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Biology ( 英语 )

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This long-lived fish has a fascinating and complex life-history. It is a protogynous hermaphrodite, meaning that individuals first function sexually as females and then later, at least some of the mature females change to males. It is thought that this sex change can occur at a wide range of sizes and ages, although not all individuals change sex. A brown-marbled grouper can live for over 40 years, an incredibly long time for a fish, and can reproduce for over 30 of those years, during which time they form large aggregations to spawn (2). The brown-marbled grouper is one of the largest fish predators on coral reefs (5), and is mainly active at dusk, when it feeds on fishes, crabs and cephalopods (3) (6). This secretive and wary fish may be ciguatoxic (5); that is, the flesh may be contaminated with a toxin that can make humans very sick if consumed.
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Conservation ( 英语 )

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In many parts of the brown-marbled grouper's range there are conservation measures in place. For example in Queensland, Australia, there are minimum and maximum size limits for catches; in Papua New Guinea, night time spear fishing at a known spawning aggregation site is prohibited; and in Palau, the Marie Protection Act of 1994 prohibits sale or purchase of this species from April 1 to July 31 each year (1). This species also occurs within a number of marine protected areas, such as the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (5). However, these laws are not always adhered to (1), and it has been suggested that the current maximum size limit in Queensland is too high to protect a sufficient number of breeding individuals (2).
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Description ( 英语 )

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The brown-marbled grouper is a robust marine fish, with a pale yellowish-brown, scaled body, covered with large, irregular, dark brown blotches. The head, back and sides are also covered with close-set tiny brown spots. The head profile is slightly indented at the eye, and then curves out towards the start of the dorsal fin. The tail, or caudal, fin is rounded (3).
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Habitat ( 英语 )

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The brown-marbled grouper inhabits shallow water over coral reefs and rocky bottoms, in areas of rich coral growth and clear water, down to depths of 60 meters. Juveniles are found in areas of seagrass (3) (4).
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Range ( 英语 )

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The brown-marbled grouper occurs throughout the Indo-Pacific region; from the Red Sea to the Samoan Islands, north to the Ryuku Islands and south to the Great Barrier Reef (3) (4).
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Status ( 英语 )

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Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List 2006 (1).
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Threats ( 英语 )

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The brown-marbled grouper is an important component of regional fisheries, and several biological characteristics of this species result in it being particularly vulnerable to over-fishing. As it forms spawning aggregations it is an easy and attractive target for fishermen; the long lifespan means that the population can take many years to recover if numbers become depleted; and as a protogynous hermaphrodite, it is greatly threatened by the trend of fishermen to target larger fish. The large individuals of a population includes all the males that are vital to maintain the sex ratio, as well as important female breeders that are highly fertile and contribute a substantial proportion of young to the population for many years (2). Removing all the large individuals from the population can have devastating consequences. The destruction of seagrass beds and coral reefs due to human activities also poses a threat to the survival of this species (1).
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Diagnostic Description ( 英语 )

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This species is distinguished by the following characters: body moderately deep, its depth 2.6-2.9 in SL (for specimens 11-55 cm SL); head length 2.3-2.5 in SL; interorbital area flat or slightly concave; dorsal head profile of adults indented at eyes and distinctly convex from there to dorsal-fin origin; rounded preopercle, finely serrate; upper edge of operculum distinctly convex, descending almost vertically to rear end of operculum; ventral edge of preorbital bone indented below nostrils; maxilla extends well posterior to eye; midlateral part of lower jaw with 3 or 4 rows of teeth; posterior nostrils triangular, 4-7 times larger than anteriors in adults; gill rakers on first gill arch 10-12 + 17-21 (rudiments often difficult to count), gill rakers short and stout, raker at angle subequal to longest gill filaments, other rakers distinctly shorter; cycloid scales except ctenoid in juvenile; body with auxiliary scales; caudal fin rounded; pectoral-fin rays 18-20; lateral-line scales 52 to 58. Colour: pale yellowish brown, with 5 vertical series of dark brown blotches that are very irregular in outline; head, body, and fins covered with close-set small brown spots, those on the dark blotches much darker than spots in between blotches; caudal peduncle with small black saddle dorsally; 2 or 3 faint, dark bars at side of jaws (Ref. 39231, 89707).
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Diseases and Parasites ( 英语 )

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Fish Leech Infestation (Hirudinea sp.). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Diseases and Parasites ( 英语 )

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Cauliflower Disease. Viral diseases
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Diseases and Parasites ( 英语 )

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Gas-bubble Disease (e.). Others
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Diseases and Parasites ( 英语 )

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Vibriosis Disease (general). Bacterial diseases
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Morphology ( 英语 )

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Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 14 - 15; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8
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Trophic Strategy ( 英语 )

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Found inshore (Ref. 75154).
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Biology ( 英语 )

