dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

由AnAge articles提供
Maximum longevity: 11.8 years (captivity) Observations: One wild born specimen was about 11.8 years of age when it died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
许可协议
cc-by-3.0
版权
Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
编辑者
de Magalhaes, J. P.
合作网站
AnAge articles

无标题 ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Jackrabbits obtained their name from early settlers of the Southwest who, noting the animal's extraordinarily long ears, dubbed it "jackass rabbit." This name was later shortened to jackrabbit. This species has 8 named subspecies.

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Black-tailed jackrabbits measure 47-63 cm from nose to rump, the tail is between 50-112 mm and the ears are 10-13 cm long. As they are true hares, black-tailed jackrabbits are lankier and leaner than rabbits, have longer ears and legs, and the leverets are born fully-furred and open-eyed. Black-tailed jackrabbits possess a characteristic black stripe down the center of the back, a black rump patch, and the tail is black dorsally. Both sexes look alike, but the female is the larger of the two sexes.

Range mass: 1.3 to 3.1 kg.

Range length: 47 to 63 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

Average basal metabolic rate: 7.314 W.

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
6.8 years.

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Black-tailed jackrabbits inhabit desert scrubland, prairies, farmlands, and dunes. They favor arid regions and areas of short grass rangeland from sea level to about 3,800 m. Many different vegetation types are used, including sagebrush-creosote bush, mesquite-snakeweed and juniper-big sagebrush. They also frequent agricultural areas where they can impact fruit and grain crops.

Range elevation: 3800 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; chaparral

Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Lepus californicus is found throughout the southwestern United States into Mexico, as far east as Missouri, north into Washington, Idaho, Colorado and Nebraska, and west to California and Baja California.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Grasses and herbaceous matter are the preferred foods of Lepus californicus, but twigs and young bark of woody plants are the staple food when other plants are not available. Sagebrush and cacti are also taken. Jackrabbits eat almost constantly and consume large quantities relative to their size; 15 jackrabbits eat as much as a large grazing cattle in one day. Black-tailed jackrabbits do not require much water and obtain nearly all the water they need from the plant material they consume.

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; fruit

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

As with many other Lepus species, L. californicus has been widely used as food for humans, especially by Native Americans. Their fur is not durable nor valuable, but it has been extensively used in the manufacture of felt and as trimming and lining for garments and gloves.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Due to the removal of natural predators, such as coyote and kit fox, by European settlers, black-tailed jackrabbit populations have undergone incredible population explosions in which crops, orchards, and rangelands have suffered. They do considerable damange to farms, forest plantations, and young trees.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Population numbers of black-tailed jackrabbits are sometimes quite high despite attempts at culling their populations by ranchers and farmers. Population densities often reach 470 animals per square km, with densities as high as 1500 animals per square km being recorded. Large herding attempts have netted as much as 6,000 hares at a time. As with many hares, Lepus californicus populations undergo drastic fluctuations, with population numbers peaking every 6 to 10 years. In some years more then 90 per cent of western populations die from tularemia, which may or may not be related to the population cycling phenomenon. Because of their incredible fecundity, black-tailed jackrabbit numbers quickly recover from these kinds of die-offs.

Black-tailed jackrabbit populations are not threatened in general, though extensive habitat destruction may reduce suitable habitat.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( 英语 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Black-tailed jackrabbit males and females leap after, chase, and behave aggressively towards each other during a brief courtship phase before mating.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Breeding season for Lepus californicus extends from December through September in Arizona and from late January to August in California and Kansas. Females produce 3 or 4 litters annually with 1-6 leverets (generally 3 or 4) after a 41-47 day gestation period. The young are precocial; females only nurse their offspring for 2-3 days and are not seen with their young after that time. Lifespan in captivity is 5-6 years, but rabbits in the wild often die much sooner due to predation, disease or problems associated with overpopulation.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 8.

Average number of offspring: 2.26.

Range gestation period: 41 to 47 days.

Average gestation period: 43 days.

Range weaning age: 14 to 21 days.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average birth mass: 84.34 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
243 days.

Parental Investment: precocial

许可协议
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版权
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
书目引用
Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html
作者
Liz Ballenger, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
原文
访问来源
合作网站
Animal Diversity Web

Associated Plant Communities ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: forbs, grassland, shrubs

The black-tailed jackrabbit occupies plant communities with a mixture of
shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Shrubland-herb mosaics are preferred over
pure stands of shrubs or herbs [19]. Black-tailed jackrabbit is common
in sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) [55,60], creosotebush (Larrea tridentata)
[21,57], and other desert shrublands [22,29,37]; palouse, shortgrass,
and mixed-grass prairies; desert grassland [9,29,62]; open-canopy
chaparral [1,4,80]; oak (Quercus spp.) [3,43] and pinyon-juniper
(Pinus-Juniperus spp.) [16,24] woodlands; and early seral, low- to
mid-elevation coniferous forests [39,80]. It is also common in and near
croplands, especially alfalfa (Medicago sativa) fields [24].
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
black-tailed jackrabbit
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
Information on state- and province-level protection status of animals in the
United States and Canada is available at NatureServe, although recent changes
in status may not be included.
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Requirements ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: cover, shrubs

Black-tailed jackrabbit require shrubs or small conifers for hiding,
nesting, and thermal cover, and grassy areas for night feeding [24,48].
A shrub-grassland mosaic or widely spaced shrubs interspersed with herbs
provides hiding cover while providing feeding opportunities. Small
shrubs do not provide adequate cover [18,19,48]. On the Snake River
Birds of Prey Study Area of southwestern Idaho, black-tailed jackrabbit
was more frequent on sites dominated by big sagebrush or black
greasewood than on sites dominated by the smaller shrubs winterfat
(Krascheninnikovia lanata) or shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia).
Black-tailed jackrabbit does not habitually use a burrow [60], although
it has occassionally been observed using abandoned burrows for escape
[81] and thermal [24,65] cover.
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
Black-tailed jackrabbit is the most widely distributed jackrabbit (Lepus
spp.) in North America [13]. Native black-tailed jackrabbit populations
occur from central Washington east to Missouri and south to Baja
California Sur and Zacatecas [24]. Black-tailed jackrabbit distribution
is currently expanding eastward in the Great Plains at the expense of
white-tailed jackrabbit [31]. Black-tailed jackrabbit has been
successfully introduced in southern Florida and along the coastline in
Maryland, New Jersey, and Virginia [13,24].

Distribution of subspecies occurring entirely or partially in the United
States is as follows [42]:

Lepus californicus bennettii - coastal southern California to Baja California Norte
Lepus californicus californicus - coastal Oregon to coastal and Central Valley California
Lepus californicus deserticola - southern Idaho to Sonora
Lepus californicus eremicus - central Arizona to Sonora
Lepus californicus melanotis - South Dakota to Iowa, Missouri, and central Texas
Lepus californicus merriami - south-central and southeastern Texas to Tamaulipas
Lepus californicus richardsonii - central California
Lepus californicus texianus - southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado to Zacatecas
Lepus californicus wallawalla - eastern Washington to northeastern California and
northwestern Nevada
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Food Habits ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: cacti, forb, forbs, herbaceous, phreatophyte, selection, shrubs

The black-tailed jackrabbit diet is composed of shrubs, small trees,
grasses, and forbs. Throughout the course of a year, black-tailed
jackrabbit feed on most if not all of the important plant species in a
community [2]. Growth stage and moisture content of plants may
influence selection more than species [46]. Shrubs generally comprise
the bulk of fall and winter diets, while grasses and forbs are used in
spring and early summer. This pattern varies with climate: Herbaceous
plants are grazed during greenup periods while the plants are in
prereproductive to early reproductive stages, and shrubs are utilized
more in dry seasons [2,29,59,82]. Shrubs are browsed throughout the
year, however. Most of a jackrabbit's (Lepus spp.) body water is
replaced by foraging water-rich vegetation [81,85]. Jackrabbit require
a plant's water weight to be at least five times its dry weight in
order to meet daily water intake requirements. Therefore, black-tailed
jackrabbit switch to phreatophyte shrubs when herbaceous vegetation
cures [38,85].

Plant species used by black-tailed jackrabbit are well documented for
desert regions. Forage use in other regions is less well known;
however, it is well established that black-tailed jackrabbit browse
Douglas-fir (Psedotsuga menzeisii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa),
lodgepole pine (P. contorta), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
seedlings, and oak (Quercus spp.) seedlings and sprouts [22,39,43].

Great Basin: Big sagebrush is a primary forage species and is used
throughout the year; in southern Idaho it formed 16 to 21 percent of the
black-tailed jackrabbit summer diet. Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.),
spiny hopsage (Gray spinosa), and black greasewood are also browsed
[2,28]. Four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) is heavily used in
western Nevada [89]. In Butte County, Idaho, winterfat comprised 41
percent of black-tailed jackrabbits' annual diet. Fourteen percent was
composed of grasses, with most grass consumption in March and April
[36]. Russian-thistle (Salsola kali) is an important forb diet item.
Needle-and-thread grass (Stipa comata) and Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis
hymenoides) are preferred grasses [2]. Other preferred native grasses
include Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) and bluebunch wheatgrass
(Pseudoroegneria spicata) [56]. Where available, crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron desertorum and A. cristatum) and barley (Horeum vulgare) are
highly preferred. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) use is variable: It
comprised 45 percent of the April diet on two southern Idaho sites [28],
but black-tailed jackrabbit on an eastern Washington site did not use it
[11].

Warm Desert: Mesquite (Prosopis spp.) [29] and creosotebush (Larrea
tridentata) [57,81] are principle browse species. Broom snakeweed
(Gutierrezia sarothrae) and Yucca spp. [49] are also used. In honey
mesquite (P. glandulosa var. glandulosa) communities in New Mexico,
overall black-tailed jackrabbit diet was 47 percent shrubs, 22 percent
grasses, and 31 percent forbs [18]. Black grama, dropseed (Sporobolus
spp), fluffgrass (Erioneuron pulchellum), and threeawns (Aristida spp.)
are the most commonly grazed grasses [18,29,82]. Leather croton (Croton
pottsii), silverleaf nightshade (Solanum alaeagnifolium), desert
marigold (Baileya multiradiata), wooly paperflower (Psilostrophe
tagetina), and globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp.) are important forbs,
although many forb species are grazed [82]. Opuntia spp., saguaro
(Carnegiea gigantea), and other cacti are used throughout the year but
are especially important in dry seasons as a source of moisture [70].
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat-related Fire Effects ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: cover, density, fire regime, forb, forest, shrub, shrubs

Patchy fire in big sagebrush and other shrub types can benefit
black-tailed jackrabbit by increasing grass and forb production adjacent
to shrub cover. In Idaho black-tailed jackrabbit density was
significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in big sagebrush plots prescribed burned
than on unburned plots in two of four counts. Density was similar on
burned and control plots on the other two counts. Reducing shrub cover
over large areas, however, can increase mortality from predation due to
cover removal [36]. Patchy fire in coniferous forest types probably
also benefits black-tailed jackrabbit by reducing the overstory and
encouraging growth of herbs, shrubs, and small conifers.

Great Basin: Fire frequencies on some big sagebrush habitats of the
Great Basin have increased from historical ranges of 30 to 70 years to
an average of 5.5 years [10,86,87]. Cheatgrass, an exotic that forms
dense stands and dries out earlier than native grasses, has been
implicated in changing the fire regime. Big sagebrush has declined with
frequent fire [10]. Loss of big sagebrush forage and cover has caused a
steady decline in black-tailed jackrabbit populations in affected areas
[60,84,85]. Some raptor populations are declining as well [60,85].
Wicklow-Howard [84] recommended revegetating these areas with big
sagebrush after fire to increase black-tailed jackrabbit and raptor
populations.
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

66 Ashe juniper-redberry (Pinchot) juniper
67 Mohrs (shin) oak
68 Mesquite
205 Mountain hemlock
207 Red fir
209 Bristlecone pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood-willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir-hemlock
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
235 Cottonwood-willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon-juniper
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak-foothills pine
255 California coast live oak
256 California mixed subalpine
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, shrub, woodland

K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest
K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir-hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
K009 Pine-cypress forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K025 Alder-ash forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K027 Mesquite bosque
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K031 Oak-juniper woodlands
K032 Transition between K031 and K037
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K039 Blackbrush
K040 Saltbush-greasewood
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush-bursage
K043 Paloverde-cactus shrub
K044 Creosotebush-tarbush
K045 Ceniza shrub
K047 Fescue-oatgrass
K048 California steppe
K050 Fescue-wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass
K053 Grama-galleta steppe
K054 Grama-tobosa prairie
K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta-three-awn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K060 Mesquite savanna
K061 Mesquite-acacia savanna
K062 Mesquite-live oak savanna
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass
K065 Grama-buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalograss
K069 Bluestem-grama prairie
K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie
K071 Shinnery
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K077 Bluestem-sacahuista prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K083 Cedar glades
K085 Mesquite-buffalograss
K086 Juniper-oak savanna
K087 Mesquite-oak savanna
K088 Fayette prairie
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: association, forb, grassland, shrub, shrubland, vine, woodland

101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
102 Idaho fescue
103 Green fescue
104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
106 Bluegrass scabland
107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
201 Blue oak woodland
202 Coast live oak woodland
203 Riparian woodland
204 North coastal shrub
205 Coastal sage shrub
206 Chamise chaparral
207 Scrub oak mixed chaparral
208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral
209 Montane shrubland
210 Bitterbrush
211 Creosotebush scrub
212 Blackbush
214 Coastal prairie
215 Valley grassland
301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama
303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass
304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass
306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass
307 Idaho fescue-threadleaf sedge
309 Idaho fescue-western wheatgrass
310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama
312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue
314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue
317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue
320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue
322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass
323 Shrubby cinquefoil-rough fescue
324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue
401 Basin big sagebrush
402 Mountain big sagebrush
403 Wyoming big sagebrush
404 Threetip sagebrush
405 Black sagebrush
406 Low sagebrush
407 Stiff sagebrush
408 Other sagebrush types
409 Tall forb
411 Aspen woodland
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
413 Gambel oak
414 Salt desert shrub
415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
416 True mountain-mahogany
417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
419 Bittercherry
420 Snowbrush
421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
422 Riparian
501 Saltbush-greasewood
502 Grama-galleta
503 Arizona chaparral
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
505 Grama-tobosa shrub
506 Creosotebush-bursage
507 Palo verde-cactus
508 Creosotebush-tarbush
509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
601 Bluestem prairie
602 Bluestem-prairie sandreed
603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass
604 Bluestem-grama prairie
605 Sandsage prairie
606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
609 Wheatgrass-grama
610 Wheatgrass
611 Blue grama-buffalograss
612 Sagebrush-grass
613 Fescue grassland
614 Crested wheatgrass
615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama
701 Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass
702 Black grama-alkali sacaton
703 Black grama-sideoats grama
704 Blue grama-western wheatgrass
705 Blue grama-galleta
706 Blue grama-sideoats grama
707 Blue grama-sideoats grama-black grama
708 Bluestem-dropseed
709 Bluestem-grama
710 Bluestem prairie
711 Bluestem-sacahuista prairie
712 Galleta-alkali sacaton
713 Grama-muhly-threeawn
714 Grama-bluestem
715 Grama-buffalograss
716 Grama-feathergrass
717 Little bluestem-Indiangrass-Texas wintergrass
718 Mesquite-grama
719 Mesquite-liveoak-seacoast bluestem
720 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (dunes)
721 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (plains)
722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie
724 Sideoats grama-New Mexico feathergrass-winterfat
725 Vine mesquite-alkali sacaton
728 Mesquite-granjeno-acacia
727 Mesquite-buffalograss
729 Mesquite
730 Sand shinnery oak
733 Juniper-oak
734 Mesquite-oak
735 Sideoats grama-sumac-juniper
802 Missouri prairie
803 Missouri glades
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management Considerations ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: competition, cover, density, presence, shrubs

Black-tailed jackrabbit populations undergo periodic peaks and lows
every 3 to 10 years [18,19,24]. Northern Utah populations, for example,
reached a peak density of 71.4 black-tailed jackrabbits/sq km in 1970,
declined to a low of 47.1 black-tailed jackrabbits/sq km in 1972
(Stoddart in [85]), and peaked to approximate 1970 levels in 1979 [88].
Large populations can overgraze ranges and depradate croplands and
conifer plantations [8,13,24,39,81]. Black-tailed jackrabbit control
methods are reviewed in several publications [26,39,50].

