt met de voorkant in een soort zak (Latijn: 'saccus'), waarin ook de afgesleten tanden terechtkomen.

Leefwijze

De dieren rijten met behulp van de radula algen open en voeden zich zuigend met de inhoud. Het zijn uitgesproken herbivoren.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Ze leven voornamelijk in algenvelden in warmere- en tropische zeeën.

Taxonomie

De volgende taxa zijn bij de Sacoglossa ingedeeld:

  • Superfamilie Oxynooidea Stoliczka, 1868 (1847)
    • = Cylindrobulloidea Thiele, 1931
    • = Oxynoacea
  • Superfamilie Plakobranchoidea Gray, 11840
    • = Limapontioidea Gray, 1847
    • = Placobranchacea
    • = Plakobranchacea
  • Superfamilie Platyhedyloidea Salvini-Plawen, 11973
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Ihering, H. v. (1876) "Versuch eines natürlichen Systemes der Mollusken". Jahrbücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 3: 97-148. Sacoglossa is on the page 146.
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Sacoglossa: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Sacoglossa of kieuwloze zeenaaktslakken zijn een superorde van weekdieren (Mollusca) die behoren tot de slakken (Gastropoda).

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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
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Sacoglossa ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO
 src=
Egg på glasset i et akvarium.

Sacoglossa er bløtdyr, og en gruppe snegler som lever både i saltvann (marine), ferskvann og på land. De hører til gruppen av bakgjellesnegler, som kjennes på at de har gjellene på høyre side eller bak hjertet.

Systematisk inndeling

Inndelingen inkluderer familiegrupper som er utdødde, basert på funn av fossiler. De er merket med †.

Denne inndelingen følger Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. 2005.

Sacoglossa

Treliste

Kilder

  • Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (J. Fryda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, A. Valdés og A. Warén ) 2005. Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families. Malacologia (vol. 47) 1-2. side 1-397.

Eksterne lenker


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Sacoglossa: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO
 src= Egg på glasset i et akvarium.

Sacoglossa er bløtdyr, og en gruppe snegler som lever både i saltvann (marine), ferskvann og på land. De hører til gruppen av bakgjellesnegler, som kjennes på at de har gjellene på høyre side eller bak hjertet.

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wikipedia NO

Sacoglossa ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Sacoglossa, também chamados de "sacoglassanos", são um clado de pequenas lesmas-do-mar, moluscos gastrópodes marinhos que pertencem ao clado Heterobranchia. Sacoglossanos vivem pela ingestão da seiva de algas.

Alguns sacoglossanos simplesmente digerem a seiva que sugam das algas, mas em algumas espécies as lesmas sequestram e utilizam dentro de seus próprios tecidos cloroplastos vivos das algas que eles se alimentam, um fenómeno incomum conhecido como cleptoplastia. Isto lhes deu o epíteto de "lesmas-do-mar carregadas a energia solar", e os faz únicos entre os animais[3]

Kathe R. Jensen (2007)[2] reconheceu 284 espécies válidas em Sacoglossa.

Distribuição

Uso de material celular ingerido

Oxynoacea

Placobranchoidea

Evolução

Taxonomia

Taxonomia de 2005

Taxonomia de 2010

Referências

  1. Ihering H. v. (1876). "Versuch eines natürlichen Systemes der Mollusken". Jahrbücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 3: 97-148. Sacoglossa está em página 146.
  2. a b Jensen K. R. (Novembro de 2007). "Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)" Arquivado em 5 de outubro de 2013, no Wayback Machine.. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55(2006)(3-4): 255–281.
  3. Händeler K., Grzymbowski Y. P., Krug P. J. & Wägele H. (2009) "Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life". Frontiers in Zoology 6: 28. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-28.
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia PT

Sacoglossa: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Sacoglossa, também chamados de "sacoglassanos", são um clado de pequenas lesmas-do-mar, moluscos gastrópodes marinhos que pertencem ao clado Heterobranchia. Sacoglossanos vivem pela ingestão da seiva de algas.

