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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Little is known about the longevity of these animals, but one specimen was still alive after 11.6 years in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Morphology ( 英语 )

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This species is sexually dimorphic in size.

Females weigh 510-665 g, while males weigh 950-100 g.

Forearm length is 157-181 mm and head and body length is 220-240mm.

Pteropus conspicillatus is black with a yellow mantle. The fur surrounding the eyes is yellow-green, giving the appearance of spectacles.

(Flannery, 1995; Andersen, 1912; Chambers, 1998)

Range mass: 510 to 1000 g.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Habitat ( 英语 )

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Pteropus conspicillatus occupies primary and secondary growth tropical rainforest. Roosting generally occurs in dead trees or trees stripped of their foliage.

(Richards, 1995)

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

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Distribution ( 英语 )

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The range of Pteropus conspicillatus comprises Northeast Queensland, Australia above 19 degrees South; the Halmahera Islands; and New Guinea and adjacent islands.

(Martin, 1995)

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Trophic Strategy ( 英语 )

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Pteropus conspicillatus is a frugivore specialist (sensu Richards, 1995), meaning >90% of its diet consists of the fruits of forest trees and palms. This species locates its food visually; thus, fruits pollinated by P. conspicillatus are light-colored and stand out against the dark upper rainforest canopy. Common fruits eaten include citrus, mango, Northern Bloomwood, and Apple Box. In addition, Pteropus conspicillatus raids orchards.

(Richards, 1995; Chambers, 1998)

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Benefits ( 英语 )

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Pteropus conspicillatus is an important disperser of many rainforest species. Plants that are adapted to bat dispersal tend to have light-colored fruits, in contrast to the brightly-colored fruits of species adapted to avian dispersal and pollination. As a result, P. conspicillatus is an integral part of the rainforest ecosystem. Tourist visits to the tropical forest in Far North Queensland are economically important to the region.

In addition, P. conspicillatus is eaten both by aboriginal and non-aboriginal Australians. The growth and harvest of these animals as a food source has been proposed as an economically profitable and ecologically sustainable practice.

(Mickleburgh et al, 1992; Tideman, 1998; Richards, 1995)

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Benefits ( 英语 )

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Flying foxes cause an estimated $20 in damage to fruit crops annually in Australia; the proportion of this damage inflicted by P. conspicillatus is not known. In addition, P. conspicillatus and other species of flying foxes have caused power outages by "roosting" on electrical wires.

(Mickleburgh et al, 1992; Tideman, 1998)

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Behavior ( 英语 )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Conservation Status ( 英语 )

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The "vulnerable" status is based on a listing by the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage for the Queensland Nature Conservation Act (QDEH 1994). QDEH only considers a species' status within Queensland, so a species that is stable or common

elsewhere in Australia may still be on the Queensland listing.

However, P. conspicillatus is fairly common throughout its limited range.

Due to habitat modification, P. conspicillatus is now feeding closer to the ground within reach of a paralysis tick; the tick causes deaths within the colonies, particularly of young bats.

(Cyplus On-Line--Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy; Chambers, 1998; Richards and Hall, 1998)

CITES: appendix ii

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Reproduction ( 英语 )

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Female P. conspicillatus reach sexual maturity at two years of age. Copulation occurs between March and May, followed by a 7-month gestation period. Generally, females give birth to one young per year. Young bats are weaned after four months.

(Chambers, 1998; Martin et al. 1995).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average gestation period: 180 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

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Guineu voladora d'ulleres ( 加泰罗尼亚语;瓦伦西亚语 )

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La guineu voladora d'ulleres (Pteropus conspicillatus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. Viu a Papua Nova Guinea, Indonèsia i Austràlia. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos humits tropicals, els manglars i els aiguamolls de plana. Està amenaçada per la caça, la pèrdua d'hàbitat i la col·lisió amb línies d'alta tensió i tanques de filferro d'arç.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Guineu voladora d'ulleres Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Helgen, K.; Salas, L.; Bonaccorso, F.. Pteropus conspicillatus. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 02-09-2012.


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Guineu voladora d'ulleres: Brief Summary ( 加泰罗尼亚语;瓦伦西亚语 )

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La guineu voladora d'ulleres (Pteropus conspicillatus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. Viu a Papua Nova Guinea, Indonèsia i Austràlia. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos humits tropicals, els manglars i els aiguamolls de plana. Està amenaçada per la caça, la pèrdua d'hàbitat i la col·lisió amb línies d'alta tensió i tanques de filferro d'arç.