Range: When populations are between peaks, black-tailed jackrabbit
presence may complement livestock grazing. Daniel and others [18,19]
reported that at moderate stocking rates and average black-tailed
jackrabbit numbers, there was little competition for forage between
cattle and black-tailed jackrabbit on a Chihuahua Desert
creosotebush-honey mesquite rangeland. The black-tailed jackrabbit
browsed shrubs such as creosotebush that the cattle found unpalatable.
In addition, the black-tailed jackrabbit consumed native poisonous
plants such as locoweed (Astragulus spp.), desert marigold, and wooly
paperflower, thereby reducing poisonous plant cover. Thirty-six percent
of their total diet was composed of plants poisonous to cattle. Daniel
and others [18] also found that black-tailed jackrabbit densities were
significantly (p less than 0.10) higher on rangeland in fair condition than on
good condition rangelands. They suggested that maintaining rangelands
in good to excellent condition may be the best way to control
black-tailed jackrabbit populations.

Black-tailed jackrabbit populations in some areas of the Great Basin
have been declining for 20 to 25 years. There has been an attendant
population decline of some raptor species including ferruginous hawk
[85] and golden eagle [60]. See HABITAT RELATED FIRE EFFECTS for
further details.

Black-tailed jackrabbit browse saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima). It is
apparently the only vertebrate herbivore in the United States to do so
[83].

Seeds of several plant species are dispersed in black-tailed jackrabbit
feces including dropseeds (Sporobolus spp.) [19] and prickly pear
(Opuntia spp.) [69].

Timber: In coniferous forests, management practices that reduce edge
also reduce black-tailed jackrabbit populations. Roads, skid trails,
and patchy canopy cover have been found to increase populations [39].

Lagomorphs can reduce conifer seedling survival. Lagomorph damage to
young conifers can be confirmed by examining injured trees. Because
they clip trees at an angle with sharp incisors, lagomorphs leave
smooth, oblique cuts on branchs and twigs. Lacking sharp incisors, deer
(Odocoileus spp.) and elk (Cervus elaphus) leave jagged tears. Clean
branch cuts and fecal pellets, which jackrabbits and rabbits often drop
at feeding sites, signal lagomorph damage [39].

Human Health: The black-tailed jackrabbit is a reservoir for several
diseases transmittable to humans including tularemia, bubonic plague,
and Lyme disease [24,53,81].
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供

AZ
AR
CA
CO
FL
ID
IA
KS
MD
MT
MO

NE
NV
NJ
NM
OK
OR
SD
TX
UT
VA
WA
WY

MEXICO

许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Predators ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
Black-tailed jackrabbit is an important prey species for many raptors
and carnivorous mammals. Nydegger and Smith [60] rated black-tailed
jackrabbit and Townsend's ground squirrel (Spermophilus townsendii) as
the two most important prey species on the Snake River Birds of Prey
Study Area. Hawks preying on black-tailed jackrabbit include the
ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis) [5,45,47,85], white-tailed hawk (B.
albicaudatus) [66], Swainson's hawk (B. swainsoni), and red-tailed hawk
(B. jamaicensis) [47]. Janes [47] reported black-tailed jackrabbit as
the primary prey of Swainson's, red-tailed, and ferruginous hawks on
Idaho and Utah sites. Other raptors consuming black-tailed jackrabbit
include the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), burrowing owl (Athene
cunicularia), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and bald eagle
(Haliaeetus leucocephalus) [37,90]. Nydegger and Smith [60] reported a
significant correlation between golden eagle production and black-tailed
jackrabbit productivity on the Snake River Birds of Prey Study Area. In
Colorado and southeastern Wyoming, black-tailed jackrabbit constituted 9
percent of nesting bald eagle's diet [51]. Jackrabbits (Lepus spp.) and
cottontails (Sylvilagus spp.) combined formed 9 percent of the diet of
bald eagles wintering on National Forests in Arizona and New Mexico
[41].

Mammalian predators include coyote (Canis latrans), domestic dog (C.
familiaris), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), common gray fox (Urocyon
cinereoargenteus), American badger (Taxidea taxus), mountain lion (Felis
concolor), housecat (F. catus), and bobcat (Lynx rufus) [24,39,68]. In
many areas, black-tailed jackrabbit is the primary item in coyote diets
[1,325,45]. It is locally and regionally important to other mammalian
predators. One study [35] found that jackrabbits (Lepus spp.) made up
45 percent of the bobcat diet in Utah and Nevada. Another Utah-Nevada
study [61] found that jackrabbits were the fourth most commonly consumed
prey of mountain lion.

Rattlesnakes (Crotalus spp.) and garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) prey
on black-tailed jackrabbit young [54,81]. Raccoon (Procyon lotor) and
striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) may also capture young [81].

Humans hunt black-tailed jackrabbit for food and hunt, trap, or poison
it as a pest species [24].
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Preferred Habitat ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: cover, forbs, forest, shrub, shrubs

The black-tailed jackrabbit is a habitat generalist. It can occupy a
wide range of habitats as long as there is diversity in plant species
and structure. It requires mixed grasses, forbs, and shrubs for food,
and shrubs or small trees for cover [48,55,60,36]. It prefers
moderately open areas without dense understory growth and is seldom
found in closed-canopy habitats. For example, Bell and Stadinski [4]
reported that in California, black-tailed jackrabbit was plentiful in
open chamise (Ademostoma fasciculatum)-Ceanothus spp. chaparral
interspersed with grasses, but did not occupy closed-canopy chaparral.
Similarly, black-tailed jackrabbit occupies clearcuts and early seral
coniferous forest, but not closed-canopy coniferous forest [8,39,80].

Black-tailed jackrabbit does not migrate or hibernate during winter
[24,39]; therefore, the same habitat is used year-round. There is
diurnal movement of 2 to 10 miles (3-16 km) from shrub cover in day to
open foraging areas at night [24]. Home range area varies with habitat
and habitat quality [39]. Home ranges of 0.4 to 1.2 square miles (1-3
sq km) have been reported in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and
black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) communities of northern Utah
[65].
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
The currently accepted scientific name of black-tailed jackrabbit is
Lepus californicus Gray (Leporidae) [13,15,23,24,42]. Seventeen
subspecies are recognized:

Lepus californicus altamirae Nelson [13,42]
Lepus californicus asellus Miller [13,42]
Lepus californicus bennettii Gray* [42]
Lepus californicus californicus Gray* [13,24,42]
Lepus californicus curti Hall [42]
Lepus californicus deserticola Mearns* [13,24,42]
Lepus californicus ememicus J. A. Allen* [24,42]
Lepus californicus festinus Nelson [13,42]
Lepus californicus magdalenae Nelson [13,42]
Lepus californicus martirensis Stowell [42]
Lepus californicus melanotis Mearns* [13,24,42]
Lepus californicus merriamai Mearns* [13,42]
Lepus californicus richardsonii Bachman* [13,24,42]
Lepus californicus sheldoni Burt [13,42]
Lepus californicus texianus Waterhouse* [13,24,42]
Lepus californicus wallawalla Merriam* [13,24,42]
Lepus californicus xanti Thomas [13,42]

*occurs north of Mexico [24]

Flux [31] noted that the number of black-tailed jackrabbit subspecies
recognized may be excessive. Using cluster analysis of anatomical
characters, Dixon and others [23] found that black-tailed jackrabbit
subspecies separated into two distinct groups that are geographically
separated west and east of the Colorado Rocky Mountains and the Colorado
River. They suggested only two infrataxa are warranted: the western
subspecies Lepus californicus californicus and the eastern subspecies
Lepus californicus texianus.

Black-tailed jackrabbit and white-tailed jackrabbit (L. townsendii)
produce hybrid offspring in Utah [31].
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Timing of Major Life History Events ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: litter, parturition

Breeding: Male black-tailed jackrabbit reach sexual maturity at about 7
months of age [54]. Females usually breed in the spring of their second
year, although females born in spring or early summer may breed in their
first year. Ovulation is induced by copulation [24]. The breeding
season is variable depending upon latitude and environmental factors.
In the northern part of its range in Idaho, black-tailed jackrabbit
breeds from February through May [32]. In Utah, Gross and others [40]
reported breeding from January through July, with over 75 percent of
females pregnant by April. The Kansas breeding season extends from
January to August [68]. Breeding in warm climates continues nearly
year-round. Two peak breeding seasons corresponding to rainfall
patterns and vegetation greenup occur in California [54], Arizona [81],
and New Mexico [20]. In Arizona, for example, breeding peaks during
winter (January-March) rains and again during June monsoons [81].

Gestation and Nesting: The gestation period ranges from 41 to 47 days
[40,44]. More litters are born in warm climates: Number of litters
born each year ranged from two per year in Idaho [30] to seven in
Arizona [81]. Litter sizes are largest in the northern portions of
black-tailed jabbit's range, however, and decrease with latitude.
Average litter size has been reported at 4.9 in Idaho [30], 3.8 in Utah
[40], and 2.2 in Arizona [81].

Female black-tailed jackrabbit do not prepare an elaborate nest. They
give birth in shallow excavations called forms that are no more than a
few centimeters deep. Females may line forms with hair prior to
parturition, but some drop litters in existing depressions on the ground
with no further preparation [67,68]. Young are borne fully furred with
eyes open, and are mobile within minutes of birth [24,90]. Females do
not protect or even stay with the young except during nursing [65].
Ages of weaning and dispersal are unclear since the young are well
camouflaged and rarely observed in the field. Captive black-tailed
jackrabbit are fully weaned by 8 weeks [81]. The young apparently stay
together for at least a week after leaving the form [24,65].
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Use of Fire in Population Management ( 英语 )

由Fire Effects Information System Animals提供
More info for the terms: density, fire regime, forest, prescribed fire, shrubs

Jackrabbits (Lepus spp.) moved onto a burn in Arizona desert shrubsteppe
immediately after a November precribed fire. Jackrabbits foraged in the
burn through winter and into spring [58].

California chaparral: Closed-canopy chamise chaparral in Lake County
was prescribed burned in May to enhance wildlife habitat. Treatment was
creating small (5-10 acre [2-4 ha]) openings in the dense shrubs and
seeding the burned areas with annual and perennial herbs. Prefire
density of black-tailed jackrabbit was approximately 1 jackrabbit/sq
mile; density at postfire year 1 was approximately 5 to 10 jackrabbits/sq
mile. Burn use was heaviest in summer. Black-tailed jackrabbit grazed
the seeded-in perennials heavily. Most of the annuals were grazed only
lightly; however, cultivated rye (Secale cereale) was preferred. Soft
chess (Bromus hordeaceus) foliage was not grazed, but black-tailed
jackrabbit ate the ripe seeds [7].

Fifty percent removal of the canopy by prescribed fire in
chamise-ceanothus chaparral on the Cleveland National Forest attracted
black-tailed jackrabbit to the burned areas. They did not use unburned
areas with closed canopies [4].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
许可协议
cc-publicdomain
书目引用
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Lepus californicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Gad lost du ( 布列塔尼语 )

由wikipedia BR提供
lang="br" dir="ltr">

Ar c'had lost du (Lepus californicus) a zo ur bronneg geotdebrer hag a vev er Stadoù-Unanet hag e Mec'hiko.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Skrivagnerien ha kempennerien Wikipedia |
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia BR

Llebre californiana ( 加泰罗尼亚语;瓦伦西亚语 )

由wikipedia CA提供

La llebre californiana (Lepus californicus) és una llebre comuna a l'oest dels Estats Units i Mèxic, on viu a altituds d'entre 0 i 3.000 msnm. Es tracta de la tercera llebre més gran de Nord-amèrica, per darrere de la llebre antílop i la llebre de Townsend, i pot assolir una llargada d'aproximadament 61 cm i un pes d'entre 1.400 i 2.700 g.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Llebre californiana Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Entrada «Lepus californicus» de la Paleobiology Database (en anglès).
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia CA

Llebre californiana: Brief Summary ( 加泰罗尼亚语;瓦伦西亚语 )

由wikipedia CA提供

La llebre californiana (Lepus californicus) és una llebre comuna a l'oest dels Estats Units i Mèxic, on viu a altituds d'entre 0 i 3.000 msnm. Es tracta de la tercera llebre més gran de Nord-amèrica, per darrere de la llebre antílop i la llebre de Townsend, i pot assolir una llargada d'aproximadament 61 cm i un pes d'entre 1.400 i 2.700 g.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia CA

Zajíc tmavoocasý ( 捷克语 )

由wikipedia CZ提供
ikona
Tento článek není dostatečně ozdrojován a může tedy obsahovat informace, které je třeba ověřit.
Jste-li s popisovaným předmětem seznámeni, pomozte doložit uvedená tvrzení doplněním referencí na věrohodné zdroje.

Zajíc tmavoocasý (Lepus californicus) je druh zajíce obývající západní a střední USA, na východ po Texas a na jih po severní Mexiko a Kalifornský poloostrov. Byl vysazen v Kentucky, New Jersey a na ostrově Nantucket.

Popis

 src=
Zajíc tmavoocasý v běhu

Zajíc tmavoocasý má silné a svalnaté zadní nohy, které jsou nezbytné pro rychlý běh. Typickým znakem tohoto zajíce je černý pruh na ocase. Zajímavé zbarvení u tohoto druhu je svrchu hnědavě černé a zespodu bílé. Tento zajíc má velmi dobrý zrak, což je jednou z podmínek pro jeho přežití. Život v otevřené krajině přináší pro zajíce mnohá nebezpečí, protože se stávají častým cílem útoků predátorů. Zajíci tmavoocasí proto během dne odpočívají a jsou aktivní až za soumraku. Ačkoliv jsou spíše samotáři, někdy se sdružují do skupin. Tento typ zajíce dokáže skočit až 6 metrů daleko. Zajíc tmavoocasý měří 46–76 cm a dožívá se až 5 let (většinou ale jen rok).