Alguns sacoglossanos simplesmente digerem a seiva que sugam das algas, mas em algumas espécies as lesmas sequestram e utilizam dentro de seus próprios tecidos cloroplastos vivos das algas que eles se alimentam, um fenómeno incomum conhecido como cleptoplastia. Isto lhes deu o epíteto de "lesmas-do-mar carregadas a energia solar", e os faz únicos entre os animais

Kathe R. Jensen (2007) reconheceu 284 espécies válidas em Sacoglossa.

licença
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Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT

囊舌總目 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

囊舌類動物(學名:Sacoglossa)是軟體動物門腹足綱泛有肺類支序之下的一個支序[5],皆為細小的海螺蛞蝓,以吸食藻類生物細胞內的養份為生。 當這些囊舌類動物從藻類生物的細胞抽取其細胞質體之後,有些物種只會簡單地消化,但亦有一些物種會像有孔蟲門生物那樣盜食質體(kleptoplasty),保留攝取藻類的葉綠體去進行光合作用。這些特別的囊舌類動物就好像安裝了太陽能板那樣,能夠為自己提供能量,使牠們在後生動物物種間顯得獨特,因為之前科學家以為只有單細胞原生生物才懂得這麼做[6]

型態描述

所有囊舌類動物跟其相關群組的最大分別,是牠們的齒舌上只有一排牙齒(齒式:)。整條齒舌帶包括上昇枝、下降枝及一齒舌囊:齒舌囊是囊舌類動物在軟體動物中獨特的構造,用以累積其一生用過的舊齒[7]。而保留舊齒這一現象亦是在軟體動物中獨一無二[7]。而囊舌類動物的牙齒都因着其獨特食性而異化[8]

分類

2005年分類

根據2005年的《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》,囊舌類支序可分為兩個亞支序:

2017年分類

截至2018年2月22日 (2018-02-22)[update],囊舌類動物在WoRMS可以分為三個總科[4][10][11][12]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Evolution of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants. Evolutionary Ecology. 1997-05, 11 (3): pp 301–335. doi:10.1023/A:1018468420368 (英语). 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助) 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  2. ^ von Ihering, Hermann. Versuch eines natürlichen Systemes der Mollusken [一個自然系統的軟體動物的嘗試]. Jahrbücher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft. 1876, 3: 97–148 (德语).
  3. ^ Jensen, K. R. Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) (PDF). Bonner zoologische Beiträge. 2007-11, 55 (3-4): 255–281. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-05) (英语). 请检查|year= / |date= mismatch中的日期值 (帮助)
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 WoRMS. Sacoglossa. World Register of Marine Species. [2018-05-15].
  5. ^ Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael. On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010, 10: 323. PMC 3087543. PMID 20973994. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323 (英语).
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Händeler, K.; Grzymbowski, Y. P.; Krug, P. J.; Wägele, H. Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life. Frontiers in Zoology. 2009, 6 (1): 28. PMC 2790442. PMID 19951407. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-28 (英语).
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 莊筱芸. 後鰓亞綱囊舌目齒舌形態與元素組成之探討. 國立中山大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文 (台灣國立中山大學海洋生物研究所). 2009 (中文(繁體)‎).
  8. ^ Barnes, Robert D. Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 1982: 377. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Template:Shelldoc 000280
  10. ^ Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á.; Warén, A. Bouchet P.; Rocroi J.-P., 编. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany / Ann Arbor, USA: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1-2): 397 pp. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
  11. ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim , A.; Kano , Y.; Nützel , A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong , E.E. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1-2): 1–526. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201 (英语).
  12. ^ 软体动物门 Molluscas. [url=http://www.blueanimalbio.com/ [[蓝色动物学]](中国动物学科普)] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). [2018-03-02] (中文(简体)‎). 网址-维基内链冲突 (帮助)
  13. ^ WoRMS. Oxynooidea Stoliczka, 1868 (1847). World Register of Marine Species. [2018-03-05].
  14. ^ 施乃普. 綠島小形貝殼. 中國貝誌 (中華民國貝類學會). 1975, 2: 33–46 [2018-08-28] (中文(繁體)‎).
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 WoRMS. Plakobranchoidea Gray, 1840. World Register of Marine Species. [2018-05-15].
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囊舌總目: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

囊舌類動物(學名:Sacoglossa)是軟體動物門腹足綱泛有肺類支序之下的一個支序,皆為細小的海螺蛞蝓,以吸食藻類生物細胞內的養份為生。 當這些囊舌類動物從藻類生物的細胞抽取其細胞質體之後,有些物種只會簡單地消化,但亦有一些物種會像有孔蟲門生物那樣盜食質體(kleptoplasty),保留攝取藻類的葉綠體去進行光合作用。這些特別的囊舌類動物就好像安裝了太陽能板那樣,能夠為自己提供能量,使牠們在後生動物物種間顯得獨特,因為之前科學家以為只有單細胞原生生物才懂得這麼做。