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Brillenflughund ( 德语 )

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Der Brillenflughund (Pteropus conspicillatus) ist eine in Nordaustralien vorkommende Art aus der Familie der Flughunde (Pteropodidae).

Merkmale

Brillenflughunde zeichnen sich durch eine helle, brillenartige Fellzeichnung um die Augen herum aus. Ihr Fell ist dunkel bis manchmal schwarz, ebenso die Flügel. Die Spannweite liegt bei ungefähr einem Meter.

Lebensweise

Brillenflughunde sind nachtaktiv. In der Dämmerung schwärmen sie auf Nahrungssuche aus und kehren vor Sonnenaufgang zu ihrem Lagerplatz („Camp“) zurück. Die Gruppen bestehen meist aus mehreren tausend Tieren, ihre Größe unterliegt aber starken saisonalen Schwankungen.

In den Regenwäldern Australiens spielt die Spezies eine übergeordnet wichtige Rolle als Verbreiter von Samen und Bestäuber von Blüten. Brillenflughunde transportieren die Fruchtsamen und auch Pollen über weite Entfernung und bieten damit dem Ökosystem eine besondere Verbreitungsmöglichkeit. Brillenflughunde werden als Schlüsselspezies (keystone species) angesehen.

Verbreitung

Brillenflughunde kommen in Nordostaustralien (Queensland) zwischen Hinchinbrook Island und Cape York vor. Alle Kolonien liegen in einer Entfernung von maximal 6,5 km zum tropischen Regenwald. Hier finden sie ihr Futter, das hauptsächlich aus Früchten, aber auch aus Pollen besteht. Einige Kolonien sind auch in Neuguinea und benachbarten Inseln zu finden.

Laut Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Australien) sind Brillenflughunde als „verletzlich“ eingestuft. Sie sind bedroht durch Habitat-Verlust, Zeckenlähmung, Klimawandel und massenhaftes Töten durch die Aufseher in den Obstplantagen. Außerdem werden sie von den Aborigines als Nahrung angesehen; es ist jedoch nicht bekannt, wie sich die Jagd auf den Bestand der Brillenflughunde auswirkt. Insgesamt geht man momentan von ungefähr 100.000 Tieren aus, mit stark sinkendem Trend, jedes Jahr vermindert sich die Anzahl um einige tausend Tiere.

Literatur

  • Eggert: C 1994, Is tick paralysis in the spectacled flying fox, Pteropus conspicillatus, related to a change in the foraging behaviour of P. conspicillatus?, Honours thesis, Southern Cross University.
  • Hall, LS & Richards: G 2000, Flying foxes – fruit and blossom bats of Australia, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.
  • Richards: 1987, Aspects of the ecology of spectacled flying-foxes, Pteropus conspicillatus, (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in tropical Queensland, Australian Mammalogy, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 87-8.
  • Richards: GC 1990a, The spectacled flying-fox, Pteropus conspicillatus, (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in North Queensland Australia 1. Roost sites and distribution patterns, Australian Mammalogy, vol. 13, no. 1–2, pp. 17–24.

Weblinks

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Brillenflughund: Brief Summary ( 德语 )

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Der Brillenflughund (Pteropus conspicillatus) ist eine in Nordaustralien vorkommende Art aus der Familie der Flughunde (Pteropodidae).

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Spectacled flying fox ( 英语 )

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The spectacled flying fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), also known as the spectacled fruit bat, is a megabat that lives in Australia's north-eastern regions of Queensland. It is also found in New Guinea and on the offshore islands including Woodlark Island, Alcester Island, Kiriwina, and Halmahera.

The spectacled flying fox was listed as a threatened species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. They were considered vulnerable due to a significant decline in numbers as a result of loss of their prime feeding habitat and secluded camp sites. It has also been reported that spectacled flying foxes skim over the surface of water to drink and are sometimes eaten by crocodiles.[3] The species was classified as endangered by the IUCN in 2020.[1]

In February 2019 the Australian government upgraded the threatened status from vulnerable to endangered, after almost a third of the bat population died in a severe heatwave in Queensland in late 2018.[4]

Description

Spectacled flying fox

The head and body length is 22–25 cm, forearm 16–18 cm, weight 400–1000 g. A large spectacled flying fox has pale yellow or straw-colored fur around its eyes. The mantle is pale yellow and goes across the back, neck, and shoulders. Some have pale yellow fur on the face and top of the head.

