dcsimg

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Amanita fulva is associated with Pteridium aquilinum

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ampulloclitocybe clavipes is associated with Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Aneugmenus coronatus grazes on frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
Aneugmenus f is associated with Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
larva of Aneugmenus padi is associated with frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Plant / associate
Aneugmenus temporalis is associated with Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Arthrinium dematiaceous anamorph of Arthrinium phaeospermum is saprobic on dead leaf of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: esp. 7-8

Foodplant / saprobe
solitary or few, epiphyllous, immersed then erumpent to superficial pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta pteridis is saprobic on dead petiolule of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 7

Plant / epiphyte
fruitbody of Athelia pyriformis grows on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Athelopsis lembospora is saprobic on decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Basidiodendron cremeum is saprobic on dead, standing rachis of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Basidiodendron radians is saprobic on debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Basidiodendron spinosum is saprobic on decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Boidinia furfuracea is saprobic on decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Botryobasidium danicum is saprobic on debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Botryobasidium pruinatum is saprobic on debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / parasite
effuse colony of Botryosporium anamorph of Botryosporium pulchrum parasitises live Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 5-11

Foodplant / saprobe
linearly arranged, subepidermal then epidermis turns brown and opens by a slit conidioma of Camarographium coelomycetous anamorph of Camarographium stephensii is saprobic on dead petiole of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 5-7

Foodplant / feeds on
basidiome of Ceratobasidium anceps feeds on live frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara fungorum is saprobic on dead Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara parvispora is saprobic on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / saprobe
effused Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara pteridina is saprobic on dead petiole of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 4-11

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent pycnidium of Coniothyrium coelomycetous anamorph of Coniothyrium pteridis is saprobic on dead pinna of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Crepidotus luteolus is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Cristinia helvetica is saprobic on decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Crocicreas cyathoideum var. cyathoideum is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 3-10

Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Crocicreas cyathoideum var. pteridicola is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 4-7

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Cryptocephalus bipunctatus may be found on near ant nest Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 4-late 8

Foodplant / saprobe
conidioma of Cryptomycella coelomycetous anamorph of Cryptomycina pteridis is saprobic on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / pathogen
Dactylium dendroides ssp. leptosporum infects and damages diseased frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / gall
larva of Dasineura filicina causes gall of frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent conidioma of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Diaporthopsis pantherina is saprobic on dead petiole of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 2+

Foodplant / saprobe
epiphyllous, densely gregarious pseudothecium of Didymella lophospora is saprobic on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 7

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, raising the epidermis pseudothecium of Didymella prominula is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 6

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Endoperplexa enodulosa is saprobic on decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
Exochalara anamorph of Exochalara longissima is saprobic on Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / debris feeder
larva of Fannia monilis feeds on rotten Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Galerina ampullaceocystis is saprobic on debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Galerina cinctula is saprobic on debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Galerina marginata is saprobic on debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum triplex is associated with Pteridium aquilinum
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hemimycena delectabilis is saprobic on decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hygrocybe laeta var. laeta is associated with live Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia detritica is saprobic on dead, decayed frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia griseliniae is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hypochnicium geogenium is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum pteridialis is saprobic on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 10

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum pteridis is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 8-5

Foodplant / saprobe
long stalked apothecium of Lachnum virgineum is saprobic on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 2-10

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lactarius camphoratus is associated with Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
Pycnothyrium anamorph of Leptopeltis litigiosa is saprobic on dead petiole of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 6-9

Foodplant / saprobe
subcuticular, usually confluent thyriothecium of Leptopeltis pteridis is saprobic on dead frond (vein) of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leptosporomyces galzinii is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus georginae is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella nigroannulata is saprobic on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lindtneria trachyspora is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Litschauerella clematidis is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Luellia cystidiata is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Luellia recondita is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmiellus vaillantii is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / pathogen
fruitbody of Marasmius undatus infects and damages dying rhizome of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, exposed by irregualr splitting of epidermis apothecium of Mellitiosporium pteridinum is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 3-4

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Micromphale impudicum is associated with Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Micropodia pteridina is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 3-9

Foodplant / saprobe
hypophyllous, short-stalked apothecium of Microscypha grisella is saprobic on damp, dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 5-8

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Mollisia pteridis sensu Gillet is saprobic on locally blackened, dead, standing stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 6-7

Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Monalocoris filicis sucks sap of sporangia of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / gall
larva of Monochroa cytisella causes gall of stem, side-shoot of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
ascocarp of Monographos fuckelii is saprobic on dead petiole of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 7-8

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena amicta is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed litter of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena arcangeliana is saprobic on dead, decayed stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena clavularis is saprobic on dead, decaying debris of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena epipterygia is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Mycena pterigena is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
toadstool of Mycena vulgaris is saprobic on dead, fallen, decaying debris of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
Mycosphaerella aspidii parasitises Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
epiphyllous, often grouped, immersed pseudothecium of Mycosphaerella pteridis is saprobic on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Oliveonia pauxilla is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phanerochaete martelliana is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
hypophyllous apothecium of Phialina flaveola is saprobic on damp, dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 6-7

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiella christiansenii is saprobic on debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiella fibrillosa is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiella filicina is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
deeply immersed perithecium of Phomatospora endopteris is saprobic on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
gregarious, lirelliform pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Phomopsis aquilina is saprobic on dead rhachis of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 8-9

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Phytoliriomyza hilarella may be found on frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / feeds on
Procas granulicollis feeds on Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / saprobe
short-stalked apothecium of Psilachnum chrysostigmum is saprobic on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 10-5

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Psilachnum pteridigenum is saprobic on dead frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 5-9

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ramariopsis kunzei is associated with debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
subepidermal, often confluent stroma of Rhopographus filicinus is saprobic on dead petiole of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 2-6

Foodplant / saprobe
subepidermal, splitting the epidermis stroma of Scirrhia aspidiorum is saprobic on dead petiole of Pteridium aquilinum
Remarks: season: 5-7

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Scleroderma cepa is associated with Pteridium aquilinum
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Scotomyces subviolaceus is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Sistotrema oblongisporum is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
Sphaerothyrium coelomycetous anamorph of Sphaerothyrium filicinium is saprobic on dead Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Stachylidium dematiaceous anamorph of Stachylidium bicolor is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Strombocerus delicatulus grazes on frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Strongylogaster filicis grazes on frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Strongylogaster lineata grazes on frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Strongylogaster macula grazes on frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Strongylogaster xanthocera grazes on frond of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Syagrius intrudens feeds within rootstock of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredo colon grazes on frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredo ferruginea grazes on frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredo livida grazes on frond of Pteridium aquilinum

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Tephrocybe confusa is associated with Pteridium aquilinum

Plant / resting place / on
fruitbody of Tomentella radiosa may be found on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trechispora stellulata is saprobic on dead, decayed stem of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Tricholomopsis rutilans is saprobic on dead, decayed debris of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
Tubulicrinis regificus is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
basidiome of Tulasnella brinkmannii is saprobic on dead stem of Pteridium aquilinum

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Typhula quisquiliaris is saprobic on dead, decayed stem of Pteridium aquilinum
Other: major host/prey

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
BioImages
projeto
BioImages

Comments ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
In accord with the most recent revision (R. M. Tryon 1941) of the genus, Pteridium is treated here as a single widespread species composed of two subspecies with 12 varieties. So treated, it is probably the most widespread species of all vascular plants, with the exception of a few annual weeds (F. H. Perring and B. G. Gardner 1976). The plants are generally aggressive, invading disturbed areas as weeds in pastures, cultivated fields, and roadsides. In Europe, it was harvested and burned to produce potash. Although croziers are eaten in many temperate cultures, bracken has been shown to contain thiaminase (and other compounds with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties).

Disagreement exists among taxonomists regarding the rank that should be accorded to the taxa treated herein as varieties. In a survey of the genus, C. N. Page (1976) noted uniform chromosome numbers and flavonoid compositions of the varieties. D. B. Lellinger (1985) separated the genus into at least two species based on morphology, recognizing as species the subspecies of R. M. Tryon (1941). J. T. Mickel and J. M. Beitel (1988) reported sympatric occurrence in Mexico of three taxa that maintained consistent characteristics and only rarely produced plants with combined characteristics. They suggested that these three taxa should be considered as species that occasionally hybridize. P. J. Brownsey (1989) reported that two different brackens in Australia formed sterile hybrids and should be treated as species. Modern systematic studies are needed to evaluate the status and rank of the four North American varieties. As treated below, Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens , var. latiusculum , and var. pseudocaudatum are in subsp. aquilinum , and var. caudatum is in subsp. caudatum (Linnaeus) Bonaparte.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Petioles scattered along creeping stems, 0.3--3.5 m, shallowly to deeply grooved adaxially, base not strongly distinct from stem. Blades broadly deltate, papery to leathery, sparsely to densely hairy abaxially, rarely glabrous. Pinnae often opposite to subopposite [alternate]; proximal pinnae often prolonged basiscopically, each proximal pinna nearly equal to distal part of leaf in size and dissection (except in var. caudata ). Segments alternate, numerous.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Synonym ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Pteris aquilina Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1075. 1753
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por EOL authors
Helecho isospóreo vivaz o perenne con un rizoma subterráneo muy desarrollado que llega a alcanzar hasta un metro de longitud de color pardo y cubierto de vellosidades oscuras. Frondes muy grandes, de hasta 2 metros con láminas tri o cuatripinnadas con pinnas ovoides y glabras en el haz mientras que en el envés son muy pilosas, peciolo menor o igual en longitud que la lámina. Posee soros reunidos en cenosoros lineares con doble indusio, por una parte un pseudoindusio membranoso compuesto por la misma lámina y un indusio verdadero de color pardo situados en el envés de los frondes. Esporangios esferoidales con anillo longitudinal, esporas triletas muy ligeras que se diseminan muy rápidamente por el viento.

Distribution ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por EOL authors
Especie subcosmopolita de distribución mundial y ausente en zonas desérticas y subdesérticas que habita desde el nivel del mar hasta los 2900 de altitud (Dependiendo del sitio de distribución)aproximadamente sobre suelos profundos bien drenados hasta arenosos en zonas frescas con sustratos pobres en bases o ligeramente silíceos. Forma parte de numerosas series de vegetación y sus etapas de degradación al ser extremadamente resistente a los incendios forestales.

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, fire severity, fire use, forest, frequency, hardwood, prescribed fire, relative frequency, rhizome, severity, wildfire

All varieties of western brackenfern are well adapted to fire, but there are differences in rhizome growth rates and their response to disturbance [73,189,192,232].  Among the most important North American varieties, P. a. var. latiusculum and P. a. var. pseudocaudatum are slower growing and considered less weedy [232,239].  This along with factors such as season, fire severity and intensity, and site characteristics may explain some reported differences in response following fire. P. a. var. pubescens:  Western brackenfern invades recently logged and burned areas in the Oregon Cascades, sometimes in the first year and sometimes after several years [100,173,214,246].  Repeated fires or burns that are delayed following logging favor a rapid increase in cover and encroachment of western brackenfern [82].  Along the Pacific coast western brackenfern invades recent burns by windborne spores and also spreads from its buried rhizome [128].  After spring fires in northern Idaho, western brackenfern production dropped somewhat in the first year and then increased in the second and third years [148].  Western brackenfern increased following single or multiple broadcast fires in northern Idaho [175].  After logging or fire in Arizona ponderosa pine communities, western brackenfern may cover up to 30 percent of the area for 10 or more years [27,187,188]. P. a. var. latiusculum:  It is generally agreed that the bracken-grasslands [47] of Wisconsin originated as a result of fires [233].  However, following early spring prescribed fires in these areas, western brackenfern's relative frequency decreased the year after the fire [233].  In New York oak woods, Swan [223] also found a decrease in frequency following spring fires; however, western brackenfern increased in abundance at the same time.  He suggested that existing clumps became denser.  Studies in Great Lakes area jack pine forests show that western brackenfern sprouts, and its cover and biomass usually remain fairly stable, either decreasing or increasing slightly after burning [4,5,163,184,185].  In red and white pine (Pinus resinosa and P. strobus) forests of Ontario, western brackenfern decreased slightly after logging without burning but increased strongly following logging and early summer burning [207,208].  Increased western brackenfern following a spring fire in a Pennsylvania scrub oak community was attributable to both spore germination and rhizome sprouts [99].  In northeastern hardwood stands western brackenfern sprouts rapidly following fire and repeated fires may lead to its domination [152,209].  In oak-pine forests of the Pine Barrens region of New Jersey, western brackenfern thrives following severe fires [17,161].  It increases moderately in canopy gaps in these forests following surface fires. P. a. var. pseudocaudatum:  Western brackenfern is well adapted to fires and increases its cover greatly when it is burned repeatedly in longleaf pine and slash pine forests [138].  After two successive wintertime prescribed underburns, western brackenfern increased its frequency from 16.7 to 20.6 percent and doubled its biomass in a Florida slash and longleaf pine forest [171].  Western brackenfern is common following fire in the pocosins of the Southern Coastal Plain [32].  Its regrowth following a severe July wildfire in mixed pine (Pinus taeda or P. palustris) and oak (Quercus virginiana and Q. laurifolia) was vigorous, and cover increased each of the first 2 years [51].  In South Carolina loblolly pine stands that have been repeatedly burned for 20 years, western brackenfern is found only in areas burned during the summer and not on winter-burned areas [152].  In the southeastern United States, prescribed fire has been used extensively since 1960, favoring western brackenfern and allowing it to dominate other understory species, including wiregrass (Aristida stricta) which had been prominent [224]. The following Research Project Summaries provide information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of plant community species, including western brackenfern, that was not available when this species review was originally written:
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
western brackenfern
bracken
brake fern
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, litter

Western brackenfern clumps are used for cover by deer in England [43].  Birds, including pheasants, meadow pipits, and grouse, may use it for escape cover.  In England, woodcocks, chats, and wrens nest in western brackenfern [172,181], and small animals such as foxes, rabbits, voles, shrews, and mice find cover in it [181].  Sheep ticks and other insects are often found in the decomposing litter of western brackenfern [23,77,104].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, frond, litter, mutualism, perfect, rhizome, sori, stipe

The leaves or fronds of western brackenfern are normally from 1 to 10 feet (3-30 dm) long including a stipe (leaf-stalk) that may be as long as 39 to 59 inches (10-15 dm) but is usually shorter than the leaf blade [119].  The blades of the fronds are divided into pinnae, the bottom pair of which are sometimes large enough to give the impression of a three-part leaf.  Each pinna is in turn divided into pinnules.  Above the first division of the stipe into a frond, it is called a rachis.  On fertile fronds the spores are borne in sori beneath the outer margins of the pinnules.  The sori are protected by the inrolled pinnule margins on one side and a thin membrane called an indusium on the other [119]. Nectaries are found at the base of the pinnae during spring and early summer [141,232].  The largest nectaries are found near the base of the frond and the nectaries get progressively smaller going up the rachis [141].  Ants are attracted by and feed on sugars produced by these extra-floral nectaries [110,111,227].  It has been suggested but not proven that an ant-plant mutualism may exist where the ants would attack other insects feeding on the plants.  The ants do attack introduced caterpillars and they tend an aphid species on western brackenfern in Arizona [110,111,144,227]. The fronds are killed by frost.  In northern climates they are killed each winter and new fronds grow in spring; in mild areas individual fronds persist for 2 to 3 years before being replaced [195].  Dead fronds form a mat of highly flammable litter that insulates the below-ground rhizomes from frost when there is no snow cover.  This litter also delays the rise in soil temperature and emergence of frost-sensitive fronds in the spring [237]. Rhizomes are the main carbohydrate storage organs [48,243].  Rhizomes also store water and are consistently around 87 percent water [211]. Rhizomes can be up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter [79] and branching is alternate [236,238,239].  The rhizome system has two components.  The long shoots form the main axis or stem of the plant [239].  They elongate rapidly, have few lateral buds, do not produce fronds, and store carbohydrates [48,236,243].  Short shoots, or leaf-bearing lateral branches, may be closer to the soil surface [33].  They arise from the long shoots, are slow growing, and produce annual fronds and many dormant frond buds.  Transition shoots start from both short and long shoots and may develop into either [48].  Thin, black, brittle roots extend from the rhizome and may extend over 20 inches (50 cm) deeper into the soil [211,238,239].  Endotrophic mycorrhizae have been found on the roots of western brackenfern [41,126]. Fossil evidence suggests that western brackenfern has had at least 55 million years to evolve and perfect antidisease and antiherbivore chemicals [192].  It produces bitter tasting sesquiterpenes and tannins, phytosterols that are closely related to the insect molting-hormone, and cyanogenic glycosides that yield hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when crushed.  It generates simple phenolic acids that reduce grazing, may act as fungicides, and are implicated in western brackenfern's allelopathic activity [42].  Severe disease outbreaks are very rare in western brackenfern [126,192]. Most work describing western brackenfern has been done on var. aquilinum which is closely related to varieties latiusculum, pseudocaudatum, and pubescens [232].  Some differences between the varieties are noted below [90,106,198,205,232,239]. P. a. var. latiusculum - Growth of the long rhizomes is relatively slow with rates of 4 to 7 inches (10-17 cm) versus 10 to 35 inches (25-90 cm) annually so it is less weedy than other varieties. The growing tip of the rhizome has no hairs or a few whitish hairs.  The terminal segment of the frond is not much longer than lateral segments; thus the frond appears triangular or three-parted.  The only pubescence is along the pinnule margins and midvein. P. a. var. pseudocaudatum - The frond blade is usually completely glabrous and rarely ternate.  The terminal segment of the frond is much longer than the lateral segments and between six and fifteen times as long as broad. The growing tip of the rhizome usually has a tuft of dark hairs. P. a. var. pubescens - The frond blade is ovate-triangular but not ternate, while the upper surface of the frond is frequently pubescent and the lower surface is usually densely pubescent.  There is a tuft of dark hairs on the growing tip of the rhizome.
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Western brackenfern occurs throughout the world with the exception of hot and cold deserts [189].  Subspecies aquilinum is mostly north temperate in distribution; subspecies caudatum is found primarily in the Southern Hemisphere [189].  The distribution of subspecies and varieties found in the United States and Canada is as follows [72,90,119,174,189,232]: Distribution of western brackenfern. Map courtesy of USDA, NRCS. 2018. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC [2018, March 22]. P. a. var. pubescens is found in western North America and ranges south from southern Alaska through California and into Mexico and east into Alberta, Montana, western South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas.  There are outlier populations in Quebec, Ontario, and northern Michigan. P. a. var. pseudocaudatum is primarily along the eastern coastal plain of the United States from Cape Cod to Florida.  It is less frequent to the west but extends across the southern states to Texas, southeastern Kansas, and as far north as Illinois. P. a. var. latiusculum is basically circumboreal in range, growing across northern Europe, northern Asia and Japan, and much of North America, but it has not been found in western North America.  It grows from Newfoundland west to northeastern North Dakota, and south to North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Tennessee.  There are occasional outlier populations in Mississippi, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Colorado.  P. a. var. decompositum is restricted to the Hawaiian Islands. P. a. var. caudatum is present in Bermuda, southern Florida, the West Indies, Central America, and into northern South America.
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, fire regime, fuel

Western brackenfern is considered a fire-adapted species throughout the world [192].  It is not only well adapted to fire, it promotes fire by producing a highly flammable layer of dried fronds every fall [2,79,128,234].  In the Pacific Northwest western brackenfern fronds grow to 6 feet, resulting in several tons of flashy fuel per acre [162] and western brackenfern adds to the high fuel loads in northern Idaho brushfields [95].  Repeated fires favor western brackenfern [2,127,128,206]. Most sources agree that western brackenfern's primary fire adaptation is its deeply buried rhizomes which sprout vigorously following fires before most competing vegetation is established [6,30,192,209,220,221,224]. Western brackenfern's windborne spores may disperse over long distances.  Fire removes competition and creates the alkaline soil conditions suitable for its establishment from spores [192]. FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, frond, fuel, fuel loading, prescribed fire, rhizome

Fire can facilitate the spread of western brackenfern [23,70].  The least favorable time for prescribed burning is just after the new fronds have fully expanded and starch reserves in the rhizomes are at their lowest level [31,136,154, 155,160,196,218,243].  A fire at this time can reduce western brackenfern for up to 2 years [195].  Although more fronds may be produced, total frond weight and rhizome starch are greatly reduced [196].  If a prescribed fire at this time is followed with a second treatment, the rhizome system will be further depleted and fewer dormant buds may sprout.  Since there are more fronds, a herbicide would have more entry points to the rhizome system [196]. Fine fuel loading in areas dominated by western brackenfern can be quite high [2,128,95,162,234].  Brown and Marsden [1976] have developed a formula to estimate fuel loading using the relationship between fuel loading and the ground cover and height of western brackenfern.
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: geophyte

Cryptophyte Geophyte
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: bog, cover, ferns, forest, frond, heath, litter, rhizome

Western brackenfern grows on a variety of soils with the exception of heavily waterlogged soils [23].  Its efficient stomatal control allows it to succeed on sites that would be too dry for most ferns, and its distribution does not normally seem limited by moisture [230,235]. Western brackenfern grows best on deep well-drained soils with good water-holding capacity, and it may dominate other vegetation on such sites [57,68].  Its productivity increases with increasing soil profile development on Michigan entisols and spodosols [113].  In northern Idaho the surface soil horizon under western brackenfern is an acidic, dark mineral layer, while under interspersed conifer stands the surface soil horizon is an acidic, light mineral layer [59]. Western brackenfern rhizomes are particularly effective at mobilizing phosphorus from inorganic sources into an available form for plant use [168].  Western brackenfern contributes to potassium cycling on sites and is associated with high levels of potassium [28,157,175].  Fertilization of cultured plants increases frond dry weight; using both nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) increases rhizome length, while using N, P, and potassium (K) increases both rhizome length and rhizome dry weight [49].  Western brackenfern is characteristically found on soils with medium to very rich nutrients [91,105,235].  In southeastern Alaska western brackenfern prefers a pH of 5.0 to 6.0 [225].  It is absent from soils contaminated with zinc [131]. In northern climates western brackenfern is frequently found on uplands and side slopes, since it is susceptible to spring frost damage [47,150]. Fronds growing in the open or without litter cover are often killed as crosiers by spring frost damage, since the soil warms earlier and growth begins sooner [237].  The result is that fronds appear earlier in shaded habitats [113,204].  Cultivated and shaded plants produce fewer, thinner but larger fronds than open-grown plants [49].  A New York study found that fronds growing in the shade were twice as likely as fronds growing in the open to be cyanogenic [204].  That was also true in Great Britain [43], however, a New Jersey study found no cyanogenic plants [226]. Shaded plants produce fewer spores than plants in full sun [189]. Elevation:  Elevational ranges in some western regions are [56,142,179]:                         Minimum                  Maximum                    feet      meters         feet      meters New Mexico         8,000      2,438         9,500     2,896 California         sea level               10,000     3,048 Utah               5,500     1,676          8,000     2,438 Colorado           5,300     1,615         10,000     3,048 Wyoming            4,800     1,463          8,500     2,591 Montana            4,300     1,311          5,000     1,524 Var. pubescens is generally found in open forests, pastures, and on open slopes; it is common following fire [189,232].  In the Pacific Northwest western brackenfern is found along the coast on stabilized dune meadows and in coastal prairies.  It is found in the forests of western Washington and northwestern Oregon and it may be a dominant in grassy balds of the Coast Mountains, subalpine meadows, and on avalanche tracks and southerly slopes in the Cascades [57,78,169].  Western brackenfern increases from west to east across the central Washington Cascades [53].  Within the rain shadow area of the eastern slope of the Olympic Mountains, western brackenfern is a dominant understory species in Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) savanna [50,228].  In the Columbia Basin of eastern Oregon and Washington western brackenfern grows in riparian communities with Douglas hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii) [78].  It is more frequent on south-facing slopes in northern Idaho [175] and north-central Washington where its cover is greater below 3,800 feet (1,150 m) than at higher elevations [229].  It grows well on snow chutes in subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) habitat types in northwestern Montana [248].  In British Columbia it grows best in areas with a humid climate, mild winters, and a relatively long growing season [97].  In southeastern Alaska, western brackenfern is found in the ecotone between forest and bog [180] or in muskegs [225].  Western brackenfern is found in the coastal redwood region of California and on flood plains and gentle slopes under the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in California's Sierra Nevada [108,235].  In Arizona it is an understory species in deciduous, riparian forests [21]. In New Mexico and Arizona western brackenfern is found in the mountains under blue spruce (Picea pungens) and Douglas-fir, in pinyon-juniper or Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) woodlands, and in grassy meadows [19,134,142,170,194].  Western brackenfern is found with aspen in Colorado [15,121,122]. P. a. var. latiusculum:  In Wisconsin, northern Michigan, and probably Minnesota, bracken-grasslands, doubtless initially caused by fire, are found on soils ranging from loam to fine sand [47].  Some of these bracken-grasslands occupy depressions with western brackenfern dominant on the surrounding slopes.  Western brackenfern is also a common understory species in Wisconsin oak (Quercus spp.) openings and barrens [47].  In New England P. a. var. latiusculum and P. a. var. pseudocaudatum prefer dry woods, clearings, fields, and thickets.  Western brackenfern is not found on limey soil [205]. In White Mountain forests it is most often found on dry areas of shallow bedrock or outwash [147]. P. a. var. pseudocaudatum:  Southern western brackenfern is most common on well-drained sandy soils under open stands of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), shortleaf pine (P. echinata), and mixtures of pine (Pinus spp.) and oak [35,88,92,135].  It is also associated with pocosin [135]. In West Virginia western brackenfern was found on a high plateau growing among other vegetation in a heath meadow with scattered small spruce [44].  On the Alabama piedmont it is associated with upper slopes and ridges with shallow soils [88].  Along the Atlantic Coastal Ridge of southern Florida, western brackenfern is found on low hammocks and disturbed sites [200].  Var. caudatum may also be found in this area on low hammocks and disturbed sites [200].  On low hammocks western brackenfern is associated with oaks and cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto) [200].  It is also found in the margins of scrub vegetation where the sandy soil contains more clay and silt and thus retains water better [178]
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: hardwood