Jako jiní zajíci je i tento druh býložravec. Živí se trávou, bylinami, větvemi.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

Pahýl
Tento článek je příliš stručný nebo postrádá důležité informace.
Pomozte Wikipedii tím, že jej vhodně rozšíříte. Nevkládejte však bez oprávnění cizí texty.
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia autoři a editory
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia CZ

Zajíc tmavoocasý: Brief Summary ( 捷克语 )

由wikipedia CZ提供
ikona Tento článek není dostatečně ozdrojován a může tedy obsahovat informace, které je třeba ověřit.
Jste-li s popisovaným předmětem seznámeni, pomozte doložit uvedená tvrzení doplněním referencí na věrohodné zdroje.

Zajíc tmavoocasý (Lepus californicus) je druh zajíce obývající západní a střední USA, na východ po Texas a na jih po severní Mexiko a Kalifornský poloostrov. Byl vysazen v Kentucky, New Jersey a na ostrově Nantucket.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia autoři a editory
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia CZ

Eselhase ( 德语 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Der Eselhase, auch Kalifornischer Eselhase genannt (Lepus californicus) gehört zu den größten Arten der Echten Hasen in der Familie der Hasen (Leporidae). Er ist in den westlichen Vereinigten Staaten (im Norden bis Idaho, im Osten bis Kansas) und im nördlichen Mexiko verbreitet und lebt vor allem in trockenen Lebensräumen, in Halbwüsten, Steppen und Prärien.

Merkmale

Mit 49 bis 55 Zentimetern Kopf-Rumpf-Länge und 1,5 bis 3,6 Kilogramm Körpergewicht[1] zählt der Eselhase zu den größeren Vertretern der Echten Hasen. Dabei ist das Weibchen etwas größer als das Männchen, darüber hinaus existiert kein Geschlechtsdimorphismus. Der Schwanz hat eine Länge von 7,6 bis 11,2 Zentimeter. Ihren Namen haben die Tiere aufgrund der auffallend langen, eselartigen Ohren, die eine Länge von 10 bis 13 Zentimeter erreichen. Ihr Fell ist graubraun bis schwarz an der Oberseite und gräulich bis weißlich an der Unterseite. Sie haben einen arttypischen schwarzen Streifen am Rücken und einen schwarzen Schwanz.[2][3] Die Beine sind sehr lang, die Hinterfußlänge beträgt 11,7 bis 13 Zentimeter.[1]

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiete des Eselhasen (ohne Einführungen)

Der Eselhase ist über ein weites Gebiet in den Trockengebieten der westlichen Vereinigten Staaten und im nördlichen Mexiko verbreitet. Dabei umfasst das Verbreitungsgebiet in den USA Teile der Bundesstaaten Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, das östliche Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, das westliche Missouri, Utah mit Ausnahme des Nordostens, Teile Kaliforniens und Oregons, das südöstliche Washington, den Süden Idahos und eine isolierte Population in Montana sowie den äußersten Westen und Südosten von Wyoming. Zudem wurde er in die Staaten Massachusetts, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia und den Süden Floridas eingeführt. In Mexiko kommt er in den Staaten Hidalgo, Querétaro, dem nördlichen Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, dem östlichen Tamaulipas, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, dem östlichen Durango, Chihuahua mit Ausnahme des Südwestens, dem äußersten Nordosten Jaliscos, Coahuila, Nuevo León, dem nördlichen Sonora und der gesamten Halbinsel Niederkalifornien vor.[4]

Lebensweise

Der Hase ist an trockene Lebensräume in Halbwüsten, Steppen und Prärien angepasst und kommt in Höhen bis zu 3.750 Metern vor.[4] Er ist dämmerungs- und nachtaktiv und verbringt den Tag in flachen Erdmulden im Schatten von Büschen. Die Tiere sind Einzelgänger und schützen sich gegenüber Fressfeinden vor allem durch ihre Tarnung und Flucht, bei der sie hakenschlagend Geschwindigkeiten von 50 bis 60 km/h erreichen können. Sie sind zudem in der Lage, aus dem Stand bis zu sechs Meter weit zu springen.[2]

Ernährung

 src=
Eselhase in Utah

Die bevorzugte Nahrung des Eselhasen besteht aus Gräsern und grünen Pflanzenteilen, er nimmt aber auch Zweige und Rinden von Gehölzpflanzen und Kakteen zu sich. Dabei fressen die Tiere fast durchgängig und haben einen sehr großen Pflanzenbedarf pro Einzeltier. Der Flüssigkeitsbedarf ist sehr gering und die Tiere beziehen fast ihr gesamtes benötigtes Wasser aus der Nahrung.[2]

Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung

Die Paarungszeit unterscheidet sich regional und reicht vom Dezember bis zum September in Arizona und vom späten Januar bis August in Kalifornien und Kansas. Das Weibchen bringt nach einer Tragzeit von 41 bis 47 Tagen drei- bis viermal im Jahr ein bis sechs, meistens drei bis vier, Jungtiere zur Welt. Wie bei allen Echten Hasen sind diese Nestflüchter. Die Weibchen kümmern sich etwa drei bis vier Tage um den Nachwuchs und verlassen ihn danach.[2]

In Gefangenschaft erreichen die Eselhasen ein Alter von fünf bis sechs Jahren, in der Wildnis sterben sie allerdings aufgrund von Krankheiten, des Räuberdrucks und anderer Gründe deutlich früher.[2]

Systematik

Der Eselhase wird als eigenständige Art der Gattung Echte Hasen (Lepus) und damit den Hasen (Leporidae) zugeordnet.[5] Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung der Art erfolgte 1837 durch John Edward Gray als Lepus californica. Als Fundort und Terra typica gab er „St. Anoine“ an, später wurde vermutet, dass es sich beim Fundort um eine der Bergregionen nahe der ehemaligen Mission von San Antonio bei Jolon im küstennahen Monterey County in Kalifornien handelte.[2]

Innerhalb der Art werden abhängig von der Bearbeitung mit der Nominatform sechs bis 17 Unterarten unterschieden. Nach Wilson & Reeder 2005 werden sechs Unterarten akzeptiert:

  • Lepus californicus californicus: Nominatform.
  • Lepus californicus deserticola
  • Lepus californicus insularis
  • Lepus californicus magdalenae
  • Lepus californicus melanotis
  • Lepus californicus texianus

Troy L. Best unterschied 1996 in seinem Artporträt der Reihe Mammalian Species 17 Unterarten.[2]

Bedrohung und Schutz

Die Art wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) aufgrund des relativ großen Verbreitungsgebietes und der Bestandsgröße als „nicht gefährdet“ (Least concern) eingeschätzt. Ein Rückgang des Bestandes und eine größere Bedrohung der Art sind nicht bekannt.[4]

Belege

  1. a b „Black-tailed jackrabbit.“ In: E.W. Jameson, Hans J. Peeters: Mammals of California. California Natural History Guides 66, University of California Press, Berkeley 2004. ISBN 978-0-52023-582-3.
  2. a b c d e f g Troy L. Best: Lepus californicus. In: Mammalian Species. Band 530, 1996, S. 1–10.
  3. Liz Ballenger: Lepus californicus im Animal Diversity Web der University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Abgerufen: 3. Januar 2012.
  4. a b c Lepus californicus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011. Eingestellt von: Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), F.J. Romero Malpica, H. Rangel Cordero, 2008. Abgerufen am 3. Januar 2012.
  5. Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Lepus californicus in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).

Literatur

Weblinks

 src=
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
  • Lepus californicus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011. Eingestellt von: Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), F.J. Romero Malpica, H. Rangel Cordero, 2008. Abgerufen am 3. Januar 2012.
  • Liz Ballenger: Lepus californicus im Animal Diversity Web der University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Abgerufen: 3. Januar 2012.
 title=
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia DE

Eselhase: Brief Summary ( 德语 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Der Eselhase, auch Kalifornischer Eselhase genannt (Lepus californicus) gehört zu den größten Arten der Echten Hasen in der Familie der Hasen (Leporidae). Er ist in den westlichen Vereinigten Staaten (im Norden bis Idaho, im Osten bis Kansas) und im nördlichen Mexiko verbreitet und lebt vor allem in trockenen Lebensräumen, in Halbwüsten, Steppen und Prärien.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia DE

Liebru ta' denbu iswed ( 马耳他语 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Il-Liebru ta' denbu iswed jew Fenek ħmar ta' denbu iswed li hu magħruf xjentifikament bħala Lepus californicus huwa speċi ta' mammiferu plaċentat tal-familja Leporidae (leporidu), fl-ordni Lagomorpha (lagomorfu) u jinsab mifrux fil-kotinent ta' l-Amerika ta' fuq.

Dan il-liebru huwa speċi komuni b' distribuzzjoni fil-Punent ta' l-Istati unijti u fil-Messiku, f' elevazzjoni ta' minn dik tal-baħar sa 'l fuq minn 3000 metru.

Bħal-fniek ħmir oħrajn, il-Fenek ħmar ta' denbu iswed għandu par widnejn enormi bit-truf suwed li ma' tista titfixkilhom ma xejn u par saqajn ta' wara twal u b' saħħithom ħafna. Il-pil huwa ta' lewn kannell fl' isfar skur imnaqqax bl-iswed b' linja sewda tul id-dahru kollur bid-denb iswed fuq in-naħa ta' fuq u abjad fin-naħa t' isfel.

Il-Fenek ħmar ta' denbu iswed huwa it-3 l-akbar speċi ta' liebru fil-kontinent ta' l-Amerika ta' fuq wara l-Fenek ħmar antilopu u l-Fenek ħmar ta' denbu abjad, fejn adult kapaċi jilaħħaq id-daqs ta' 60 ċentimetru f' tul u bejn 1.5 u 4 kilogrammi f' piż.

Klassifikazzjoni

Dan il-liebru huwa 1 minn 8 speċi li qegħdin klassifikati fis-sottoġeneru Proeulagus u l-ispeċi maqsuma minn ta' linqas f' 6 sottospeċi.

Gallarija

Referenzi

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Awturi u edituri tal-Wikipedia

Liebru ta' denbu iswed: Brief Summary ( 马耳他语 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Il-Liebru ta' denbu iswed jew Fenek ħmar ta' denbu iswed li hu magħruf xjentifikament bħala Lepus californicus huwa speċi ta' mammiferu plaċentat tal-familja Leporidae (leporidu), fl-ordni Lagomorpha (lagomorfu) u jinsab mifrux fil-kotinent ta' l-Amerika ta' fuq.

Dan il-liebru huwa speċi komuni b' distribuzzjoni fil-Punent ta' l-Istati unijti u fil-Messiku, f' elevazzjoni ta' minn dik tal-baħar sa 'l fuq minn 3000 metru.

Bħal-fniek ħmir oħrajn, il-Fenek ħmar ta' denbu iswed għandu par widnejn enormi bit-truf suwed li ma' tista titfixkilhom ma xejn u par saqajn ta' wara twal u b' saħħithom ħafna. Il-pil huwa ta' lewn kannell fl' isfar skur imnaqqax bl-iswed b' linja sewda tul id-dahru kollur bid-denb iswed fuq in-naħa ta' fuq u abjad fin-naħa t' isfel.

Il-Fenek ħmar ta' denbu iswed huwa it-3 l-akbar speċi ta' liebru fil-kontinent ta' l-Amerika ta' fuq wara l-Fenek ħmar antilopu u l-Fenek ħmar ta' denbu abjad, fejn adult kapaċi jilaħħaq id-daqs ta' 60 ċentimetru f' tul u bejn 1.5 u 4 kilogrammi f' piż.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Awturi u edituri tal-Wikipedia

Калифорний мераҥ ( 平地马里语 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Тундра мераҥ (лат. Lepus californicus ) – Йӱдвел Америкыште (УАШ да Мексика) мераҥ-влак (Leporidae) йамагатын гыч изи мераҥ. Капше 61 см, нелытше 1.4—2.7 кг.

Ӱлылтӱрлык-влак

  • Lepus californicus altamirae
  • L. c. asellus
  • L. c. bennettii
  • L. c. californicus
  • L. c. curti
  • L. c. deserticola
  • L. c. ememicus
  • L. c. festinus
  • L. c. magdalenae
  • L. c. martirensis
  • L. c. melanotis
  • L. c. merriamai
  • L. c. richardsonii
  • L. c. sheldoni
  • L. c. texianus
  • L. c. wallawalla
  • L. c. xanti
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia authors and editors

Калифорний мераҥ: Brief Summary ( 平地马里语 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Тундра мераҥ (лат. Lepus californicus ) – Йӱдвел Америкыште (УАШ да Мексика) мераҥ-влак (Leporidae) йамагатын гыч изи мераҥ. Капше 61 см, нелытше 1.4—2.7 кг.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia authors and editors

ЦIог-Iаьржа пхьагал ( 印古什语 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

ЦIог-Iаьржа пхьагал (Чернохвостый заяц)[1][2], е Калифорнера пхьагал (калифорнийский заяц)[2] (лат: Lepus californicus) — эггара дукхагIа дIа-хьа яьржа пхьагалий кеп я. Iеш я Хетта Америкера Штаташкеи Мексике.

ТIатовжамаш

  1. Ло:Книга:Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие». Кн. 2
  2. 2,0 2,1 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 205. — 10 000 экз.
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia authors and editors

ЦIог-Iаьржа пхьагал: Brief Summary ( 印古什语 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

ЦIог-Iаьржа пхьагал (Чернохвостый заяц), е Калифорнера пхьагал (калифорнийский заяц) (лат: Lepus californicus) — эггара дукхагIа дIа-хьа яьржа пхьагалий кеп я. Iеш я Хетта Америкера Штаташкеи Мексике.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia authors and editors

கருப்பு வால் குழிமுயல் ( 泰米尔语 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

கருப்பு வால் கழுதை குழிமுயல் (ஆங்கிலப்பெயர்: Black-tailed Jackrabbit, உயிரியல் பெயர்: Lepus californicus) அல்லது அமெரிக்க பாலைவன முயல் என்பது மேற்கு ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் மெக்சிகோவில் காணப்படும் ஒரு பொதுவான முயல் ஆகும். அங்கு இது கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 10,000 ft (3,000 m) உயரம் வரை காணப்படுகின்றது. இது 2 ft (61 cm) நீளம் வரையும் எடை 3 to 6 lb (1.4 to 2.7 kg) வரையும் வளரக்கூடியது. வட அமெரிக்காவின் முயல்களிலேயே இதுதான் மூன்றாவது பெரிய முயல் ஆகும். இது புதர்-புல்வெளி கலந்த நிலப்பகுதிகளில் வாழ்கிறது. பிறக்கும் குட்டிகள் உடல் முழுவதும் ரோமத்துடன் கண்கள் திறந்தவாறு பிறக்கின்றன. பிறந்த உடனேயே சில நிமிடங்களிலேயே இவற்றால் ஓட முடியும். இதன் காரணமாக பெண் முயல்கள் குட்டிகளை பாதுகாக்க தேவையில்லை. உணவு ஊட்டும் நேரம் தவிர மீதி நேரங்களில் அவற்றுடன் தங்கியிருக்க கூட தேவையில்லை. சராசரியாக இவை 4 குட்டிகளை ஈனுகின்றன. ஆனால் சில நேரங்களில் மிகக் குறைவாக இரண்டு குட்டிகளை கூட ஈனும். வெப்பமான காலநிலை கொண்ட பகுதிகளில் அதிகபட்சமாக 7 குட்டிகள் வரை கூட ஈனுகின்றன.