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嚢舌類 ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
嚢舌類 Elysia ornata konohamidorigai.jpg
コノハミドリガイ
地質時代 始新世現世[1]
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 軟体動物門 Mollusca 階級なし : 貝殻亜門 Conchifera : 腹足綱 Gastropoda 階級なし : 後生腹足類 Apogastropoda 階級なし : 新生腹足類 Caenogastropoda 階級なし : 異鰓類 Heterobranchia 階級なし : 嚢舌類 Sacoglossa クレード  src= ウィキスピーシーズに嚢舌類に関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、嚢舌類に関連するカテゴリがあります。

嚢舌目(のうぜつもく)は、摂食器官の形態によって区別される腹足綱(巻貝)のグループ。藻類の細胞壁に穴を空けて、細胞内容物を吸引して摂食する。そのために、単列の歯舌とそれを収納する舌嚢と呼ばれる器官をもつ[2]。一部の種は、摂食した藻類の葉緑体を腸壁の細胞に取り込み、光合成をさせ栄養を得る [3]

特徴[編集]

数百種からなる分類群で、体長は数mmから5cm程度。貝殻を持つ物、持たない物など多様な形態が見られる。共通した特徴として、多くの巻き貝では複数列からなる歯舌が、単列になっており、一度に一本の歯しか摂食に使用しない点が挙げられる[4] 。また通常、使用により摩耗した歯舌は捨てられるが、この分類群では、使用後の歯を保持し、ためておく袋状の器官(舌嚢)をもつ[5]。この舌嚢は嚢舌目を定義する重要な特徴である [6]

分類[編集]

Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) を基本とし、他の情報を補足する。

嚢舌目は古くは後鰓類に含まれたが、現在後鰓類は、有肺類前鰓類の一部と合わせて、分類が再検討されており、嚢舌目の系統学的位置は不明確である。一方、嚢舌目の単系統性は分子系統解析から確認されている[7]

下位分類についてはJensen (1997)に従う

生態[編集]

ほとんどの種は藻類を食べる。狭食性であり種毎に食べる藻類種は多くても10種程度に限定され、種毎に異なった藻類を食べる[8] 。多くの餌藻類は、巨大細胞からなるイワズタハネモ類である。これは、大きな細胞をもつ藻類であれば、一回細胞壁に穴を空ければ多くの細胞内容物を一度に摂食できるためと考えられている。特殊な生態として摂食した藻類の葉緑体を細胞内にとりこみ、光合成能を数時間から数ヶ月保持する盗葉緑体現象が知られている[9]

生殖[編集]

他の異鰓類と同様に雌雄同体であるが、自家生殖は行わない。頭部の右側にペニスと膣をもち、交接によって他個体と互いの精子を渡し合う。一部の種では、ペニスがキチン質のトゲをもち、これを他個体の体に直接刺すことで精子を渡す。

生息地[編集]

極域を除く全世界の海に分布しており、日本近海にも百種以上の種が生息している。多くは水深20mより浅い所に生息し、タイドプールなどでも観察できる[10]. 。

出典[編集]

  1. ^ doi:10.1023/A:1018468420368
    これはおそらく他の言語版からコピーされた出典です。日本語版では副テンプレートはまだ作成されていません。テンプレートページを開いて該当言語版からコピーする必要があります。通常英語版ページ
  2. ^ Jensen(1997)Evolution of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants, EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY Volume 11, Number 3 (1997), 301-335
  3. ^ Trench R, Greene R, Bystrom B (1969) Chloroplasts as functional organelles in animal tissues. Journal of Cell Biology 42: 404-417.
  4. ^ Jensen(1997)Evolution of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants, EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY Volume 11, Number 3 (1997), 301-335
  5. ^ 平野義明(2000) 『ウミウシ学』東海大学出版会
  6. ^ Jensen(1997)Evolution of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants, EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY Volume 11, Number 3 (1997), 301-335
  7. ^ Maeda T, Kajita T, Maruyama T, Hirano Y (2010) Molecular phylogeny of the sacoglossa, with a discussion of gain and loss of kleptoplasty in the evolution of the group. Biol Bull 219: 17-26
  8. ^ Händeler K, Wägele H (2007) Preliminary study on molecular phylogeny of Sacoglossa and a compilation of their food organisms. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 55: 231-254.
  9. ^ Yamamoto Y, Yusa Y, Yamamoto S, Hirano Y, Motomura T, et al. (2009) Identification of photosynthetic sacoglossans from Japan. Endocytobiosis Cell Res 19: 112-119.
  10. ^ Trowbridge CT, C. D., Hirano YM, Hirano YJ (2011) Inventory of Japanese sacoglossan opisthobranchs: Historical review, current records, and unresolved issues. American Malacological Bulletin 29: 1-22
 title=
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嚢舌類: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