     1  Jack pine
     5  Balsam fir
    14  Northern pin oak
    15  Red pine
    16  Aspen
    17  Pin cherry
    18  Paper birch
    19  Gray birch - red maple
    20  White pine - northern red oak - red maple
    21  Eastern white pine
    22  White pine - hemlock
    23  Eastern hemlock
    25  Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
    30  Red spruce - yellow birch
    31  Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
    32  Red spruce
    33  Red spruce - balsam fir
    35  Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
    42  Bur oak
    43  Bear oak
    44  Chestnut oak
    45  Pitch pine
    51  White pine - chestnut oak
    70  Longleaf pine
    71  Longleaf pine - scrub oak
    72  Southern scrub oak
    73  Southern redcedar
    74  Cabbage palmetto
    75  Shortleaf pine
    76  Shortleaf pine - oak
    80  Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
    81  Loblolly pine
    82  Loblolly pine - hardwood
    83  Longleaf pine - slash pine
    98  Pond pine
   110  Black oak
   206  Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   211  White fir
   212  Western larch
   213  Grand fir
   215  Western white pine
   216  Blue spruce
   217  Aspen
   218  Lodgepole pine
   221  Red alder
   223  Sitka spruce
   224  Western hemlock
   225  Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
   226  Coastal true fir - hemlock
   227  Western redcedar - western hemlock
   229  Pacific Douglas-fir
   230  Douglas-fir - western hemlock
   232  Redwood
   233  Oregon white oak
   234  Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
   236  Bur oak
   237  Interior ponderosa pine
   243  Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
   244  Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
   245  Pacific ponderosa pine
   249  Canyon live oak
   250  Blue oak - Digger pine
   255  California coast live oak
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES11  Spruce - fir
   FRES12  Longleaf - slash pine
   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES22  Western white pine
   FRES23  Fir - spruce
   FRES24  Hemlock - Sitka spruce
   FRES25  Larch
   FRES26  Lodgepole pine
   FRES27  Redwood
   FRES28  Western hardwoods
   FRES34  Chaparral - mountain shrub
   FRES36  Mountain grasslands
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, woodland

   K001  Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
   K002  Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
   K003  Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K005  Mixed conifer forest
   K006  Redwood forest
   K007  Red fir forest
   K008  Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
   K009  Pine - cypress forest
   K011  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K013  Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
   K014  Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K015  Western spruce - fir forest
   K017  Black Hills pine forest
   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K019  Arizona pine forest
   K020  Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K021  Southwestern spruce - fir forest
   K023  Juniper - pinyon woodland
   K025  Alder - ash forest
   K026  Oregon oakwoods
   K028  Mosaic of K002 and K026
   K029  California mixed evergreen forest
   K030  California oakwoods
   K033  Chaparral
   K047  Fescue - oatgrass
   K093  Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K096  Northeastern spruce - fir forest
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K106  Northern hardwoods
   K107  Northern hardwoods - fir forest
   K108  Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
   K110  Northeastern oak -pine forest
   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest
   K112  Southern mixed forest
   K114  Pocosin
   K115  Sand pine scrub
   K116  Subtropical pine forest
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
In Montana, elk eat western brackenfern only in June when new fronds are unfurling [247].  Likewise New Jersey deer use is restricted to spring fiddleheads [227].  In the southern states western brackenfern is ranked as a low-use forage for deer which eat it only in the spring [92]. White-tailed deer eat western brackenfern in trace amounts only in the summer and fall [132] or not at all [116].  However, western brackenfern foliage accumulated high concentrations of nutrients and was heavily used by deer in Pennsylvania during the first spring following fire [99]. Rabbits occasionally eat the fronds and rhizomes [181]. Goats are the only livestock that normally eat western brackenfern [79]. Cattle feeding on lush grass may eat western brackenfern for roughage or if it is mixed in hay [33,62]. In the Pacific Northwest sheep avoid mature fronds of western brackenfern so it increases in cutover areas grazed by sheep [128].  The fronds may release hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when they are damaged (cyanogenesis), particularly the younger fronds [42,96]. Herbivores, including sheep, selectively graze young fronds that are acyanogenic (without HCN) [43,96]. Despite western brackenfern's production of bitter-tasting compounds, chemicals that interfere with insect growth, and toxic chemicals, western brackenfern hosts a relatively large number and variety of herbivorous insects [141,142].  In Great Britain 27 to 35 insect species eat western brackenfern. The number and diversity of insect species increase toward the end of the season, possibly because of declining levels of toxic chemicals [141].  A study in the southwestern United States found only five to seven insect species feeding primarily on bracken; however, in the Southwest western brackenfern grows in a very restricted area [142].  Some North American sawflies feed on western brackenfern [141].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: forest

Western brackenfern does not persist in forests beyond about 200 years [169].
It is a useful indicator of seral forest communities in western Oregon
[60].  In northwestern Colorado aspen (Populus tremuloides) communities,
western brackenfern indicates site deterioration [121].  Published
classification schemes listing western brackenfern as an indicator species or
as a dominant part of vegetation in community types (cts), habitat types
(hts), plant associations (pas), and ecosystem associations (eas) are
presented below:

Area               Classification           Authority

s CA               general veg pas, cts     Paysen and others 1980

CA: s Monterey     forest cts               Borchert and others 1988
County

nw CO: Routt NF    forest hts               Hoffman and Alexander 1980

w CO: White        forest hts               Hoffman and Alexander 1983
River NF

CO                 general veg, cts, pas    Baker 1984a

CO                 forest hts, cts          Alexander 1987

c ID               seral cts                Steele and Geier-Hayes 1989b

MI and WI          forest hts               Coffman and others 1980

s OR: Cascade Mtns forest pas               Atzet and McCrimmon 1990

nw OR              post-burn veg. cts       Bailey and Poulton 1968

OR, WA             general veg. cts         Franklin and Dyrness 1973

SD, WY: Black      forest and shrubland     Steinauer 1981
Hills NF           hts, cts

SD, WY: Black      forest and shrubland     Hoffman and Alexander 1987
Hills NF           hts

UT                 aspen cts                Mueggler and Campbell 1986

WA: Gifford        forest pas               Topik and others 1986
Pinchot N. F.

WA: Mt.Rainier NP  forest cts, hts          Moir and others 1976

WY                 forest hts               Alexander 1986

Intermountain      aspen cts                Mueggler 1988
Region: ID,NV,
UT,WY

Pacific            general veg. pas         Hall 1984
Northwest

Region 2: CO,NE,   general veg. pas         Johnston 1987
KS,SD,WY
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fern, fern ally

Fern or Fern Ally
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, litter, rhizome, seed, shrub, tree

Competition:  Western brackenfern is competitive plant that invades cultivated
fields and disturbed areas [54,79,129,218,222,234].  It effectively
competes for soil moisture and nutrients.  Its rhizomes grow under the
roots of herbs and tree or shrub seedlings, and when the fronds emerge,
they shade the smaller plants.  In the winter dead fronds may bury other
plants and press them to the ground [46,117,150,162].  On some sites
shading may protect tree seedlings and increase survival [162].  In a
western Washington study, dense western brackenfern protected planted
Douglas-fir seedlings from snowshoe hare and black-tailed deer browsing
until the trees overtopped the western brackenfern; tree growth, however, was
slower than normal [54,55].  Control may be needed until tree seedlings
are taller than the western brackenfern and sturdy enough to withstand the
weight of dead fronds [112].  Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) has
successfully invaded stands of dense western brackenfern (var. aquilinum) [159].

Allelopathy:  Western brackenfern's production and release of allelopathic
chemicals is an important factor in its ability to dominate other
vegetation [13,84,86].  The release of these toxic chemicals varies by
environment or perhaps by variety of western brackenfern.  In tropical areas
rainfall leaches toxins from green fronds.  Farther north no
allelopathic chemicals are released from the green fronds but are
readily leached from standing dead fronds [84].  In the Pacific
Northwest, water extracts from green fronds did not inhibit sampled
plants, but extracts from litter did [52].

A Pacific Northwest study found that water-soluble extracts from dead
western brackenfern fronds affected thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) and
salmonberry (R. spectabilis) germination but did not affect Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii).  Western brackenfern litter reduced the emergence of
all three species [217].  In Pennsylvania, water extracts from green
fronds reduced germination of black cherry (Prunus serotina) [124].  In
an Idaho study, when subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Engelmann spruce
(Picea engelmannii), Douglas-fir, and grand fir (Abies grandis) seed was
sown under western brackenfern, most of the new germinants died before shedding
seed coats [71].  Herbs may be inhibited for a full growing season after
western brackenfern is removed, apparently because active phytotoxins remain in
the soil [124,87].

Western brackenfern control:  Timing is important in any treatment of brackenfern
[68, 154,155,244].  The most effective time for treatment is summer
just after the new fronds have fully expanded and starch reserves in the
rhizome are at their lowest level [31,136,154,155,160,196,218,243].  Two
or more annual treatments and combinations of cutting and herbicide are
more effective than single treatments or even single annual treatments
[154].

Mechanical Treatment:  Cutting early in the summer, allowing the
rhizomes to regenerate a second crop of fronds, then recutting will
deplete the resources of the rhizome much faster than a single cutting.
However, single, annual cuttings or deep ploughing can be effective
during midsummer [70,154].  A north Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii)
site with small amounts of western brackenfern was clearcut in late fall.
Debris and residual vegetation were mechanically chopped the following
April and again in August, followed by mechanical preparation and
planting.  Western brackenfern amounts remained fairly steady and did not
increase to harmful levels [35].

Biological control:  Biological methods for control of western brackenfern in
Great Britain are being investigated and two South African moths
(Conservula conisigna and Panotima sp. near angularis) appear promising.
Both moths are capable of severely damaging the fronds in the spring,
but no biocontrol agent capable of damaging the rhizomes has yet been
identified [146].  Lawton [143] evaluates potential control insects and
potential problems with their use.  The possibility of using disease
fungi, either alone or in conjunction with herbicides, to control
bracken is also being studied [25].

Chemical control:  Asulam is a relatively specific and environmentally
safe herbicide that is very effective for western brackenfern control
[26,118,129,160,197].  Asulam is more effective if the western brackenfern is
cut first [54].  Dead fronds may need to be cut away from growing trees
after spraying with asulam [212].  Glyphosate (Roundup) is also
effective and reduces carbohydrate reserves of the rhizome
[12,26,48,136,160,241].  Other effective chemical controls include
amitrole-T, dicamba, karbutilate, picloram, 4-CPA, sodium
chlorate/borate, chlorthiamid, and dichlobenil [31,165].  The
effectiveness of these is variable in the Pacific Northwest [26].  Two
applications increases control [222].  Methods and timing of herbicide
application are discussed by Hamel [103], Robinson [201], Miller and
Kidd [166], and Burrill and others [26].  Spraying vegetation with other
herbicides may reduce competition and allow western brackenfern expansion
[182,219].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fern, frond

The crude protein content of western brackenfern decreases during the growing
season, from 20 to 25 percent to 5 to 10 percent in fronds and from 10
to 15 percent to 2 or 3 percent in petioles (stems) [141].  Frond
carbohydrate levels are highest early in the summer and begin to drop by
mid-July [243].  Lignin, tannin, and silicate levels tend to increase
through the growing season making the plants less palatable [141].
Cyanide (HCN) levels fall during the season as do the levels of a
thiaminase which prevents utilization of B vitamins [141].  Tannin
production may be related to edaphic conditions; water stress may reduce
the amount produced [226].

Toxicity:  Western brackenfern is known to be poisonous to livestock throughout
the United States, Canada, and Europe [92,234].  Losses are greatest
when livestock is fed hay mixed with western brackenfern [234].
Simple-stomached animals like horses, pigs, and rats develop a thiamine
deficiency within a month.  Vitamin B1 is effective in curing the animal
if it is administered early [67].  Acute bracken poisoning affects the
bone-marrow of both cattle and sheep and causes anemia and hemorrhaging
which is often fatal [67,104].  Bright blindness and tumors of the jaws,
rumen, intestine, and liver are also found in sheep feeding on brackenfern [104]. 
Sheep and cattle are most often poisoned by western brackenfern
when young animals are moved from an area without western brackenfern to a
field containing the fern.  Cumulative poisoning may occur in older
sheep that have ingested small amounts of western brackenfern over a period of
years [104].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
     AL  AK  AZ  AR  CA  CO  CT  DE  FL  GA
     HI  ID  IL  IN  IA  KS  KY  LA  ME  MD
     MA  MI  MN  MS  MO  MT  NE  NV  NH  NJ
     NM  NY  NC  ND  OH  OK  OR  PA  RI  SC
     SD  TN  TX  UT  VT  VA  WA  WV  WI  WY
     AB  BC  MB  NB  NF  NS  ON  PE  PQ  YT
     MEXICO
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fresh, fuel, litter, rhizome

Western brackenfern was considered so valuable during the Middle Ages that it was used to pay rents [202].  Western brackenfern was used as thatch for roofing and as a fuel when a quick hot fire was desired.  The ash was used as a source of the potash used in the soap and glass industry until 1860 and for making soap and bleach.  The rhizomes were used to dye wool yellow and in tanning leathers [202].  Western brackenfern is still used for winter livestock bedding in parts of Wales since it is more absorbent, warmer, and easier to handle than straw [77,125].  It is also used as a green mulch and compost [70,183,202]. Western brackenfern is most commonly used today as a food for humans.  The newly emerging croziers or fiddleheads are picked in spring and may be consumed fresh or preserved by salting, pickling, or sun drying [120,202].  Both fronds and rhizomes have been used in brewing beer, and rhizome starch has been used as a substitute for arrowroot [232].  Bread can be made out of dried and powered rhizomes alone or with other flour [202].  American Indians cooked the rhizomes, then peeled and ate them or pounded the starchy fiber into flour [102,107,149,183].  In Japan starch from the rhizomes is used to make confections [120,202].  Western brackenfern is grown commercially for use as a food and herbal remedy in Canada, the United States, Siberia, China, Japan, and Brazil [70] and is often listed as an edible wild plant [107,120].  Powdered rhizome has been considered particularly effective against parasitic worms [79,202]. American Indians ate raw rhizomes as a remedy for bronchitis [79,183]. Western brackenfern has been found to be mutagenic and carcinogenic in rats and mice, usually causing stomach or intestinal cancer [62,63,70,80].  It is implicated in some leukemias, bladder cancer, and cancer of the esophagus and stomach in humans [63,80].  All parts of the plant, including the spores, are carcinogenic, and face masks are recommended for people working in dense bracken [63].  The toxins in western brackenfern pass into cow's milk [62,70,80].  The growing tips of the fronds are more carcinogenic than the stalks [62,141].  If young fronds are boiled under alkaline conditions, they will be safer to eat and less bitter [63,70,120]. Western brackenfern is a potential source of insecticides and it has potential as a biofuel [140].  Western brackenfern increases soil fertility by bringing larger amounts of phosphate, nitrogen, and potassium into circulation through litter leaching and stem flow; its rhizomes also mobilize mineral phosphate [28,140,157,158,242].  Western brackenfern fronds are particularly sensitive to acid rain which also reduces gamete fertilization.  Both effects signal the amount of pollutants in rain water making western brackenfern a useful indicator [64,65,66].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Western brackenfern's palatability is usually nil to poor, although
occasionally it is eaten by livestock after autumn frosts [234].  In the
southern and northeastern United States, newly emerging fronds of
western brackenfern are most palatable to deer and livestock [92,227].  Cattle
sometimes eat it for roughage [62].  A study using captive mule deer
gave western brackenfern a low preference rating, since the deer only consumed
it in July [210].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: frond

In North America, fronds usually begin to emerge between March and early May.  Frost-killed fronds are replaced through mid-July [33].  In a northern Idaho study, western brackenfern first appeared in early May and continued growth through mid-July.  The fronds began to change color by mid-August, probably because of limited soil moisture [58].  Spore maturation and dispersal begins at the base of the frond and proceeds up to the tip resulting in an extended period of spore dispersal [40].  In New England and the Carolinas, western brackenfern produces spores from early July to late September [198,205].  Spore release in Michigan is between the first of June and mid-August [115] and from July to September on the Great Plains [90].  In Canada sporulating begins as early as June 24 in Ontario, June 29 in Quebec, July 16 in Nova Scotia, July 22 in British Columbia, July 29 in New Brunswick, August 1 on Prince Edward Island, and August 5 in Manitoba [33].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, gametophyte

Western brackenfern is well known as a postfire colonizer in western coniferous forests and eastern pine and oak forests [17,156].  Fire benefits western brackenfern by removing its competition while it sprouts profusely from surviving rhizomes [97,192,229].  New sprouts are more vigorous following fire, and western brackenfern becomes more fertile, producing far more spores than it does in the shade [191].  Sprouting is slower following summer burns than following spring and fall burns [76]. Western brackenfern spores germinate well on alkaline soils, allowing them to establish in the basic conditions created by fire [85,191,192].  In a moist tropical habitat in Costa Rica, western brackenfern gametophyte plants were observed covering the burned surface of bare ground and ash, but no plants were observed on unburned sites [85].  In North America establishment of new plants from spores on recently burned areas appears to be most likely in the moister conditions near either coastline [99,128].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
   survivor species; on-site surviving rhizomes    off-site colonizer; spores carried by wind; postfire years one and two
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: bisexual, fern, ferns, frond, gametophyte, genotype, rhizome

Most regeneration in western brackenfern is vegetative.  Many investigators have searched for young plants growing from spores [186, Stickney 1989, personal communication], but few have found them.  However, spores do germinate and grow readily in culture [7,33,37,40]. Young western brackenfern plants can produce spores by the end of the second growing season in cultivation but normally do not produce spores until the third or fourth growing season [40,97].  A single, fertile frond can produce 300,000,000 spores annually [38,40].  Spore production varies from year to year depending on plant age, frond development, weather, and light exposure [40].  Production decreases with increasing shade [40,189].  The wind-borne spores are extremely small.  Dry spores are very resistant to extreme physical conditions, although the germination of western brackenfern spores declines from 95 to 96 percent to around 30 to 35 percent after 3 years storage [190].  The spores germinate without any dormancy requirement.  Under favorable conditions, young plants could be found 6 to 7 weeks after the spores are shed [37,40].  Under normal conditions the spores may not germinate until the spring after they are shed [33,38]. Sufficient moisture and shelter from wind are important factors in fern spore germination [167].  Western brackenfern spore germination appears to require soil sterilized by fire [37,186].  On unsterilized soils spores may germinate, but the new plants are quickly overwhelmed by other growth [37].  Temperatures between 59 and 86 degrees F (15-30 degrees C) are generally best for germination, although western brackenfern is capable of germination at 33 to 36 degrees F (1-2 degrees C).  A pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 is optimal for germination [38,167].  Germination of western brackenfern is indifferent to light quality; it is one of the few ferns that can germinate in the dark [189,240].  Despite limitations on spore germination, genotype analysis in the Northeast indicates that many stands of western brackenfern represent multiple establishment of individuals from spores [96,250]. When spores germinate, they produce bisexual, gamete-bearing plants about 0.25 inch (0.6 cm) in diameter and one cell thick.  These tiny plants (gametophytes or prothalli) have no vascular system and require very moist conditions to survive.  The young spore-bearing plant (sometimes called a sporling) which develops from the fertilized egg is initially dependent on the gametophyte until it develops its first leaf and roots.  The first fronds are simple and lobed.  They develop into thin, delicate fronds divided into lobed pinnae.  They do not look like adult plants and are frequently not recognized as western brackenfern [37,189]. Cultivated plants of var. aquilinum begin to resemble adult western brackenfern after 18 weeks.  The rhizomes begin to develop after there are a number (up to 10) of fronds and a well-developed root system or in the fifteenth week of growth under optimal conditions.  In the first year rhizomes may grow to 86 inches (217 cm) long [20].  By the end of a second year the rhizome system may exceed 6 feet (18 dm) in diameter [20,37]. Western brackenfern's aggressive rhizome system gives it the ability to reproduce vegetatively and reduces the plant's dependence on water for reproduction [42].  The rhizomatous clones can be hundreds of years old, and some clones alive today may be over 1,000 years old [186,192,250]. Rhizomes have a high proportion of dormant buds [236].  When disturbed or broken off, all portions of the rhizome may sprout, and plants growing from small rhizome fragments revert temporarily to a juvenile morphology [48, 192].  A recent study of western brackenfern genotypes using isozyme patterns found individual clones in New England were up to 400 feet (120 m) in diameter, and clones often intermingled in an area [250].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    3  Southern Pacific Border
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
   14  Great Plains
   15  Black Hills Uplift
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: competition, cover, eruption, rhizome, shrubs, succession

Western brackenfern is basically a shade-intolerant pioneer and seral species that is sufficiently shade tolerant to survive in light-spots in old-growth forests [127,192,216].  A study in southwestern Oregon suggested that western brackenfern is an indicator of light intensity.  In this study western brackenfern cover was 75 percent at 60 to 100 percent of full sunlight, and dropped to 50 percent between 25 and 60 percent of full sunlight.  When light intensity was under 25 percent of full sunlight, western brackenfern cover was less than 5 percent [61]. The light, windborne spores of western brackenfern allow it to colonize newly vacant areas.  Western brackenfern has been documented as a pioneer on sterile, cooled lava slopes [190].  After disturbance in western Washington and northwestern Oregon forests, western brackenfern often invades sites where it was not previously present [78,100].  It enters the dry meadow stage of succession on coastal sand dunes of the Pacific Northwest and was an early seral species following the eruption of Mount St. Helens where some plants were observed originating from rhizome fragments [78,101,164]. In areas unaffected by coastal moisture western brackenfern rarely establishes from spores [68].  However, solitary plants may expand from rhizomes following disturbance [220,221].  These plants may depend upon canopy level removal or openings for establishment of a system of clonal ramets.  Under a canopy of oak and pine in the New Jersey pine barrens, western brackenfern distribution resembles that of sexually reproducing herbs rather than that of clones [161]. In western forests very small amounts of western brackenfern persist under a canopy for at least 200 to 400 years [94,133,169].  Following disturbance, western brackenfern is a common seral species that may be dominant in coastal forests from Oregon to Southern Alaska and in New England [50,94,114,133].  In the Pacific Northwest annuals may be followed closely by western brackenfern and other perennials [45,203].  It is seral in Oregon's interior valleys [89], in California coastal redwoods, and in valley oak (Quercus lobata), blue oak (Q. douglasii), and digger pine (Pinus sabiniana) savannas [93,249].  It follows disturbance in grand fir and cedar hemlock forests of the northern Rocky Mountains [153].  It occurs in seral brush fields in northern Idaho and southwestern Oregon [95,109].  In contrast, a study in white fir (Abies concolor) forests of the Sierra Nevada found western brackenfern predominantly in mature or late seral stands with low light intensities [36].  Authors of a New Jersey study with similar results suggested that western brackenfern distribution in their area was spotty and showed no real preference for low light [24]. In Southern longleaf pine plantations western brackenfern is associated with disturbance following thinning operations but is absent from patch or clearcut areas [245].  Following fire in a Pennsylvania scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia) community, western brackenfern increased rapidly immediately after burning but declined sharply after the first year due to competition from blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) and huckleberry (Gaylussacia spp.) [99]. Where western brackenfern invades grasslands and low shrublands, it may exhibit a cyclic succession.  If undisturbed, the dense western brackenfern cover gradually deteriorates into sparse western brackenfern with grass and shrubs. Eventually dense western brackenfern may reinvade [159,238].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pteris aquilina
Asplenium aquilinum
Allosorus aquilinus
Ornithopteris aquilina
Filix aquilina
Filix-foemina aquilina
Pteridium aquilinum var. lanuginosum
Pteris latiuscula
Pteridium aquilinum var. champlainese
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name of western brackenfern is Pteridium aquilinum
(L.) Kuhn. At this time western brackenfern is considered a single,
worldwide species, although some disagree [42,73,189,232]. There are
two recognized subspecies: aquilinum (formerly typicum) in the Northern
Hemisphere and caudatum in the Southern Hemisphere. Of the four
varieties of subspecies caudatum, one, var. caudatum, grows as far north
as southern Florida. Of the eight varieties in subspecies aquilinum,
three grow in North America and one in Hawaii [189,232].