உசாாத்துணை

  1. Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". in Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ). Johns Hopkins University Press. பக். 196. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-8018-8221-0. இணையக் கணினி நூலக மையம்:62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13500001.
  2. Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA); Romero Malpica, F.J.; Rangel Cordero, H. (2008). "Lepus californicus". செம்பட்டியல் 2008: e.T41276A10412537. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41276A10412537.en. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41276/0. பார்த்த நாள்: 27 December 2017.
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

கருப்பு வால் குழிமுயல்: Brief Summary ( 泰米尔语 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

கருப்பு வால் கழுதை குழிமுயல் (ஆங்கிலப்பெயர்: Black-tailed Jackrabbit, உயிரியல் பெயர்: Lepus californicus) அல்லது அமெரிக்க பாலைவன முயல் என்பது மேற்கு ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா மற்றும் மெக்சிகோவில் காணப்படும் ஒரு பொதுவான முயல் ஆகும். அங்கு இது கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 10,000 ft (3,000 m) உயரம் வரை காணப்படுகின்றது. இது 2 ft (61 cm) நீளம் வரையும் எடை 3 to 6 lb (1.4 to 2.7 kg) வரையும் வளரக்கூடியது. வட அமெரிக்காவின் முயல்களிலேயே இதுதான் மூன்றாவது பெரிய முயல் ஆகும். இது புதர்-புல்வெளி கலந்த நிலப்பகுதிகளில் வாழ்கிறது. பிறக்கும் குட்டிகள் உடல் முழுவதும் ரோமத்துடன் கண்கள் திறந்தவாறு பிறக்கின்றன. பிறந்த உடனேயே சில நிமிடங்களிலேயே இவற்றால் ஓட முடியும். இதன் காரணமாக பெண் முயல்கள் குட்டிகளை பாதுகாக்க தேவையில்லை. உணவு ஊட்டும் நேரம் தவிர மீதி நேரங்களில் அவற்றுடன் தங்கியிருக்க கூட தேவையில்லை. சராசரியாக இவை 4 குட்டிகளை ஈனுகின்றன. ஆனால் சில நேரங்களில் மிகக் குறைவாக இரண்டு குட்டிகளை கூட ஈனும். வெப்பமான காலநிலை கொண்ட பகுதிகளில் அதிகபட்சமாக 7 குட்டிகள் வரை கூட ஈனுகின்றன.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

Swearttægelhara

由wikipedia emerging_languages提供
 src=
Sƿearttægelhara

Sƿearttægelharan (ēac hātaþ eosolharan for þǣm Þēodiscan naman Eselhase) is gemǣne hara þāra ƿesternena Geāndena Rīca American and Mexicƿes, þǣr hit is gefunded betƿeox þǣm sǣ and hēahþum 10,000 fōta. Hīe ƿeaxaþ sƿā grēate sƿā 2 fōta, and sƿā hefige sƿā fram 3 oþ 6 pundra; hē is se þridda Norþamerisca hara æfter micelnesse, beæftan þǣm heorotoxharum and þonne þǣm hƿīttægelharum. Þā sƿearttægelharan būaþ on ge gærsbǣrum ge scrybbbǣrum landum. Hoera tēam is gedōn æfter stōƿe; hē geƿunelīce is oftost on lenctene gedōn, ac hē hƿīlum gelǣsteþ þurh eall þæt gēar on ƿearmum medumƿeðere. Geonge sind geboren eallunga fellbǣr and mid openum ēagum; hīe gehȳdaþ selfe ƿel on gǣrse fopr heora fellum, and cunnon gangan ēaðe fēaƿum stundinclum æfter gebyrde, ond þæs ƿīf ne beorgaþ heora geonan, oþþe efne belīfaþ mid him būton under cildfēdunge. Heora geƿunelīce rīm bearna is nēan fēoƿer, ac mæge ƿesan sƿā fēaƿe sƿā 2 oþþe sƿā manige sƿā 7 on ƿearmum landscipum.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia authors and editors

Black-tailed jackrabbit ( 英语 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Black-tailed jackrabbit sitting
Juvenile black-tailed jackrabbit eating a carrot in the California Mojave Desert
Weathered adult black-tailed jackrabbit eating
An adolescent black-tailed jackrabbit in the Mojave Desert, California.

The black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), also known as the American desert hare, is a common hare of the western United States and Mexico, where it is found at elevations from sea level up to 10,000 ft (3,000 m). Reaching a length around 2 ft (61 cm), and a weight from 3 to 6 lb (1.4 to 2.7 kg), the black-tailed jackrabbit is one of the largest North American hares. Black-tailed jackrabbits occupy mixed shrub-grassland terrains. Their breeding depends on the location; it typically peaks in spring, but may continue all year round in warm climates. Young are born fully furred with eyes open; they are well camouflaged and are mobile within minutes of birth, thus females do not protect or even stay with the young except during nursing. The average litter size is around four, but may be as low as two and as high as seven in warm regions.

The black-tailed jackrabbit does not migrate or hibernate during winter and uses the same habitat of 0.4 to 1.2 mi2 (1–3 km2) year-round. Its diet is composed of various shrubs, small trees, grasses, and forbs. Shrubs generally comprise the bulk of fall and winter diets, while grasses and forbs are used in spring and early summer, but the pattern and plant species vary with climate. The black-tailed jackrabbit is an important prey species for raptors and carnivorous mammals, such as eagles, hawks, owls, coyotes, foxes, and wild cats. The hares host many ectoparasites including fleas, ticks, lice, and mites; for this reason, hunters often avoid collecting them.

Typical pose when alerted

Description

Like other jackrabbits, the black-tailed jackrabbit has distinctive long ears, and the long powerful rear legs characteristic of hares. Reaching a length about 2 ft (61 cm), and a weight from 3 to 6 lb (1.4 to 2.7 kg), the black-tailed jackrabbit is the third-largest North American jackrabbit, after the antelope jackrabbit and the white-tailed jackrabbit. Additionally, the much more northerly Arctic hare and Alaskan hare are somewhat larger than the jackrabbit members of the hare genus. The black-tailed jackrabbit's dorsal fur is agouti (dark buff peppered with black), and its undersides and the insides of its legs are creamy white. The ears are black-tipped on the outer surfaces, and unpigmented inside. The ventral surface of the tail is grey to white, and the black dorsal surface of the tail continues up the spine for a few inches to form a short, black stripe.[3] The females are larger than males, with no other significant differences.[4]

Taxonomy and distribution

Although 17 subspecies are recognized, this number may be excessive.[5] Using cluster analysis of anatomical characters, Dixon and others found that black-tailed jackrabbit subspecies separated into two distinct groups that are geographically separated west and east of the Colorado Rocky Mountains and the Colorado River. They suggested only two infrataxa are warranted: the western subspecies L. c. californicus and the eastern subspecies L. c. texianus.[6]

The black-tailed jackrabbit is the most widely distributed jackrabbit (Lepus species) in North America. Native black-tailed jackrabbit populations occur from central Washington east to Missouri and south to Baja California Sur and Zacatecas. Black-tailed jackrabbit distribution is currently expanding eastward in the Great Plains at the expense of white-tailed jackrabbit.[5] The black-tailed jackrabbit has been successfully introduced in southern Florida and along the coastline in Maryland, New Jersey, and Virginia.[7][8]

Six subspecies of L. californicus are in the Baja California Peninsula, three of which are endemic to the surrounding islands. The current distribution is a result of sea-level rise about 21,000 years ago, after the last glacial maximum. Due to this geographic isolation, the current subspecies of L. californicus living on the peninsula can be separated into three subclades based on similar DNA structure and pelage color. The first clade is associated with subspecies L. c. xanti, and contains all subspecies found in the southernmost part of the Baja Peninsula; it has a yellowish color pattern. The second clade is associated with subspecies L. c. magdalenae, and includes all subspecies found between the La Paz isthmus and the southern Vixcaino Desert, including subspecies L. c. xanti, L. c. sheldoni, and L. c. martirensis. This clade has a coloration pattern range of light brown to yellow. The third clade is associated with subspecies L. c. martirensis, and includes all subspecies found from the Viscaino Desert to the northernmost part of the peninsula.[9]

Distribution of subspecies occurring entirely or partially in the United States is:[8][10]

  • L. c. altamirae (Nelson)
  • L. c. asellus (G. S. Miller)
  • L. c. bennettii (Gray) – coastal southern California to Baja California Norte
  • L. c. californicus (Gray) – coastal Oregon to coastal and Central Valley California
  • L. c. curti (E. R. Hall)
  • L. c. deserticola (Mearns) – southern Idaho to Sonora
  • L. c. ememicus (J. A. Allen) – central Arizona to Sonora
  • L. c. festinus (Nelson)
  • L. c. magdalenae (Nelson)
  • L. c. martirensis (J. M. Stowell)
  • L. c. melanotis (Mearns) – South Dakota to Iowa, Missouri, and central Texas
  • L. c. merriamai (Mearns) – south-central and southeastern Texas to Tamaulipas
  • L. c. richardsonii (Bachman) – central California
  • L. c. sheldoni (W. H. Burt)
  • L. c. texianus (Waterhouse) – southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado to Zacatecas
  • L. c. wallawalla (Merriam) – eastern Washington to northeastern California and northwestern Nevada
  • L. c. xanti (Thomas)

Plant communities

The black-tailed jackrabbit occupies plant communities with a mixture of shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Shrubland-herb mosaics are preferred over pure stands of shrubs or herbs. Black-tailed jackrabbit populations are common in sagebrush (Artemisia spp.),[11] creosotebush (Larrea tridentata),[12] and other desert shrublands; palouse, shortgrass, and mixed-grass prairies; desert grassland; open-canopy chaparral; oak (Quercus spp.),[13] and pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.)[8] woodlands; and early seral (succeeding each other), low- to mid-elevation coniferous forests.[14] It is also common in and near croplands, especially alfalfa (Medicago sativa) fields.[8]

Lifestyle

Male black-tailed jackrabbits reach sexual maturity around 7 months of age.[15] Females usually breed in the spring of their second year, although females born in spring or early summer may breed in their first year. Ovulation is induced by copulation.[8] The breeding season is variable depending upon latitude and environmental factors. In the northern part of their range in Idaho, black-tailed jackrabbits breed from February through May. In Utah, they breed from January through July,[16] with over 75% of females pregnant by April. The Kansas breeding season extends from January to August.[17] Breeding in warm climates continues nearly year-round. Two peak breeding seasons corresponding to rainfall patterns and growth of young vegetation occur in California,[15] Arizona,[18] and New Mexico. In Arizona, for example, breeding peaks during winter (January–March) rains and again during June monsoons.[18]

The gestation period ranges from 41 to 47 days.[16] More litters are born in warm climates: the number of litters born each year ranges from two per year in Idaho to seven in Arizona.[18] Litter sizes are largest in the northern portions of black-tailed jackrabbit's range and decrease toward the south. Average litter size has been reported at 4.9 in Idaho, 3.8 in Utah,[16] and 2.2 in Arizona.[18]

Female black-tailed jackrabbits do not prepare an elaborate nest. They give birth in shallow excavations called forms that are no more than a few centimeters deep. Females may line forms with hair prior to giving birth, but some drop litters in existing depressions on the ground with no further preparation.[17] Young are born fully furred with eyes open, and are mobile within minutes of birth.[8] Females do not protect or even stay with the young except during nursing.[19] Ages of weaning and dispersal are unclear since the young are well camouflaged and rarely observed in the field. Captive black-tailed jackrabbits are fully weaned by 8 weeks.[18] The young stay together for at least a week after leaving the form.[8][19]

Preferred habitat

Black-tailed jackrabbit in Texas, cooling off in the shade on a hot summer's day

The black-tailed jackrabbit can occupy a wide range of habitats as long as diversity in plant species exists. It requires mixed grasses, forbs, and shrubs for food, and shrubs or small trees for cover.[20] It prefers moderately open areas without dense understory growth and is seldom found in closed-canopy habitats. For example, in California, black-tailed jackrabbits are plentiful in open chamise (Ademostoma fasciculatum) and Ceanothus spp. chaparral interspersed with grasses, but does not occupy closed-canopy chaparral.[21] Similarly, the black-tailed jackrabbit occupies clearcuts and early seral coniferous forest, but not closed-canopy coniferous forest.[14]

Black-tailed jackrabbits do not migrate or hibernate during winter;[8][14] the same habitat is used year-round. Diurnal movement of 2 to 10 miles (3–16 km) occurs from shrub cover in day to open foraging areas at night.[8] Home range area varies with habitat and habitat quality.[14] Home ranges of 0.4 to 1.2 mi2 (1–3 km2) have been reported in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) communities of northern Utah.[19]

Black-tailed jackrabbits require shrubs or small conifers for hiding, nesting, and thermal cover, and grassy areas for night feeding.[8][20] A shrub-grassland mosaic or widely spaced shrubs interspersed with herbs provides hiding cover while providing feeding opportunities. Small shrubs do not provide adequate cover.[20][22] In the Snake River Birds of Prey Study Area in southwestern Idaho, black-tailed jackrabbits were more frequent on sites dominated by big sagebrush or black greasewood than on sites dominated by the smaller shrubs winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata) or shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia). Black-tailed jackrabbits do not habitually use a burrow,[11] although they have occasionally been observed using abandoned burrows for escape and thermal cover.[8][18][19]

Food habits

The black-tailed jackrabbit diet is composed of shrubs, small trees, grasses, and forbs. Throughout the course of a year, black-tailed jackrabbits feed on most if not all of the important plant species in a community.[23] Growth stage and moisture content of plants may influence selection more than species. Shrubs generally comprise the bulk of fall and winter diets, while grasses and forbs are used in spring and early summer. This pattern varies with climate: herbaceous plants are grazed during greenup periods while the plants are in pre-reproductive to early reproductive stages, and shrubs are used more in dry seasons.[23][24] Shrubs are browsed throughout the year, however. Most of a jackrabbit's body water is replaced by foraging water-rich vegetation.[18][25] Jackrabbits require a plant's water weight to be at least five times its dry weight to meet daily water intake requirements. Therefore, black-tailed jackrabbits switch to phreatophyte (deep-rooted) shrubs when herbaceous vegetation is recovering from their foraging.[25]

Plant species used by black-tailed jackrabbits are well documented for desert regions. Forage use in other regions is less well known. However, black-tailed jackrabbits browse Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole pine (P. contorta), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) seedlings, and oak (Quercus spp.) seedlings and sprouts.[13][14]

Great Basin

In Great Basin, big sagebrush is a primary forage species and is used throughout the year; in southern Idaho it forms 16–21% of the black-tailed jackrabbit summer diet. Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.), spiny hopsage (gray spinosa), and black greasewood are also browsed.[23][26] Four-wing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) is heavily used in western Nevada. In Butte County, Idaho, winterfat comprises 41% of black-tailed jackrabbits' annual diet. Grasses comprise 14% of the diet, with most grass consumption in March and April. Russian thistle (Salsola kali) is an important forb diet item. Needle-and-thread grass (Stipa comata) and Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides) are preferred grasses. Other preferred native grasses include Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata). Where available, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum and Agropyron cristatum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) are highly preferred. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) use is variable: it comprises 45% of the April diet on two southern Idaho sites,[26] but black-tailed jackrabbit on an eastern Washington site do not use it.[27]