嚢舌目(のうぜつもく)は、摂食器官の形態によって区別される腹足綱(巻貝)のグループ。藻類の細胞壁に穴を空けて、細胞内容物を吸引して摂食する。そのために、単列の歯舌とそれを収納する舌嚢と呼ばれる器官をもつ。一部の種は、摂食した藻類の葉緑体を腸壁の細胞に取り込み、光合成をさせ栄養を得る 。

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original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 日本語

낭설류 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

낭설류(囊舌類, Sacoglossa)는 작은 바다 달팽이와 바다 민달팽이 분류군의 하나이다. 이새류에 속하는 해양 복족류 연체동물이다. 일부 낭설류는 조류 등을 훑어서, 이를 빨아들이고 단순히 이 즙을 소화시켜 살아가지만, 일부 다른 종들은 자신이 먹은 녹조류에서 살아있는 엽록체를 자신의 조직 내에 따로 저장하고 이용한다. 이는 "색소체 탈취"로 알려진 아주 드문 현상 중의 하나이다. 이때문에 일부 종들은 "광합성을 하는 바다 달팽이"라는 별명을 얻었으며, 이 점에서 아주 특이한 동물이다.[3]

낭설류는 크게 2개의 분류군으로 나눈다. 조가비를 지고 있는 과들(옥시노아아류, Oxynoacea)과 조가비 껍데기가 없는 과들(날씬이갯민숭붙이류, Placobranchacea)이다.[4]

조가비를 지고 있는 종들은 4개 과를 이루고 있다. 이 과들은 실린드로불라과, 볼바텔라과, 옥시노이과 그리고 이매패갯민숭붙이과, 쌍각 복족류 등이다. 낭설류는 치설(齒舌, radula)에 한 줄의 이(齒)가 나 있다는 점에서 관련 그룹과 구별된다. 이 이는 낭설류의 빨판을 통한 섭식을 위해 적응되어 있다.[5]

2007년 옌센(Kathe R. Jensen)은 낭설류를 284종으로 분류하여 발표했다.[2]

2004년 분류

2004년 마린(Marin)은 다음과 같이 분류했다.[6]

  • 날씬이갯민숭붙이류 (Placobranchacea) - 조가비가 없는 낭설류
    • 날씬이갯민숭이붙이상과 (Placobranchoidea 또는 Plakobranchoidea) (= Placobranchacea = 날씬이갯민숭붙이상과(Elysioidea))
      • 날씬이갯민숭이붙이과 (Plakobranchidae 또는 Placobranchidae) = 날씬이갯민숭붙이과 (Elysiidae)
      • Boselliidae
      • Platyhedylidae
    • 꼭지갯민숭붙이상과 (Limapontioidea) (= Polybranchioidea = Stiligeroidea)
      • 꼭지갯민숭이붙이과 또는 꼭지갯민숭붙이과 (Limapontiidae) (= Stillergeridae)
      • Polybranchiidae (= Caliphyllidae)
      • 돌기갯민숭이붙이과 (Hermaeidae)

2005년 분류

2005년 부쉐와 로크루아(Bouchet & Rocroi)의 복족류 분류[7]는 낭설류를 아래와 같이 분류했다.

이 분류 체계는 날씬이갯민숭붙이과(Elysiidae Forbes & Hanley, 1851 )를 Placobranchidae Gray, 1840 의 이명으로 간주했으며, Oleidae와 Stiligeridae를 꼭지갯민숭붙이과(Limapontiidae, Gray, 1847 )의 이명으로 간주했다.