In this report the main emphasis will be given to subspecies aquilinum
and the three main North American varieties of this subspecies:

P. a. var. pubescens, hairy brackenfern
P. a. var. pseudocaudatum, western brackenfern
P. a. var. latiusculum, decomposition brackenfern

In this review, the name "western brackenfern" is used for all varieties.
Var. aquilinum is very closely related to the three North American varieties
listed above [42, 232] and has been studied more intensely. Where information
concerning it or other non-North American western brackenfern is included,
either the varietal name or the location is given.

Where varieties of western brackenfern overlap, intergradation between them
occurs. Intermediates between P. a. var. pubescens and P. a. var. latiusculum occur
along the eastern edge of var. pubescens' range in Wyoming and Colorado
and perhaps in Michigan and Wisconsin. Likewise, where the ranges of
P. a. var. latiusculum and P. a. var. pseudocaudatum overlap, intermediates may be
found [73,189,232].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

Nonnative grasses are often seeded onto disturbed sites in some areas of the West to control erosion.  Sites with predisturbance cover of brackenfern do not normally need seeding and should be low in priority for such activities [229].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Crane, M. F. 1990. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por IABIN
Chile Central
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
autor
Pablo Gutierrez
site do parceiro
IABIN

Falguera (aquilina) ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La falguera (aquilina) (Pteridium aquilinum) és una espècie de falguera anomenada aquilina per la semblança de la secció de la seva fulla amb una àguila de dos caps.

El mot falguera serveix principalment per a designar aquesta espècie. [1]

Descripció

Проводящий пучок Pteridium aquilinum.JPG

Rizoma profund, llarg (fins a un metre) i gruixut, de color bru negrós;fulles coriàcies, de contorn amplament triangular fulla pinnatisecta amb llargs pecíols. Fa de 40 cm a 2 m d'alt i emet espores de juny a setembre.

Hàbitat

Espècie subcosmopolita absent en les zones seques o calcàries no descarbonatades per la pluja. A la península Ibèrica manca en gran part de la zona est. No s'hi fa a l'extrem nord d'Escandinàvia ni a Islàndia. Apareix també a parts del nord d'Àfrica.

Als Països Catalans manca a Eivissa i a la major part del País Valencià i de Mallorca, es troba en la part silícia de Menorca. A Catalunya és pròpia de la Catalunya humida, en general del Llobregat al nord, però també més al sud, als Ports de Beseit. Arriba als 1.700m d'altitud a Catalunya, als 1.600 al País Valencià i als 1000 a la Serra de Tramuntana de Mallorca.

Referències

  1. Oriol de Bolòs i Josep Vigo Flora dels Països Catalans 1980

Enllaços externs

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons (Galeria)
Commons
Commons (Categoria) Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
Viquiespècies
Viquiespècies


licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Falguera (aquilina): Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La falguera (aquilina) (Pteridium aquilinum) és una espècie de falguera anomenada aquilina per la semblança de la secció de la seva fulla amb una àguila de dos caps.

El mot falguera serveix principalment per a designar aquesta espècie.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Hasivka orličí ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Hasivka orličí (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, 1879) je kapradina z čeledi hasivkovitých. Je to nejvyšší kapradina rostoucí v České republice, může dosáhnout výšky až 2,5 metru.[1]

Názvosloví

Lidová jména: kapraď orličí, křídlatěnec, kapradí samice

Rodové jméno hasivka je odvozeno od schopnosti druhu zahajovat sukcese na plochách vzniklých po lesním požáru, jelikož její oddenek roste hluboko pod zemí. Světle zelená listová čepel je tuhá a obvykle vodorovně rozložená. Skládá se z podlouhle kopinatých lístečků. Kopinaté lístečky jsou na špičce celokrajné, při spodině laločnaté, s kupkami výtrusnic při ohrnutém okraji.

Popis

Je to statná rostlina, která nese nepřezimující světle zelené 2–3x zpeřené listy. Vyrůstají po jednom ze silného plazivého oddenku, který je hluboko pod zemí. Jsou až 2,5 m vysoké, kožovité a mají trojhranný řapík vysoký až 1 m. V mládí je spirálovitě svinutý. Na šikmém průřezu dolní části řapíku vytvářejí cévní svazky obraz, který se podobá dvouhlavému orlu – odtud vznikl druhový název.

Rozmnožování

Výtrusnice dozrávají v červenci až září, pukají příčnou skulinkou a vypadává z nich mnoho drobných výtrusů, které jsou chráněné ohrnutým okrajem čepele. Z výtrusů vyrůstá nadzemní prvoklíček srdčitého a lupenitého tvaru s četnými kořínkovými vlákny. Na prvoklíčku dále vyrůstají kuželovité pelatky se samčími buňkami a později lahvicovité zárodečníky s vaječnou buňkou, z níž po oplodnění vyrůstá nová rostlinka.

Možnost záměny

Hasivka orličí se někdy může zaměňovat s další vytrvalou kapradinou – kapraď samec (Dryopteris filix-mas), který však má kratší a rezavě zbarvený oddenek, ze kterého vyrůstají asi 120 cm vysoké,tmavě zelené a jednoduše zpeřené listy. Listy obsahují lístky, které jsou vpředu zoubkaté. Řapík má kratší než čepel a jeho výtrusy jsou zcela kryté ledvinovitou ostěrou.

Výskyt

Roste na písčitých i hlinitých kyselých půdách,zvláště ve světlých listnatých i jehličnatých lesích, zejména borových. Může se vyskytovat ve vřesovištích nebo na stráních, někdy i mimo les. Preferuje nevápenité půdy. Často vytváří rozsáhlé a souvislé porosty.

 src=
Rozvíjející se list

Hasivka orličí je typický kosmopolitní druh rozšířený po celém světě. Roste ve všech zemích v lesním pásmu, kromě Jižní Ameriky.

 src=
Dospělá rostlina

Využití

  • Hasivka orličí má oddenky bohaté na škrob a sliz, které se dříve používaly v lidovém léčitelství.
  • V době hladu se z usušených oddenků pekl chléb nebo se z nich vařilo pivo. V korejské kuchyni se používají jako zelenina pod názvem gosari.
  • Hasivka se používá i jako bylinný lék, efektivní je zvláště proti parazitům. Američtí Indiáni jedli syrové oddenky jako opatření proti bronchitidě.
  • V současnosti je ve Walesu sklízena jako průmyslový kompost.
  • Syrová hasivka obsahuje enzym thiaminázu.[2] Nadměrnou konzumací může způsobit beri-beri, zvláště u zvířat s jednoduchým žaludkem. Přežvýkavci jsou méně náchylní, protože dokáží thiamin syntetizovat.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Bracken na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. SLAVÍK, Bohumil (editor). Květena České republiky 1. 2. vyd. Praha: Academia, 1997. ISBN 80-200-0643-5. (česky)
  2. http://www.ivis.org/advances/Beasley/Cpt2E/ivis.pdf

Literatura

  • Květena ČSR, kol.autorů, Academia, Praha, 1981

Externí odkazy

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CZ

Hasivka orličí: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Hasivka orličí (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, 1879) je kapradina z čeledi hasivkovitých. Je to nejvyšší kapradina rostoucí v České republice, může dosáhnout výšky až 2,5 metru.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CZ

Ørnebregne ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Ørnebregne (Pteridium aquilinum) er Danmarks største bregne, op til 2 meter høj. Med sine kraftige jordstængler danner den store tætte bestande. Fra jordstænglen udgår enkeltstående kraftige bladstilke, der omtrent halvvejs er "knækket" med den store trekantede bladflade på den øverste halvdel. Bladstilken er op til 1 cm tyk og bladfladen er opdelt i flere "etager" der hver er 2-3 gange fjersnitdelte.

Snittes bladstilkens nederste del lige over, ses et ejendommeligt mønster, der kan minde om den dobbelthovede ørn, der f.eks. ses i det albanske flag og i det russiske statsvåben – heraf navnet Ørnebregne.

Den kraftige jordstængel, der spreder sig vidt omkring, kan ødelægge arkæologiske fund.

Højde x bredde: 2,00 x 1,00 m.

Anvendelse

Visse steder spises friske skud som grøntsag. Ørnebregne har også været brugt til mel og ølbrygning. Tørrede blade anvendes som underlag eller dække for dyr. Intet af dette kan dog anbefales, da Ørnebregne har vist sig at være giftig, og alt efter indtaget mængde kan den på længere sigt fremkalde kræft eller direkte blindhed. [1]

Voksested

Ørnebregne er almindelig i Danmark på Øerne og i Østjylland, men sjældnere i Vestjylland. Den foretrækker skovbund, gerne sur, men ses også i krat, på heder og andre steder. Den er lyskrævende.

Ørnebregne findes på alle kontinenter undtagen Antarktis. Som sporeplante fordrer den en vis fugtighed for at reproducere ved sporer, men tåler tørke bedre end mange andre bregner.




Noter

  1. ^ Naturens egne pesticider på Københavns Universitets websted

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DA

Ørnebregne: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Ørnebregne (Pteridium aquilinum) er Danmarks største bregne, op til 2 meter høj. Med sine kraftige jordstængler danner den store tætte bestande. Fra jordstænglen udgår enkeltstående kraftige bladstilke, der omtrent halvvejs er "knækket" med den store trekantede bladflade på den øverste halvdel. Bladstilken er op til 1 cm tyk og bladfladen er opdelt i flere "etager" der hver er 2-3 gange fjersnitdelte.

Snittes bladstilkens nederste del lige over, ses et ejendommeligt mønster, der kan minde om den dobbelthovede ørn, der f.eks. ses i det albanske flag og i det russiske statsvåben – heraf navnet Ørnebregne.

Den kraftige jordstængel, der spreder sig vidt omkring, kan ødelægge arkæologiske fund.

Højde x bredde: 2,00 x 1,00 m.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DA

Adlerfarn ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum) ist ein weltweit verbreiteter, auffälliger Farn. Er gehört zur Gattung der Adlerfarne (Pteridium) und zur Familie der Dennstaedtiaceae. Obwohl Adlerfarn giftig ist, wird er in einigen Regionen der Welt traditionell als Wildgemüse genutzt.

Verbreitung

Der Adlerfarn kommt weltweit vor. Lediglich in den polaren Gebieten und in Wüsten fehlt er. In Mitteleuropa ist er überall verbreitet und häufig. In manchen regenreichen Gegenden wie Irland oder Schottland prägt der Adlerfarn ganze Landschaften.

In den Allgäuer Alpen steigt er am Söllerkopf bei Oberstdorf bis zu 1600 m über Meereshöhe auf.[1]

Er wächst gerne in lichten Wäldern, an Waldrändern und von solchen Waldrändern unterirdisch in Wiesen und Weiden hinaus hohe und dichte, den Graswuchs verdrängende Bestände bildend oder in Gebüschen auf bodensaurem Untergrund. Auf nährstoffärmeren Böden kann er nach Kahlschlägen oder Waldbränden Massenbestände bilden. Auch in lichten Kiefern-Wäldern breitet er sich häufig dominierend in der Krautschicht aus. Er kommt in Mitteleuropa in Pflanzengesellschaften des Pruno-Rubion, des Quercion roboris und des Luzulo-Fagenion vor.[2]

Die ökologischen Zeigerwerte nach Landolt et al. 2010 sind in der Schweiz: Feuchtezahl F = 3w+ (mäßig feucht aber stark wechselnd), Lichtzahl L = 3 (halbschattig), Reaktionszahl R = 2 (sauer), Temperaturzahl T = 3 (montan), Nährstoffzahl N = 2 (nährstoffarm), Kontinentalitätszahl K = 2 (subozeanisch).[3]

Für die Forstwirtschaft werden dichte Bestände des Adlerfarn problematisch, da sie „verdämmend“ wirken, nämlich so gut wie jede Naturverjüngung der Bäume unmöglich machen und auf Forstkulturflächen gepflanzte Bäume rasch verdunkeln können. Bei nicht genutzten landwirtschaftlichen Flächen kann sich Adlerfarn gelegentlich ebenfalls stark ausbreiten und eine erneute Nutzung verhindern. Deshalb werden bei Bedarf Herbizide mit Glyphosat gegen den Adlerfarn eingesetzt. Mechanische oder biologische Bekämpfungen zeigen geringere Erfolge.[4]

Im Landkreis Lörrach, beiderseits oberhalb des Wiesentals zwischen Todtnau und Zell, breitet sich der Adlerfarn zum Teil auf bereits hektargroßen, nicht mehr genutzten höher gelegenen Weideflächen aus und verdrängt insbesondere Futtergräser und -kräuter in diesen historischen Kulturlandschaften. Im Rahmen eines Naturschutzgroßprojektes im Südschwarzwald wird versucht, den Farn ohne chemische Unterstützung durch Mähen und Mulchen sowie durch die Wiederaufnahme der Beweidung zurückzudrängen.[5] Dabei soll auf sehr steilen und eher südwärts exponierten Hängen ein dichter klonaler Adlerfarn-Bewuchs als Erosionsschutz erhalten bleiben.

Merkmale

 src=
Gefiederte Fieder eines Großwedels des Adlerfarns
 src=
Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum), Illustration
 src=
Der Adlerfarn in einem Wald. Die Pflanze kann sehr breite Flächen einnehmen
 src=
Ein für die Weißkrain typischer Steljnik, wo Adlerfarn als Einstreu für Ställe angebaut wurde
 src=
Adlerfarn im Herbst im Forst Rundshorn

Der Adlerfarn besitzt ein im Boden kriechendes, verzweigtes Rhizom, das sehr ausgedehnt und alt werden kann.

Am Rhizom entstehen jedes Jahr die einzeln stehenden, leicht überhängenden Wedel. Diese sind im Gegensatz zu anderen in Mitteleuropa vorkommenden Farnen 3- bis 4-fach gefiedert[6] und in der Regel 0,5 bis 2 Meter hoch. Unter günstigen Bedingungen, sich anlehnend, können sie allerdings auch Höhen von bis zu 4 Meter erreichen.

Die Sori stehen am Rande der Unterseite der Blattfiedern und werden nicht nur von einem Schleier (Indusium), sondern zusätzlich vom umgerollten Blättchenrand bedeckt.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 104.[2]

Ökologie

Der Adlerfarn ist ein frostempfindlicher Rhizom-Geophyt, ein Spreizklimmer und der größte heimische Farn. Er bildet eine VA-Mykorrhiza aus, eine besondere Form der Symbiose mit einem Pilz, der mit dem Feinwurzelsystem der Pflanze in Kontakt ist.

Abweichend von den übrigen heimischen Farnen finden sich die Sporenanlagen (Sporangien) unter dem umgerollten Blattrand und es entstehen keine voneinander getrennten Sori. Die Sporen bilden sich allerdings nur in sonnigen, milden Klimalagen; sie breiten sich als Körnchenflieger durch den Wind aus. Sporenreife ist im Oktober.

Bei der geschlechtlichen Vermehrung entsteht aus der Spore zunächst noch kein neuer Farn, sondern ein blattförmiger grüner Vorkeim mit einfachem (haploidem) Chromosomensatz, das Prothallium. Das Prothallium bildet dann die eigentlichen Keimzellen aus. Bei Anwesenheit von Wasser als Medium, in dem sich die reifen Keimzellen fortbewegen können, findet dann eine Befruchtung statt. Aus der befruchteten Eizelle des Prothalliums entsteht eine neue diploide Farnpflanze mit wieder vollständigem Chromosomensatz.

Die vegetative Vermehrung erfolgt durch die langen unterirdischen Kriechsprosse (Rhizome). Es wurden in Finnland Rhizome bis zu 60 m Länge gefunden, entsprechend einem angenommenen Alter von 1.500 Jahren.[6] Der Adlerfarn ist kalkmeidend.

Giftigkeit

Die gesamte Pflanze ist giftig. Die jungen Blätter enthalten den höchsten Gehalt an Wirkstoffen wie Blausäureglycoside. Im Erwachsenenalter stellt die Pflanze eine größere Bandbreite an Giftstoffen her, unter ihnen das Enzym Thiaminase, Ptaquilosid, ein instabiles Glykosid, und ein Saponin, Pteridin.

Reaktionen auf die Pflanze ergeben sich aus den Verzehrgewohnheiten und der damit verbundenen konsumierten Menge sowie den Empfindlichkeiten der Konsumenten. Auch welcher Teil der Pflanze und zu welcher Jahreszeit er konsumiert wird, kann einen Einfluss auf die Art der Schädigung haben.

Vergiftungen bei Pferden, Ziegen und Schweinen zeigen sich durch eine Vitamin-B1-zerstörende Wirkung, hervorgerufen durch das Enzym Thiaminase. Folgen für das Tier sind Störungen des zentralen Nervensystems, von außen wahrnehmbar durch resultierende Störungen im Bewegungsablauf bzw. motorische Störungen. Bei Rindern zeigen sich andere Reaktionen. Vergiftungen werden sichtbar durch das Auftreten von Blutungen in Maul, Nase und Stoffwechselorganen – Blut findet sich in Stuhl und Urin („Blutharnen“).[7] Auch die Entstehung von Blasen- und Darmkrebs bei Rindern, die die Pflanze fressen, gilt als nachgewiesen.[8] Da die oberirdischen Pflanzenteile ihre Giftwirkung auch nach dem Trocknen noch beibehalten, besteht durch die Kuhmilch auch eine Gefahr für den Menschen. Bei kleinen Wirbeltieren wie Hasen sind auch Erblindungen und das Auftreten von Krebs bekannt.

Nutzung

Trotz seiner Giftigkeit wird junger Adlerfarn regional als Salat oder Wildgemüse gegessen.[9][10] In einigen Gebieten Nordamerikas und Asiens, sowie in Neuseeland und Afrika wird der Adlerfarn verzehrt. Ein verstärktes Auftreten von Tumoren der Speiseröhre und Magenkarzinomen in diesen Gegenden wird damit in Verbindung gebracht.(Beleg fehlt)

In Europa wird Adlerfarn überwiegend aus Versehen verspeist, weil er mit dem genießbareren Straußenfarn verwechselt wurde. Verzehrt man den Farn roh oder unzureichend durchgegart, treten jedoch nach dem Verzehr beider Arten Vergiftungserscheinungen auf.[11][12]

In asiatischen Ländern wie China ist Farm dagegen bereits seit 3000 Jahren Teil des Speiseplans. Adlerfarn gilt dabei als die beliebteste Farnspezies, von der alle Teile so zubereitet werden, dass sie essbar sind.[13]

Eine besondere Behandlung macht den Farn dabei bekömmlicher; in Japan wird er vor dem Verzehr über Nacht in eine heiße Natronlösung gelegt, bevor sie am nächsten Tag in frischem Wasser gekocht werden. Sie weisen eine schleimige Konsistenz auf und werden meist kalt mit Sojasauce gegessen. Auch wird Stärke durch Auswaschung aus den zerkleinerten Rhizomen gewonnen, die für Süßspeisen verwendet wird, aber mehr und mehr durch ein Surrogat aus Süßkartoffelstärke ersetzt wird.

In der Weißkrain wurde in sogenannten Steljniki (Einstreuwälder, von slowenisch stelja ‚Streu‘) Adlerfarn als Einstreu kultiviert.[14][15]

Systematik

Die Systematik des Adlerfarns ist ziemlich unklar. Er wird manchmal als einzige Art seiner Gattung angesehen, manchmal werden der Gattung Pteridium auch noch einige andere, tropische Arten zugeordnet. Je nach Autor gehört er zu einer der Familien Dennstaedtiaceae, Hypolepidaceae oder Pteridaceae. Deren Einordnung in eine Ordnung wird wiederum unterschiedlich gehandhabt.

 src=
Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum behaarte Blattspindel und gewimperte Blattfiedern, Unterseite

In Mitteleuropa werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden:

  • Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum: Mit behaarter Blattspindel. Vorkommen im ganzen Bereich der Art.
  • Pteridium aquilinum subsp. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex A. Heller: Mit fast kahler Blattspindel und stets ungewimperten Blattfiedern. Nördliches Mitteleuropa und Nordeuropa, Asien und Nordamerika.[16] Nach M.Hassler kommt diese Unterart nur in Nordamerika vor.[17]

Literatur

  • Ruprecht Düll, Herfried Kutzelnigg: Taschenlexikon der Pflanzen Deutschlands und angrenzender Länder. Die häufigsten mitteleuropäischen Arten im Portrait. 7., korrigierte und erweiterte Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1.
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol. 3., verbesserte Auflage. Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9.
  • Thomas Gaskell Tutin et al.: Flora Europaea. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae. Zweite Auflage, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-15366-9
  • Christiane Volger: Der Adlerfarn und seine Bekämpfung mit Aminotriazol. Schriftenreihe der Forstlichen Fakultät der Universität Göttingen und Mitteilungen der Niedersächsischen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt (Band 41). Sauerländer, Frankfurt am Main 1969, 104 Seiten.
  • Bernhard Marbach und Christian Kainz: Farne, Moose, Flechten. Zweite Auflage, BLV Buchverlag, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-8354-0664-3, S. 18.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung. Band 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6, S. 65.
  2. a b Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001. Seite 74. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
  3. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn In: Info Flora, dem nationalen Daten- und Informationszentrum der Schweizer Flora. Abgerufen am 30. März 2021.
  4. Maxi Boronczyk, Andrea Hahne, Kristin Hess und Bianca Rau: Problempflanze Adlerfarn: Die Auswirkungen auf die Artenvielfalt und verschiedene Strategien zur Bekämpfung. (Memento vom 8. Dezember 2015 im Internet Archive) In: Pulsatilla. Heft 8, 2005, S. 33–39 (PDF, abgerufen am 29. November 2015).
  5. Maßnahmen: Adlerfarnbekämpfung. Naturschutzgroßprojekt Feldberg-Belchen-Oberes Wiesental, abgerufen am 8. Juni 2019.
  6. a b Bernhard Marbach und Christian Kainz: Farne, Moose, Flechten. Zweite Auflage, BLV Buchverlag, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-8354-0664-3, S. 18.
  7. Adlerfarn Pteridium aquilinum. Botanikus.de, abgerufen am 24. August 2018.
  8. Ed. M. Potter und Mark S. Baird: Carcinogenic effects of ptaquiloside in bracken fern and related compounds. In: British Journal of Cancer. Band 83, Nummer 7, Oktober 2000, S. 914–920, doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1368, PMID 10970694, PMC 2374682 (freier Volltext).
  9. Theodor C.H. Cole: Wörterbuch der Lebensmittel - Dictionary of Foods (eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche).
  10. Michael Ashkenazi, Jeanne Jacob: Glossareintrag warabi. In: The Essence of Japanese Cuisine: An Essay on Food and Culture (eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche).
  11. Ist der Farn essbar? Gartenjournal.net, aufgerufen am 6. April 2022
  12. Bulletin #4198, Facts on Fiddleheads University of Maine, aufgerufen am 6. April 2022
  13. Yujing Liu & Wujisguleng Wujisguleng (2012): Food uses of ferns in China: A review. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 81(4):263-270 doi:10.5586/asbp.2012.046
  14. The Land of Birch Trees :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija. rtvslo.si, abgerufen am 25. September 2018.
  15. Metlika - Slovene regions and municipalities in numbers. stat.si, abgerufen am 25. September 2018.
  16. Pteridium im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  17. Michael Hassler: Taxon in Suchmaske eintragen bei World Ferns. - Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 12.10 vom Februar 2022.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Adlerfarn: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum) ist ein weltweit verbreiteter, auffälliger Farn. Er gehört zur Gattung der Adlerfarne (Pteridium) und zur Familie der Dennstaedtiaceae. Obwohl Adlerfarn giftig ist, wird er in einigen Regionen der Welt traditionell als Wildgemüse genutzt.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Aadlerfar ( Luxemburguês; Letzeburgesch )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Den Aadlerfar (Pteridium aquilinum) ass eng Farenaart, déi praktesch, mat Ausnahm vu Polar- a Wüstegéigenden, op der ganzer Welt verbreet ass. Zu Lëtzebuerg fënnt een e virun allem am Gréngewald an an de Bëscher vun der a ronderëm d'Regioun Mëllerdall.[1]

Charakteristiken

 src=
Aadlerfar (Pteridium aquilinum), Illustratioun.

Dem Aadlerfar säi Rhizom wiisst ënnert dem Buedem a ka wäit verzweigt an al ginn. Vun do wuessen ënnerierdesch Ausleefer, vu wou aus nei Stäck erauskommen. Nieft dëser vegetativer Fortplanzung kann e sech, wann d'Klima et zouléisst, och geschlechtlech iwwer Spore verbreeden, déi als Anemochorie vum Wand verspreet ginn.