Warm desert

In warm desert, mesquite (Prosopis spp.) and creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) are principal browse species.[12][18] Broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and Yucca spp. are also used. In honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) communities in New Mexico, the overall black-tailed jackrabbit diet was 47% shrubs, 22% grasses, and 31% forbs.[22] Black grama (Bouteloua spp.), dropseed (Sporobolus spp.), fluffgrass (Erioneuron pulchellum), and threeawns (Aristida spp.) are the most commonly grazed grasses.[22][24] Leather croton (Croton pottsii), silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), desert marigold (Baileya multiradiata), wooly paperflower (Psilostrophe tagetina), and globemallow (Sphaeralcea spp.) are important forbs, although many forb species are grazed.[24] Opuntia spp., saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), and other cacti are used throughout the year, but are especially important in dry seasons as a source of moisture.[28]

Predators

The black-tailed jackrabbit is an important prey species for many raptors and carnivorous mammals. The black-tailed jackrabbit and Townsend's ground squirrel (Spermophilus townsendii) are the two most important prey species on the Snake River Birds of Prey Study Area.[11] Hawks preying on black-tailed jackrabbits include the ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis), white-tailed hawk (B. albicaudatus), Swainson's hawk (B. swainsoni), and red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis).[29] The black-tailed jackrabbit is the primary prey of Swainson's, red-tailed, and ferruginous hawks on Idaho and Utah sites. Other raptors consuming black-tailed jackrabbits include the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). A significant correlation exists between golden eagle and black-tailed jackrabbit reproduction patterns.[11] In Colorado and southeastern Wyoming, black-tailed jackrabbits constitute 9% of nesting bald eagles' diet. Jackrabbits and cottontails (Sylvilagus spp.) combined form 9% of the diet of bald eagles wintering on national forests in Arizona and New Mexico.[30]

Mammalian predators include coyote (Canis latrans), bobcat (Lynx rufus), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), domestic dog (Canis familiaris), domestic cat (Felis catus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), common gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), American badger (Taxidea taxus), wolf (Canis lupus), and mountain lion (Puma concolor).[8][14][17] In many areas, black-tailed jackrabbit is the primary item in coyote diets. It is locally and regionally important to other mammalian predators. One study found that jackrabbits made up 45% of the bobcat diet in Utah and Nevada.[31] Another Utah–Nevada study found that jackrabbits were the fourth-most commonly consumed prey of mountain lions.[32]

Rattlesnakes (Crotalus spp.) and garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) prey on black-tailed jackrabbit young.[15][18] Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) may also capture young.[18]

Parasites and disease

The black-tailed jackrabbit plays host to many ectoparasites including fleas, ticks, lice, and mites, and many endoparasites including trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, and botfly (Cuterebra) larvae. Diseases affecting the black-tailed jackrabbit in the West are tularemia, equine encephalitis, brucellosis, Q fever, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Ticks are vectors for tularemia, and infected ticks have been found on jackrabbits in the West. Jackrabbits infected with tularemia die very quickly.[3]

The high prevalence of disease and parasites in wild jackrabbits affects human predation. Many hunters will not collect the jackrabbits they shoot, and those who do are well-advised to wear gloves while handling carcasses and to cook the meat thoroughly to avoid contracting tularemia. Most hunting of jackrabbits is done for pest control or sport.[8]

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Lepus californicus. United States Department of Agriculture.

  1. ^ Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Brown, D.E.; Lorenzo, C.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. (2019). "Lepus californicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41276A45186309. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41276A45186309.en. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  3. ^ a b Whitaker, John O. Jr.; Hamilton, William J. Jr. 1998. Mammals of the Eastern United States. Cornell University Press. 189-92. ISBN 0-8014-3475-0
  4. ^ Big Bend National Park Black-tailed Jackrabbit, US National Park Service
  5. ^ a b Flux, J. E. C. (1983). "Introduction to taxonomic problems in hares". Acta Zoologica Fennica. 174: 7–10.
  6. ^ Dixon, K. R.; et al. (1983). "The New World jackrabbits and hares (genus Lepus).--2. Numerical taxonomic analysis". Acta Zoologica Fennica. 174: 53–56.
  7. ^ Chapman, J. A.; Dixon, K. R.; Lopez-Forment, W.; Wilson, D. E. (1983). "The New World jackrabbits and hares (genus Lepus).--1. Taxonomic history and population status". Acta Zoologica Fennica. 174: 49–51.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dunn, John P.; Chapman, Joseph A.; Marsh, Rex E. (1982). "Jackrabbits: Lepus californicus and allies" in Chapman, J. A.; Feldhamer, G. A. (eds.) Wild mammals of North America: biology, management and economics. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2353-6
  9. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, Sergio Ticul; Lorenzo, Consuelo (5 February 2017). "Phylogeography and phylogeny of Lepus californicus (Lagomorpha: Leporidae) from Baja California Peninsula and adjacent islands". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 121 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blw019.
  10. ^ Hall, E. Raymond (1951). "A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha". University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History. 5 (10): 119–202.
  11. ^ a b c d Nydegger, Nicholas C.; Smith, Graham W. (1986). "Prey populations in relation to Artemisia vegetation types in southwestern Idaho", pp. 152–156 in McArthur, E. Durant; Welch, Bruce L. (eds). Proceedings—symposium on the biology of Artemisia and Chrysothamnus; 1984 July 9–13; Provo, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-200. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station
  12. ^ a b Mares, M. A.; Hulse, A. C. (1977). "Patterns of some vertebrate communities in creosote bush deserts", pp. 209–226 in: Mabry, T. J.; Hunziker, J. H.; DiFeo, D. R. Jr. (eds.) Creosote bush: Biology and chemistry of Larrea in New World deserts. U.S./IBP Synthesis Series 6. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc. ISBN 0879332824
  13. ^ a b Hall, Lillian M.; George, Melvin R.; McCreary, Douglas D.; Adams, Theodore E. (1992). "Effects of cattle grazing on blue oak seedling damage and survival". Journal of Range Management. 45 (5): 503–506. doi:10.2307/4002912. hdl:10150/644543. JSTOR 4002912.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Giusti, Gregory A.; Schmidt, Robert H.; Timm, Robert M.; et al. (1992). "The lagomorphs: rabbits, hares, and pika". In: Silvicultural approaches to animal damage management in Pacific Northwest forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-287. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: pp. 289–307. doi:10.2737/PNW-GTR-287
  15. ^ a b c Lechleitner, R. R. (1959). "Sex ratio, age classes and reproduction of the black-tailed jack rabbit". Journal of Mammalogy. 40 (1): 63–81. doi:10.2307/1376117. JSTOR 1376117.
  16. ^ a b c Gross, Jack E.; Stoddart, L. Charles; Wagner, Frederic H. (1974). "Demographic analysis of a northern Utah jackrabbit population". Wildlife Monographs. 45 (5): 503–506. JSTOR 4002912.
  17. ^ a b c Tiemeier, Otto W.; Plenert, Marvin L. (1964). "A comparison of three methods for determining the age of black-tailed jackrabbits". Journal of Mammalogy. 45 (3): 409–416. doi:10.2307/1377413. JSTOR 1377413.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Vorhies, Charles T.; Taylor, Walter P. (1933). "The life histories and ecology of jackrabbits, Lepus alleni and Lepus californicus ssp., in relation to grazing in Arizona". Technical Bulletin No. 49. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona, Agricultural Experiment Station
  19. ^ a b c d Smith, Graham W. (1990). "Home range and activity patterns of black-tailed jackrabbits". Great Basin Naturalist. 50 (3): 249–256. JSTOR 41712598. PDF copy Archived 6 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ a b c Johnson, Randal D.; Anderson, Jay E. (1984). "Diets of black-tailed jack rabbits in relation to population density and vegetation". Journal of Range Management. 37 (1): 79–83. doi:10.2307/3898830. hdl:10150/645618. JSTOR 3898830.
  21. ^ Bell, M. M.; Studinski, G. H. (1972). "Habitat manipulation and its relationship to avian and small rodent populations on the Descanso District of the Cleveland National Forest". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT
  22. ^ a b c Alipayou, Daniel (1993). "Range condition influences on Chihuahuan Desert cattle and jackrabbit diets". Journal of Range Management. 46 (4): 296–301. doi:10.2307/4002461. JSTOR 4002461. S2CID 53696852.
  23. ^ a b c Anderson, Jay E.; Shumar, Mark L. (1986). "Impacts of black-tailed jackrabbits at peak population densities on sagebrush vegetation". Journal of Range Management. 39 (2): 152–155. doi:10.2307/3899289. hdl:10150/645512. JSTOR 3899289.
  24. ^ a b c Wansi, Tchouassi; Pieper, Rex D.; Beck, Reldon F.; Murray, Leigh W. (1992). "Botanical content of black-tailed jackrabbit diets on semidesert rangeland". Great Basin Naturalist. 52 (4): 300–308.
  25. ^ a b Woffinden, Neil D.; Murphy, Joseph R. (1989). "Decline of a ferruginous hawk population: a 20-year summary". Journal of Wildlife Management. 53 (4): 1127–1132. doi:10.2307/3809619. JSTOR 3809619.
  26. ^ a b Fagerstone, Kathleen A.; Lavoie, G. Keith; Griffith, Richard E. Jr. (1980). "Black-tailed jackrabbit diet and density on rangeland and near agricultural crops". Journal of Range Management. 33 (3): 229–233. doi:10.2307/3898292. hdl:10150/646304. JSTOR 3898292.
  27. ^ Brandt, C; Rickard, W (1994). "Alien taxa in the North American shrub-steppe four decades after cessation of livestock grazing and cultivation agriculture". Biological Conservation. 68 (2): 95–105. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90339-5.
  28. ^ Turner, Raymond M; Alcorn, Stanley M; Olin, George (1969). "Mortality of Transplanted Saguaro Seedlings". Ecology. 50 (5): 835–844. doi:10.2307/1933697. JSTOR 1933697.
  29. ^ Janes, Stewart W. (1985). "Habitat selection in raptorial birds", pp. 159–188 in Cody, Martin L. (ed.) Habitat selection in birds. Academic Press Inc. ISBN 0323140130
  30. ^ Grubb, Teryl G.; Kennedy, Charles E. (1982). "Bald eagle winter habitat on southwestern National Forests". Res. Pap. RM-237. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
  31. ^ Gashwiler, Jay S.; Robinette, W. Leslie; Morris, Owen W. (1960). "Foods of bobcats in Utah and eastern Nevada". Journal of Wildlife Management. 24 (2): 226–228. doi:10.2307/3796754. JSTOR 3796754.
  32. ^ Robinette, W. Leslie; Gashwiler, Jay S.; Morris, Owen W. (1959). "Food habits of the cougar in Utah and Nevada". Journal of Wildlife Management. 23 (3): 261–273. doi:10.2307/3796884. JSTOR 3796884.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia authors and editors
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia EN

Black-tailed jackrabbit: Brief Summary ( 英语 )

由wikipedia EN提供
Black-tailed jackrabbit sitting Juvenile black-tailed jackrabbit eating a carrot in the California Mojave Desert Weathered adult black-tailed jackrabbit eating An adolescent black-tailed jackrabbit in the Mojave Desert, California.

The black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), also known as the American desert hare, is a common hare of the western United States and Mexico, where it is found at elevations from sea level up to 10,000 ft (3,000 m). Reaching a length around 2 ft (61 cm), and a weight from 3 to 6 lb (1.4 to 2.7 kg), the black-tailed jackrabbit is one of the largest North American hares. Black-tailed jackrabbits occupy mixed shrub-grassland terrains. Their breeding depends on the location; it typically peaks in spring, but may continue all year round in warm climates. Young are born fully furred with eyes open; they are well camouflaged and are mobile within minutes of birth, thus females do not protect or even stay with the young except during nursing. The average litter size is around four, but may be as low as two and as high as seven in warm regions.

The black-tailed jackrabbit does not migrate or hibernate during winter and uses the same habitat of 0.4 to 1.2 mi2 (1–3 km2) year-round. Its diet is composed of various shrubs, small trees, grasses, and forbs. Shrubs generally comprise the bulk of fall and winter diets, while grasses and forbs are used in spring and early summer, but the pattern and plant species vary with climate. The black-tailed jackrabbit is an important prey species for raptors and carnivorous mammals, such as eagles, hawks, owls, coyotes, foxes, and wild cats. The hares host many ectoparasites including fleas, ticks, lice, and mites; for this reason, hunters often avoid collecting them.

Typical pose when alerted
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia authors and editors
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia EN

Nigravosta leporo ( 世界语 )

由wikipedia EO提供

La Nigravosta leporoKalifornia leporo (Lepus californicus) estas specio de mamulo de la ordo de lagomorfoj de la familio de Leporedoj.

Aspekto

Ĝi estas grizeca en kapo kaj dorso kaj pli helbruna en subaj partoj kun blankecaj makuloj ĉirkaŭ la okuloj kaj la malantaŭa zono de la oreloj, kiuj estas tre disvolvigitaj, kiel ĉe plej parto de leporoj. La pintoj de la oreloj kaj de la vosto estas nigraj, de kie devenas la nomo de la specio. La korpo estas ĉirkaŭ 50 cm longa kaj la pezo estas de ĉirkaŭ 2,5 kg mezaveraĝe kaj ĝenerale 1,5 al 4.

Distribuado

Ĝi troviĝas en la okcidenta zono de Usono kaj Meksiko, de kio devenas unu el la du nomoj. Ties habitato estas dezertaj altebenaĵoj. Ili nutras sin el vegetaloj.

Subspecioj

Estas 6 agnoskataj subspecioj:

  • Lepus californicus californicus
  • Lepus californicus deserticola
  • Lepus californicus insularis
  • Lepus californicus madalenae
  • Lepus californicus melanotis
  • Lepus californicus texianus

Referencoj

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia EO

Nigravosta leporo: Brief Summary ( 世界语 )

由wikipedia EO提供

La Nigravosta leporo aŭ Kalifornia leporo (Lepus californicus) estas specio de mamulo de la ordo de lagomorfoj de la familio de Leporedoj.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia EO

Lepus californicus ( 西班牙语;卡斯蒂利亚语 )

由wikipedia ES提供

La liebre de California (Lepus californicus) vulgarmente llamada liebre de cola negra, [2]​ es una especie de mamífero lagomorfo de la familia Leporidae. Mide alrededor de 50 cm y pesa en promedio 2.5 kg, con un rango de 1.5 a 4 kg. Su coloración es grisácea con manchas blancas alrededor de los ojos y en la zona posterior de las orejas, estas últimas muy desarrolladas. Puntas de orejas y cola son negras. Se localiza en la zona occidental de Estados Unidos y en México se le encuentra principalmente en la Península de Baja California, en el Altiplano y en algunas zonas del resto de los estados del norte del país. Su hábitat son los altiplanos desérticos. Se alimenta de vegetales. La UICN2019-1 considera a la especie como de preocupación menor, [2]​.