Habitat

Spectacled flying foxes are forest dwellers and rainforests are their preferred habitat. They prefer to roost in the middle and upper canopy strata in the full sun. Colonies of the spectacled flying fox can be found in rain forests, mangroves, and paperbark and eucalypt forests.[3] There is evidence of increasing urbanisation.[5]

Diet

The spectacled flying fox's natural diet is rainforest fruits, riparian zone flowers, and flowers from Myrtaceae (primarily Eucalyptus and Syzygium species) and fruits from the Moraceae (figs) and Myrtaceae (primarily Syzygium).[6][7]

Life cycle

Spectacled flying foxes have one pup annually. Females are capable of breeding at one year of age.[8] Males probably do not breed until three to four years of age. They are polygamous (similar to the grey-headed flying fox, Pteropus poliocephalus). Female to male ratio may be as high as 2:1.[8] Conception occurs April to May. Sexual activity is continuous from about January to June. Females give birth to one young per year in October to December. Juveniles are nursed for over five months, and on weaning, congregate in nursery trees in the colony. The juveniles fly out for increasing distances with the colony at night and are 'parked' in nursery trees, often kilometres distant from the colony, and are brought back to the colony in the morning.[9]

Life expectancy

Spectacled flying foxes typically live to be around 12 to 15 years old, but in captivity can exceed 30 years of age. Natural causes of mortality include predation mainly by rufous owls and pythons, death by paralysis tick when bats climb low to the ground to feed, and the death of babies that are born too early when either something goes wrong in the fetus' development, or the mother suffers from prolonged stress. Flying foxes are also frequently killed in human-related incidents such as landing on power lines, and getting entangled in nets or barbed wire.[10][11] Most wild flying foxes are assumed to live much shorter lives.[8]

Conservancy

In 2012, the Queensland Government reintroduced the issuing of permits which allows farmers and fruit-growers (with permits)to kill limited numbers of flying foxes in order to protect crops.[12][13] The shooting of bats had been banned by the previous Qld Labor government after advice from the Qld Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (AWAC) that the practice was inhumane.

In February 2019, the Australian Department of the Environment and Energy announced that the national status of the spectacled flying fox was going to be revised from vulnerable to endangered. This was in response to heat waves in the 2018-19 summer that resulted in mass die-offs of the species, resulting in the deaths of over 20,000 individuals. It is estimated that a third of its total population was lost during the extreme heat waves. Humane Society International had nominated the species for an endangered listing some years earlier.[4][14]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b Roberts, B.; Eby, P.; Westcott, D. (2020). "Pteropus conspicillatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18721A22080456. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18721A22080456.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Species Profile and Threats Database: Pteropus conspicillatus — Spectacled Flying-fox".
  3. ^ a b "Spectacled Flying-fox". Australian Museum. 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  4. ^ a b Cox, Lisa (19 February 2019). "Spectacled flying fox declared endangered after Queensland heatwave wipeout". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  5. ^ Tait, Jessica; Perotto-Baldivieso, Humberto L.; McKeown, Adam; Westcott, David A. (2014). "Are Flying-Foxes Coming to Town? Urbanisation of the Spectacled Flying-Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) in Australia". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109810. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9810T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109810. PMC 4190360. PMID 25295724.
  6. ^ Australian Museum Business Services (2004). The Provision of Data for Draft National Fauna Survey Standards: Bats Draft Report to the Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage.
  7. ^ Richards, G.C. (1987). "Aspects of the Ecology of Spectacled Flying-foxes, Pteropus conspicillatus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Tropical Queensland". Australian Mammalogy. 10 (2): 87–88.
  8. ^ a b c Garnett, S.T.; Whybird, O.A.; Spencer, H.G. (1999). "Conservation status of the Spectacled Flying-fox Pteropus conspicillatus". Australian Zoologist. 31: 38–54. doi:10.7882/az.1999.006.
  9. ^ Richards, GC & Spencer, HJ (1998). "Spectacled Flying-fox, Pteropus conspicillatus (Gould, 1850)". In: Strahan, R, ed. The Mammals of Australia.
  10. ^ Hall, L.S. (1995). "Bare-backed Fruit-bat Dobsonia moluccensis", pp. 430–431 in Strahan, R, ed. The Mammals of Australia. Chatswood, NSW: Reed Books.
  11. ^ Flannery, T.F. (1995). The mammals of New Guinea. Revised and updated edition. Chatswood, N.S.W: Reed Books
  12. ^ Michael, Peter (16 December 2012). "Queensland farmers approved for lethal Damage Mitigation Permits to shoot and kill flying foxes". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  13. ^ "Damage mitigation permits for crop protection". Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. Queensland Government. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  14. ^ "23,000 dead: HSI calls for urgent spectacled flying-fox endangered listing". Humane Society International. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
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Spectacled flying fox: Brief Summary ( 英语 )