Um Rhizom entsinn all Joers eenzel nei Stiller (de: "Wedel"), déi liicht no ënne gebéit sinn, an un deenen 3 bis 4 mol gefidert sinn. Si kënnen 0,5 bis 2 Meter héich ginn.

D'Sori stinn um Bord vun der ënneschter Säit vun de Blatfideren a si vun enger Zort Schleier (Indusium) a vum ëmgerullte Rand vum Blietche bedeckt.

Den Aadlerfar ass gëfteg.

E wiisst gär an net ze dicht bewuessene Bëscher oder um Bord vu Bëscher, wourënner Eechen- a Bichebëscher (Quercion roboris a Luzulo-Fagenion)

Systematik

D'Systematik vum Aadlerfar ass net ganz kloer: Heiansdo gëtt en als eenzeg Aart vu senger Gattung ugesinn, heiansdo ginn nach aner tropesch Aarte mat bei d'Gattung Pteridium gezielt. Jee no Auteur gehéiert en zu der Famill vun den Dennstaedtiaceae, den Hypolepidaceae oder de Pteridaceae. Déi ginn och nees a verschidden Uerdnungen aklasséiert.

A Mëtteleuropa ënnerscheet een no zwou Ënneraarten:

  • Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum a
  • Pteridium aquilinum subsp. latiusculum

Literatur

  • Bernhard Marbach, Christian Kainz: Farne, Moose, Flechten. 2. Oplo, BLV Buchverlag, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-8354-0664-3, S. 18.

Um Spaweck

Commons: Aadlerfar (Pteridium aquilinum) – Biller, Videoen oder Audiodateien

Referenzen

  1. https://pteridophytes.lu/pteridium-aquilinum/
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia Autoren an Editeuren
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Aadlerfar: Brief Summary ( Luxemburguês; Letzeburgesch )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Den Aadlerfar (Pteridium aquilinum) ass eng Farenaart, déi praktesch, mat Ausnahm vu Polar- a Wüstegéigenden, op der ganzer Welt verbreet ass. Zu Lëtzebuerg fënnt een e virun allem am Gréngewald an an de Bëscher vun der a ronderëm d'Regioun Mëllerdall.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia Autoren an Editeuren
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Ifilku ( Cabila )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ifilku (Isem usnan: Pteridium aquilinum) d talmest n yemɣi seg twacult n dennstaedtiaceae Suqel. Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian Kuhn Suqel d amdan amezwaru i yuran fell-as deg useggas n 1879.

Tilmas

 src=
Pteridium aquilinum - Ifilku[1][2]

Ismawen

  • Isem-is s latinit: Pteridium aquilinum
  • Isem-is s tefransist: Fougére aigle
  • Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Taferca[3]
  • Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt:

Isseqdac

Tiwelhiwin

  1. 'Imɣan n Tensawt - Plantes de Kabylie ' - Saïd Zidat - Editions Innexsys, Luxembourg, Avril 2016 ISBN 978-99959-0-205-6 www.imghantensawt.lu
  2. 'Plantes médicinales de Kabylie' - Mohand Aïd Youssef - Ibis Press -Paris 2006
  3. 'Amawal n Yemɣan - Lexique de plantes ' - Chabane Mohand u Remdane - Mémoire d'études en Agronomie - Université de Tizi ouzou (non daté ~années 80)
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Ifilku: Brief Summary ( Cabila )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ifilku (Isem usnan: Pteridium aquilinum) d talmest n yemɣi seg twacult n dennstaedtiaceae Suqel. Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian Kuhn Suqel d amdan amezwaru i yuran fell-as deg useggas n 1879.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Pteridium aquilinum ( Escoceses )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Pteridium aquilinum (brachen, fairy's cairds, trowie's cairds, or earn fern) is a species o fern occurrin in temperate an subtropical regions in baith hemispheres.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Абаға ( Basquir )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Абаға (лат. Pterídium aquilínum), гиполепис һымаҡтар ғаиләһенә ҡараған абаға һымаҡтар заты. Был үҫемлекте ҡаҙаяҡ тип тә атайҙар.

Ботаник яҙма

 src=
К. А. М. Линдман «Bilder ur Nordens Flora», 1917—1926 китабынан ботаник иллюстрация

8 төрө билдәле, сүллек, дала һәм поляр раайондарҙан башҡа бөтә ер шарында таралған. Башҡортостанда ҡәҙимге ҡаҙаяҡ үҫә. Бейеклеге 50—120 см булған оҙон тамырһабаҡлы күп йыллыҡ үлән. Япраҡтары (вайялары) оҙон һаплы, асыҡ йәшел төҫтә, тиресәле, ҡаты, ике, өс тапҡыр ҡауырһын һымаҡ теленмә, оҙон тамырһабаҡта яңғыҙар урынлашҡандар. 1‑се тәртип сегменттары ланцет формаһында, ҡапма‑ҡаршы, аҫҡылары һаплы, 2‑се тәртип — киң төплө оҙонса‑ланцет формаһында, ултырма. Сорустары (спорангиялар төркөмдәре) япраҡ өлөштәренең төрөлгән ситтәре аҫтында бөтөн һыҙат булып урынлашҡан (ялған япма). Споралары һорғолт‑һары, бөртөклө‑төйөрсөклө. Споралары июль—сентябрҙә оса.

 src=
Һабағының киҫелеше

Таралышы

Һирәкләнгән ылыҫлы, япраҡлы урмандарҙа һәм уларҙың ситтәрендә, ҡырҡылған урмандарҙа, ҡоро битләүҙәрҙә, ҡыуаҡлыҡтар араһында үҫә. Кальцефил. Декоратив, ағыулы үҫемлек. Тамырһабаҡтарында алкалоидтар, сапониндар бар; халыҡ медицинаһында ҡулланыла. Инсектицид үҙенсәлектәргә эйә.

Файҙаланылыуы

 src=
Ҡаҙаяҡ «ҡусҡарҙары»

Ҡытайҙа, Кореяла, Японияла һәм Рәсәйҙә асылып бөтмәгән япраҡтары һәм йомшаҡ һабаҡтары ашау өсөн ҡулланыла. Уларҙы «ҡусҡарҙар» тип йөрөтәләр. Уларҙы ҡышҡылыҡҡа маринадлайҙар, Европа илдәрендә лә файҙаланалар. Сахалинда һәм Камчаткала Япония һәм ҡытайға эксполрт өсөн әҙерләйҙәр.

 src=
Маринадланған ҡаҙаяҡтан салат

Япон тәмлекәсе «вараби-моти» (эсле ваҡ бәлеш) ҡаҙаяҡ крахмалынан әҙерләнә.

Ҡаҙаяҡ менән кореялылар оладьи чон әҙерләйҙәр.

Тамырынан яһалған төнәтмә халыҡ медицинаһында уңышлы файҙаланыла. Балаларҙа рахит булғанда , ҡаҙаяҡ төнәтмәһе менән дауалайҙар. Шулай уҡ бабасыр булғанда файҙаланыла. Тамыры 46 % тирәһе крахмалдан тора. Шулай уҡ елем эшләгәндә, һыра ҡайнатҡанда ҡулланыла. Сусҡалар һәм ҡабандар тарафынан яратып ашала. Башҡа мал өсөн ағыулы.

Яңы Зеландияның Маориҙары, Канар утрауҙарының ерле халҡы, Төньяҡ Америка индейҙары киптереп ваҡланған тамырынан икмәк әҙерләгән, шулай уҡ сей килеш тә ашағандар. Аслыҡ йылдарында Европа дәүләттәре халҡы ла икмәк бешереп ашаған һәм аслыҡтан ҡотолған. Япраҡтарын крәҫтәидәр сереүгә ҡаршы ҡулланғандар: аҙыҡтарын, еләк-емеш һәм йәшелсәләр төргәндәр; мал аҫтына түшәгәндәр (уның тиреҫе бик яҡшы тип иҫәпләнгән). Урта быуаттарҙа Англияла ҡаҙаяҡ япраҡтары менән өй ҡыйығын япҡандар. Шулай уҡ яғыулыҡ һәм ашлама итеп тә файҙаланғандар.

Япраҡ көлөндә поташ калий корбанаты бар. Шуға күрә унан быяла әҙерләгәндәр һәм йәшел һабын етештәргәндәр. Уның кер ағартыу сере һабын барлыҡҡа килгәнсе үк билдәле булған. Йәй көнө ҡаҙаяҡ көлөнән йомарлаҡтар әҙерләп киптергәндәр һәм йыл буйы һабын урынына файҙаланғандар һәм ефәк етештереүгә тотонғандар. Был хәл Британия утрауҙарында XIX быуатҡа ҡәҙәре ҡулланылған.

Иҫкәрмәләр

Сығанаҡтар

http://www.башкирская-энциклопедия.рф/index.php/read/8-statya/7488-a-aya

Әҙәбиәт

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Абаға: Brief Summary ( Basquir )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Абаға (лат. Pterídium aquilínum), гиполепис һымаҡтар ғаиләһенә ҡараған абаға һымаҡтар заты. Был үҫемлекте ҡаҙаяҡ тип тә атайҙар.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Pteridium aquilinum ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Pteridium aquilinum, commonly called bracken, brake or common bracken and also known as eagle fern, is a species of fern occurring in temperate and subtropical regions in both hemispheres. Originally native to Eurasia and North America, the extreme lightness of its spores has led to it achieving a cosmopolitan distribution.

Etymology

Common bracken was first described as Pteris aquilina by Carl Linnaeus, in Volume 2 of his Species Plantarum in 1753. The origin of the specific epithet derived from the Latin aquila "eagle". In the reprint of the Flora Suecica in 1755, Linnaeus explains that the name refers to the image of an eagle seen in the transverse section of the root.[3] In spite of this, the opinion has been forwarded that the name pertains to the shape of the mature fronds appearing akin to an eagle's wing.[4] However, medieval scholars, including Erasmus, thought the pattern of the fibres seen in a transverse section of the stipe resembled a double-headed eagle or oak tree.

Taxonomy

It was traditionally treated as the sole species in the genus Pteridium (brackens); authorities have split and recognised up to 11 species in the genus, however. It was placed in the genus Pteridium by Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian Kuhn in 1879.[5] Genetic analysis of Pteridium from 100 different locations worldwide has revealed two distinct species and despite the common name "bracken" being shared, the "southern" species is Pteridium esculentum. Though the southern P. esculentum shows little genetic diversity among physically isolated locations, P. aquilinum has distinct groups at the continental scale. However, evidence of long-distance gene flow was found in samples taken from Hawaii that presented elements of both North American and Asian subspecies of P. aquilinum.[6]

Description

Common bracken is a herbaceous perennial plant, deciduous in winter. The large, roughly triangular fronds are produced singly, arising upwards from an underground rhizome, and grow to 0.3–1 m (1–3 ft) tall; the main stem, or stipe, is up to 1 cm (0.4 in) diameter at the base. It dies back to ground level in autumn.[7] The rhizome grows up to 3.5 m (11.5 ft) deep, about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter, and up to 15 m (49 ft) long. Because it regrows in the spring from an underground rhizome, P. aquilinum tends to be found in dense colonies on genetically identical fronds. In the spring as the plant enters its growing cycle, fiddleheads are first sent up from the rhizome. The density and area covered by a single rhizome maximizes that rhizome's chance of biological success when sending up new growth. The new growth presents as vertical stalks, coiled and covered in silver-gray hairs, that can be several feet in height before unfurling into fronds.[8]

Reproduction

Sporangia are formed in sori on the underside of the frond.[9] They are arranged in narrow brown bands, and form spores over July, August and September.[10]

Habitat

Bracken grows in pastures, deciduous and coniferous woodlands, and hillsides. It prefers acidic soils.[10]

An adaptable plant, bracken readily colonises disturbed areas. It can even be aggressive in countries where it is native, such as England, where it has invaded heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) stands on the North Yorkshire moors.[11] In Ireland, bracken is found in open woodland and sandy pastures.[9]

Distribution

Bracken is native to Europe, Eastern Asia and North America,[10] but now has an almost cosmopolitan distribution.[12] In the Americas, it is found throughout the continental United States and the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland. Its range's northern border extends to southern Alaska, while its southern reaches the northern portions of Mexico, as well as the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean.[10] Weedy in acidic upland pastures of northwestern Europe.[12]

Uses

Food

Commercially packaged warabimochi (bracken jelly) in Japan

Despite its established toxicity, P. aquilinum’s global distribution — it is the fifth most widely distributed common weed species in the world — means that it has a long history of being consumed in many parts of the world.[13] The toxicity and wide distribution has led to variation in cultural attitudes towards the consumption of the plant. In the United Kingdom where P. aquilinum is extremely successful, the rhizome was once consumed during and after World War I.[14] However the Royal Horticultural Society now explicitly advises against its consumption due to toxicity.[15]

Bracken is a widely eaten vegetable in Korea, Japan, Russian Far East, and parts of China where they have historically been some of the most important wild vegetables consumed.[16] Populations of these countries where bracken is traditionally consumed have been able to access bracken in new locations after immigrating due to P. aquilinum’s global ubiquity.

In Korea, bracken is known as gosari. It is soaked, parboiled, and stir-fried, and often eaten as a side dish (namul).[17] It is also a classic ingredient of bibimbap.[18]

In Japan, bracken is known as warabi (蕨, ワラビ), and a jelly-like starch made from it is a key ingredient for the chilled dessert warabimochi. As a type of sansai (mountain vegetables), young bracken shoots are steamed, boiled, or cooked in soups. The shoots are also preserved in salt, sake, or miso.[19]

Bracken shoots have been used to produce beer in Siberia, and among indigenous peoples of North America.[19]

The rhizome can be ground into flour to make bread. In the Canary Islands, the rhizome was historically used to make a porridge called gofio.[19]

Bracken leaves are used in the Mediterranean region to filter sheep's milk, and to store freshly made ricotta cheese.[19]

Pharmacology

P. aquilinum has been investigated for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties.[20]

Toxicity

The plant contains the carcinogenic compound ptaquiloside.[21] Ptaquiloside is known to cause hemorrhagic diseases in ruminants, tumors and hematological problems in non-ruminants, and is correlated with esophageal and gastric cancer in humans.[13][22] High stomach cancer rates are found in Japan and North Wales, where the young stems are used as a vegetable, but it is unknown whether bracken plays any part or if the cancer can be attributed to another cause.[23] Consumption of ptaquiloside-contaminated milk is thought to contribute to human gastric cancer in the Andean states of Venezuela.[24] The spores have also been implicated as carcinogens. Consumption of contaminated water and meat may be dangerous as well.[25]

However, ptaquiloside is water-soluble, and is reduced by soaking bracken in cool water.[16] Korean and Japanese cooks have traditionally soaked the shoots in water and ash to detoxify the plant before eating.[19] Ptaquiloside also degenerates at room temperature, which explains why the rat studies were done with the toxin stored at −20 °C (−4 °F).[16] At boiling temperature, the carcinogen denatures almost completely.[16] Salt and baking soda also help with volatilizing the chemical.[16]

It has been suggested that selenium supplementation can prevent as well as reverse the immunotoxic effects induced by ptaquiloside from Pteridium aquilinum.[26]

References

  1. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Fern". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  2. ^ Christenhusz, M., Bento Elias, R., Dyer, R., Ivanenko, Y., Rouhan, G., Rumsey, F. & Väre, H. 2017. Pteridium aquilinum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T73691742A85427115. Downloaded on 01 July 2021.
  3. ^ radix oblique dissecta refert aliquatenus aquilam imperialem
  4. ^ Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida ethnobotany. CRC Press. p. 551. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  5. ^ Thomson, John A. (2004). "Towards a taxonomic revision of Pteridium (Dennstaedtiaceae)". Telopea. 10 (4): 793–803.
  6. ^ Wolf, Paul G.; Rowe, Carol A.; Kinosian, Sylvia P.; Der, Joshua P.; Lockhart, Peter J.; Shepherd, Lara D.; McLenachan, Patricia A.; Thomson, John A. (October 2019). "Worldwide relationships in the fern genus Pteridium (bracken) based on nuclear genome markers". American Journal of Botany. 106 (10): 1365–1376. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1365. ISSN 0002-9122. PMC 6856829. PMID 31545874.
  7. ^ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968 Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-04656-4.
  8. ^ "SCDNR - Species: Bracken Fern". www.dnr.sc.gov. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
  9. ^ a b Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-85918-478-3.
  10. ^ a b c d Common Weeds of the United States. New York: Dover. January 1971. p. 8. ISBN 0486205045.
  11. ^ Whitehead, S J; Digby, J (1997). "The morphology of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) in the North York Moors—a comparison of the mature stand and the interface with heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) 1. The fronds". Annals of Applied Biology. 131: 103–116. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1997.tb05399.x.
  12. ^ a b Baker, Herbert G (1974). "The Evolution of Weeds". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Annual Reviews. 5 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000245. ISSN 0066-4162.
  13. ^ a b Vetter, János (2009-03-03). "A biological hazard of our age: Bracken fern [ Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn] — A Review". Acta Veterinaria Hungarica. 57 (1): 183–196. doi:10.1556/avet.57.2009.1.18. ISSN 1588-2705. PMID 19457786.
  14. ^ Marrs, R. H.; Watt, A. S. (November 2006). "Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn". Journal of Ecology. 94 (6): 1272–1321. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01177.x. ISSN 0022-0477. S2CID 85114338.
  15. ^ "Bracken / RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
  16. ^ a b c d e Shaw, Hank (30 June 2011). "The Bracken Fern: A Natural Born Killer?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  17. ^ Mishan, Ligaya (16 February 2017). "At Cafe Lily, the Korean-Uzbek Menu Evokes a Past Exodus". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  18. ^ Fontella, Amelia Cook (16 February 2017). "I brake for fernbrake". Isthmus. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  19. ^ a b c d e Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 0415927463.
  20. ^ Dion, C; Haug, C; Guan, H; Ripoll, C; Spiteller, P; Coussaert, A; Boulet, E; Schmidt, D; Wei, J; Zhou, Y; Lamottke, K (2015). "Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative potential of four fern species from China intended for use as food supplements". Natural Product Communications. 10 (4): 597–603. doi:10.1177/1934578X1501000416. PMID 25973486. S2CID 8419285.
  21. ^ Gomes, Joana; Magalhães, Ana; Michel, Valérie; Amado, Inês F; Aranha, Paulo; Ovesen, Rikke G; Hansen, Hans C. B; Gärtner, Fátima; Reis, Celso A; Touati, Eliette (2012). "Pteridium aquilinum and Its Ptaquiloside Toxin Induce DNA Damage Response in Gastric Epithelial Cells, a Link with Gastric Carcinogenesis". Toxicological Sciences. 126 (1): 60–71. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfr329. PMID 22143989.
  22. ^ Hirono, Iwao; Ito, Mitsuya; Yagyu, Shigeru; Haga, Masanobu; Wakamatsu, Kazumasa; Kishikawa, Teruaki; Nishikawa, Osamu; Yamada, Kiyoyuki; Ojika, Makoto; Kigoshi, Hideo (1993). "Reproduction of Progressive Retinal Degeneration (Bright Blindness) in Sheep by Administration of Ptaquiloside Contained in Bracken". Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 55 (6): 979–983. doi:10.1292/jvms.55.979. PMID 8117827.
  23. ^ I A Evans; B Widdop; R S Jones; G D Barber; H Leach; D L Jones & R Mainwaring-Burton (1971). "The possible human hazard of the naturally occurring bracken carcinogen". Biochem. J. 124 (2): 29P–30P. doi:10.1042/bj1240029pa. PMC 1177200. PMID 5158492.
  24. ^ Alonso‐Amelot, Miguel E; Avendaño, Marisabel (2001). "Possible association between gastric cancer and bracken fern in Venezuela: An epidemiologic study". International Journal of Cancer. 91 (2): 252–259. doi:10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1028>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID 11146454.
  25. ^ Tourchi-Roudsari, Motahhareh (2014). "Multiple effects of bracken fern under in vivo and in vitro conditions". Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 15 (18): 7505–7513. doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7505. ISSN 2476-762X. PMID 25292020.
  26. ^ Latorre, A.O; Caniceiro, B.D; Wysocki, H.L; Haraguchi, M; Gardner, D.R; Górniak, S.L (2011). "Selenium reverses Pteridium aquilinum-induced immunotoxic effects". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 49 (2): 464–470. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.026. PMID 21112370.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Pteridium aquilinum: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Pteridium aquilinum, commonly called bracken, brake or common bracken and also known as eagle fern, is a species of fern occurring in temperate and subtropical regions in both hemispheres. Originally native to Eurasia and North America, the extreme lightness of its spores has led to it achieving a cosmopolitan distribution.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Agla pteridio ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La agla pteridio [1] (Pteridium aquilinum), ankaŭ komune konata kiel aglofiliko, estas specio de filiko vegetanta en la mezvarmaj kaj subtropikaj regionoj de la mondo. La ekstrema leĝereco de ĝiaj sporoj favorigis la tutmondan disvastiĝon de la specio.

La agla pteridio estis la unuan fojon priskribita kiel Pteris aquilina de la patro de la taksonomio, Karolo Lineo, en Volumo 2 de lia Species Plantarum en 1753. La origino de la specia epiteto derivita de la latina aquila "aglo", sed al kio tio aludas estas iom necerta. Ĝenerale la formo de la maturaj frondoj estus similaj al la flugiloj de aglo. Tamen, mezepokaj lertuloj, inkluzive de Erasmo, pensis ke la aspekto de la fibroj videblaj en transversa sekcio de la tigo, estas simila al tiu de dukapa aglo aŭ de kverkarbo. La nuntempa scienca dunomo el 1879 estas ŝuldata al Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian Kuhn [2].

Tradicie ĝi estis pritraktata kiel la nura specio en la genro pteridio; tamen nuntempe tiu ĉi estas partigita en 11 speciojn.

Priskribo

Ĝi estas herbeca staŭdo, vintre decidua. La grandaj, proksimume triangulaj frondoj estiĝas unuope, leviĝantaj supren ekde subtera rizomo, kaj kreskas ĝis alto de 1-3 m ; la ĉeftigo, aŭ stipo, havas diametron de maksimume 1 cm ĉe la bazo.

Ekologio

Fleksebla planto, ĝi volonte koloniias perturbitajn areojn. Ĝi eĉ povas esti invada en landoj kie ĝi estas indiĝena, kiel ekzemple en Anglujo, kie ĝi invadis la erikejon de kaluno en la arbustetaroj de North Yorkshire [3].

La planto enhavas la kancerogenan kombinaĵon "ptakilosido" [4], kaj komunumoj (plejparte en Japanujo) kie la junaj stipoj estas utiligataj kiel legomon havas kelkajn el la plej altaj stomakokancero-proporcioj en la mondo [5].

La konsumo de ptakilosido-kontaminata lakto supozeble kontribuas al homa stomakokancero en la andaj regionoj de Venezuelo [6].

La sporoj ankaŭ estas konsiderataj kiel kancerogenaj.

Estis sugestite ke seleno-suplementado povas malhelpi same kiel inversigi la imuno-toksajn efikojn induktitajn per la ptakilosido de la agla pteridio [7].

Referencoj

  1. Plantolisto "Pilger"
  2. Thomson, John A. (2004). “Towards a taxonomic revision of Pteridium (Dennstaedtiaceae).”, Telopea 10 (4), p. 793–803.
  3. Whitehead SJ, Digby J (1997). “The morphology of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) in the North York Moors—a comparison of the mature stand and the interface with heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) 1. The fronds”, Annals of Applied Biology 131 (1), p. 103–16. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1997.tb05399.x.
  4. Gomes J, Magalhães A, Michel V, Amado I, Aranha P, Ovesen RG, Hansen HC, Gärtner F, Reis CA, Touati E.,"Pteridium aquilinum and its ptaquiloside toxin induce DNA damage response in gastric epithelial cells, a link with gastric carcinogenesis". Toxicol Sci. 2011 Dec 5;
  5. I A Evans, B Widdop, R S Jones, G D Barber, H Leach, D L Jones, and R Mainwaring-Burton (1971). “The possible human hazard of the naturally occurring bracken carcinogen”, Biochem J. 124 (2), p. 29P–30P.
  6. Alonso-Amelot M.E., Avendano M. "Possible association between gastric cancer and bracken fern in Venezuela: An epidemiologic study." International Journal of Cancer. 91 (2) (pp 252-259), 2001.
  7. Latorre A.O., Caniceiro B.D., Wysocki H.L., Haraguchi M., Gardner D.R., Gorniak S.L.,"Selenium reverses Pteridium aquilinum-induced immunotoxic effects. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 49 (2) (pp 464-470), 2011

Vidu ankaŭ

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EO

Agla pteridio: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La agla pteridio (Pteridium aquilinum), ankaŭ komune konata kiel aglofiliko, estas specio de filiko vegetanta en la mezvarmaj kaj subtropikaj regionoj de la mondo. La ekstrema leĝereco de ĝiaj sporoj favorigis la tutmondan disvastiĝon de la specio.