Subespecies

Se conocen las siguientes subespecies:[3]

  • L. c. altamirae Nelson, 1904
  • L. c. asellus Miller, 1899
  • L. c. bennettii Gray, 1843
  • L. c. californicus Gray, 1837
  • L. c. curti Hall, 1951
  • L. c. deserticola Mearns, 1896
  • L. c. eremicus Allen, 1894
  • L. c. festinus Nelson, 1904
  • L. c. insularis Bryant, 1891
  • L. c. magdalenae Nelson, 1907
  • L. c. martirensis Stowell, 1895
  • L. c. melanotis Mearns, 1890
  • L. c. merriami Mearns, 1896
  • L. c. richardsonii Bachman, 1839
  • L. c. sheldoni Burt, 1933
  • L. c. texianus Waterhouse, 1848
  • L. c. wallawalla Merriam, 1904
  • L. c. xanti Thomas, 1898

Referencias

  1. Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. (2008). «Lepus californicus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 3 de septiembre de 2016.
  2. a b «Enciclovida - Lepus californicus (consultado el 12 de marzo del 2020).».
  3. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Lepus californicus (TSN 180115)» (en inglés).

 title=
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia ES

Lepus californicus: Brief Summary ( 西班牙语;卡斯蒂利亚语 )

由wikipedia ES提供

La liebre de California (Lepus californicus) vulgarmente llamada liebre de cola negra, ​ es una especie de mamífero lagomorfo de la familia Leporidae. Mide alrededor de 50 cm y pesa en promedio 2.5 kg, con un rango de 1.5 a 4 kg. Su coloración es grisácea con manchas blancas alrededor de los ojos y en la zona posterior de las orejas, estas últimas muy desarrolladas. Puntas de orejas y cola son negras. Se localiza en la zona occidental de Estados Unidos y en México se le encuentra principalmente en la Península de Baja California, en el Altiplano y en algunas zonas del resto de los estados del norte del país. Su hábitat son los altiplanos desérticos. Se alimenta de vegetales. La UICN2019-1 considera a la especie como de preocupación menor, ​.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia ES

Lepus californicus ( 巴斯克语 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Lepus californicus Lepus generoko animalia da. Lagomorpharen barruko Leporidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Gray (1837) 1 Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's] 586. or..
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia EU

Lepus californicus: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克语 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Lepus californicus Lepus generoko animalia da. Lagomorpharen barruko Leporidae familian sailkatuta dago.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia EU

Mustahäntäjänis ( 芬兰语 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Mustahäntäjänis (Lepus californicus) on hoikkarakenteinen Pohjois-Amerikassa elävä jänislaji. Se painaa noin 2,5 kg. Se on väriltään muuten harmaanruskea, mutta hännän yläpinta on musta, ja musta väri jatkuu juovana takapuolen päälle.[2]

Mustahäntäjänistä tavataan laajoilla alueilla Yhdysvaltojen lounaisosissa.[2]

Lähteet

  1. Lepus californicus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 22.5.2015. (englanniksi)
  2. a b John E.C. Flux and Renate Aneermann: Chapter 4: The Hares and Jackrabbits, s. 70. teoksessa Joseph A. Chapman and John E.C. Flux (toim.) Rabbits, Hares and Pikas - Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, 1990. ISBN 2831700191. Teoksen verkkoversio (viitattu 22.5.2015).
Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia FI

Mustahäntäjänis: Brief Summary ( 芬兰语 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Mustahäntäjänis (Lepus californicus) on hoikkarakenteinen Pohjois-Amerikassa elävä jänislaji. Se painaa noin 2,5 kg. Se on väriltään muuten harmaanruskea, mutta hännän yläpinta on musta, ja musta väri jatkuu juovana takapuolen päälle.

Mustahäntäjänistä tavataan laajoilla alueilla Yhdysvaltojen lounaisosissa.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia FI

Lièvre de Californie ( 法语 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Lepus californicus

Le Lièvre de Californie, Lepus californicus (Gray, 1837), aussi appelé Jackrabbit de Californie, est un mammifère de la famille des Léporidae. Il vit dans l'ouest des États-Unis.

Morphologie

Le Lepus californicus est un grand lièvre (46 à 64 cm de long) à la fourrure gris-brun ou beige sur le dos et blanche sur le ventre. Il pèse à l'âge adulte entre 1,5 et 3 kg. Les oreilles sont très grandes (11 à 16 cm de long) et ont l'extrémité noire. La queue (entre 5 et 10 cm de long) bordée de blanc présente également des marques noires pouvant s'étendre sur la croupe. Il n'existe pas de dimorphisme sexuel chez cette espèce, mais la femelle est généralement plus grande que le mâle.

Comportement

Locomotion

Comme tous les lièvres, c'est un excellent coureur capable de réaliser de longs sauts. Il peut atteindre de grandes vitesses de pointe (56 km/h) et effectuer des bonds supérieurs à 3 m[1].

Alimentation

Cet animal crépusculaire est surtout actif en fin d'après-midi et en soirée. Herbivore, il consomme une grande variété de végétaux, privilégiant la luzerne et autres herbacées en été et se contentant de plantes sèches et ligneuses en hiver[2], dont il consomme les pousses récentes et l'écorce, s'attaquant même à la Sauge buissonnante ou à des Cactacées[3].

Reproduction

Chez cette espèce, la gestation dure une quarantaine de jours (entre 41 et 47 jours). Les petits pèsent en moyenne 84 g, naissent avec leurs poils et ouvrent très vite les yeux. La mère ne reste avec eux que deux ou trois jours ; par la suite, elle ne revient les voir que pour les allaiter. Il y a de un à huit petits par portée (généralement de 2 à 4), et 3 à 4 portées par an ; une femelle produit en moyenne une douzaine de petits par an[4]. Les petits prennent rapidement leur indépendance, au bout de 2 à 4 semaines. La maturité sexuelle survient vers 8 mois. La durée de vie moyenne est de 5 ou 6 ans en captivité, moins à l'état sauvage[3], mais un individu né sauvage et mort en captivité a vécu plus de 11 ans[5].

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Aire de répartition

Il vit au nord du Mexique et à l'ouest des États-Unis, de l'État de Washington au nord jusqu'à la Californie au sud ; son aire de répartition s'étend à l'est jusque dans la zone des Grandes Plaines, du Nebraska au Texas.

Il préfère les habitats présentant de grands espaces libres, comme les prairies et steppes des zones arides à mésiques, mais aussi dans les déserts, les broussailles ou les terres cultivées. On peut le trouver dans des zones où la végétation dépasse 60 cm de hauteur[2]. Ce lièvre se trouve souvent dans les associations végétales Ambroisie-Créosotier, Mesquite-Gutierrezia ou Juniperus-Artemisia tridentata. On peut le trouver jusqu'à 3800 m d'altitude[3].

Taxinomie

Cette espèce présente 6 sous-espèces[6]:

  • Lepus californicus californicus Gray, 1837
  • Lepus californicus deserticola Mearns, 1896
  • Lepus californicus insularis Bryant, 1891
  • Lepus californicus magdalenae Nelson, 1907
  • Lepus californicus melanotis Mearns, 1890
  • Lepus californicus texianus Waterhouse, 1848

Le Lièvre de Californie et l'homme

Fluctuations des populations de Lepus californicus

Les prédateurs naturels de ce lièvre sont le coyote et le Renard nain, ainsi que le Lynx roux, les rapaces et les serpents. Les amérindiens chassaient ce lièvre pour sa viande et pour sa fourrure. Après la colonisation du pays par les Européens, avec la diminution des populations de prédateurs, les lièvres ont eu tendance à se multiplier, aidés en cela par la nourriture supplémentaire prelevée sur les terres cultivées.

De nos jours, les populations de ce lièvre connaissent des fluctuations cycliques. Les cycles couvrent une période de 6 à 10 ans, avec des périodes creuses liées à des épidémies (souvent de tularémie) suivies de pics de population liés à la reproduction rapide de cette espèce. Lors d'un de ces pics de population, un rabattage organisé par des fermiers (excédés par les dégâts réalisés par les lièvres sur leurs récoltes) a provoqué la capture de 6 000 lièvres en une seule fois. La densité des lièvres peut atteindre le nombre record de 1500/km²[3] (la densité normale de population varie d'une dizaine à une quarantaine d'individus par km²[4]).

Statut légal

Cette espèce a été classée par l'UICN dans la catégorie LC (préoccupation mineure), du fait de leur importante population[4].

Notes et références

  1. James Kavanagh (1994) Nature of California Waterford Press p 25 (ISBN 0-9640225-9-1)
  2. a et b MacMahon J.A. Deserts National Audubon Society Nature Guides, 1997, Knopf A.A. Inc, p 566. (ISBN 0-394-73139-5)
  3. a b c et d (en) Ballenger, L., « Lepus californicus », Animal Diversity Web, 1999 (consulté le 24 octobre 2008)
  4. a b et c (en) IUCN, « Lepus californicus », IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2008 (consulté le 24 octobre 2008)
  5. (en) AnAge entry for Lepus californicus sur le site genomics.senescence.info
  6. Sous-espèces de Lepus californicus sur le site ITIS

Voir aussi

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia FR

Lièvre de Californie: Brief Summary ( 法语 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Lepus californicus

Le Lièvre de Californie, Lepus californicus (Gray, 1837), aussi appelé Jackrabbit de Californie, est un mammifère de la famille des Léporidae. Il vit dans l'ouest des États-Unis.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia FR

Lepus californicus ( 意大利语 )

由wikipedia IT提供

La lepre californiana o lepre dalla coda nera (Lepus californicus Gray, 1837) è un mammifero lagomorfo della famiglia dei Leporidi.

Come tutte le lepri americane, questi animali vengono chiamati in inglese col nome jackrabbit, che si ritiene una contrazione delle parole jackass, asino e rabbit, coniglio, data a questi animali dai primi coloni californiani in riferimento alle loro lunghe orecchie.

Distribuzione

La specie è diffusa negli Stati Uniti orientali, (dallo stato di Washington a nord, al Missouri ad est, alla California a sud) fino al Messico nord-occidentale (Baja California e Sonora).
Abita le aree aride con copertura di erba bassa e radi cespugli, fino a 4000 m d'altezza.

Sottospecie

Ne vengono attualmente riconosciute cinque sottospecie:

  • Lepus californicus californicus
  • Lepus californicus deserticola
  • Lepus californicus madalenae
  • Lepus californicus melanotis
  • Lepus californicus texianus

La sottospecie insularis viene attualmente considerata una specie a sé stante (Lepus insularis).

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Misura circa mezzo metro di lunghezza, per un peso medio di due chili e mezzo.

Aspetto

 src=
Un esemplare in stato di allerta: notare le grandi orecchie, che funzionano da dispersori di calore.

Il pelo è fondamentalmente bruno-giallastro su tutto il corpo, con tendenza al grigio sul dorso ed al biancastro sul ventre: sul dorso sono inoltre presenti brizzolature nere ed una banda nera che dalla nuca raggiunge la punta della coda, che è bianca.
A seconda della sottospecie, le orecchie possono essere più o meno grandi, al fine di disperdere il calore corporeo in eccesso.

Biologia

Si tratta di animali solitari e notturni, che durante il giorno rimangono nascosti all'ombra, dormendo in depressioni del terreno e mimetizzandosi molto bene con l'ambiente circostante.

Se avvistano un predatore, questi animali congelano i propri movimenti e rimangono del tutto immobili, seppure coi sensi in massima allerta: solitamente non fuggono se prima il pericolo non si è avvicinato a meno di due metri di distanza. In questo caso, schizzano via spiccando grandi balzi e cambiando repentinamente direzione, per confondere le idee all'assalitore: qualora vengano disturbate nel proprio rifugio, raramente vi fanno ritorno, cercandosene un altro.

Le loro abitudini solitarie vengono meno in casi di forte siccità, quando la mancanza d'acqua costringe numerosi esemplari a recarsi ad una fonte d'acqua per abbeverarsi, o nei periodi d'estro delle femmine, quando si formano gruppetti di maschi desiderosi di accoppiarsi. Ciascun esemplare, in ogni caso, tende a delimitare un proprio territorio che si estende per circa venti ettari[1].

Alimentazione

Si tratta di animali erbivori, che si nutrono principalmente di piante erbacee: data la disponibilità altalenante di risorse nel loro habitat naturale, quando possibile questi animali si nutrono molto abbondantemente (quindici esemplari possono mangiare in un giorno un quantitativo di cibo superiore a quello mangiato da una mucca nel medesimo lasso di tempo).

Riproduzione

La stagione riproduttiva di questi animali varia a seconda della zona presa in considerazione: essa va da settembre a dicembre nella parte settentrionale dell'areale e da gennaio ad agosto in quella meridionale, con la femmina che in questo lasso di tempo può dare alla luce fino a quattro nidiate. Durante il periodo degli amori, si registra un aumento dell'aggressività intraspecifica, con numerose aggressioni fra maschi per aggiudicarsi la priorità all'accoppiamento e tra femmine per scacciare eventuali pretendenti troppo accaniti.

Ciascuna cucciolata conta una media di quattro cuccioli che nascono dopo una gestazione di sei settimane circa: essi sono già ricoperti di pelo ed in grado di vedere alla nascita, e vengono in contatto con la madre solo per essere allattati. Dopo lo svezzamento, che avviene attorno alle tre settimane di vita, essi si allontanano e vagano per proprio conto, raggiungendo la maturità sessuale attorno agli otto mesi di vita.

La speranza di vita di questi animali in cattività supera i sei anni, mentre in natura la maggior parte degli esemplari muore prima di aver compiuto il primo anno d'età, a causa d malattie, predatori o problemi causati da situazioni di sovrappopolamento.

Note

  1. ^ Ballenger, L. 1999. "Lepus californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed October 20, 2008 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_californicus.html

Bibliografia

 title=
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia IT

Lepus californicus: Brief Summary ( 意大利语 )

由wikipedia IT提供

La lepre californiana o lepre dalla coda nera (Lepus californicus Gray, 1837) è un mammifero lagomorfo della famiglia dei Leporidi.

Come tutte le lepri americane, questi animali vengono chiamati in inglese col nome jackrabbit, che si ritiene una contrazione delle parole jackass, asino e rabbit, coniglio, data a questi animali dai primi coloni californiani in riferimento alle loro lunghe orecchie.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia IT

Kaliforninis kiškis ( 立陶宛语 )

由wikipedia LT提供
Binomas Lepus californicus
Kaliforninis kiškis

Kaliforninis kiškis, arba juodauodegis kiškis, arba Amerikos dykumų kiškis (lot. Lepus californicus) – kiškinių šeimos žinduolis, gyvenantis vakarinėje JAV bei šiaurinėje Meksikos teritorijoje.

Fizinės savybės

Užima trečiąją vietą tarp didžiausių Amerikos kiškių (po antilopinio kiškio bei baltauodegio kiškio). Užauga 47–63 cm ilgio, ausų ilgis siekia 10–13 cm. Sveria 1,3–3,1 kg. Ant nugaros vidurio turi juodą juostą, pasturgalis taip pat juodas. Šonai ir pilvas balti. Turi labai stiprias užpakalines kojas. Patelės paprastai šiek tiek didesnė už patinus.

Buveinė

Gyvena dykumų krūmynuose, prerijose, kopose, dirbamuose laukuose. Mėgsta sausesnes vietas, kur auga žolė. Įsikuria net 3,8 km aukštyje.

Dauginimasis

Arizonoje dauginimosi sezonas trunka gruodžio–rugsėjo mėn., o Kanzase bei Kalifornijoje sausio–rugpjūčio mėn. Per vieną sezoną patelė išveda 3–4 vadas, vienoje vadoje būna 1–6 kiškiukai. Nėštumas trunka apie 43 dienas. Mažyliai gimsta jau apaugę kailiu, atmerktomis akimis.