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The spectacled flying fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), also known as the spectacled fruit bat, is a megabat that lives in Australia's north-eastern regions of Queensland. It is also found in New Guinea and on the offshore islands including Woodlark Island, Alcester Island, Kiriwina, and Halmahera.

The spectacled flying fox was listed as a threatened species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. They were considered vulnerable due to a significant decline in numbers as a result of loss of their prime feeding habitat and secluded camp sites. It has also been reported that spectacled flying foxes skim over the surface of water to drink and are sometimes eaten by crocodiles. The species was classified as endangered by the IUCN in 2020.

In February 2019 the Australian government upgraded the threatened status from vulnerable to endangered, after almost a third of the bat population died in a severe heatwave in Queensland in late 2018.

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Pteropus conspicillatus ( 西班牙语;卡斯蒂利亚语 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El zorro volador de anteojos (Pteropus conspicillatus) es un murciélago frugivoro de gran tamaño perteneciente al género Pteropus, conocidos habitualmente como zorros voladores. Vive en la costa noreste de Queensland, Australia, también se encuentra en varias islas próximas, entre ellas Nueva Guinea, Woodlark, Islas Kiriwina y Halmahera, su hábitat natural se extiende por zonas de bosque lluvioso o manglar.[2]​ La especie fue clasificada como de preocupación menor por el IUCN en 2008.[3]

Referencias

  1. Helgen, K., Salas, L. & Bonaccorso, F. (2008). «Pteropus conspicillatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 3 de mayo de 2017.
  2. «Spectacled Flying-fox». Australian Museum. 2010. Consultado el 12 de enero de 2013.
  3. Helgen, K., Salas, L. & Bonaccorso, F. «Pteropus conspicillatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 3.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de diciembre de 2013.

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Pteropus conspicillatus: Brief Summary ( 西班牙语;卡斯蒂利亚语 )

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El zorro volador de anteojos (Pteropus conspicillatus) es un murciélago frugivoro de gran tamaño perteneciente al género Pteropus, conocidos habitualmente como zorros voladores. Vive en la costa noreste de Queensland, Australia, también se encuentra en varias islas próximas, entre ellas Nueva Guinea, Woodlark, Islas Kiriwina y Halmahera, su hábitat natural se extiende por zonas de bosque lluvioso o manglar.​ La especie fue clasificada como de preocupación menor por el IUCN en 2008.​

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Pteropus conspicillatus ( 巴斯克语 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Pteropus conspicillatus Pteropus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Gould (1849) 1849 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 109. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pteropus conspicillatus: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克语 )

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Pteropus conspicillatus Pteropus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Pteropus conspicillatus ( 法语 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Le renard volant à lunettes (Pteropus conspicillatus) est une espèce de chauve-souris vivant au Queensland en Australie et en Nouvelle-Guinée.

Description

Il mesure 22 à 25 cm et pèse 400 à 600 g. Il est marron foncé. Il a un anneau de fourrure jaune autour des yeux. Ce pelage se retrouve sur le dos, le cou et les épaules.

Distribution et habitat

Il vit dans la canopée des forêts tropicales humides, les mangroves, et les forêts de Melaleuca ou d'eucalyptus. On ne connait aucune colonie vivant à plus de 7 km d'une forêt humide.

Fin 2018, une vague de chaleur dans le nord du Queensland a tué plus de 23 000 renards volants à lunettes, soit presque un tiers de leur population australienne totale[1].

Notes et références

  1. (en) Extreme heat wipes out almost one third of Australia's spectacled flying fox population, Sharnie Kim and Adam Stephen, ABC Far North, 19 décembre 2018.