La agla pteridio estis la unuan fojon priskribita kiel Pteris aquilina de la patro de la taksonomio, Karolo Lineo, en Volumo 2 de lia Species Plantarum en 1753. La origino de la specia epiteto derivita de la latina aquila "aglo", sed al kio tio aludas estas iom necerta. Ĝenerale la formo de la maturaj frondoj estus similaj al la flugiloj de aglo. Tamen, mezepokaj lertuloj, inkluzive de Erasmo, pensis ke la aspekto de la fibroj videblaj en transversa sekcio de la tigo, estas simila al tiu de dukapa aglo aŭ de kverkarbo. La nuntempa scienca dunomo el 1879 estas ŝuldata al Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian Kuhn .

Tradicie ĝi estis pritraktata kiel la nura specio en la genro pteridio; tamen nuntempe tiu ĉi estas partigita en 11 speciojn.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EO

Pteridium aquilinum ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Pteridium aquilinum, helecho águila o amambáy[1]​ es una especie de helecho perteneciente a la familia Dennstaedtiaceae. Esta especie es uno de los organismos vegetales de más amplia distribución pudiéndose encontrar en todos los continentes, salvo la Antártida. Tuvo importancia entre los y de guaraníes como remedio.

 src=
Ilustración
 src=
Detalle de los frondes
 src=
Vista de la planta en su hábitat

Descripción

Helecho isospóreo vivaz o perenne con un rizoma subterráneo muy desarrollado que llega a alcanzar hasta un metro de longitud de color pardo y cubierto de vellosidades oscuras. Frondes muy grandes, de hasta 2 metros con láminas tri o cuatripinnadas con pinnas ovoides y glabras en el haz mientras que en el envés son muy pilosas, peciolo menor o igual en longitud que la lámina. Posee soros reunidos en cenosoros lineares con doble indusio, por una parte un pseudoindusio membranoso compuesto por la misma lámina y un indusio verdadero de color pardo situados en el envés de los frondes. Esporangios esferoidales con anillo longitudinal, esporas triletas muy ligeras que se diseminan muy rápidamente por el viento.

Hábitat

Especie subcosmopolita de distribución mundial y ausente en zonas desérticas y subdesérticas que habita desde el nivel del mar hasta los 2900 de altitud (dependiendo del sitio de distribución) aproximadamente sobre suelos profundos bien drenados hasta arenosos en zonas frescas con sustratos pobres en bases o ligeramente silíceos. Forma parte de numerosas series de vegetación y sus etapas de degradación al ser extremadamente resistente a los incendios forestales.

Distribución

Bracken es originario de Europa, Asia oriental y América del Norte. En América, se encuentra en todo el territorio continental de los Estados Unidos y en las provincias canadienses de Ontario, Quebec y Terranova. El límite norte de su área de distribución se extiende hasta el sur de Alaska, mientras que el sur alcanza las porciones del norte de México.

Taxonomía

Brachypodium phoenicoides fue descrita por (L.) Kuhn y publicado en Botanik von Ost-Afrika 3(3): 11. 1879.[2]

Citología

Número de cromosomas de Pteridium aquilinum (Fam. Hypolepidaceae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=52[3]

Etimología

Pteridium: nombre genérico que es un diminutivo de Pteris, nombre latino procedente del griego pteron, que significa "ala", por la forma de las frondes.[4]

aquilinum: adjetivo latino que significa "como águila".[5]

Sinonimia
  • Pteridium japonicum Tardieu & C. Chr.
  • Pteridium latiusculum (Desv.) Hieron. ex Fries
  • Pteris aquilina L.
  • Pteris aquilina Michx.
  • Pteris aquilina f. glabrior Carruth.
  • Pteris aquilina var. lanuginosa (Bory ex Willd.) Hook.
  • Pteris capensis Thunb.
  • Pteris lanuginosa Bory ex Willd.[6]

Nombres comunes

  • Castellano: afeto (2), ajelecho, alecho, elecho, fainto, falaguera (7), falaguera aquilina, faleito, faleito grande, faleitu, faleto, falguera común, feinta, felce, felces, felechas, felechera, felechina (2), felecho (3), felechu (2), feleicho (2), feleito (4), feleitos bravos, feleitu, felguera, felicha, fenacho, fenecho (3), feto, fileito, flecho, foguera, fointo, fuleito, fulguera, gelecho, genecho, halecha, halecho (9), halechos, haleito, helecha (3), helechas, helechera, helechina, helecho (29), helecho común (25), helecho de águila, helecho gigante, helecho hembra (7), helecho macho, helecho silvestre, helecho águila (6), helechos (2), helechu (2), hierba falaguera (2), ilichu, jalecho, jalechu, jelecha (3), jelecho (13), jelechos, jelerchos, jenecho (2), jeus, lechales (3), lecho (2), lecho , lechos, piripoyo, shapumba, xelecha, xelechina, xilichu.[7]​ (Entre paréntesis, el número de especies que llevan ese nombre común).

Referencias

  1. Amambái o Amambay, remedio guaraní
  2. «Pteridium aquilinum». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2013.
  3. Cytotaxonomy of spanish plants. I. Introduction. Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae. Löve, A. & E. Kjellqvist (1972) Lagascalia 2(1): 23-35
  4. en Flora Canaria
  5. En Epítetos Botánicos
  6. Pteridium aquilinum en PlantList
  7. «Pteridium aquilinum». Real Jardín Botánico: Proyecto Anthos. Consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2013.

Bibliografía

  1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Greenland incorporación of Greenland
  1. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  2. Cowan, C. P. 1983. Flora de Tabasco. Listados Floríst. México 1: 1–123.
  3. Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 1: 1–271. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
  4. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  5. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 1988-2013. Flora of China (Checklist & Addendum). Unpaginated. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
  6. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
  7. Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Pteridium aquilinum: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Pteridium aquilinum, helecho águila o amambáy​ es una especie de helecho perteneciente a la familia Dennstaedtiaceae. Esta especie es uno de los organismos vegetales de más amplia distribución pudiéndose encontrar en todos los continentes, salvo la Antártida. Tuvo importancia entre los y de guaraníes como remedio.

 src= Ilustración  src= Detalle de los frondes  src= Vista de la planta en su hábitat
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Sananjalka ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Sananjalka (Pteridium aquilinum, syn. Eupteris aquilina, Pteris aquilina) on metsissä kasvava, isokokoinen saniainen. Sananjalka on sellaisenaan myrkyllinen kasvi,[1] mutta Japanissa sen versoja syödään ryöpättynä.

Sananjalka on saanut suomenkielisen nimensä juurakon poikkileikkauspinnan kirjoitusta muistuttavasta kuviosta. Keväällä sananjalan nuoret lehtiversot näyttävät nyrkkiin puristuneilta ihmiskäsiltä, siksi sananjalkaa on kutsuttu myös kuolleenkouraksi.[2]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Sananjalan maavarresta kohoava lehti.
 src=
Sananjalkakasvusto kuvattuna maastakäsin.
 src=
Nuoren sananjalan verso eli "kuolleenkoura".
 src=
Pakkasen kuihduttama sananjalkakasvusto.

Sananjalan maavarsi on vaakasuora ja levittäytyy laajalle. Siitä kohoaa yksittäin kolmiomaisia lehtiä, joiden ruodit ovat 30–150 cm pitkiä. Lehden lapa on 25–60 cm pitkä, kova, alta karvainen ja päältä kalju. Lehdet ovat kaksi tai kolme kertaa parilehdykkäisiä. Pikkulehdykät ovat liuskaisia, liuskat ehytlaitaisia. Itiöpesäkeryhmät ovat sananjalalla harvinaisia. Niiden esiintyessä ne ovat yhtäjaksoisena rivinä taakäänteisen lehtilaidan suojassa. Suomessa sananjalan itiöt kypsyvät heinä-elokuussa.[1] Laji on hyvin hallanarka, ja lehdet kuihtuvat syksyllä heti yöpakkasten jälkeen.[3]

Suomessa tavataan ilmeisesti kahta sananjalan alalajia: lännensananjalkaa (ssp. aquilinum) ja sananjalkaa (ssp. pinetorum, myös ssp. latiusculum).[4] Lännensananjalan lehtiruoti on pyöreän nelisärmäinen ja lehtilapa pysty tai yläviisto. Sananjalan lehtiruoti puolestaan on liereä ja lehtilapa melkein vaakasuora.[5]

Levinneisyys

Sananjalkaa tavataan koko Euroopassa pohjoisosia lukuun ottamatta. Lajia kasvaa myös Pohjois-Afrikassa. Aasiassa se on levinnyt muun muassa Turkiin, Lähi-itään, Keski-Siperiaan, Venäjän kaukoitään, Japaniin, Korean niemimaalle ja Kiinaan. Pohjois-Amerikassa lajia kasvaa mantereen itä- ja länsiosissa.[6]

Suomessa sananjalkaa voi tavata Etelä-Lappia myöten. Laji on erittäin yleinen Etelä- ja Itä-Suomessa sekä Keski-Suomen eteläosissa. Pohjoisempana laji nopeasti harvinaistuu ja esiintyminen muuttuu satunnaiseksi.[7]

Elinympäristö

Laajoja kasvustoja muodostava sananjalka kasvaa tuoreissa ja kuivahkoissa, harvapuustoisissa metsissä, kulo- ja hakkuuaukioilla, tien- ja radanvarsilla sekä rehevissä purokorvissa.[1]

Käyttö

Kuivattuja sananjalkoja on käytetty eri puolella Eurooppaa moneen tarkoitukseen: muun muassa patjojen täytteeksi, polttoaineena, saippuan korvikkeena ja eläinten kuivikkeina.[6] Kansanlääkinnässä sananjalkaa on käytetty esimerkiksi lääkkeenä kihtiin ja suolistomatoja vastaan.[3]

Kasvin nuoria lehtiversoja syödään muun muassa Japanissa salaatin tapaan, vaikka sananjalka sisältää aineita, jotka voivat aiheuttaa mahasyöpää.[6] Tässä "kuolleenkoura"-vaiheessa se kelpaa laimeassa leivinsoodaliuoksessa keitettynä parsan korvikkeeksi.Lähteet

  • Retkeilykasvio. Toim. Hämet-Ahti, Leena & Suominen, Juha & Ulvinen, Tauno & Uotila, Pertti. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki 1998.
  • Ålands flora. Toim. Hæggström, Carl-Adam & Hæggström, Eeva. Toinen laajennettu painos. Ekenäs Tryckeri, Ekenäs 2010.

Viitteet

  1. a b c Retkeilykasvio 1998, s. 47.
  2. Tampereen luontopolut: Tohloppi. Tampereen kaupunki, Ympäristövalvonnan julkaisuja 8/2004. Viitattu 25.9.2011.
  3. a b Ålands flora 2010, s. 94.
  4. Lampinen, R. & Lahti, T. 2011: Kasviatlas 2010: hakutulokset sananjalka. Helsingin Yliopisto, Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki. Viitattu 25.9.2011.
  5. Retkeilykasvio 1998, s. 48.
  6. a b c Den virtuella floran: Örnbräken (ruots.) Viitattu 25.9.2011.
  7. Lampinen, R. & Lahti, T. 2011: Kasviatlas 2010: Sananjalan levinneisyys Suomessa. Helsingin Yliopisto, Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki. Viitattu 25.9.2011.

Aiheesta muualla

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FI

Sananjalka: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Sananjalka (Pteridium aquilinum, syn. Eupteris aquilina, Pteris aquilina) on metsissä kasvava, isokokoinen saniainen. Sananjalka on sellaisenaan myrkyllinen kasvi, mutta Japanissa sen versoja syödään ryöpättynä.

Sananjalka on saanut suomenkielisen nimensä juurakon poikkileikkauspinnan kirjoitusta muistuttavasta kuviosta. Keväällä sananjalan nuoret lehtiversot näyttävät nyrkkiin puristuneilta ihmiskäsiltä, siksi sananjalkaa on kutsuttu myös kuolleenkouraksi.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FI

Pteridium aquilinum ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Fougère-aigle, Grande Fougère

La Fougère-aigle ou Grande Fougère (Pteridium aquilinum) appartient à la famille des Dennstaedtiaceae. Elle est très commune, voire envahissante, et cosmopolite. On la retrouve jusqu'à 2 000 m d'altitude. Cette plante toxique a longtemps été utilisée à des fins alimentaires et médicinales et reste utilisée, notamment en horticulture.

Elle est parfois appelée fougère bizard[1], fougère aquiline, fougère commune, fougère impériale, porte-aigle, ou encore aigle impérial.

Un peuplement de fougères aigles est appelé ptéridaie.

Description morphologique

Appareil végétatif

La fougère aigle possède un rhizome noir, fibreux et ramifié, rampant à plusieurs dizaines de centimètres sous le sol. Il lui permet de coloniser rapidement son milieu. Le rhizome est capable de se ramifier par dichotomie, de se développer et de former un clone à distance. Les ramifications finissent par mourir avec le temps, et c'est ainsi que le clone sera séparé de la fougère originelle. Par cette méthode de reproduction asexuée, la fougère aigle est à même d'envahir les zones dégagées où son rhizome profond peut cheminer sans obstacles. De même, le rhizome est épargné par les incendies de forêt, qui détruisent les végétaux en surface, et pourra ainsi permettre à la fougère de repousser[2].

À partir de ces rhizomes naissent à chaque printemps des frondes de très grande taille, larges de 30 à 90 cm[2] non persistantes l'hiver. Les frondes sont de forme triangulaire caractéristique et ont tendance à se courber parallèlement au sol. Elles possèdent un pétiole plus ou moins pubescent et canaliculé, très long et épais, pouvant atteindre 1 à 1,5 m de long[3]. Les frondes sont divisées plusieurs fois (parfois quatre fois : fronde bi-, tri-, quadripennatiséquée). Les segments de ces frondes sont également triangulaires, sessiles et un peu enroulés sur les bords.

Selon Francis Hallé, la fougère aigle est potentiellement immortelle. Un rhizome peut ainsi vivre près de 1 000 ans[4].

Appareil reproducteur

Les sporanges, qui contiennent les spores sont rares, très souvent absents ; la fougère est alors stérile et ne se reproduit que végétativement[5]. Ils se situent sur la face inférieure des frondes et sont protégés par le bord replié du limbe qui forme une indusie. La sporulation est anémochore.

Écologie

Habitats

 src=
Nappes hautes et étendues des Fougères aigles

La fougère aigle[6] se développe dans des stations en pleine lumière ou semi-ombragées, souvent sur des sols pierreux ou sableux et acides et assez profonds. Elle est indifférente à l'humidité du sol.

En France, sa préférence pour les hivers doux explique sa grande répartition sur le domaine atlantique. Néanmoins, elle est cosmopolite et on la trouve dans de nombreuses régions du monde et sous de nombreux climats, sauf dans les zones désertiques chaudes ou froides. Elle se développe depuis le niveau de la mer jusqu'à 2 000 m d'altitude, des étages collinéens à montagnards et supra-méditerranéens. Il semble qu'il existe différents écotypes. Ainsi, on retrouve Pteridium aquilinum à la fois sur des sols carbonatés et sur d'autres décarbonatés. Pteridium aquilinum indique[7] des sols acides pauvres ou riches en bases et engorgés en matière organique végétale. Elle indique également une carence en matière organique animale et en azote. Une prairie agricole contenant cette plante de manière significative évolue vers la lande. Les peuplements de fougère aigle sont souvent nommés « ptéridaies ». On peut donc trouver facilement cette fougère dans votre jardin.

Au Canada, la fougère aigle semble plus inféodée aux milieux secs. Lorsqu'on la retrouve en milieu humide, elle est toujours située sur des buttons plus sec.

Climax écologique

 src=
Sur les falaises atlantiques, les ptéridaies (ici en brun) peuvent être dominantes sur les pentes

Au sein des écosystèmes qui ont atteint leur stade évolutif optimum, le climax[6],[8],[9], on retrouve ces peuplements en forêt claire et acides, en particulier les chênaies sessiles et rouges (Quercus robur-petraea), les hêtraies-chênaies (Querco-Fagetea) et les hêtraies (Luzulo-Fagion) ainsi que les forêts denses montagnardes de pin noir (Galio-Pinetum luzuletosum) et les forêts de pin maritime et de chêne liège aquitaniennes (Pinus pinastri - Quercus suber). Lorsque la fougère aigle y est dominante, elle forme des nappes hautes et étendues (forêts claires ou dégradées appauvries) créant une atmosphère sombre. À ceci s'ajoutent ses propriétés allélopathiques qui bloquent la levée de dormance des graines du sol. En conséquence, seules les espèces printanières subsistent (muguet, scille à deux feuilles et parfois le maïanthème).

Milieux intermédiaires

Les clairières[6],[8] et coupes des forêts (Epilobium angustifolium, Sambucus racemosa, Salix caprea) sont également des biotopes de choix pour cette fougère.

Dans les landes[8] des régions atlantiques et sub-atlantiques de l'Europe continentale plus ou moins humides à callune (Calluna vulgaris) et à bruyère cendrée (Erica cinerea), mais également celles à Genista pilosa (Genista pilosa), genêt à balais (Cytisus scoparius), à myrtille (Vaccinium myrtillus) et myrtille des marais (Vaccinium uliginosum), la fougère aigle s'installe afin de préparer la reconstitution de chênaies acidophiles (Quercion).

On retrouve[9],[10] également cette fougère dans des zones plus ou moins anthropisées telles que les fruticées supra-méditerranéennes à Prunelier noir et à Ronces (Pruno-Rubenion fruticosi). En effet, ces biotopes sont typiques des parcelles agricoles sous-exploitées, voire abandonnées du sud montagneux de la France. Dans ces alliances (Epilobium angustifolium, Sarothamnus scoparius et Cytisus oromediterraneus / C. scoparius), la fougère aigle sera toujours sur sol acide et moyennement frais et est particulière aux sols pauvres en matière organique animale. Le Genêt à balais sera, quant à lui, propre à des zones plus riches et récemment labourées ou brûlées. Enfin, les ronces se développeront sur des sols riches en éléments nutritifs.

Certains murs[8] et rochers humides même calcaires (Cystopteris fragilis) peuvent accueillir un développement fugace de cette fougère, elle n'y survit que quelques années. D'autres lieux anthropisés peuvent également accueillir la fougère aigle, il s'agit souvent de chemins, de talus ou encore de terrains vagues et de friches, zones anthropisées des peuplements sus-mentionnés.

Propagation

D'après Y. Dumas[11], durant les deux derniers siècles, la fougère aigle « a vraisemblablement été favorisée par l'abandon de sa récolte, la plantation de pin en plaine et la désertification de zones rurales ». Bénéficiant de sa capacité à se développer dans des conditions de luminosité faible, d'un réseau de rhizomes envahissant les ouvertures de peuplement, de ses propriétés allélopathiques, et de sa toxicité envers les animaux, elle colonise de nouveaux espaces.

En foresterie, cette extension doit être limitée car elle présente bien des inconvénients. En effet, elle envahit complètement les jeunes plantations, il est alors nécessaire d'effectuer le dégagement fréquent des jeunes plants.

Le gibier (lapin, lièvre, chevreuil) ne s'en nourrit pas ou se rabat sur les jeunes plants ; les couverts sont monotones et peu d'oiseaux en tirent parti. Il n'y a guère que la faune du sol (Arthropodes, Micromammifères) qui puisse abonder dans ces conditions. Son caractère exclusif empêche l'apparition de buissons que bien des animaux (oiseaux, chevreuils) pourraient mettre à profit comme abri et comme source de nourriture.

Rôle écologique

Toxicité

Toutes les parties de la fougère aigle sont considérées comme toxiques en raison de leur teneur en aquilide A et en dérivés de cyanure ; les crosses dégagent d'ailleurs une odeur d'amande amère à la cuisson. D'après une étude faite au Japon[12], les crosses crues de fougère aigle pourraient contenir des substances cancérigènes, un hétéroside cyanogénétique (c'est-à-dire susceptible de produire du cyanure) ainsi qu'une enzyme (thiaminase) qui détruit la vitamine B1 dans l'organisme. Les frondes arrivées à maturité, qu'elles soient fraîches, cuites ou séchées, sont également toxiques.

Les spores seraient la partie la plus cancérigène, et peuvent causer des problèmes chez le bétail. Les humains qui travaillent à l'extérieur là où il y a une abondance de fougères aigle risquent également d'être affectés par les spores[13],[14],[15] en particulier lors de la dissémination des spores de juillet à octobre.

Les animaux qui abusent de cette fougère (rongeurs, jeunes bovins en stabulation libre avec fougère utilisée comme litière) sont atteints d'une maladie mortelle nommée « ptéridisme » ou hématurie chronique. La forme aigüe rencontrée chez les animaux plus jeunes, est un cancer dû à l’aquilide A (ou ptaquiloside selon les auteurs). La maladie apparaît assez rapidement, soit 40 à 100 jours après le début de la consommation de quelques kilogrammes par jour de ce végétal et principalement chez les génisses. Cette molécule est aussi considérée comme mutagène. Il a été trouvé certaines substances dont le Ptaquiloside dans l'eau potable ce qui peut expliquer l'augmentation des cancers gastro-œsophagiens chez l'humain dans les zones riches en fougère aigle. Et le bétail s'en nourrissant, leur lait contient ces substances[16].

Les bovins consommant cette fougère de manière prolongée peuvent aussi développer des cancers de la vessie, à cause d'une autre molécule, la quercétine, lorsque la consommation de cette plante est associée avec une infection par le virus des papillomes[17].

Les chevaux peuvent également souffrir d'avitaminose B1 s'ils consomment de la fougère en forte dose (plus de 2 kg par jour pendant 1 mois). À petite dose, il semble possible de les soigner en augmentant leur taux de vitamine B1. Le ptéridisme se manifeste par une atteinte à la moelle rouge des os, causant ainsi anémie et phénomènes hémorragiques[3],[18].

Chez les porcs, les symptômes d'un déficit en thiamine sont plus discrets et peuvent faire penser à une insuffisance cardiaque. On observe une anorexie, une perte de poids et parfois une position couchée.

Chez les ovins qui paissent les fougères peuvent aussi apparaître des troubles visuels allant jusqu'à la cécité par dégénérescence de la rétine, ainsi que des tumeurs sur différentes zones du système digestif (mâchoires, rumen, intestin, foie)[12],[3].

L’agent chimique responsable de ce dysfonctionnement est la thiaminase, une enzyme capable d’hydrolyser la vitamine B1. Sa concentration est la plus élevée dans les rhizomes et les jeunes crosses[11].

Valeur nutritionnelle

Le taux brut de protéines de la fougère aigle décroît entre le printemps et l'automne, passant d'environ 20 % à moins de 10 % dans les frondes, et d'environ 10 % à 2 ou 3 % dans les pétioles. La lignine, le tanin et les composés à base de silice voient leur taux augmenter dans le même laps de temps, ce qui rend les plantes moins attractives. Par contre, c'est à l'automne que les taux de cyanure et de thiaminase sont les plus bas[3],[19].

Consommation par la faune

Malgré sa toxicité, la fougère aigle est consommée par plusieurs espèces animales.

Les cervidés peuvent consommer la fougère aigle, mais toujours en faible quantité, et essentiellement lorsque les frondes sont encore en forme de crosse. Les lapins peuvent occasionnellement consommer les frondes et les rhizomes. Les chèvres en liberté peuvent elles aussi consommer cette fougère, mais les moutons l'évitent[3],[20].

Plusieurs espèces d'insectes consomment eux aussi cette fougère. Par exemple en Europe, les chenilles de plusieurs espèces de lépidoptères se nourrissent de la fougère aigle[21]:

Plante de couverture

La fougère aigle offre une bonne couverture au sol, ce qui peut avoir un impact positif sur l'écosystème, comme permettre la diminution de l'érosion des sols et d'offrir un abri à la faune, mais aussi négatif, car les propriétés allélopathiques de cette plante empêchent de nombreuses autres espèces végétales de se développer (voir le paragraphe "Climax écologique").

Les petits cervidés, les renards, de nombreux rongeurs et certaines espèces d'oiseaux (pipits, bécasses, troglodytes, tariers, faisans et autres phasianidés par exemple) utilisent la fougère aigle pour se dissimuler et/ou pour nicher[3]. Les massifs de fougères pullulent souvent de tiques propageant des maladies redoutables pour les chiens comme pour l'humain si elles ne sont pas décelées à temps (Maladie de Lyme notamment).

Distribution géographique

Cosmopolite, mais avec des sous-espèces et des variétés diverses à travers le monde[22].

Présent dans la totalité des départements de la France métropolitaine.