Mityba

Minta šakelėmis, jauna medžių žieve. Nevengia pelynų bei kaktusų. Beveik negeria vandens – reikalingą skysčių kiekį pasisavina su augalais. Kaliforniniai kiškiai yra gana ėdrūs: 15 šių kiškių per parą gali suėsti tiek pat maisto, kiek vienas didelis galvijas.

Galerija

Nuorodos

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia LT

Kaliforninis kiškis: Brief Summary ( 立陶宛语 )

由wikipedia LT提供

Kaliforninis kiškis, arba juodauodegis kiškis, arba Amerikos dykumų kiškis (lot. Lepus californicus) – kiškinių šeimos žinduolis, gyvenantis vakarinėje JAV bei šiaurinėje Meksikos teritorijoje.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia LT

Lepus californicus ( 马来语 )

由wikipedia MS提供

Arnab Jack Berekor Hitam (Lepus californicus) ialah sejenis arnab yang dijumpai di Amerika Syarikat barat dan Mexico, di mana ia ditemui di kawasan tinggi setinggi 10,000 kaki (3,000 m). Mencapai kepanjangan 2 kaki (61 cm) dan keberatan 3 hingga 6 paun (1.4 hingga 2.7 kg), arnab ini merupakan kelinci Amerika Utara yang ketiga terbesar, selepas Arnab Jack Antelop dan Arnab Jack Berekor Putih. Arnab jack berekor hitam mendiami kawasan campuran pokok renek dan padang rumput. Kekerapan membiaknya bergantung pada tempatnya, iaitu selalunya memuncak pada musim bunga, tetapi boleh beterusan sepanjang tahun di kawasan yang lebih panas iklimnya. Anak arnab lahir berbulu dan terbuka matanya, cukup tersamar dan boleh bergerak beberapa minit selepas lahir. Oleh itu, ibu arnab tidak perlu melindungi atau menjaga anaknya kecuali ketika menyusu. Si ibu melahirkan empat ekor anak sekali secara purata, tetapi mungkin sesedikit dua ekor atau sebanyak tujuh ekor di kawasan panas.

Lepus californicus tidak bermigrasi atau berhibernasi pada musim sejuk, sebaliknya berdiam dalam habitat yang seluas 0.4 hingga 1.2 batu persegi (1–3 km2) sepanjang tahun. Pemakanannya terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis pokok renek, pokok kecil, rumput dan forb. Biasanya, arnab ini lebih makan pokok renek pada musim luruh dan sejuk, manakala rumput dan forb diutamakan pada musim bunga dan awal musim panas, tetapi pola pemakanan dan spesies tumbuhannya berbeza mengikut iklim. Arnab ini merupakan mangsa penting bagi burung dan mamalia maging, seperti helang, rajawali, pungguk, koyote, rubah dan kucing liar. Arnab ini juga menjadi perumah kepada hidupan ektoparasit seperti pinjal, sengkenit, kutu, and hama; sebab inilah pemburu tidak gemar memburunya.

Taksonomi dan taburan

Walaupun 17 subspesies telah dikenal pasti, namun bilangan ini mungkin sudah melebihi yang hakiki.[2] Dengan menggunakan analisa gugusan sifat anatomi, Dixon dan lain-lain mendapati bahawa subspesies arnab jack berekor hitam berpecah kepada dua kelompok berbeza yang dipecahkan ke barat dan timur Pergunungan Rocky Colorado dan Sungai Colorado. Mereka mengusulkan bahawa hanya dua infratakson dapat diwajarkan, iaitu subspesies barat L. c. californicus dan subspesies timur L. c. texianus.[3]

Arnab jack berekor hitam merupakan ahli famili Lepus yang paling luas bertaburan di Amerika Utara. Populasi aslinya berasal di Washington tengah ke timur hingga Missouri, dan ke selatan hingga Baja California Sur dan Zacatecas di Mexico. Taburan arnab jack berekor hitam meluas ke arah timur hingga ke Great Plains sehingga menjejaskan arnab jack berekor putih.[2] Arnab jack berekor hitam berjaya diperkenalkan ke Florida selatan dan sepanjang pesisir pantai di Maryland, New Jersey, dan Virginia.[4][5]

Taburan subspesies yang ditemui sepenuhnya atau separanya di AS adalah seperti berikut[5][6]:

  • Lepus californicus altamirae (Nelson)
  • L. c. asellus (G. S. Miller)
  • L. c. bennettii (Gray) – pantai California selatan hingga Baja California Norte
  • L. c. californicus (Gray) – pantai Oregon hingga pantai dan Central Valley California
  • L. c. curti (E. R. Hall)
  • L. c. deserticola (Mearns) – Idaho selatan hingga Sonora
  • L. c. ememicus (J. A. Allen) – Arizona tengah hingga Sonora
  • L. c. festinus (Nelson)
  • L. c. magdalenae (Nelson)
  • L. c. martirensis (J. M. Stowell)
  • L. c. melanotis (Mearns) – Dakota Selatan hingga Iowa, Missouri, dan Texas tengah
  • L. c. merriamai (Mearns) – Texas selatan dan tenggara hingga Tamaulipas
  • L. c. richardsonii (Bachman) – California tengah
  • L. c. sheldoni (W. H. Burt)
  • L. c. texianus (Waterhouse) – Utah tenggara dan Colorado barat daya hingga Zacatecas
  • L. c. wallawalla (Merriam) – Washington timur hingga California timur laut dan Nevada barat laut
  • L. c. xanti (Thomas)


References

  1. ^ Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. (2008) Lepus californicus di: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org Diterima pada 01 February 2010.
  2. ^ a b Flux, J. E. C. 1983. Introduction to taxonomic problems in hares. Acta Zoologica Fennica. 174: 7–10
  3. ^ Dixon, K. R. et al.. 1983. The New World jackrabbits and hares (genus Lepus).--2. Numerical taxonomic analysis. Acta Zoologica Fennica. 174: 53–56
  4. ^ Chapman, J. A.; Dixon, K. R.; Lopez-Forment, W.; Wilson, D. E. 1983. The New World jackrabbits and hares (genus Lepus).--1. Taxonomic history and population status. Acta Zoologica Fennica. 174: 49–51
  5. ^ a b Dunn, John P.; Chapman, Joseph A.; Marsh, Rex E. 1982. Jackrabbits: Lepus californicus and allies. In: Chapman, J. A.; Feldhamer, G. A., eds. Wild mammals of North America: biology, management and economics. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0801823536
  6. ^ Hall, E. Raymond. 1951. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History. 5(10): 119–202

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Lepus californicus.
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia MS

Lepus californicus: Brief Summary ( 马来语 )

由wikipedia MS提供

Arnab Jack Berekor Hitam (Lepus californicus) ialah sejenis arnab yang dijumpai di Amerika Syarikat barat dan Mexico, di mana ia ditemui di kawasan tinggi setinggi 10,000 kaki (3,000 m). Mencapai kepanjangan 2 kaki (61 cm) dan keberatan 3 hingga 6 paun (1.4 hingga 2.7 kg), arnab ini merupakan kelinci Amerika Utara yang ketiga terbesar, selepas Arnab Jack Antelop dan Arnab Jack Berekor Putih. Arnab jack berekor hitam mendiami kawasan campuran pokok renek dan padang rumput. Kekerapan membiaknya bergantung pada tempatnya, iaitu selalunya memuncak pada musim bunga, tetapi boleh beterusan sepanjang tahun di kawasan yang lebih panas iklimnya. Anak arnab lahir berbulu dan terbuka matanya, cukup tersamar dan boleh bergerak beberapa minit selepas lahir. Oleh itu, ibu arnab tidak perlu melindungi atau menjaga anaknya kecuali ketika menyusu. Si ibu melahirkan empat ekor anak sekali secara purata, tetapi mungkin sesedikit dua ekor atau sebanyak tujuh ekor di kawasan panas.

Lepus californicus tidak bermigrasi atau berhibernasi pada musim sejuk, sebaliknya berdiam dalam habitat yang seluas 0.4 hingga 1.2 batu persegi (1–3 km2) sepanjang tahun. Pemakanannya terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis pokok renek, pokok kecil, rumput dan forb. Biasanya, arnab ini lebih makan pokok renek pada musim luruh dan sejuk, manakala rumput dan forb diutamakan pada musim bunga dan awal musim panas, tetapi pola pemakanan dan spesies tumbuhannya berbeza mengikut iklim. Arnab ini merupakan mangsa penting bagi burung dan mamalia maging, seperti helang, rajawali, pungguk, koyote, rubah dan kucing liar. Arnab ini juga menjadi perumah kepada hidupan ektoparasit seperti pinjal, sengkenit, kutu, and hama; sebab inilah pemburu tidak gemar memburunya.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia MS

Zwartstaarthaas ( 荷兰语;弗莱芒语 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De zwartstaarthaas of zwartstaartezelhaas (Lepus californicus) is een hazensoort uit het zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten en Noord-Mexico. Het is de meest algemene soort ezelhaas.

Beschrijving

De zwartstaarthaas heeft zeer grote oren (9,9 tot 15 centimeter lang), vergelijkbaar met die van een ezel (vandaar de naam). De oren zijn bruin met zwarte uiteinden. De achterpoten zijn vrij groot. De vacht van de ezelhaas is gelig grijs tot zandkleurig van kleur. De onderzijde is wit van kleur. De staart is aan de bovenzijde zwart, wat zich uitstrekt tot over de onderrug. De onderzijde van de staart is wit.

De zwartstaarthaas wordt 46,5 tot 63 centimeter lang en 1,8 tot 3,6 kilogram zwaar. De staart is 5 tot 11,2 centimeter lang.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De zwartstaarthaas of in het Engels black-tailed jackrabbit leeft in prairies en woestijnen, weilanden en akkers, het liefst in gebieden met kort gras, maar ze komen ook voor in gebieden waar het gras tot zestig centimeter hoog komt.

De zwartstaarthaas komt voor van Zuid-Washington tot Californië, Neder-Californië en Noord-Mexico in het zuiden en Nebraska, West-Missouri en Texas in het oosten. De zwartstaarthaas is ingevoerd in New Jersey en Kentucky. In zijn natuurlijke leefgebied kunnen de zomers vrij heet zijn. De dieren verliezen warmte via de grote, dunbehaarde oren.

Gedrag

Om de hitte te ontwijken schuilen ze overdag in een leger of in het struikgewas. Bij hoge temperaturen graaft hij zelfs een hol, vrij zeldzaam voor een haas. In de namiddag worden de dieren pas actief. Hij leeft van verscheidene planten, waaronder kruiden als klaver, rupsklaver en grassen. 's Winters voedt hij zich met houtige en droge plantendelen als twijgen. Ze voeden zich soms tijdelijk in los groepsverband, maar meestal leeft het dier alleen.

De belangrijkste vijanden zijn coyote, rode lynx, vossen, roofvogels, uilen en slangen. Als de haas zich bedreigd voelt, houdt hij zich stil. Met de grote oren kan hij eventuele vijanden horen aankomen. Soms springt hij uit het struikgewas op om eventuele roofdieren aan te zien komen. De zwartstaarthaas kan maximaal 50 tot 56 kilometer per uur halen en sprongen van zeven meter maken. Bij een normale sprint is iedere vierde of vijfde sprong vrij hoog, waardoor hij zijn omgeving in de gaten kan blijven houden. Ook kunnen ze goed zwemmen. Als hij wordt aangevallen, rent de haas weg in de snelste snelheid. De hoge sprong ontbreekt bij deze sprinten. Wel seint hij naar andere hazen met de witte onderzijde van de staart. Na een korte sprint te hebben getrokken, stopt hij om te kijken of het roofdier hem nog achtervolgt. Hij kan dan met zijn achterpoten stampen, om zo andere hazen te waarschuwen.

Een wijfje kan één tot vier worpen per jaar krijgen, en het dier plant zich het gehele jaar door voort. Als vrouwtjes paarbereid zijn, maken de dieren sprongen en achtervolgen ze elkaar. Na een draagtijd van 41 tot 47 dagen worden één tot acht jongen geboren (gemiddeld twee tot vier). De jongen worden behaard en met de ogen open geboren in een vrij diepe leger, die bedekt is met haar uit de borst van het moederdier. De moeder laat de jongen overdag alleen, om geen aandacht te trekken op de leger. 's Nachts bezoekt ze de jongen meerdere malen om ze te laten zogen. Binnen een maand kunnen de jongen voor zichzelf zorgen.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Black-tailed Jackrabbit op Wikimedia Commons.
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia NL

Zwartstaarthaas: Brief Summary ( 荷兰语;弗莱芒语 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De zwartstaarthaas of zwartstaartezelhaas (Lepus californicus) is een hazensoort uit het zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten en Noord-Mexico. Het is de meest algemene soort ezelhaas.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia NL

Zając wielkouchy ( 波兰语 )

由wikipedia POL提供
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Zając wielkouchy[3] (Lepus californicus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny zającowatych (Leporidae).

Wygląd

Długość ciała 36-52 cm, waga 1-1,8 kg. Sierść latem szarobrązowa, zimą biała. Nazwę zawdzięcza dużym uszom. Poza tym ma długie przednie łapy, a tylne mocno umięśnione, co pomaga mu przy długich ucieczkach przed drapieżnikami.

Występowanie

Południowo-zachodnia część Stanów Zjednoczonych oraz północna część Meksyku. Występuje przede wszystkim na terenach pustynnych i półpustynnym co sprawiło, że jedna z angielskich nazw jest zając pustynny (ang. American desert hare)[4]. Niezagrożony wyginięciem.

Tryb życia

Nocny tryb życia. Terytorialny, zajmując powierzchnię od 1-3 km². Spanikowany, w czasie ucieczki może oddawać susy do 6 m długości i uciekać z prędkością do 60 km/h[4]. Żyje w stadach. Roślinożerca.

Rozmnażanie

Pora godowa zaczyna się u zajęcy wielkouchych już wczesnym przedwiośniem, lecz w ciepłym klimacie może młode mieć cały rok[4].

Przypisy

  1. Lepus californicus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. 2008, Lepus californicus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-09-28] (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 56. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. a b c Mammals, Black-tailed Jackrabbit (ang.). Big Bend National Park, National Park Service. [dostęp 2014-04-28].
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia POL

Zając wielkouchy: Brief Summary ( 波兰语 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Zając wielkouchy (Lepus californicus) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny zającowatych (Leporidae).

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia POL

Lebre-da-califórnia ( 葡萄牙语 )

由wikipedia PT提供

A lebre-da-califórnia ou lebre-de-cauda-negra (Lepus californicus) é um leporídeo norte-americano.

Referências

  • HOFFMAN, R. S., ANDREW, T. S. (2005). in WILSON, D. E., REEDER, D. M. (eds). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3ª ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 2.142 pp. 2 vol.
  • Lagomorpha Specialist Group 1996. Lepus californicus. IUCN 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Acessado em 21 de janeiro de 2008.
 title=
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia PT

Lebre-da-califórnia: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙语 )

由wikipedia PT提供

A lebre-da-califórnia ou lebre-de-cauda-negra (Lepus californicus) é um leporídeo norte-americano.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia PT

Svartsvansad åsnehare ( 瑞典语 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Svartsvansad åsnehare (Lepus californicus) är ett däggdjur i familjen harar (Leporidae). Den förekommer i västra USA (från Idaho söderut och Kansas västerut) samt i norra Mexiko.