Voir aussi

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Pteropus conspicillatus: Brief Summary ( 法语 )

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Le renard volant à lunettes (Pteropus conspicillatus) est une espèce de chauve-souris vivant au Queensland en Australie et en Nouvelle-Guinée.

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Pteropus conspicillatus ( 意大利语 )

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La volpe volante dagli occhiali (Pteropus conspicillatus Gould, 1850) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, diffuso in Australia, Nuova Guinea e Isole Molucche.[1][2]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Pipistrello di grandi dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 259 e 324 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 157 e 190 mm, e un peso fino a 1,057 kg.[3][4]

Aspetto

La pelliccia è corta e schiacciata sul dorso. Il colore del corpo è uniformemente nerastro, mentre la nuca, le spalle, i lati del collo, intorno agli occhi ed ai lati del muso sono di un contrastante color giallo paglierino. Nei maschi i peli del mantello sono più rigidi ed untuosi. Il muso è lungo ed affusolato, gli occhi sono grandi e l'iride è marrone. Le orecchie sono moderatamente lunghe e con una concavità sul bordo posteriore appena sotto la punta. La tibia è priva di peli. Le membrane alari sono nerastre ed attaccate sul dorso. È privo di coda, mentre l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori. Gli artigli sono neri. La sottospecie P.c. chrysauchen ha una dentatura più robusta e la maschera facciale meno pronunciata.

Biologia

Comportamento

Si rifugia sugli alberi dove forma grandi colonie. Diventa attiva al tramonto.

Alimentazione

Predilige i frutti di colore chiaro delle foreste pluviali, che sono altamente visibili anche di notte.[5] La sua dieta comprende, in misura minore, anche fiori.

Riproduzione

Le femmine danno alla luce un piccolo all'anno, tra ottobre e dicembre. L'aspettativa di vita in cattività è fino a 17 anni.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa in Australia, Nuova Guinea e Isole Molucche.[1]

Vive nei boschi di paludi, mangrovie e foreste tropicali umide, in aree sia primarie che disturbate, fino a 200 metri di altitudine. Sono state osservate colonie anche in città della Papua Nuova Guinea (Madang) e dell'Australia.

Tassonomia

In accordo alla suddivisione del genere Pteropus effettuata da Andersen[6], P. conspicillatus è stato inserito nello P. conspicillatus species Group, insieme a P. ocularis. Tale appartenenza si basa sulle caratteristiche di non avere un ripiano basale nei premolari e sulla presenza di aree circumoculari più brillanti.

Sono state riconosciute due sottospecie:

Altre specie simpatriche dello stesso genere: P. caniceps, P. personatus, P. hypomelanus, P. chrysoproctus, P. pohlei, P. neohibernicus, P. macrotis, P. scapulatus e P. alecto.

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale e la popolazione numerosa, classifica P. conspicillatus come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
La CITES ha inserito questa specie nell'appendice II[7].

Note

  1. ^ a b c d (EN) Helgen, K., Salas, L. & Bonaccorso, F. 2008, Pteropus conspicillatus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Pteropus conspicillatus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Flannery, 1995, p. 257.
  4. ^ Wiantoro, 2011.
  5. ^ Micklenburgh & Al., 1992.
  6. ^ Andersen, 1912, p. 96.
  7. ^ CITES, Appendici I,II e III

Bibliografia

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Pteropus conspicillatus: Brief Summary ( 意大利语 )

由wikipedia IT提供

La volpe volante dagli occhiali (Pteropus conspicillatus Gould, 1850) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, diffuso in Australia, Nuova Guinea e Isole Molucche.

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Pteropus conspicillatus ( 荷兰语;弗莱芒语 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Pteropus conspicillatus is een vleerhond uit het geslacht Pteropus.

Kenmerken

P. conspicillatus is een grote, donkere vleerhond. Op de nek zit een grote gelige vlek. De ogen worden omringd door brede bruine of geelgroene ringen. Deze vleerhond heeft geen staart. Waarschijnlijk worden mannetjes iets groter dan vrouwtjes. In onderstaande tabel zijn de maten van deze soort uit verschillende gebieden samengevat.