« C'est une des rares espèces à pousser dans le monde entier : elle est dite cosmopolite. En Europe, elle est adaptée aux sols granitiques des massifs hercyniens. mais elle vit aussi sous l'équateur. Parfaitement semblables, ces fougères sont cependant adaptées à leur milieu, et non intervertibles : un pied français transporté sous les tropiques ne parvient pas à s'y adapter, et meurt. Il en va de même pour un pied poussant sous l'équateur, qu'on transplante en Europe. Nous avons affaire là à deux écotypes de même espèce, morphologiquement semblables. Si, comme on incline aujourd'hui à le penser, la nature de l'habitat, de la niche écologique, est un facteur déterminant pour caractériser les espèces, il existerait alors, selon ces vues, plusieurs espèces au sein du groupe des fougères aigles. »

Jean-Marie Pelt, L'évolution vue par un botaniste, Fayard, 2011, p.269.

Statuts de protection, menaces

L'espèce n'est pas considérée comme étant menacée en France. Elle est classée Espèce de préoccupation mineure (LC) par l'UICN.

Systématique

 src=
Coupe d'une crosse de Pteridium aquilinum

Étymologie

« Pteridium aquilinum » vient du grec ancien pteris 'fougère' et aquila 'aigle'. En effet, si l'on arrache la grande feuille développée, qui forme à elle seule ce qu'on appelle ordinairement une fougère, et qu'on coupe la base brune et noirâtre de cette feuille, on remarque, sur la section, l'apparence d'un aigle à deux têtes, d'où le nom de fougère aigle. Pour d'autres auteurs, le nom de la plante serait dû au fait que la forme de sa feuille rappelle l'aile de l’oiseau.

Synonymes

La fougère aigle a reçu de nombreux autres noms scientifiques, désormais non valides: Pteris aquilina L., Asplenium aquilinum, Allosorus aquilinus, Ornithopteris aquilina, Filix aquilina, Filix-foemina aquilina, Pteris latiuscula[3].

Sous-espèces et variétés

La fougère aigle possède deux sous-espèces, présentant chacune plusieurs variétés :

  • Pteridium aquilinum ssp aquilinum : présente dans l'hémisphère nord, elle possède 8 variétés ;
  • Pteridium aquilinum ssp caudatum : présente essentiellement dans l'hémisphère sud, elle possède 4 variétés[3].

Fougère aigle et société

Éradication

La fougère aigle est une plante héliophile qui se développe dans les forêts traitées en coupe à blanc ou trop fortement éclaircies. Sa limitation commence par un bon dosage de l'éclairement des sols forestiers. Une étude est actuellement en cours pour proposer différents moyens de limiter l'extension de la fougère et de lui substituer d'autres plantes ligneuses au grand bénéfice de la faune et de la sylviculture.

Pour être efficace, une éradication par la fauche doit comprendre au moins deux fauches à des dates choisies en fonction du cycle biologique de la plante afin d'affaiblir le plus possible le rhizome. Il a été montré que deux fauches, une fin juin et une fin juillet permettent une diminution progressive de l'importance des fougères. D'inspiration anglaise, la technique du rouleau brise-fougère[23] tiré par des bêtes de trait se montre très efficace sur terrain étriqué ou non mécanisable.

Une fauche rase n'est pas indispensable et est même à éviter sur certains types de végétation sensibles comme les landes mésophiles. Les effets de la fauche ne sont réellement visibles qu'après deux ou trois années de traitement. La technique du brise-fougères a l'avantage de blesser la plante qui tente de survivre avec ses parties saines et qui s'affaiblit ainsi alors qu'une coupe franche a l'inconvénient de générer une nouvelle pousse qui sera plus forte que celle de la plante blessée.

Le chaulage permet également de limiter cette espèce des terrains très acides.

Autre solution originale, l'élevage en forêt de cochons permet d'éradiquer la fougère. En effet, le cochon déterre et mange les rhizomes des fougères[24] même si cela est toxique et provoque une avitaminose.

Utilisations

 src=
En automne, les frondes de la fougère traduisent leur capacité de survivre en état d'anhydrobiose : leur couleur automnale est due aux tannins et leurs copigments (en) comme l'acide coumarique, protecteurs contre les stress biotiques (attaques de pathogènes) et abiotiques (froid, sécheresse) qui induisent un stress oxydatif[25].

En horticulture

La fougère, en particulier la fougère aigle (Pteridium aquilinum) commune dans les landes et forêts françaises, peut être utilisée en jardinage biologique[26]. On la récolte de préférence sèche ou jaunissante, à l'automne. À cette époque de l'année, sa vocation première est de servir de protection contre le gel à toutes les plantes sensibles: mâches, chicorée sauvage, scarole, artichaut...

Quand vient le printemps, la fougère se transforme en matériau idéal pour la couverture du sol. C'est dans les fraisiers qu'elle donne le meilleur d'elle-même grâce à son action allélopathique antifongique contre la pourriture grise. Mais on peut également l'utiliser pour pailler toutes sortes de cultures dès lors que le sol s'est réchauffé, en guise d'assurances anti-sécheresse et anti-mauvaises herbes.

En paillage frais ou sec de 5 cm d'épaisseur environ, elle attire mais empoisonne les limaces car elle contient un aldéhyde[réf. nécessaire] se transformant en métaldéhyde après fermentation[réf. nécessaire]. Le purin de fougère peut également être utilisé à cet effet et il serait encore plus efficace si l’on ajoute quelques marrons d’Inde écrasés lors de la fabrication.

  • Purin de fougère insecticide

Le purin de fougère est également un insecticide[7] puissant qui permet de détruire le puceron lanigère (que la plupart des insecticides chimiques n’arrivent pas à contrôler). Il serait également efficace contre le taupin de la pomme de terre et la cicadelle de la vigne. On l'utilise en pulvérisation dilué à 10 %. Pour le produire, il suffit de laisser fermenter 1 dose de fougère dans 10 doses d'eau puis de diluer le résultat de la fermentation dans 10 fois son volume d'eau. C’est un des rares insecticides naturels à utiliser en « curatif ».

  • Engrais vert

La fougère aigle pousse dans les sols acides mais elle n'acidifie pas le sol: c'est une plante améliorante qui contient de grandes quantités de chaux, remède naturel contre l'acidité. Mieux elle constitue un véritable engrais vert, 7 fois plus riche en azote, 3 fois plus riche en phosphore et 5 fois plus riche en potasse que le fumier de vache. Il est donc souhaitable de l'incorporer au sol après qu'elle a servi de mulch. Elle favoriserait le développement d'un important chevelu racinaire.

Dans l'ouest des Pyrénées, l'agriculture traditionnelle en tire encore profit. Fauchée fin juin, à demi séchée et très lentement brûlée dans une fosse deux fois plus profonde que large (pour éviter les flammes, les agriculteurs pratiquent l'écobuage en recouvrant sans cesse le foyer de nouveaux combustibles), elle donne une cendre très riche en potasse[27].

La fougère mâle (Dryopteris filix-mas) aurait des propriétés proches de la fougère aigle, sauf les actions antifongiques [28].

Dans l'industrie

En présence de chrome, le rhizome de la fougère aigle teint la laine en jaune. Les crosses, quant à elles, teignent la laine en jaune-verdâtre avec de l'alun ou du chrome. Elles teignent la soie en gris avec du sulfate de fer[12].

Autrefois, le rhizome était aussi utilisé pour tanner le cuir, et la cendre issue de la combustion de cette plante, riche en potasse, permettait de fabriquer du savon et servait d'agent blanchissant[3]. La cendre fut aussi utilisée dans la fabrication de verre jusqu'au XIXe siècle[3],[29].

La fougère aigle contient en effet une proportion assez intéressante de potassium (1 à 2 % du poids sec), et surtout un pourcentage élevé de dioxyde de potassium (KO2) dans les cendres (40 %). Des quantités très importantes de fougère aigle étaient exploitées, principalement pendant les mois de juillet et août, où le rendement en potasse par unité de surface est le meilleur.

Usage domestique

La fougère aigle a été utilisée pour couvrir les toits en guise de chaume, mais aussi comme combustible[3]. Dans le Pays basque elle est parfois utilisée comme litière.

Usage alimentaire

 src=
Rhizome de Pteridium aquilinum.

On sait aujourd'hui que la fougère aigle est toxique pour différents oiseaux et mammifères (voir paragraphe "Toxicité"), mais cela ne l'a pas empêché d'être souvent consommée autrefois.

Le rhizome

En raison de la grande propagation de la fougère aigle, on a consommé[12] son rhizome dans de nombreuses parties du monde. Son épaisseur et sa teneur en amidon sont variables. Elles dépendent de son biotope.

Il est généralement considéré comme toxique cru, et il faut donc le faire cuire. Par exemple, il peut être coupé en morceaux et bouilli. Une fois moulu on obtient une purée, une fois séchée, une farine. En Europe, cette préparation a souvent été mêlée à de la farine de céréale pour faire du pain, on l'appelait le « pain de fougère »[30]. Jusqu'au XIXe siècle, le pain de fougère aigle formait parfois la base de l'alimentation en cas de disette[30],[31]. Cette récolte sauvage est aujourd'hui tombée en désuétude[11]. À Palma (Espagne), les habitants consommaient ce mélange de rhizome moulu et de farine en bouillies[30]. En Sibérie, on mettait à fermenter ces rhizomes avec les deux tiers de leur poids en malt pour en faire une sorte de bière. Au Japon, on en extrait la fécule par un long procédé qui sert à confectionner des mochis, gâteaux cuits à la vapeur[30]. Enfin, les Indiens d'Amérique du Nord faisaient cuire ce rhizome pendant des heures dans leur four souterrain. Ils en mangeaient la partie comestible et recrachaient les fibres[30]. En Nouvelle-Zélande, le rhizome d'une espèce proche, Pteridium esculentum, constituait la base de l'alimentation des Maoris [32],[30],[33].

 src=
Crosse de Pteridium aquilinum
Les jeunes pousses
 src=
Fougères aigle séchées (gosari) de Corée.

Que ce soit en Europe, en Asie ou en Amérique, on a utilisé[12] les jeunes pousses de fougères. D'après F. Couplan, « il faut prendre soin de les choisir avant que les crosses terminales aient commencé à se dérouler et de ne cueillir que le sommet de la jeune-pousse qui doit se casser entre les doigts ». En effet, les crosses développées ainsi que les frondes matures deviennent toxiques. Les jeunes crosses sont mucilagineuses, on peut donc s'en servir pour épaissir des préparations telles les soupes. Au Japon, elles sont fréquemment utilisées comme légumes ou conservées au sel, à la lie de saké (vin de riz) ou au miso de riz (pâte de riz ou de sel fermenté). Leurs principes indésirables sont alors éliminés en faisant bouillir les crosses dans de l'eau (idéalement dans deux eaux, pendant 10 minutes) à laquelle on a ajouté des cendres de bois (il semble que ce soient les conditions alcalines qui procèdent à cette élimination)[3]. Après avoir macéré vingt-quatre heures, les crosses peuvent être utilisées comme sus-mentionné ou cuite à la vapeur ou même consommées crues. Elles sont alors croquantes.

Au Québec on les nomme « têtes de violon » (l'espèce locale est la fougère-à-l'autruche, Matteucia struthiopteris), elles font l'objet d'une cueillette printanière.

En Corée, elles sont connues sous le nom de « gosari »[34].

Usage médicinaux

Les Amérindiens consommaient le rhizome cru de cette fougère pour lutter contre la bronchite. La poudre de ce même rhizome a longtemps été considérée comme souverain contre les parasites intestinaux[3],[29]. Son rhizome mélangé à celui du gingembre était employé comme aphrodisiaque[35].

Guère usitée comme plante médicinale dans la majeure partie de l'Europe, elle est néanmoins réputée aux Baléares comme dépurative et antipléthorique. La fougère aigle a souvent servi à remplir les paillasses. On la jugeait capable d'interrompre l'énurésie des enfants.

Selon Pierre Lieutaghi, « c'est une plante toxique susceptible d'entraîner des troubles nerveux, des hémorragies intestinales et d'induire des tumeurs cancéreuses ». Un usage médicinal domestique est donc à bannir, il est réservé aux professionnels[27].

Usage folklorique

Il existait une tradition folklorique de récolte de cette fougère à la veille de la fête de la Saint-Jean. Selon la pensée magique de cette époque, la fougère « fleurissait et fructifiait » juste à minuit de cette veille-là et celui qui la récoltait alors devenait riche et heureux[36].

Notes et références

  1. page 227 du livre de Hervé Pouliquen, Toxicologie clinique des ruminants Éditions Point Vétérinaire, 2004 - 374 pages. (ISBN 2863262130 et 9782863262139)
  2. a et b Frère Marie-Victorin, « Pteridium aquilinum », sur www.florelaurentienne.com, 1935 (consulté le 1er novembre 2010)
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l et m (en) Crane M.F., « Pteridium aquilinum », Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1990
  4. Francis Hallé, "Éloge de la plante", Seuil, 1999, p.124.
  5. Rémy Prelli, Guide complet des fougères et plantes alliées, Paris, Lechevalier, février 1985, 200 p. (ISBN 978-2-7205-0516-4), p. 123.
  6. a b et c Flore forestière française Montagne ; JC Rameau, D.Mansion G.Dumé, IDF, 1989
  7. a et b Plantes bio-indicatrices, guides de diagnostic des sols, Gérard Ducerf, Éditions Promonature, 2005
  8. a b c et d Guide des groupements végétaux de la région parisienne ; Marcel Bournérias, G. Arnal, C. Bock, Belin, 2001
  9. a et b « Corine Biotope »
  10. Guide du naturaliste, Causses et Cévennes, Parc National des Cévennes, Libris, 2007
  11. a b et c Que savons-nous de la Fougère aigle ? - Yann Dumas - 2002
  12. a b c d et e Le régal végétal, Plantes sauvages comestibles, Vol I ; François Couplan, Ed Equilibres, 1989
  13. Milne and Fenwick 1988, Milne 1988, Hirono 1989)
  14. Fenwick, G. R. 1988. Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) - toxic effects and toxic constituents. J. Sci. Food Agric., 46: 147-173.
  15. Hirono, I. 1989. Carcinogenic bracken glycosides. Pages 239-251 in Cheeke, P. R., ed. Toxicants of plant origin. Vol. II. Glycosides. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., États-Unis. 277 pp.
  16. « The fatal fern », sur the Guardian, 9 septembre 2004 (consulté le 14 août 2020).
  17. (en) Christopher Chase, Kaitlyn Lutz, Erica McKenzie, Ahmed Tibary, Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult. Ruminant, John Wiley & Sons, 2017, p. 117.
  18. R. Auger, J. Laporte-Cru (1982) Flore du domaine atlantique du Sud-ouest de la France et des régions des plaines CNDP (ISBN 2 86617 225 6)
  19. Lawton J.H. (1976) The structure of the arthropod community on bracken, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 73: 187-216
  20. Nicholson A., Paterson I.S. (1976) The ecological implications of bracken control to plant/animal systems, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 73: 269-283
  21. Caterpillar Hostplants Database
  22. Rémy Prelli et Michel Boudrie, Atlas écologique des fougères et plantes alliées : Illustration et répartition des Ptéridophytes de France, Paris, Lechevalier, mai 1992, 273 p. (ISBN 2-225-82527-0), p. 18
  23. Contrôler le développement de la fougère aigle avec le brise-fougères.
  24. Les cochons dans la forêt.
  25. (en) D.M. Glass, Bruce A. Bohm, « The accumulation of cinnamic and benzoic acid derivatives in Pteridium aquilinum and Athyrium felix-femina », Phytochemistry, vol. 8, no 2,‎ 1969, p. 371-377 (DOI )
  26. Jean Paul Thorez, extrait d'un article paru dans les 4 saisons du jardinage n°64 de septembre 1990.
  27. a et b P.Lieutaghi, Livre des bonnes herbes, Arles, Actes Sud, 2004
  28. Bernard Bertrand - Purin d'ortie et compagnie : Les Plantes au secours des plantes. (2003) - (ISBN 9782913288324)
  29. a et b (en) Grieve M., « BRACKEN », A modern herbal, Botanical.com (consulté le 7 janvier 2009)
  30. a b c d e et f François Couplan, Le régal végétal : plantes sauvages comestibles, Paris, Editions Ellebore, 1er janvier 2009, 527 p. (ISBN 978-2-86985-184-9, lire en ligne)
  31. Albert Babeau, La Vie rurale dans l'ancienne France, BnF collection ebooks, 8 décembre 2014 (ISBN 978-2-346-00092-0, lire en ligne)
  32. Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville, Voyage pittoresque au tour du monde,2 : resumé général des voyages de découvertes, L. Teuré, 1er janvier 1835 (lire en ligne)
  33. Jean-Baptiste-Benoît Eyries, Abrégé des voyages modernes : depuis 1780 jusqu'à nos jours, E. Ledoux, 1er janvier 1822 (lire en ligne)
  34. « La cuisine du temple coréen : Gosari-namul (la fougère sautée : 고사리나물) » [vidéo], sur YouTube (consulté le 14 août 2020).
  35. Légumes, Backhuys Publishers, 2004, p. 494
  36. (en) M. À. Barret, A. Agelet, 1J. Vallès & L. Villar, « Contribution à la connaissance ethnobotanique des ptéridophytes dans les Pyrénées », Bocconea, no 13,‎ 2001, p. 610.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Pteridium aquilinum: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Fougère-aigle, Grande Fougère

La Fougère-aigle ou Grande Fougère (Pteridium aquilinum) appartient à la famille des Dennstaedtiaceae. Elle est très commune, voire envahissante, et cosmopolite. On la retrouve jusqu'à 2 000 m d'altitude. Cette plante toxique a longtemps été utilisée à des fins alimentaires et médicinales et reste utilisée, notamment en horticulture.

Elle est parfois appelée fougère bizard, fougère aquiline, fougère commune, fougère impériale, porte-aigle, ou encore aigle impérial.

Un peuplement de fougères aigles est appelé ptéridaie.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Pteridium aquilinum ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT
 src=
La felce aquilina in una foresta

La felce aquilina (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) è una pianta vascolare della classe delle Polypodiopsida (Felci).

Il nome comune della specie sarebbe dovuto alla forma del rizoma, che in sezione ricorda il profilo di un'aquila.

Caratteri botanici

 src=
Illustrazione botanica.

È una pianta erbacea perenne di notevole sviluppo (può raggiungere anche i 2 metri d'altezza), provvista di un grosso rizoma strisciante, da cui emergono le fronde annuali. Le fronde hanno un profilo triangolare e sono lunghe anche fino a 1 metro, con larghezza maggiore che può superare i 50 cm; sono pennate, con 2-3 ordini di divisioni (bi- tripennatosette). Le divisioni più piccole (pinnule) sono oblunghe, più o meno allungate, con margine generalmente intero. In autunno il colore vira dal verde al rossastro.

I sori sono lineari, disposti lungo il margine sulla pagina inferiore delle pinnule e ricoperti dal margine ripiegato. La sporificazione ha inizio in tarda primavera e si protrae per tutta l'estate.

Distribuzione e habitat

Specie cosmopolita, diffusa in tutte le regioni temperate e subtropicali, sia nell'emisfero settentrionale sia in quello meridionale, in Italia è presente in tutto il territorio, comprese le isole, dal livello del mare fino ad oltre i 2000 metri di altitudine.

Vegeta su suoli a matrice silicea, anche aridi, nei boschi, nelle macchie e nei pascoli. Nelle radure e nei pascoli può formare estese e fitte coperture fino a diventare una vera e propria infestante. La sua diffusione su superfici estese è indice di un probabile degrado ambientale perché gli incendi ne favoriscono il ricaccio e la moltiplicazione.

Per le sue proprietà tossiche è una pianta infestante dei pascoli.

Farmacologia

 src=
Fronde di felce aquilina.

Pur essendo meno popolare di altre felci, anche alla felce aquilina sono attribuite proprietà vermifughe associate al rizoma. L'uso di questa pianta a scopo medicinale è tuttavia rischioso a causa della sua tossicità.

Tossicità

La felce aquilina contiene un principio attivo di tipo enzimatico termolabile[1] (tiaminasi o neurinasi) che provoca la distruzione della tiamina (Vitamina B1). L'ingestione di questa pianta da cruda può provocare gravi avvelenamenti, potenzialmente letali, nell'uomo e negli animali monogastrici (soprattutto nel cavallo), mentre sarebbero tolleranti i ruminanti, in grado di sfruttare largamente la tiamina operata dalla microflora del rumine. Un secondo principio attivo, termostabile, può provocare gravi emorragie ed anemia nei ruminanti.

La pianta contiene anche ptaquiloside, un composto cancerogeno;[2] le comunità (soprattutto in Giappone) che consumano i giovani fusti come vegetale, hanno un livello di cancro allo stomaco tra i più elevati al mondo.[3] Si ritiene che il consumo di latte contaminato da ptaquiloside contribuisca allo sviluppo del tumore gastrico nelle popolazioni delle Ande venezuelane.[4] Anche le spore sembrano essere implicate nell'attività carcinogenica.

La somministrazione di selenio sembra dimostrarsi utile nella prevenzione e regressione degli effetti immunotossici del Pteridium aquilinum.[5]

Note

  1. ^ Disattivato dalla cottura.
  2. ^ Gomes J, Magalhães A, Michel V, Amado I, Aranha P, Ovesen RG, Hansen HC, Gärtner F, Reis CA, Touati E., Pteridium aquilinum and its ptaquiloside toxin induce DNA damage response in gastric epithelial cells, a link with gastric carcinogenesis. Toxicol Sci. 2011 Dec 5;
  3. ^ I A Evans, B Widdop, R S Jones, G D Barber, H Leach, D L Jones, and R Mainwaring-Burton, The possible human hazard of the naturally occurring bracken carcinogen, in Biochem J., vol. 124, n. 2, 1971, pp. 29P–30P, PMC 1177200, PMID 5158492.
  4. ^ Alonso-Amelot M.E., Avendano M. Possible association between gastric cancer and bracken fern in Venezuela: An epidemiologic study. International Journal of Cancer. 91 (2) (pp 252-259), 2001.
  5. ^ Latorre A.O., Caniceiro B.D., Wysocki H.L., Haraguchi M., Gardner D.R., Gorniak S.L., Selenium reverses Pteridium aquilinum-induced immunotoxic effects. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 49 (2) (pp 464-470), 2011

Bibliografia

  • Sandro Pignatti (1982). Flora d'Italia. Volume primo. Edagricole, Bologna: 52. ISBN 88-506-2449-2.
  • Manlio Chiappini (1985). Guida alla flora pratica della Sardegna. Carlo Delfino, Sassari: 72-73.

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Pteridium aquilinum: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT
 src= La felce aquilina in una foresta

La felce aquilina (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) è una pianta vascolare della classe delle Polypodiopsida (Felci).

Il nome comune della specie sarebbe dovuto alla forma del rizoma, che in sezione ricorda il profilo di un'aquila.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Adelaarsvaren ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De adelaarsvaren (Pteridium aquilinum) is een varen uit de adelaarsvarenfamilie (Dennstaedtiaceae). Het is een zeer algemene soort met een kosmopolitische verspreiding, die ook in België en Nederland zeer algemeen is.

De soort wordt op vele plaatsen als een lastig onkruid beschouwd.

Kenmerken

Habitus

De adelaarsvaren is een forse plant die zich vooral vermeerdert door middel van een dikke, zwarte en kruipende wortelstok.

Op deze wijze kan de adelaarsvaren op sommige plaatsen soms een moeilijk te bestrijden onkruid zijn.

Bladen

De bladen van de adelaarsvaren staan alleen en zijn vertakt, dubbelgeveerd, soms zelfs drievoudig geveerd.

Als men de bladsteel aan de voet schuin doorsnijdt, ziet men een figuur dat op twee adelaars lijkt. Hieraan dankt de soort zijn naam. Die figuur ontstaat overigens door de ligging van de vaatbundels.

De bladveren kunnen wel een meter hoog worden. Er zijn zelfs exemplaren bekend met bladveren van 3 m.

 src=
Adelaarsvaren, detail onderzijde blad met sporenhoopjes

Sporenhoopjes

De sporenhoopjes (sori) zitten langs de bladrand en zijn door de omgeslagen rand bedekt. De sporen zijn rijp in juli of augustus. Voor meer informatie over de voortplanting, zie het artikel varens.

Toxiciteit

De bladen van de adelaarsvaren zijn het meest toxische deel van de plant. De toxiciteit berust op verschillende factoren. Zo bevat de plant thiaminase, een enzym, dat vitamine B1 afbreekt. Het gevolg is een vitamine B1 deficiëntie. Verder bevat de plant sesquiterpenen die bij het rund en schaap een aplastische anemie kunnen veroorzaken. Bij runderen wordt verder nog een gestoorde bloedstolling vastgesteld. Een verdere factor is een carcinogene factor, die in de urineblaas en het maag-darmkanaal tumoren laat ontstaan.

Desondanks worden speciaal behandelde en ingelegde, jonge spruiten in Korea en Japan als groente bij rijst gegeten.

Habitat

De adelaarsvaren wordt voornamelijk aangetroffen in bossen op zandgrond, maar de soort groeit ook op open plekken, waaronder in Nederland. De adelaarsvaren houdt niet van heel vochtige grond en kalk. Op onbeschutte plaatsen is er een kans dat de plant schade oploopt als gevolg van kou (bijvoorbeeld een koude wind of nachtvorst).