Liksom vitsvansad åsnehare (Lepus townsendii) har arten påfallande långa öron. Pälsens grundfärg är på ovansidan gråbrun och på buken vitaktig. Kännetecknande är en svart (men något otydlig) strimma på ryggen samt en svart svans. Med en kroppslängd mellan 47 och 63 centimeter är arten en av de största av alla harar (Lepus).

Svartsvansad åsnehare är bra anpassade till torra habitat. Den förekommer i halvöknar, stäpper och prärien men även i bergstrakter upp till 3 800 meter över havet. Denna hare är aktiv mellan skymningen och gryningen, den vilar på dagen i fördjupningar i marken eller bland buskar. Födan utgörs främst av gräs och den äter även kvistar och kaktusväxter. Nästan hela vätskebehovet täcks med födan.

Parningstiden ligger mellan december och september. Honor kan para sig tre till fyra gånger per år och de har per kull tre till fyra ungar. Liksom hos andra medlemmar i släktet är ungarna borymmare.

Svartsvansad åsnehare hittade gynnande förhållanden efter att människan dödade flera av artens fiender. Arten sökte sin föda i odlade områden och trädgårdar och betraktades därför som skadedjur. Liksom hos andra harar varierar populationens storlek mycket under olika år. På vissa ställen blev svartsvansad åsnehare sällsynt på grund av habitatförlust. Allmänt listas arten av IUCN som livskraftig (Least Concern).

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 29 augusti 2010.
  1. ^ Lepus californicusIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. 2008, besökt 29 augusti 2010.

Externa länkar

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia SV

Svartsvansad åsnehare: Brief Summary ( 瑞典语 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Svartsvansad åsnehare (Lepus californicus) är ett däggdjur i familjen harar (Leporidae). Den förekommer i västra USA (från Idaho söderut och Kansas västerut) samt i norra Mexiko.

Liksom vitsvansad åsnehare (Lepus townsendii) har arten påfallande långa öron. Pälsens grundfärg är på ovansidan gråbrun och på buken vitaktig. Kännetecknande är en svart (men något otydlig) strimma på ryggen samt en svart svans. Med en kroppslängd mellan 47 och 63 centimeter är arten en av de största av alla harar (Lepus).

Svartsvansad åsnehare är bra anpassade till torra habitat. Den förekommer i halvöknar, stäpper och prärien men även i bergstrakter upp till 3 800 meter över havet. Denna hare är aktiv mellan skymningen och gryningen, den vilar på dagen i fördjupningar i marken eller bland buskar. Födan utgörs främst av gräs och den äter även kvistar och kaktusväxter. Nästan hela vätskebehovet täcks med födan.

Parningstiden ligger mellan december och september. Honor kan para sig tre till fyra gånger per år och de har per kull tre till fyra ungar. Liksom hos andra medlemmar i släktet är ungarna borymmare.

Svartsvansad åsnehare hittade gynnande förhållanden efter att människan dödade flera av artens fiender. Arten sökte sin föda i odlade områden och trädgårdar och betraktades därför som skadedjur. Liksom hos andra harar varierar populationens storlek mycket under olika år. På vissa ställen blev svartsvansad åsnehare sällsynt på grund av habitatförlust. Allmänt listas arten av IUCN som livskraftig (Least Concern).

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia SV

Lepus californicus ( 乌克兰语 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Поширення

Країни проживання: Мексика (Агуаскальєнтес, Нижня Каліфорнія, Південна Нижня Каліфорнія, Чіуауа, Коауїла, Дуранго, Гуанахуато, Ідальго, Халіско, Нуево-Леон, Керетаро, Сан-Луїс-Потосі, Сонора, Тамауліпас, Сакатекас); США (Аризона, Каліфорнія, Колорадо, Флорида — Введена, Айдахо, Канзасі, Меріленді — введені, Массачусетс — введені, Міссурі, Монтана, Небраска, Невада, Нью-Джерсі — введені, Нью-Мексико, Оклахома, Орегон, Техас, Юта, Вірджинія — введена, Вашингтон, Вайомінг). Мешкає на висотах від 84 м до 3750 м. Мешкає в напівпустелях, степах і преріях, найчастіше займає трав'янисто-чагарникову місцевість.

Поведінка

Раціон мінливий, залежно від наявності рослинності та місцезнаходження. Взагалі, трави і різнотрав'я протягом літа, в той час як чагарники вибираються в зимові місяці. Проявляє сутінкову харчову поведінку.

Сезон розмноження залежить від широти і екологічних факторів. Вагітність триває 40-47 днів. Дитинчата народжуються повністю опушені з відкритими очима, вони добре замасковані і є мобільними протягом декількох хвилин після народження.

Морфологічні ознаки

Загальна довжина є 46.5-63 см. Вагою від 1,4 до 2,7 кг. Їхнє хутро сіро-коричневе зверху і білувате знизу. Вуха з чорним кінчиком. Нижня поверхня хвоста від сірого до білого, верх чорний. Самиці більші за самців.

Джерела

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia UK

Thỏ tai to đuôi đen ( 越南语 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Thỏ tai to đuôi đen (Lepus californicus), còn được gọi là thỏ sa mạc châu Mỹ, lá 1 loài thỏ thông thường tại tây Hoa KỳMéxico, phân bố nơi có độ cao từ mực nước biển lên đến 10.000 foot (3.000 m). Phạm vi chiều dài khoảng 2 foot (61 cm), và cân nặng từ 3 đến 6 pound (1,4 đến 2,7 kg), thỏ tai to đuôi đen là loài thỏ lớn thứ 3 tại Bắc Mỹ, sau thỏ linh dương tai tothỏ tai to đuôi trắng. Thỏ tai to đuôi đen cư ngụ tại địa hình xen lẫn giữa cây bụi - đồng cỏ. Mùa sinh sản phụ thuộc vào vị trí; đỉnh điểm thường trong mùa xuân, nhưng có thể tiếp diễn quanh năm tại vùng khí hậu ấm áp. Thỏ non sinh ra có đầy đủ lông dày với đôi mắt mở; chúng được ngụy trang tốt và di động trong vòng vài phút sau khi sinh, do đó thỏ cái không bảo vệ hoặc thậm chí ở lại với thỏ con trừ khi cho bú sữa. Quy mô lứa trung bình khoảng 4, nhưng có thể thấp khoảng 2 và cao khoảng 7 tại khu vực ấm ám.

Thỏ tai to đuôi đen không di cư hoặc ngủ đông trong suốt mùa đông và sống tại môi trường sống tương tự nhau khoảng 0.4 to 1.2 dặm vuông (1–3 km2) quanh năm. Chế độ ăn đa dạng bao gồm cây bụi, cây nhỏ, cỏ và thảo mộc. Cây bụi thường chiếm phần lớn chế độ ăn trong mùa thu và mùa đông, trong khi cỏ và thảo mộc được ăn trong mùa xuân và đầu mùa hè, nhưng các loài khuôn mẫu và thực vật biến đổi theo khí hậu. Thỏ tai to đuôi đen là con mồi chủ yếu của chim ăn thịtthú săn mồi, như đại bàng, diều hâu, , sói đồng cỏ, cáo, và mèo hoang. Thỏ lưu chứa nhiều ký sinh trùng bao gồm bọ chét, bọ ve, chấy rận, và ve bét; vì lý do này, thợ săn thường tránh săn chúng.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. (2008) Lepus californicus Trong: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Ấn bản 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org Truy cập 1 February 2010.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Lepus californicus tại Wikimedia Commons

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến động vật có vú này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia VI

Thỏ tai to đuôi đen: Brief Summary ( 越南语 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Thỏ tai to đuôi đen (Lepus californicus), còn được gọi là thỏ sa mạc châu Mỹ, lá 1 loài thỏ thông thường tại tây Hoa KỳMéxico, phân bố nơi có độ cao từ mực nước biển lên đến 10.000 foot (3.000 m). Phạm vi chiều dài khoảng 2 foot (61 cm), và cân nặng từ 3 đến 6 pound (1,4 đến 2,7 kg), thỏ tai to đuôi đen là loài thỏ lớn thứ 3 tại Bắc Mỹ, sau thỏ linh dương tai tothỏ tai to đuôi trắng. Thỏ tai to đuôi đen cư ngụ tại địa hình xen lẫn giữa cây bụi - đồng cỏ. Mùa sinh sản phụ thuộc vào vị trí; đỉnh điểm thường trong mùa xuân, nhưng có thể tiếp diễn quanh năm tại vùng khí hậu ấm áp. Thỏ non sinh ra có đầy đủ lông dày với đôi mắt mở; chúng được ngụy trang tốt và di động trong vòng vài phút sau khi sinh, do đó thỏ cái không bảo vệ hoặc thậm chí ở lại với thỏ con trừ khi cho bú sữa. Quy mô lứa trung bình khoảng 4, nhưng có thể thấp khoảng 2 và cao khoảng 7 tại khu vực ấm ám.

Thỏ tai to đuôi đen không di cư hoặc ngủ đông trong suốt mùa đông và sống tại môi trường sống tương tự nhau khoảng 0.4 to 1.2 dặm vuông (1–3 km2) quanh năm. Chế độ ăn đa dạng bao gồm cây bụi, cây nhỏ, cỏ và thảo mộc. Cây bụi thường chiếm phần lớn chế độ ăn trong mùa thu và mùa đông, trong khi cỏ và thảo mộc được ăn trong mùa xuân và đầu mùa hè, nhưng các loài khuôn mẫu và thực vật biến đổi theo khí hậu. Thỏ tai to đuôi đen là con mồi chủ yếu của chim ăn thịtthú săn mồi, như đại bàng, diều hâu, , sói đồng cỏ, cáo, và mèo hoang. Thỏ lưu chứa nhiều ký sinh trùng bao gồm bọ chét, bọ ve, chấy rận, và ve bét; vì lý do này, thợ săn thường tránh săn chúng.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
原文
访问来源
合作网站
wikipedia VI

Чернохвостый заяц ( 俄语 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Грызунообразные
Семейство: Зайцевые
Род: Зайцы
Вид: Чернохвостый заяц
Международное научное название

Lepus californicus J. E. Gray, 1837

Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 180115NCBI 48087EOL 327965FW 47642

Чернохвостый заяц[1][2], или калифорнийский заяц[2] (лат. Lepus californicus) — наиболее распространённый вид зайцев, обитающий на западе США и в Мексике.

Описание

Чернохвостый заяц имеет длинные уши и длинные мощные задние ноги. Достигает в длину от 47 до 63 см, вес составляет от 1,5 до 3 кг. Самки немного крупнее самцов. В целом же половой диморфизм не выражен. Длина хвоста составляет от 5 до 11 см. Уши длиной от 10 до 13 см, но чрезвычайно широкие. Возможно, что такие невероятно развитые ушные раковины одно из приспособлений для регулирования температуры тела в сухом, жарком климате: большая поверхность позволяет быстрее растрачивать излишнее количество тепла, при этом не происходит потовыделения, которое привело бы к потере драгоценной влаги[3].

Окрас шерсти верхней части тела серо-бурый, брюхо белёсого цвета. У зайца на спине имеется чёрная полоса, хвост — чёрный.

Распространение

Чернохвостый заяц является наиболее распространенным видом зайца в западной части США и Мексике. Обитает в сухих ландшафтах, полупустынях, степях и прериях на высоте до 3700 м над уровнем моря.

Образ жизни

Активен в предрассветное время и ночью. Днём укрывается в тени кустов. Ведут одиночный образ жизни, защищаясь от хищников, прежде всего, своей маскировкой и скоростью от 50 до 60 км/ч. Кроме того, зайцы способны прыгать из положении стоя на расстояние до 6 м.

Питание

Питание состоит из трав и зелёных частей растений, а также из веток и коры деревьев и кактусов. При этом животные едят безостановочно, так как у них очень большая потребность в растительном корме. Потребность в воде очень незначительна, животные получают всю необходимую воду из питания.

Размножение

Самка рожает три—четыре раза в год после 41—47 дней беременности от одного до шести детёнышей, чаще от 3-х до 4-х. Детёныши рождаются уже полностью сформировавшимися и способны щипать траву с первых дней рождения[3]. Самка заботится о подрастающем поколении примерно от 3-х до 4-х дней, а затем покидает детёнышей.

В неволе продолжительность жизни зайцев составляет от 5 до 6 лет, однако, в природе они погибают из-за болезней, хищников и по другим причинам значительно раньше.

Примечания

  1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 440. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  2. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 205. — 10 000 экз.
  3. 1 2 Большой атлас животных / пер. с итал. Л.В. Золоевой. — М.: Астрель, АСТ, 2001. — С. 182. — 256 с. — ISBN 5-17-005253-7. — ISBN 5-271-01295-6.
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Чернохвостый заяц: Brief Summary ( 俄语 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Чернохвостый заяц, или калифорнийский заяц (лат. Lepus californicus) — наиболее распространённый вид зайцев, обитающий на западе США и в Мексике.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

캘리포니아멧토끼 ( 韩语 )

由wikipedia 한국어 위키백과提供

캘리포니아멧토끼 또는 검은꼬리잭토끼(Lepus californicus, 영어: black-tailed jackrabbit) 또는 아메리카 사막토끼(영어: American desert hare)는 토끼과에 속하는 포유류의 일종이다. 미국 서부 지역과 멕시코에서 흔히 발견되는 멧토끼이다. 해수면부터 해발 3,000m 높이까지 서식한다. 다 자라면 몸길이는 61 cm, 몸무게는 1.4~2.7 kg 정도가 된다. 검은꼬리잭토끼는 영양잭토끼흰꼬리잭토끼 다음으로 북아메리카에서 세번째로 큰 멧토끼이다.

아종

  • Lepus californicus californicus
  • Lepus californicus deserticola
  • Lepus californicus insularis
  • Lepus californicus madalenae
  • Lepus californicus melanotis
  • Lepus californicus texianus

각주

  1. Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). 〈Order Lagomorpha〉 [토끼목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 196쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Mexican Association for Conservation and Study of Lagomorphs (AMCELA), Romero Malpica, F.J. & Rangel Cordero, H. (2008). Lepus californicus. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2009.2판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2010년 2월 1일에 확인함.
许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자

캘리포니아멧토끼: Brief Summary ( 韩语 )

由wikipedia 한국어 위키백과提供

캘리포니아멧토끼 또는 검은꼬리잭토끼(Lepus californicus, 영어: black-tailed jackrabbit) 또는 아메리카 사막토끼(영어: American desert hare)는 토끼과에 속하는 포유류의 일종이다. 미국 서부 지역과 멕시코에서 흔히 발견되는 멧토끼이다. 해수면부터 해발 3,000m 높이까지 서식한다. 다 자라면 몸길이는 61 cm, 몸무게는 1.4~2.7 kg 정도가 된다. 검은꼬리잭토끼는 영양잭토끼흰꼬리잭토끼 다음으로 북아메리카에서 세번째로 큰 멧토끼이다.

许可协议
cc-by-sa-3.0
版权
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자