Kenmerk Australië Vasteland Papoea-
Nieuw-Guinea Normanby en Woodlark Halmahera Kop-romplengte (mm) 220-240 234-240 233-295 - Voorarmlengte (mm) 160-180 158,5-171,3 167,5-188,5 148,7 Achtervoetlengte (mm) - 57 - - Oorlengte (mm) 33-36 32,5-34 30,0-33 29 Gewicht (g) 500-850 600-650 510-1000 420

Leefwijze

Deze vleermuis slaapt in grote, luidruchtige koloniën, vaak van duizenden exemplaren, die uitsluitend door P. conspicillatus worden bevolkt in Australië (op het eiland Hull in Papoea-Nieuw-Guinea is de soort samen met P. hypomelanus in één kolonie gevonden). Het dier eet voornamelijk fruit, maar ook wel nectar en stuifmeel.

Voortplanting

Van januari tot juni wordt er gepaard, maar alleen van maart tot mei kan de bevruchting plaatsvinden. In oktober, november of december wordt een enkel jong geboren. In gevangenschap kan deze soort zeventien jaar oud worden. P. conspicillatus is in staat om zeewater te drinken en wordt daarbij soms door krokodillen gevangen.

Verspreiding

Deze soort komt voor in de Molukken, op Nieuw-Guinea en nabijgelegen eilanden en in Noordoost-Queensland (Noordoost-Australië), zuidelijk tot Tully. In de Molukken en rond Nieuw-Guinea is deze soort gevonden op de eilanden Alcester, Batanta, Batjan, Biak-Supiori, Bisa, Gebe, Goodenough, Halmahera, Hull, Japen, Kiriwina, Lababia, Misool, Morotai, Normanby, Obi, Owi, Rossel, Salawati, Sudest, Ternate, Tidore, mogelijk Vokeo, Woodlark, Yeina en Yule. Er worden twee ondersoorten erkend: P. c. chrysauchen (Peters 1862) op de Molukken, op Noordwest-Nieuw-Guinea en op de eilanden van de Geelvinckbaai, en P. c. conspicillatus (Gould 1850) in Australië en de rest van Nieuw-Guinea en op nabijgelegen eilanden. Deze soort is nauw verwant aan de Tongavleerhond (P. tonganus).

Literatuur

  • Bergmans, W. 2001. Notes on distribution and taxonomy of Australasian bats. I. Pteropodinae and Nyctimeninae (Mammalia, Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae). Beaufortia 51(8):119-152.
  • Flannery, T.F. 1995. Mammals of New Guinea. Chatswood, New South Wales: Reed Books, 568 pp.
  • Flannery, T.F. 1995. Mammals of the South-West Pacific & Moluccan Islands. Chatswood: Reed Books, 464 pp. ISBN 0-7301-0417-6
  • Menkhorst, P. & Knight, F. 2001. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, x+269 pp. ISBN 0-19-550870-X
  • Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312-529 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Pteropus conspicillatus: Brief Summary ( 荷兰语;弗莱芒语 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Pteropus conspicillatus is een vleerhond uit het geslacht Pteropus.

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Pteropus conspicillatus ( 瑞典语 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Pteropus conspicillatus[2][3] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Gould 1850. Pteropus conspicillatus ingår i släktet Pteropus, och familjen flyghundar.[4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[4] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan två underarter.[6]

Denna flyghund förekommer på Kap Yorkhalvön i nordöstra Australien, på Nya Guinea och på Moluckerna. Arten vistas i låglandet och i kulliga områden upp till 200 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs av fuktiga skogar, mangrove och träskmarker. Honor föder en unge per kull.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] 2008 Pteropus conspicillatus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  4. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (5 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/pteropus+conspicillatus/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  5. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  6. ^ (2005) , website Pteropus conspicillatus, Mammal Species of the World

Externa länkar

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Pteropus conspicillatus: Brief Summary ( 瑞典语 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Pteropus conspicillatus är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Gould 1850. Pteropus conspicillatus ingår i släktet Pteropus, och familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan två underarter.

Denna flyghund förekommer på Kap Yorkhalvön i nordöstra Australien, på Nya Guinea och på Moluckerna. Arten vistas i låglandet och i kulliga områden upp till 200 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs av fuktiga skogar, mangrove och träskmarker. Honor föder en unge per kull.