Verspreiding

De adelaarsvaren kent een kosmopolitische verspreiding en is ook in België en Nederland zeer algemeen.

Externe links

Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Pteridium aquilinum op Wikimedia Commons.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NL

Adelaarsvaren: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De adelaarsvaren (Pteridium aquilinum) is een varen uit de adelaarsvarenfamilie (Dennstaedtiaceae). Het is een zeer algemene soort met een kosmopolitische verspreiding, die ook in België en Nederland zeer algemeen is.

De soort wordt op vele plaatsen als een lastig onkruid beschouwd.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NL

Einstape ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NN

Einstape (Pteridium aquilinum) er ein fleirårig art av bregnar i einstapeslekta. Der finst fleire underartar eller variantar, to av desse veks i Noregvanleg einstape og kysteinstape.

Einstape har opprette stilkar, manglar skjell på bladskafta, og har store blad som er mellom- eller bleikgrøne og heilt likeforma. Blada er 2-3 gongar finna. Den samla bladplata har trekanta form. Høgda er frå 40 cm og opp til 3 m. Sporehusa sit gøymde under bretten ytst på undersida av blada.

Vanleg einstape (P. a. latiusculum) er 40-120 cm høg, og har store, bleikgrøne eller klargrøne bladplater som er trekanta. Bladet gulnar tidleg på hausten, og er nesten horisontalt liggjande. Undersida er berre håra langs kanten og på midtnerven, med bretta ytterkant der sporane sit litt gøymde. Bregnen trivst på mager jord, hogstfelt, myrenger, skogbryn, skrentar, steinete ravinar, og bakkar. Han veks i tette bestandar som ofte tek over terrenget.

Kysteinstape (P. a. aquilinum) er 80-250 cm høg, har store trekanta bladplater, og står på mager kystjord, hei, glissen bjørkeskog og i lauvskog som er steinete og skrinn. Blada er mørkegrøne langt utover hausten, og noko opprette men samstundes litt lutande eller bøygde. Bladundersida er hårete, og den nedste primærfliken er kortare enn den nest nedste. Bladskaftet er ofte om lag berre 1/3 så langt som heile bladplata, med gulgrøne eller lysbrune ugreina stilkar opp til 1 cm i diameter nedst.

Økologi og bruk

Røtene kan gå 50-100 cm ned i marka, og ofte øydeleggje arkeologiske restar i undergrunnen. Samstundes gir bregnane habitat for ei rad møll-artar, fluger og nokre fuglar. Også hoggormen trivst mellom dei.

Dei unge, krøllete skota kan etast som felehovud. Røtene har vore brukte av indianarar i Amerika mot parasittar og bronkitt. Plantane inneheld truleg kreftframkallande stoff, og vert ikkje lengre brukte i diettar.

Den viktigaste hindringa for spreiing av einstape er kulde og høg pH-verdi i jorda. Artane kan finnast i jord med pH-verdiar frå 2,8 til 8,6. Artane brukar allelopati – utsondring av kjemikaliar som hemmar eller heilt hindrar veksten til andre plantar. Einstape kan ta heilt kontroll over eit område etter skogbrann, og planten kan hemme andre plantar sin vekst sjølv ei tid etter at han er fjerna.

Utbreiing

Einstape finst utbreidd i alle verdsdelar unnateke Antarktis, og i alle tempererte og subtropiske miljø. Unnataka er isområde, ørken og tropane. Einstape er ein av dei mest utbreidde artane i verda, og er funnen fossilt frå 55 million år attende.

Vanleg einstape går opp til 700 moh. på Hardangervidda og 840 moh. i Trysil. Planten veks vanleg i låglandet og elvedalane frå svenskegrensa til midtre Nordland, meir spreidd til Ofoten og isolert i midtre Troms. Underarten veks elles rundt den nordlege halvkula unnateke det austlege Nord-Amerika.

Kysteinstape veks langs kysten av Vestlandet frå Vest-Agder til Stad. I tillegg er der spreidde funn frå Grimstad i søraust til Aukra i nordvest. Denne underarten veks elles i Europa, rundt Middelhavet, og i Afrika.

Kjelder

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NN

Einstape: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NN

Einstape (Pteridium aquilinum) er ein fleirårig art av bregnar i einstapeslekta. Der finst fleire underartar eller variantar, to av desse veks i Noreg – vanleg einstape og kysteinstape.

Einstape har opprette stilkar, manglar skjell på bladskafta, og har store blad som er mellom- eller bleikgrøne og heilt likeforma. Blada er 2-3 gongar finna. Den samla bladplata har trekanta form. Høgda er frå 40 cm og opp til 3 m. Sporehusa sit gøymde under bretten ytst på undersida av blada.

Vanleg einstape (P. a. latiusculum) er 40-120 cm høg, og har store, bleikgrøne eller klargrøne bladplater som er trekanta. Bladet gulnar tidleg på hausten, og er nesten horisontalt liggjande. Undersida er berre håra langs kanten og på midtnerven, med bretta ytterkant der sporane sit litt gøymde. Bregnen trivst på mager jord, hogstfelt, myrenger, skogbryn, skrentar, steinete ravinar, og bakkar. Han veks i tette bestandar som ofte tek over terrenget.

Kysteinstape (P. a. aquilinum) er 80-250 cm høg, har store trekanta bladplater, og står på mager kystjord, hei, glissen bjørkeskog og i lauvskog som er steinete og skrinn. Blada er mørkegrøne langt utover hausten, og noko opprette men samstundes litt lutande eller bøygde. Bladundersida er hårete, og den nedste primærfliken er kortare enn den nest nedste. Bladskaftet er ofte om lag berre 1/3 så langt som heile bladplata, med gulgrøne eller lysbrune ugreina stilkar opp til 1 cm i diameter nedst.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NN

Einstape ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NO

Orlica pospolita ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Orlica pospolita, orlica zgasiewka (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) – kosmopolityczny gatunek paproci z rodziny Dennstaedtiaceae. Występuje w strefie klimatów umiarkowanych i subtropikalnych. W Polsce gatunek pospolity z wyjątkiem wyższych terenów górskich.

Morfologia

 src=
W naturalnym siedlisku
 src=
Przekrój poprzeczny osadki liścia

Gametofit

Gametofit osiąga 7–8 mm szerokości i reprezentuje typ Athyrium – pozbawiony jest włosków[2].

Sporofit

Kłącze
Duże, długie, poziomo rozrastające się w podłożu, rozgałęziające się. Jest w różnym stopniu owłosione i pozbawione łusek[3]. Nadziemnego pędu brak.
Liście
Okazałe, osiągają zwykle do 1,8 m wysokości, ale zdarzają się i większe, nawet do 4,4 m długości. Z kolei w skrajnych warunkach mogą osiągać tylko 30 cm. Wyrastają pojedynczo na końcach kłączy. W zarysie trójkątne, 3-krotnie (rzadziej 2- i 4-krotnie) pierzaste o odcinkach równowąsko-lancetowanych, tępych, prawie naprzeciwległych i całobrzegich. Liść za młodu jest omszony, później blaszka liściowa jest naga lub rzadziej słabo owłosiona. Ogonek liściowy tak długi jak blaszka liściowa, do 1 cm średnicy. U nasady jest ciemny i omszony, w górnej części półkolisty na przekroju i nagi. Kupki zarodniowe umieszczone są na brzegu liścia i osłonięte szczątkową zawijką, jak również zagiętym brzegiem blaszki liściowej[3].
Zarodniki
Brązowe, kolczaste[3].

Ekologia

Występuje w widnych i suchych borach mieszanych i borach sosnowych, rzadziej na terenach otwartych, na niżu i niższych położeniach górskich. Preferuje glebę piaszczystą.

Biologia

Cechy fitochemiczne
Roślina jest trująca. Zawiera kwas pteritanowy (orlikowogarbnikowy). Zatrucia u zwierząt roślinożernych następują zarówno po spożyciu orlicy na pastwisku, jak i w sianie. U bydła domowego powoduje krwiomocz. U koni poraża układ nerwowy i powoduje chwiejny chód. Orlicy przypisywano także winę za zapadanie owiec na kołowaciznę (obecnie wiadomo, że choroba ta wywoływana jest przez priony)[4].
Kłącze orlicy i młode pastorałowate liście po przetworzeniu są jadalne. Kłącze zawiera do 60% skrobi i wytwarza się z niego mąkę. Części zielone po ugotowaniu są podstawą do japońskiego dania warabe[5].
Rozwój
Kupki zarodniowe pojawiają się w bardzo zmiennej ilości w strefie klimatu umiarkowanego w lipcu i sierpniu, często jednak przez wiele lat nie powstają wcale[3]. Zarodniki kiełkują po 10–14 dniach. Kiełkowanie zaczyna się od wysunięcia przez szczelinę ściany zarodnika (egzynę) bezbarwnego chwytnika. Po stadium nitkowatym rozwoju gametofitu, rozwija się stadium „łopatkowe” i w końcu powstaje przedrośle sercowate. Rozwój gametofitu u orlicy należy do najszybciej przebiegających wśród gatunków należących do paproci cienkozarodniowych. Plemnie powstają po 23 dniach, a rodnie po 40 dniach. Zapłodnienie następuje ok. 60 dni po skiełkowaniu zarodnika. Po zapłodnieniu powstaje na przedroślu jeden tylko zarodek. Składa się on ze stopy tkwiącej w przedroślu i odżywiającej młodą roślinę oraz zaczątków korzenia, łodygi (kłącza) oraz liści. Młode listki są u orlicy nagie, ale w miarę rozwoju stają się coraz bardziej podobne do liści asymilacyjnych (trofofili)[2].

Nazewnictwo

Zarówno rodzajowa nazwa naukowa, jak i zwyczajowa nazwa polska pochodzi od układu wiązek przewodzących na przekroju ogonka liściowego, na którym układają się one w postać orła[3].

Przypisy

  1. Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider & P. G. Wolf: A classification for extant ferns (ang.). Taxon 55(3): 705–731, 2006. [dostęp 2009-11-13].
  2. a b Wanda Karpowicz: Paprocie. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1972.
  3. a b c d e R.H. Marrs, A.S. Watt. Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. „Journal of Ecology”. 94, s. 1272–1321, 2006.
  4. S. Bagiński, J. Mowszowicz: Krajowe rośliny trujące. Łódź: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1963.
  5. Łukasz Łuczaj: Dzikie rośliny jadalne Polski. Przewodnik survivalowy (pol.). luczaj.com. [dostęp 2014-05-11].

Bibliografia

  • Jakub Mowszowicz: Krajowe chwasty polne i ogrodowe. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1986. ISBN 83-09-00771-X.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia POL

Orlica pospolita: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Orlica pospolita, orlica zgasiewka (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) – kosmopolityczny gatunek paproci z rodziny Dennstaedtiaceae. Występuje w strefie klimatów umiarkowanych i subtropikalnych. W Polsce gatunek pospolity z wyjątkiem wyższych terenów górskich.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia POL

Pteridium aquilinum ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT
 src=
Frondes de P. aquilinum (feiteira).
 src=
Corte num pecíolo de P. aquilinum, mostrando a águia formada pelos feixes vasculares.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in Kersten (1879), conhecido pelos nomes comuns de samambaia, feto-comum, feteira, feiteira ou feito, é uma espécie de pteridófito pertencente à família Dennstaedtiaceae (alguns autores incluem a espécie na família Hypolepydaceae). A espécie integra um complexo específico até recentemente considerado como um a única espécie, o que faz dela um dos organismos vegetais de mais ampla distribuição, ocorrendo em todos os continentes, excepto na Antárctida. Dada a sua importância como infestante em pastagens e florestas, e o seu uso como alimento, é também o pteridófito com maior importância económica. O taxon que actualmente permanece como P. aquilinum ocorre em todas as regiões temperadas e subtropicais do Hemisfério Norte e em vastas áreas temperadas e subtropicais do Hemisfério Sul.

Taxonomia

O feto-comum foi inicialmente descrito em 1753 como Pteris aquilina pelo fundador da moderna taxonomia, Carl Linnaeus, no 2.º volume da sua obra Species Plantarum. A origem do epíteto específico deriva da palavra latina aquila "águia", mas a razão desta escolha tem sido objecto de múltiplas explicações, sendo geralmente assumido que se funda na forma das frondes maturas, cujo perfil remotamente evocará a asa de uma águia,[1] Contudo, já naturalistas medievais, incluindo Erasmo, tinham referido que o padrão das fibras do pecíolo, quando visto em corte transversal, se assemelharia a uma águia bicéfala ou a uma folha de carvalho. O seu nome binomial actual é da autoria de Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian Kuhn, tendo sido publicado em 1879.[2]

O género Pteridium foi inicialmente considerado como mono-específico, tendo Pteridium aquilinum como única espécie. Ao longo das últimas décadas a espécie foi progressivamente subdividida, constituindo actualmente um complexo específico, com limites mal definidos no qual diferentes autores reconhecem entre 7 e 11 espécies distintas.

Descrição

P. aquilinum é um pteridófito isósporeo, herbáceo, vivaz ou perene, decíduo nas regiões com inverno mais marcado. Apresenta um rizoma subterrâneo muito desenvolvido que chega a alcançar muitos metros de comprimento, de cor cinzenta, coberto por vilosidades escuras.

As frondes são grandes, grosseiramente triangulares, com 1 a 3 metros de comprimento. As lâminas são tripinadas ou quatripinnadas (tetrapinadas), com pínulas ovóides e glabras na face superior, enquanto que a face abaxial é pilosa, com tricomas densos. O pecíolo é menor ou igual ao comprimento da lâmina. Pode apresentar uma estipa com cerca de 1 cm de diâmetro na base.

Apresenta soros reunidos em cenosoros lineares, com duplo indúsio composto por um pseudo-indúsio membranoso composto pelo rebordo da lâmina e um indúsio verdadeiro, de cor acinzentada, situados na face abaxial das frondes.

Os esporângios são esferoidais, com anel longitudinal, esporos com marcação trilete muito ligeira, que se disseminam rapidamente pelo vento (forte anemocoria).

Distribuição e habitat

O complexo específico tem sub-cosmopolita, estando apenas ausente em zonas áridas e sub-áridas. A espécie P. aquilinum ocorre em todas as regiões temperadas e subtropicais do Hemisfério Norte e em vastas regiões temperadas e subtropicais do Hemisfério Sul, mas a sua distribuição varia em função do número de espécies que é considerado.

Sendo uma planta extremamente adaptável, coloniza rapidamente áreas disturbadas, razão pela qual integra numerosas sucessões ecológicas nas etapas de degradação, em especial após incêndios florestais e queimadas de vegetação, sendo extremamente resistente aos incêndios florestais. Apresenta comportamento invasor em diversas regiões, incluindo algumas nas quais é nativa, como é o caso da Grã-Bretanha, onde invade terrenos dominados por urzais de Calluna vulgaris em turfeiras da região de North Yorkshire.[3]

Ocorre desde o nível do mar até aos 2000 metros de altitude, variando o limite altitudinal máximo em função da latitude.

Prefere solos profundos e bem drenados, em especial solos arenosos em zonas frescas com substratos acidificados por serem pobres em bases ou ligeiramente siliciosos.

Etnobotânica e toxicidade

As plantas do género Pteridium são tradicionalmente utilizadas como alimento para humanos e para diversas espécies de herbívoros domésticos em muitas áreas onde ocorrem. Apesar desses usos, a ingestão destas plantas tem vindo a ser progressivamente ligada a problemas de saúde diversos, com destaque para as doenças oncológicas do aparelho digestivo e da pele.

As plantas do género Pteridium contêm o composto carcinogénico designado por ptaquilosídeo,[4] e populações, especialmente no Japão, que consomem os rebentos como hortaliça, apresentam algumas das mais altas taxas conhecidas de incidência de cancro do estômago.[5]

Também o consumo de leite contaminado com o composto ptaquilosídeo em resultado da ingestão de fetos pelas vacas ou cabras que o produzem contribuirá para a alta incidência de neoplasias gástricas humanas nas populações dos estados andinos da Venezuela.[6]

Os esporos também foram apontados como carcinogénicos, razão pela qual algumas regiões do Reino Unido, onde o feto é muito comum, utilizam filtros especificamente concebidos para remover os esporos de Pteridium da água para consumo humano.

Foi sugerido que a ingestão de um suplemento alimentar rico em selénio pode prevenir, e mesmo reverter, o efeito imunotóxico induzido pelo ptaquilosídeo do Pteridium aquilinum[7]´.

Notas

  1. Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida ethnobotany. [S.l.]: CRC Press. p. 551. ISBN 0-8493-2332-0. Consultado em 30 de junho de 2010
  2. Thomson, John A. (2004). «Towards a taxonomic revision of Pteridium (Dennstaedtiaceae).». Telopea. 10 (4): 793–803
  3. Whitehead SJ, Digby J (1997). «The morphology of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) in the North York Moors—a comparison of the mature stand and the interface with heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) 1. The fronds». Annals of Applied Biology. 131 (1): 103–16. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1997.tb05399.x
  4. Gomes J, Magalhães A, Michel V, Amado I, Aranha P, Ovesen RG, Hansen HC, Gärtner F, Reis CA, Touati E.,"Pteridium aquilinum and its ptaquiloside toxin induce DNA damage response in gastric epithelial cells, a link with gastric carcinogenesis". Toxicol Sci. 2011 Dec 5;
  5. I A Evans, B Widdop, R S Jones, G D Barber, H Leach, D L Jones, and R Mainwaring-Burton (1971). «The possible human hazard of the naturally occurring bracken carcinogen». Biochem J. 124 (2): 29P–30P. PMC . PMID 5158492 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  6. Alonso-Amelot M.E., Avendano M. "Possible association between gastric cancer and bracken fern in Venezuela: An epidemiologic study." International Journal of Cancer. 91 (2) (pp 252-259), 2001.
  7. Latorre A.O., Caniceiro B.D., Wysocki H.L., Haraguchi M., Gardner D.R., Gorniak S.L.,"Selenium reverses Pteridium aquilinum-induced immunotoxic effects. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 49 (2) (pp 464-470), 2011

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT

Pteridium aquilinum: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT
 src= Frondes de P. aquilinum (feiteira).  src= Corte num pecíolo de P. aquilinum, mostrando a águia formada pelos feixes vasculares.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in Kersten (1879), conhecido pelos nomes comuns de samambaia, feto-comum, feteira, feiteira ou feito, é uma espécie de pteridófito pertencente à família Dennstaedtiaceae (alguns autores incluem a espécie na família Hypolepydaceae). A espécie integra um complexo específico até recentemente considerado como um a única espécie, o que faz dela um dos organismos vegetais de mais ampla distribuição, ocorrendo em todos os continentes, excepto na Antárctida. Dada a sua importância como infestante em pastagens e florestas, e o seu uso como alimento, é também o pteridófito com maior importância económica. O taxon que actualmente permanece como P. aquilinum ocorre em todas as regiões temperadas e subtropicais do Hemisfério Norte e em vastas áreas temperadas e subtropicais do Hemisfério Sul.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT

Örnbräken ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Örnbräken (Pteridium aquilinum) tillhör ormbunksväxterna.

Beskrivning

Örnbräken bildar mer eller mindre täta bestånd av enstaka stående blad, som har styvt och upprätt skaft och 3-dubbelt parbladig skiva. Redan då ljungen blommar, börjar örnbräken gulna och står under hösten med livligt rödgul färg för att vissna ned innan vintern kommer. Bladens enstaka växtsätt beror på jordstammens långsträckta ledstycken. Namnet "örnbräken" kommer av att man, om man skär av stjälkbasen något på sned, kan se ledningssträngarna bilda en figur med viss likhet med en heraldisk dubbelörn.

Kromosomtal 2n = 104.

Från andra ormbunkar avviker Pteridium genom att sporgömmena sitter utmed bladflikarnas kant, och att indusiet bildas av själva bladkanten, som är tillbakavikt över sporgömmena. (Se figur 2 i stora bilden till höger.)

Örnbräken besitter ett ganska omfattande kemiskt självförsvar, med till exempel tanniner, fenoler och cyanidfrisläppande glykosider. Växten innehåller även två cancerogener.[1] Detta innehåll gör örnbräken olämplig som djurfoder.

Habitat

Örnbräken är vanlig på många håll i världen. I Skandinaviens södra och mellersta skogsområden allmän.

I betesvall betraktas örnbräken som ogräs, och bekämpas manuellt genom ryckning. Eftersom roten tränger djupt ned krävs ett stadigt tvåhandsgrepp om skaftet, varpå ryckning sker rakt upp.

Utbredningskartor

Biotop

Torra marker.

Etymologi

 src=
Dubbelörn
 src=
Flygande örn
Aquila chrysaetos
  • Släktenamnet Pteridium kommer av latin pteris = vinge med syftning på den stora triangulära bladskivan.
  • Artepitetet aquilinum kommer av latin aquila = örn, ty om jordstammen skärs itu ser det ut som siluetten av en flygande örn'
  • Namnet "örnbräken" kommer av att man, om man skär av stjälkbasen något på sned, kan se ledningssträngarna bilda en figur som har viss likhet med en heraldisk dubbelörn ("tvehövdad örn").

Användning

Örnbräken har i äldre tider som torkad använts till stoppning i madrasser, till strö, till eldning med mera och även som maskdödande medel. Växten är otjänlig som djurfoder, och kan orsaka förgiftning hos kor och hästar.

Alternativa vardagliga namn

  • Bräken
  • Slokörnbräken (Underart)
  • Taigaörnbräken (Underart) (Se taiga.)

Bilder

Externa länkar

Referenser

  1. ^ Christopher N. Page. Ecological strategies in fern evolution: a neopteridological overview. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 119(1-2). 1^-33. 2002.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Örnbräken: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Örnbräken (Pteridium aquilinum) tillhör ormbunksväxterna.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Eğrelti otu ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Eğrelti ya da Eğrelti otu (Pteridophyta), 12.000 türü bulunan bitki bölümü[1]. Atkuyrukları da bu bölümde olmasına karşın eğrelti adıyla anılmazlar. Karbonifer döneminde 360 milyon yıl öncesine tarihlenen fosil kayıtları vardır.

Yapraklarının iç yüzünde spor keseleri bulunan damarlı çiçeksiz bitki. Birçok tür ve cinsi, tropikal bölgelerde genellikle ağaçsı, ılıman bölgelerde otsu olarak yetişir. Kök sapları toprak altında bulunan eğreltiotunun yaprakları ince uzun ve çok parçalıdır.

Bitkilerin sınıflanmasında eğreltiotunun yer aldığı sınıfın diğerlerinden farkı spor keselerinin başak biçiminde bir sapın üzerinde değil yapraklar üzerinde bulunmasıdır. Günümüzden 260.000.000 yıl önce de yaşayan eğreltiotlarının karbon devrinde büyük gelişme gösterdikleri ve jeolojik devirde özel mikroorganizmalarca mayalanması sonucunda maden kömürlerinin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturduğu saptandı.

Kimi türlerinde köksap ve yenebilen kök, nişasta bakımından zengindir. Günümüzde süs bitkisi olarak da yetiştirilen eğreltiotları gübre olarak da kullanılır. Başlıca türlerinden olan erkek eğreltiotu (Dryopteris filix-mas) iri yeşil demetler durumundadır ve silisli topraklarda bolca yetişir. Bağırsak asalaklarını düşürücü etkileri olan erkek eğreltiotu adına karşın hem erkek, hem dişi gametler taşır. Dişi eğreltiotu (Ahpri-um filix femina) Kuzey yarımkürede.

Türkiye'de Kuzey Anadolu'da yaygın olarak yetişir. Kartallı eğreltiotunun (Pteridinum aquilinum) yaprakları dik ve parçalıdır. Adını yaprak sapının kesitinde beliren Avusturya kartalını andıran siyah biçimden alır. Eğreltiotlarının tüm dünyada killi ve humuslu topraklarda 10.000′e yakın türü yetişir.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Chapman, Arthur D. (2009). Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World. Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study. Canberra, Australia. September 2009. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia TR

Eğrelti otu: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Eğrelti ya da Eğrelti otu (Pteridophyta), 12.000 türü bulunan bitki bölümü. Atkuyrukları da bu bölümde olmasına karşın eğrelti adıyla anılmazlar. Karbonifer döneminde 360 milyon yıl öncesine tarihlenen fosil kayıtları vardır.

Yapraklarının iç yüzünde spor keseleri bulunan damarlı çiçeksiz bitki. Birçok tür ve cinsi, tropikal bölgelerde genellikle ağaçsı, ılıman bölgelerde otsu olarak yetişir. Kök sapları toprak altında bulunan eğreltiotunun yaprakları ince uzun ve çok parçalıdır.