실린드로불라과(Cylindrobullidae)는 자매군 실린드로불라류(Cylindrobullida)의 실린드로불라상과(Cylindrobulloidea)에 속한다.[8]

2010년 분류

2010년 요르거(Jörger)와 그의 공저자들[1] 은 낭설류를 범유폐류로 옮겨서 분류했다.

2010년 매다(Maeda)와 그의 공저자들[9] 은 분자계통학적 분석을 통해 실린드로불라속(Cylindrobulla)의 분류학적 위치가 낭설류임을 확인했다.[9]

이새류

하이새류 (비자고둥상과 포함) - 하이새류는 요르거(Jörger) 등의 연구(2010년)에서는 별도의 분기군을 형성하지 않는다.[1]

직신경류

나측류

    진후새류

산각류

       

룬키나류

     

무순류

   

익족류 (무각익족류, 유각익족류)

       

두순류 s.s.

      범유폐류    

고랑딱개비류

   

낭설류

         

글라키도르비스류

     

암피볼라류

   

회오리고둥류

         

히그로필라류

     

아코클리디움류

진유폐류

병안류

     

수안류

     

대추귀고둥류

     

오티나류

   

트리무스쿨루스류

                       

각주

  1. Jörger K. M., Stöger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schrödl M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323.
  2. Jensen K. R. (November 2007). "Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)" Archived 2013년 10월 5일 - 웨이백 머신. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55(2006)(3-4): 255–281.
  3. Händeler K., Grzymbowski Y. P., Krug P. J. & Wägele H. (2009) "Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life". Frontiers in Zoology 6: 28. doi 10.1186/1742-9994-6-28.
  4. Handeler, K.; Grzymbowski, Y. P.; Krug, P. J.; Wagele, H. (2009). “Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life”. 《Front Zool》 6 (1): 28.[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]
  5. Barnes, Robert D. (1982). 《Invertebrate Zoology》. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 377쪽. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
  6. Marín, A.; Ros, J. N. (2007). “Chemical defenses in Sacoglossan Opisthobranchs: Taxonomic trends and evolutionary implications”. 《Scientia Marina》 68 (Suppl. 1): 227–241. doi:10.3989/scimar.2004.68s1227.
  7. Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). “Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families”. 《Malacologia》 47 (1-2): 1–397.
  8. Discussion in the Seaslug Forum : Ascobulla, Cylindrobulla[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)].
  9. Maeda T., Kajita T., Maruyama T. & Hirano Y. (2010). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Sacoglossa, With a Discussion of Gain and Loss of Kleptoplasty in the Evolution of the Group". Biological Bulletin 219(1): 17-26. abstract Archived 2011년 6월 16일 - 웨이백 머신.
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낭설류: Brief Summary ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

낭설류(囊舌類, Sacoglossa)는 작은 바다 달팽이와 바다 민달팽이 분류군의 하나이다. 이새류에 속하는 해양 복족류 연체동물이다. 일부 낭설류는 조류 등을 훑어서, 이를 빨아들이고 단순히 이 즙을 소화시켜 살아가지만, 일부 다른 종들은 자신이 먹은 녹조류에서 살아있는 엽록체를 자신의 조직 내에 따로 저장하고 이용한다. 이는 "색소체 탈취"로 알려진 아주 드문 현상 중의 하나이다. 이때문에 일부 종들은 "광합성을 하는 바다 달팽이"라는 별명을 얻었으며, 이 점에서 아주 특이한 동물이다.

낭설류는 크게 2개의 분류군으로 나눈다. 조가비를 지고 있는 과들(옥시노아아류, Oxynoacea)과 조가비 껍데기가 없는 과들(날씬이갯민숭붙이류, Placobranchacea)이다.

조가비를 지고 있는 종들은 4개 과를 이루고 있다. 이 과들은 실린드로불라과, 볼바텔라과, 옥시노이과 그리고 이매패갯민숭붙이과, 쌍각 복족류 등이다. 낭설류는 치설(齒舌, radula)에 한 줄의 이(齒)가 나 있다는 점에서 관련 그룹과 구별된다. 이 이는 낭설류의 빨판을 통한 섭식을 위해 적응되어 있다.

2007년 옌센(Kathe R. Jensen)은 낭설류를 284종으로 분류하여 발표했다.

licença
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