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Pteropus conspicillatus ( 乌克兰语 )

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Поширення, поведінка

Країни поширення: Австралія, Індонезія, Папуа Нова Гвінея. Був записаний від рівня моря до 200 м над рівнем моря. Цей вид зустрічається в низинних болотних, мангрових лісах і вологих тропічних лісах. Він був записаний в первинних і порушених територіях. Самиці щорічно народжують одне дитинча.

Загрози та охорона

Вид знаходиться під загрозою на Новій Гвінеї в результаті вирубки відповідних прибережних середовищ існування та полювання на їжу. В Австралії він знаходиться під загрозою втрати місця існування за рахунок конверсії прибережної зони верхового лісу до сільськогосподарських культур (наприклад, цукор), пасовищ і міського розвитку. Він присутній в ряді охоронних районів.

Галерея

Посилання

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Dơi quạ đeo kính ( 越南语 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Dơi quạ đeo kính (danh pháp hai phần: Pteropus conspicillatus) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Gould mô tả năm 1849.[2] Loài dơi này sống ở khu vực phía đông bắc của Úc Queensland. Nó cũng được tìm thấy trong New Guinea và hải đảo bao gồm đảo Woodlark, đảo Alcester, Kiriwina, Halmahera. Dơi quạ đeo kính đã được liệt kê như là một loài bị đe dọa theo Đạo luật Bảo vệ Môi trường và Bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học năm 1999. Chúng được coi là dễ bị tổn thương do một sự suy giảm đáng kể về số lượng do kết quả của việc mất nơi sống [3] và các điểm cắm trại tách biệt. Người ta cũng ghi nhận rằng loài dơi đeo kính bay lướt qua bề mặt nước để uống và bị cá sấu bắt[3] Chiều dài đầu và thân 22–24 cm, tay trước dài 157–181 mm, trọng lượng 400–1000 g.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Helgen, K., Salas, L. & Bonaccorso, F. (2008). “Pteropus conspicillatus”. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 3.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 12 năm 2013.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Pteropus conspicillatus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ a ă “Spectacled Flying-fox”. Australian Museum. 2010. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 1 năm 2013.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Pteropus conspicillatus tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết họ Dơi quạ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Dơi quạ đeo kính: Brief Summary ( 越南语 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Dơi quạ đeo kính (danh pháp hai phần: Pteropus conspicillatus) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Gould mô tả năm 1849. Loài dơi này sống ở khu vực phía đông bắc của Úc Queensland. Nó cũng được tìm thấy trong New Guinea và hải đảo bao gồm đảo Woodlark, đảo Alcester, Kiriwina, Halmahera. Dơi quạ đeo kính đã được liệt kê như là một loài bị đe dọa theo Đạo luật Bảo vệ Môi trường và Bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học năm 1999. Chúng được coi là dễ bị tổn thương do một sự suy giảm đáng kể về số lượng do kết quả của việc mất nơi sống và các điểm cắm trại tách biệt. Người ta cũng ghi nhận rằng loài dơi đeo kính bay lướt qua bề mặt nước để uống và bị cá sấu bắt Chiều dài đầu và thân 22–24 cm, tay trước dài 157–181 mm, trọng lượng 400–1000 g.

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Очковая летучая лисица ( 俄语 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Отряд: Рукокрылые
Подотряд: Крыланы (Megachiroptera Dobson, 1875)
Семейство: Крылановые
Подсемейство: Pteropodinae
Триба: Pteropodini
Подтриба: Pteropodina
Вид: Очковая летучая лисица
Международное научное название

Pteropus conspicillatus Gould, 1850

Ареал

изображение

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ITIS 631625NCBI 328804EOL 327262

Очковая летучая лисица[1] (лат. Pteropus conspicillatus) — вид рукокрылых из семейства крылановых.

Вид распространён в Австралии (Квинсленд), Индонезии, Папуа-Новой Гвинее[2]. Встречается в низменных болотных, мангровых лесах и влажных тропических лесах от 0 до 200 метров над уровнем моря. Также встречается в первичных и нарушенных местообитаниях.

Длина тела 22—24 см, масса 400—1000 г. Характерной особенностью вида является светлая наподобие «очков» маска вокруг глаз. Мех тёмного цвета, редко чёрного, как и крылья. Размах крыльев составляет примерно 1 метр.