Bitkilerin sınıflanmasında eğreltiotunun yer aldığı sınıfın diğerlerinden farkı spor keselerinin başak biçiminde bir sapın üzerinde değil yapraklar üzerinde bulunmasıdır. Günümüzden 260.000.000 yıl önce de yaşayan eğreltiotlarının karbon devrinde büyük gelişme gösterdikleri ve jeolojik devirde özel mikroorganizmalarca mayalanması sonucunda maden kömürlerinin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturduğu saptandı.

Kimi türlerinde köksap ve yenebilen kök, nişasta bakımından zengindir. Günümüzde süs bitkisi olarak da yetiştirilen eğreltiotları gübre olarak da kullanılır. Başlıca türlerinden olan erkek eğreltiotu (Dryopteris filix-mas) iri yeşil demetler durumundadır ve silisli topraklarda bolca yetişir. Bağırsak asalaklarını düşürücü etkileri olan erkek eğreltiotu adına karşın hem erkek, hem dişi gametler taşır. Dişi eğreltiotu (Ahpri-um filix femina) Kuzey yarımkürede.

Türkiye'de Kuzey Anadolu'da yaygın olarak yetişir. Kartallı eğreltiotunun (Pteridinum aquilinum) yaprakları dik ve parçalıdır. Adını yaprak sapının kesitinde beliren Avusturya kartalını andıran siyah biçimden alır. Eğreltiotlarının tüm dünyada killi ve humuslu topraklarda 10.000′e yakın türü yetişir.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia TR

Орляк звичайний ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Походження назви

 src=
Зріз черешка

Назва «орляк» закріпилася за папороттю, певно, через особливості розташування провідних пучків стебла. Якщо зрізати черешок листка при основі, то можна побачити, що провідні пучки нагадують двоголового орла — герб Росії.[1]

Схожі назви є у німців нім. Adlerwurz чи нім. Adlerfarn, французів фр. fougère imperiale, поляків пол. Orlica pospolita.

Ботанічна характеристика

Рослина з повзучим, досить тонким кореневищем і двома рядами листків, з яких щороку розвивається тільки один ряд. Листки розміщені поодиноко. Кореневище довге, дерев'янисте, розгалужене. Листки на зиму відмирають. Підземна частина черешка і кореневище чорного кольору. Листки ясно-зелені, жорсткі з довгими черешками і великою (50-150 см), шкірястою, в обрисі яйцеподібно-трикутною двічі-тричі перистою пластинкою. Частки першого порядку яйцеподібно-ланцетні, загострені, супротивиі, з вузьколанцетними черговими перистороздільними частками другого порядку. Частки другого порядку довгасті або ланцетні, ціагокраї, звичайно тупуваті. Черешки листків з дуже вузьким жолобом, пластинка листка ажурна. Купки спорангіїв (соруси) розміщені у вигляді суцільної вузької смуги вздовж краю листка і прикриті зверху його загорнутим краєм. Спори округло-чотиригранні, бурувато-жовті, зернисто-горбочкуваті. Спороносить у липні.

Екологічна приуроченість

Росте орляк звичайний у мішаних лісах, на узліссях, лісових галявинах, у чагарниках. Рослина тіньовитривала. Трапляється на вирубках, згарищах, а також у листяних і хвойних лісах Євразії, на островах Атлантичного океану і навіть у Полінезії.

Географічне поширення

Рослина-космополіт. У Північній півкулі трапляється на теренах Європи, Азії, Північної Америки; у Південній півкулі — на теренах Австралії, Нової Зеландії та у північних регіонах Південної Америки. В Україні орляк поширений на Поліссі, в Лісостепу, по долинах річок у Степу, в Карпатах.

Практичне використання

Лікарська, інсектицидна, отруйна, харчова, кормова й декоративна рослина. У народній медицині використовують кореневище орляка для вигнання солітерів і як проносне. Він входить до складу мазі від наривів і екземних виразок. Кореневище містить синильну й орляково-дубильну кислоти, алкалоїди, ефірну олію тощо. Кореневища й листки орляка мають своєрідний запах, якого не переносять усі комахи. В деяких місцевостях Західної Європи травою орляка набивають матраци і подушки, в цих житлах немає ні тарганів, ні мух, ні павуків. На фруктах і овочах, загорнутих у листки орляка, не утворюється цвіль.

Заготовляють орляк на Поліссі, в Лісостепу, по долинах річок у Степу, в Карпатах. Запаси сировини значні. Попіл орляка містить багато поташу, який можна використовувати для виробництва мила і скла. Кореневища орляка придатні на корм свиням. Після поїдання значної кількості надземної частини орляка (у свіжому або висушеному вигляді) велика рогата худоба і коні отруюються. Отруйний чинник — орлякові дубильна кислота. Ознаки отруєння — криваві пронос і сеча, хитка хода, лякливість, пропасниця.

У харчуванні

У деяких країнах Північної Європи до меню залучають багато на білок та крохмаль стерженці молодих листків, які збирають ранньої весни, доки листова пластинка ще не розгорнулася. Паростки листків мають гачкоподібний вигляд і вкриті густими коричневими волосинками.

Традиція їсти таку парость походить з давніх часів, оскільки її знаходять при розкопках старовинних будинків на палях у Франції та Швейцарії.

Зібрані стерженці очищують від листяних часточок і відварюють. Потім промивають 2-3 рази у воді для вилучення дубильних речовин та гіркоти. Після цього стерженці готові для юшок, салатів, приправ до других страв. Стерженці також обсмажують із сухарями або обкочуюють у борошні, а краще - збирають і сушать на сонці, заготовляючи на зиму для юшок і соусів.[2] Приготовлені пагони папороті нагадують смажені білі гриби.[3]

У деяких країнах Східної Азії (Корея, Японія, Китай) молоді пагони орляка також використовують у їжу. В Кореї вимочені, пропарені та просмажені пагони використовують у намулі. Орляк - класичний інгредієнт корейської страви бібімбап.[4]

З кореневища орляка добувають крохмаль. Для цього їх сирими натерають на тертушці й ретельно промивають одержану масу. Після певного відстоювання крохмаль промивають у холодній воді декілька разів до набуття яскраво білого кольору. Японські солодощі варабімочі виготовляють з такого крохмалю. Через високий вміст крохмалю в кореневищах в Німеччині орляк використовують у пивоварінні.

Маорі Нової Зеландії, аборигени Канарських островів, індіанці Північної Америки готували з висушених і подрібнених кореневищ орляка сурогат хліба або вживали їх в їжу в сирому вигляді (на Канарах такий хліб називається ісп. helecho, «папороть»). У голодні роки хліб з орляка пекли і в деяких європейських країнах.

Кореневище також містить багато калію, тому воно гарно милиться. У селах деяких провінцій Франції (Бретань, Шампань, Рона) орляк і нині застосовують як замінник мила.

Орляк — декоративна рослина. Рекомендується для поодиноких і групових насаджень на галявинах та під деревами у парках і лісопарках.

Збирання, переробка та зберігання

Кореневища орляка викопують лопатами восени або навесні до розвитку рослин. Очищають від коренів і залишків, листяних лусок і черешків, розрізують на шматки. Сушать у затінку. Зберігають у коробах, вистелених папером.

Див. також

Література

Примітки

  1. Гамуля Ю. Г. Рослини України / за ред. О. М. Утєвської. — X.: Фактор, 2011. — 208 с. — C.106
  2. М. Л. Рева, Н. Н. Рева Дикі їстівні рослини України / Київ, Наукова думка, 1976—168 с. — С.67
  3. Рецепты блюд из папоротника орляк обыкновенный, салаты и гарниры. Сайт о выживании (ru-RU). 2018-05-13. Процитовано 2018-09-26.
  4. Fontella, Amelia Cook (2017-02-16). I brake for fernbrake. Isthmus | Madison, Wisconsin (en-us). Процитовано 2018-09-26.

Джерела

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia UK

Pteridium aquilinum ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Pteridium aquilinum là một loài thực vật có mạch trong họ Dennstaedtiaceae. Loài này được (L.) Kuhn miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1879.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Pteridium aquilinum. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài

Bài viết liên quan đến họ dương xỉ Dennstaedtiaceae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Pteridium aquilinum: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Pteridium aquilinum là một loài thực vật có mạch trong họ Dennstaedtiaceae. Loài này được (L.) Kuhn miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1879.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Орляк обыкновенный ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Салат из маринованного папоротника-орляка
 src=
Солёный папоротник-орляк (кулинарный полуфабрикат

В Японии и Китае сухие корневища являются источником крахмала[1]. Японские сладости «вараби-моти» (пирожки с начинкой) готовятся из папоротникового крахмала.

С орляком готовят корейские оладьи чон.

Сухие измельчённые корневища пригодны для выпечки хлеба, печёные — в пищу[1].

Корневища содержат до 46 % крахмала, используются для приготовления клея, в пивоварении[1]; поедаются кабанами и свиньями (для другого скота в сене и силосе ядовиты). Листья поедают козы[1].

Как декоративное растение орляк обыкновенный можно использовать в садах и парках[1].

Репеллент для клопов, мух, тараканов, пауков[1].

Маори Новой Зеландии, аборигены Канарских островов, индейцы Северной Америки приготовляли из высушенных и измельчённых корневищ орляка суррогат хлеба или употребляли их в пищу в сыром виде (на Канарах такой хлеб называется исп. helecho, «папоротник»). В голодные годы хлеб из орляка пекли и в некоторых европейских странах.

Листья используются крестьянами против гниения: в них завёртывают снедь, плоды и овощи; их подстилают скоту в хлевах (считается, что это улучшает навоз). В ветеринарии листья (в составе корма) применяют при эпидемических заболеваниях кур[1].

В Англии в Средние века листьями орляка крыли крыши домов. Орляк использовался и на топливо, на удобрение[1].

В золе корневищ и листьев содержится поташ (карбонат калия), который применяется в производстве тугоплавкого стекла и зелёного мыла[1]. Моющие и отбеливающие свойства поташа были известны даже до появления мыла. Шарики золы летом заготавливали впрок и использовали для получения щёлока для стирки в течение всего года. Эта практика в некоторых районах Британских островов продолжалась вплоть до XIX века.

Корневища окрашивают шерсть (по протраве) в чёрный и различные тона жёлтого цвета. Листья дают оливковую и зелёную краску различных оттенков для шёлка[1].

Индейцы Северной Америки использовали корневища для плетения рогож, сетей и как отделочный материал, листья — для изготовления зонтиков и как кровельный материал[1].

Черешки листьев можно использовать для плетения грубой тары[1].

Листья пригодны как дубитель[1].

В медицине

В китайской медицине применяют как диуретическое, жаропонижающее, при инфекционном гепатите[1].

В индийской медицине отвар используют при инфильтрате селезёнки[1].

Настой корневищ употребляется в народной медицине как противоглистное средство (сведения об антигельминтных свойствах противоречивы), для лечения рахита у детей; отвар — как противокашлевое, слабительное, тонизирующее, ранозаживляющее; отвар (внутрь), настойка (местно) — при ревматизме. Водный и спиртовой экстракты проявляют бактериостатическую активность. Отвар корневища применяют при болезнях органов дыхания, как аналгезирующее при гастралгии, миалгии, головной боли, вяжущее при диарее, при инфильтрате селезёнки; отвар, мазь (местно) — при экземе, абсцессах; в Калифорнии у индейцев — при алопеции. В народной медицине отвар листьев используют при ревматизме, при диатезе у детей[1].

В монгольской медицине листья применяют как ранозаживляющее, отвар — противолихорадочное[1].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Часть I — Семейства Lycopodiaceae — Ephedraceae, часть II — Дополнения к 1—7-му томам // Растительные ресурсы России и сопредельных государств / отв. ред. А. Л. Буданцев; Бот. ин-т им. В. Л. Комарова РАН. — СПб.: Мир и семья-95, 1996. — С. 23—34. — 571 с. — ISBN 5-90016-25-5.
  2. Pteridium aquilinum: информация о таксоне в проекте «Плантариум» (определителе растений и иллюстрированном атласе видов).
  3. Pteridium aquilinum (неопр.). Биоразнообразие Алтае-Саянского экорегиона. Южно-Сибирский ботанический сад АлтГУ. Проверено 17 марта 2016.
  4. 1 2 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn is an accepted name (англ.). The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden (2013).
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Орляк обыкновенный: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Салат из маринованного папоротника-орляка  src= Солёный папоротник-орляк (кулинарный полуфабрикат

В Японии и Китае сухие корневища являются источником крахмала. Японские сладости «вараби-моти» (пирожки с начинкой) готовятся из папоротникового крахмала.

С орляком готовят корейские оладьи чон.

Сухие измельчённые корневища пригодны для выпечки хлеба, печёные — в пищу.

Корневища содержат до 46 % крахмала, используются для приготовления клея, в пивоварении; поедаются кабанами и свиньями (для другого скота в сене и силосе ядовиты). Листья поедают козы.

Как декоративное растение орляк обыкновенный можно использовать в садах и парках.

Репеллент для клопов, мух, тараканов, пауков.

Маори Новой Зеландии, аборигены Канарских островов, индейцы Северной Америки приготовляли из высушенных и измельчённых корневищ орляка суррогат хлеба или употребляли их в пищу в сыром виде (на Канарах такой хлеб называется исп. helecho, «папоротник»). В голодные годы хлеб из орляка пекли и в некоторых европейских странах.

Листья используются крестьянами против гниения: в них завёртывают снедь, плоды и овощи; их подстилают скоту в хлевах (считается, что это улучшает навоз). В ветеринарии листья (в составе корма) применяют при эпидемических заболеваниях кур.

В Англии в Средние века листьями орляка крыли крыши домов. Орляк использовался и на топливо, на удобрение.

В золе корневищ и листьев содержится поташ (карбонат калия), который применяется в производстве тугоплавкого стекла и зелёного мыла. Моющие и отбеливающие свойства поташа были известны даже до появления мыла. Шарики золы летом заготавливали впрок и использовали для получения щёлока для стирки в течение всего года. Эта практика в некоторых районах Британских островов продолжалась вплоть до XIX века.

Корневища окрашивают шерсть (по протраве) в чёрный и различные тона жёлтого цвета. Листья дают оливковую и зелёную краску различных оттенков для шёлка.

Индейцы Северной Америки использовали корневища для плетения рогож, сетей и как отделочный материал, листья — для изготовления зонтиков и как кровельный материал.

Черешки листьев можно использовать для плетения грубой тары.

Листья пригодны как дубитель.

В медицине

В китайской медицине применяют как диуретическое, жаропонижающее, при инфекционном гепатите.

В индийской медицине отвар используют при инфильтрате селезёнки.

Настой корневищ употребляется в народной медицине как противоглистное средство (сведения об антигельминтных свойствах противоречивы), для лечения рахита у детей; отвар — как противокашлевое, слабительное, тонизирующее, ранозаживляющее; отвар (внутрь), настойка (местно) — при ревматизме. Водный и спиртовой экстракты проявляют бактериостатическую активность. Отвар корневища применяют при болезнях органов дыхания, как аналгезирующее при гастралгии, миалгии, головной боли, вяжущее при диарее, при инфильтрате селезёнки; отвар, мазь (местно) — при экземе, абсцессах; в Калифорнии у индейцев — при алопеции. В народной медицине отвар листьев используют при ревматизме, при диатезе у детей.

В монгольской медицине листья применяют как ранозаживляющее, отвар — противолихорадочное.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
Disambig gray.svg 關於又稱「過貓」的另一種蕨菜,請見“過溝菜蕨”。
二名法 Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum

歐洲蕨(bracken fern学名:Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum),俗称蕨菜拳头菜、龍頭菜,是碗蕨科蕨属下的一种蕨类植物。可以食用,但也有研究指出它有毒。同屬的其他植物有些也作食用,並非全部有毒。

分佈

全球廣泛分佈於溫帶地區。

使用

蕨的葉子可以食用。根部可以提取澱粉食用,做成蕨根粉、蕨根糍粑。在中國、日本、韓國都有食用。

毒性

含有其致癌性的原蕨苷。在葉子中濃度較高。

参考资料

中華民國行政院農委會 https://www.coa.gov.tw/faq/faq_view.php?id=7

扩展阅读

 src= 維基物種中有關欧洲蕨的數據

外部連結

  • 蕨 Jue 藥用植物圖像資料庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) (繁体中文)(英文)
 src= 维基共享资源中相關的多媒體資源:分類规范控制 小作品圖示这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

蕨: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

歐洲蕨(bracken fern学名:Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum),俗称蕨菜或拳头菜、龍頭菜,是碗蕨科蕨属下的一种蕨类植物。可以食用,但也有研究指出它有毒。同屬的其他植物有些也作食用,並非全部有毒。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

ワラビ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
ワラビ
Adelaarsvaren plant Pteridium aquilinum.jpg
ワラビ
分類 : 植物界 Plantae : シダ植物門 Pteridophyta : シダ綱 Pteridopsida : シダ目 Pteridales : コバノイシカグマ科 Dennstaedtiaceae : ワラビ属 Pteridium : ワラビ P. aquilinum 学名 Pteridium aquilinum
(L.) Kuhn 和名 ワラビ 英名 western bracken fern 生わらび ゆで[1] 100 gあたりの栄養価 エネルギー 食物繊維 ビタミン ビタミンA相当量 リボフラビン (B2) ナイアシン (B3) 葉酸 (B9) ビタミンE ビタミンK ミネラル カリウム カルシウム マグネシウム リン 鉄分 亜鉛 他の成分 水分 水溶性食物繊維 不溶性食物繊維 [2]。基部を除いたものゆでた後水冷し、水切りしたもの マイクログラム • mg = ミリグラム
  • IU = 国際単位
  • %はアメリカ合衆国における
    成人栄養摂取目標 (RDI) の割合。

    ワラビ(蕨、学名:Pteridium aquilinum)はシダ植物の1種。コバノイシカグマ科。かつてはイノモトソウ科に分類されていた。草原、谷地、原野などの日当たりのよいところに群生している。酸性土壌を好む。山菜のひとつに数えられている。

    から初夏にまだ葉の開いてない若(葉)を採取しスプラウトとして食用にするほか、根茎から取れるデンプンを「ワラビ粉」として利用する。ただし、毒性があるため生のままでは食用にできない。伝統的な調理方法として、熱湯(特に木灰、重曹を含む熱湯)を使ったあく抜きや塩漬けによる無毒化が行われる。

    この名は同時にシダ類の代表的な名として流用され、たとえばイヌワラビクマワラビコウヤワラビなどがある。また、アイヌ語でもワラビを「ワランビ」「ワルンベ」などと呼称しており、日本語由来の言葉と考えられている[3]

    特徴[編集]

    茎は地下を横に這い、よく伸びる。葉はには枯れ、に新芽が出る。成長すると0.5 - 1m くらいの背丈になる。葉は羽状複葉で、小葉にはつやがなく、全体に黄緑色で、やや硬い。

    森林内に出ることは少なく、火事、植林地などの攪乱(かくらん)されて生じた日当たりの良い場所に出現する。山腹の畑地周辺などにもよく出て、大きな集団を作る。

    食用[編集]

     src=
    ワラビの灰汁抜き(ここに湯を注ぎ一昼夜置く)

    ワラビは山菜の中でも灰汁が強く、食べる為には灰汁抜き(アク抜き)が必要である。処理の前にある程度長さを揃えておき、折り口を綺麗に切り揃えておくと良い。家庭によっては切りそろえたものを紐などで1食分くらいに束ねておく。ワラビの上から重曹木灰をふりかけ(揃えた切り口に重曹や木灰を擦り込む方法もある)、沸騰した熱湯をその上からかけ、新聞紙や大き目のポリ袋で落し蓋をして一晩置く。翌日きれいな水で洗いアクを流し、調理する。おひたし漬物味噌汁の実などとして食べる。

    ワラビのおひたしについては家庭によって様々な変わり醤油をつけて食べる習慣があり、三杯酢ワサビ醤油、からし醤油、酢醤油、ポン酢の他に、酢味噌やマヨネーズ味噌、醤油マヨネーズなど様々なつけダレがある。また、サラダに混ぜてドレッシングで食べるのも美味しい。

    灰汁が防腐剤の代わりとなるため、水をこまめに交換すれば1週間は大丈夫という説もあるが、3日を過ぎると腐りやすくなるので注意。確実に日持ちさせたい場合はチャック付き保存用バッグに練りワサビを溶かした水(充分に濁るくらい。中のバッグにチューブのワサビを絞って3 - 5センチ程度必要)と共に処理したワラビを入れて空気を抜き、冷蔵庫に保管するとワサビの殺菌作用で1週間ほどは持つ。食べやすい大きさに小口切りしておくと、袋から取り出して洗ってそのまま食べられる。

    地方によっては、濃い塩湯(熱湯に多めの塩を溶かしたもの)をワラビを敷き詰めたタライに流しこんで、灰汁を抜くという方法もある。また、温泉地では単純アルカリ泉(飲泉が可能なもの)で灰汁を抜く方法もある。こうした場所ではフキなど他の山菜も、山から採って来た長いままで切らずに茹でる光景も珍しくない。

    生の物を5センチ程度に切ってかき揚げにするか、1本のままで天ぷらにしても良い。生のまま揚げたものは灰汁抜きしたものより苦味が強いが、ほろ苦い独特の風味があり美味である。後述の中毒の事もあり食べすぎには十分注意。茹でて灰汁抜きしたものは苦味も少なく柔らかいので、1 - 数本を軽く結んで束ねたものに衣をつけて揚げても良い。

    塩漬けにする場合は、多めの塩を振りかけながら束ねた生のワラビを漬物樽に敷き詰めてビニールを被せ、蓋と重石をして空気が入らないように密封する。食べる時は取り出したワラビをよく洗い、一晩塩抜きしてから調理する。塩漬けした物は煮付けや卵とじなどの調理にする。そのまま生では食べない。

    中毒[編集]

    Question book-4.svg
    この節は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2013年3月

    などの家畜はワラビを摂取すると中毒症状を示し、また人間でもアク抜きをせずに食べると中毒を起こす(ワラビ中毒)。ワラビには発癌性のあるプタキロサイドptaquiloside[4]が約0.05-0.06%含まれる[5]

    1940年代に牛の慢性血尿症がワラビの多い牧場で発生することが報告され、1960年代に牛にワラビを与えると急性ワラビ中毒症として白血球血小板の減少や出血などの骨髄障害、再生不能性貧血、あるいは血尿症が発生し、その牛の膀胱腫瘍が発見された[6][7]。これが現在のワラビによる発癌研究の契機となった。

    参考画像[編集]

    •  src=

      芽ばえ

    •  src=

      葉が開くまえ・通常この程度を食用とする

    •  src=

      葉が開きはじめる

    脚注[編集]

    1. ^ 文部科学省 「日本食品標準成分表2015年版(七訂)
    2. ^ 厚生労働省 「日本人の食事摂取基準(2015年版)
    3. ^ アイヌ語地名リスト ル~ワ P141-145”. アイヌ語地名リスト. 北海道 環境生活部 アイヌ政策推進室 (2017年11月17日閲覧。
    4. ^ 山田静之、木越英夫、わらびの究極発癌物質の合成およびDNAとの反応 有機合成化学協会誌 Vol.53 (1995) No.1 P13-21, doi:10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.53.13
    5. ^ 食品安全委員会 2006.11.27 第7回食品安全委員会かび毒・自然毒等専門調査会-資料2「植物と毒性分」
    6. ^ Gert. L. LAQUEUR、小田嶋成和、ワラビおよびサイカシン (Cycasin) の癌原性 食品衛生学雑誌 Vol.12 (1971) No.1 P.1-3, doi:10.3358/shokueishi.12.1
    7. ^ 三浦定夫、大島寛一、牛ワラビ中毒に関する病理学的研究 : わが国における初発例について日本獸醫學雜誌(The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science) Vol.23 (1961) No.6 P347-352_2, doi:10.1292/jvms1939.23.347

    参考文献[編集]

    • 岩槻邦男編『日本の野生植物 シダ』平凡社(1992年)
    • 光田重幸『しだの図鑑』保育社(1986年)

    関連項目[編集]

    外部リンク[編集]

     src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ワラビに関連するカテゴリがあります。
     title=
    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia 日本語

    ワラビ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

    fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

    ワラビ(蕨、学名:Pteridium aquilinum)はシダ植物の1種。コバノイシカグマ科。かつてはイノモトソウ科に分類されていた。草原、谷地、原野などの日当たりのよいところに群生している。酸性土壌を好む。山菜のひとつに数えられている。

    から初夏にまだ葉の開いてない若(葉)を採取しスプラウトとして食用にするほか、根茎から取れるデンプンを「ワラビ粉」として利用する。ただし、毒性があるため生のままでは食用にできない。伝統的な調理方法として、熱湯(特に木灰、重曹を含む熱湯)を使ったあく抜きや塩漬けによる無毒化が行われる。

    この名は同時にシダ類の代表的な名として流用され、たとえばイヌワラビクマワラビコウヤワラビなどがある。また、アイヌ語でもワラビを「ワランビ」「ワルンベ」などと呼称しており、日本語由来の言葉と考えられている。

    licença
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    direitos autorais
    ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
    original
    visite a fonte
    site do parceiro
    wikipedia 日本語