Животные активны ночью. В сумерки они объединяются в группы численностью несколько тысяч особей и отправляются на поиски пищи. Летучие лисицы играют важную роль в экосистеме дождевых лесов, распространяя семена и опыляя цветки растений. Животные питаются плодами и цветками миртовых (в первую очередь видами родов эвкалипт и сизигиум)) и плодами тутовых (инжир)[3][4].

Размножение происходит с января по июнь. Самки рожают одного детёныша в год в октябре-декабре. Кормление длится более пяти месяцев, затем детёныши объединяются в детские колонии на деревьях. Половая зрелость наступает в возрасте 1 год [5].

Продолжительность жизни составляет 12—15 лет.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 49. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Helgen K., Salas L. & Bonaccorso F. Pteropus conspicillatus. // IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 3.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2008.
  3. Australian Museum Business Services (2004). The Provision of Data for Draft National Fauna Survey Standards: Bats Draft Report to the Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage.
  4. Richards G. C. (1987). “Aspects of the Ecology of Spectacled Flying-foxes, Pteropus conspicillatus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Tropical Queensland”. Australian Mammalogy. 10 (2): 87—88.
  5. Garnett S. T., Whybird O. A., Spencer H. G. (1999). “Conservation status of the Spectacled Flying-fox Pteropus conspicillatus”. Australian Zoologist. 31: 38—54.
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Очковая летучая лисица: Brief Summary ( 俄语 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Очковая летучая лисица (лат. Pteropus conspicillatus) — вид рукокрылых из семейства крылановых.

Вид распространён в Австралии (Квинсленд), Индонезии, Папуа-Новой Гвинее. Встречается в низменных болотных, мангровых лесах и влажных тропических лесах от 0 до 200 метров над уровнем моря. Также встречается в первичных и нарушенных местообитаниях.

Длина тела 22—24 см, масса 400—1000 г. Характерной особенностью вида является светлая наподобие «очков» маска вокруг глаз. Мех тёмного цвета, редко чёрного, как и крылья. Размах крыльев составляет примерно 1 метр.

Животные активны ночью. В сумерки они объединяются в группы численностью несколько тысяч особей и отправляются на поиски пищи. Летучие лисицы играют важную роль в экосистеме дождевых лесов, распространяя семена и опыляя цветки растений. Животные питаются плодами и цветками миртовых (в первую очередь видами родов эвкалипт и сизигиум)) и плодами тутовых (инжир).

Размножение происходит с января по июнь. Самки рожают одного детёныша в год в октябре-декабре. Кормление длится более пяти месяцев, затем детёныши объединяются в детские колонии на деревьях. Половая зрелость наступает в возрасте 1 год .

Продолжительность жизни составляет 12—15 лет.

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안경날여우박쥐 ( 韩语 )

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안경날여우박쥐

안경날여우박쥐(Pteropus conspicillatus)는 큰박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 오스트레일리아 퀸즐랜드주 북동부 지역에서 서식한다. 뉴기니와 우들라크섬, 알세스터섬, 키리위나, 할마헤라섬을 포함한 연안 섬에서도 발견된다. 1991년 오스트레일리아 환경보호 및 생물다양서 보존 조례에 멸종위험종으로 등재되었다. 주요 먹이 서식지와 격리된 서식지가 줄어들어서 개체수가 현저하게 감소 추세를 보이기때문에 취약종으로 간주되었다.[2] 안경날여우박쥐는 마실 물의 표면을 훑어보며, 악어에게 먹히기도 하는 것으로 보고 되기도 한다.[3] 2008년 국제 자연 보전 연맹(IUCN)이 "관심대상종"으로 분류했다.[1]

특징

머리부터 몸까지 몸길이는 22~25cm이고, 전완장은 16~18cm, 몸무게는 400~100g이다. 대형 안경날여우박쥐는 눈 주위의 털 색이 연한 노랑 또는 짚색을 띤다. 외투는 연한 노랑을 띠며, 등 쪽과 목 그리고 어깨로 이어진다. 일부는 얼굴과 머리 윗쪽에 연한 노랑 털을 갖고 있다.

사진

각주

  1. “Pteropus conspicillatus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 3.1판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2013년 12월 23일에 확인함.
  2. Australian Museum Business Services (2004). The Provision of Data for Draft National Fauna Survey Standards: Bats Draft Report to the Commonwealth Department of Environment and Heritage.
  3. “Spectacled Flying-fox”. Australian Museum. 2010. 2013년 1월 12일에 확인함.
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