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Occurs in lagoon pinnacles, channels, and outer reef slopes, in coral-rich (Ref. 1937) areas and with clear waters. Juveniles in seagrass beds (Ref. 30573, 41878). Feeds on fishes, crabs, and cephalopods. May be ciguatoxic in some areas (Ref. 1602). Mainly active at dusk (Ref. 48635). Palau fishers increase their drop-line and spear-gun catches through knowledge of reproductive cycle of remochel, one of most important species in the area (Ref. 2928). Cultured under experimental conditions in the Philippines; a candidate for aquaculture in Singapore. In Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Caught with hook-and-line, traps, and spear and occasionally seen in local markets (Ref. 39231).
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Importance ( 英语 )

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial; price category: very high; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus
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分布 ( 英语 )

由The Fish Database of Taiwan提供
廣泛分布於印度-太平洋區。西起非洲東岸,東至薩摩亞及費尼克斯群島,北自日本南部,南迄澳洲等。台灣南部、西部、東北部及澎湖有產。
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利用 ( 英语 )

由The Fish Database of Taiwan提供
具經濟性之食用魚,或用於水族館展示,亦可人工養殖。一般漁法以延繩網及一支釣捕獲。清蒸食用佳。因食物鰱之故,可能含有熱帶海魚毒。
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描述 ( 英语 )

由The Fish Database of Taiwan提供
體長橢圓形,側扁而粗壯,標準體長為體高之2.6-2.9倍。頭背部斜直;眶間區略凹陷。眼小,短於吻長。口大;上下頜前端具小犬齒或無,兩側齒細尖,下頜約3列。鰓耙數10-12+17-21,隨著成長而逐漸退化。前鰓蓋骨後緣具鋸齒,下緣光滑。鰓蓋骨後緣具3扁棘。體被細小櫛鱗;側線鱗孔數52-58;縱列鱗數102-115。背鰭鰭棘部與軟條部相連,無缺刻,具硬棘XI,軟條14-15;臀鰭硬棘III枚,軟條8;腹鰭腹位,末端延伸不及肛門開口;胸鰭圓形,中央之鰭條長於上下方之鰭條,且長於腹鰭,但短於後眼眶長;尾鰭圓形。體呈淡黃褐色;頭部及體側散佈許多大型不規則之褐色斑;尾柄具一黑色鞍狀斑;頭部、體側及各鰭另散佈許多小暗褐色斑點。
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棲地 ( 英语 )

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主要棲息於潟湖及海灣內之獨立礁周圍水域,亦常常被發現於外礁斜坡區以及清澈水域。主要以魚類及甲殼類為食。
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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ( 加泰罗尼亚语;瓦伦西亚语 )

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus és una espècie de peix de la família dels serrànids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

Morfologia

Els mascles poden assolir els 120 cm de longitud total[3] i els 11 kg de pes.[4]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba des del Mar Roig i l'Àfrica Oriental fins a Samoa, Japó i Austràlia.[4]

Referències

  1. Bloch M. E. 1793. Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. Berlin. Naturg. Ausl. Fische v. 7. i-xiv + 1-144.
  2. BioLib
  3. Chan, W., D. Carlsson i N. Loharkan, 1974. Serranidae. A W. Fischer i P.J.P. Whitehead (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 57) and Western Central Pacific (Fishing Area 71). Volume 4. FAO, Roma, Itàlia.
  4. 4,0 4,1 FishBase (anglès)

Bibliografia

  • Forsskål, P. 1775. Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit... Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae. Descriptiones animalium quae in itinere ad Maris Australis terras per annos 1772 1773 et 1774 suscepto, ...: 1-20 + i-xxxiv + 1-164, map.
  • Heemstra, P.C. i Randall, J.E., 1993, Groupers of the World (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 16., FAO Fish. Synop. Núm. 125, 125:I-viii, 1-382.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997.
  • Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey, Estats Units: Prentice-Hall (2000).
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edició. Nova York, Estats Units: John Wiley and Sons. Any 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.

Enllaços externs

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus: Brief Summary ( 加泰罗尼亚语;瓦伦西亚语 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus és una espècie de peix de la família dels serrànids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ( Nan )

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatusSerranidae-kho ê hî-á, sī chi̍t chéng chio̍h-pan.

Chham-khó chu-liāu

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus: Brief Summary ( Nan )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus sī Serranidae-kho ê hî-á, sī chi̍t chéng chio̍h-pan.

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Geurapèe macan

由wikipedia emerging_languages提供

Geurapèe macan (nan Latèn: Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) nakeuh saboh jeunèh eungkôt kareueng lam kawan geurapèe nyang na di la'ôt Acèh. Eungkôt nyoe kayém geudrop lé ureueng meula'ôt keu geupeubloe.[1]

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Geurapèe macan: Brief Summary

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Geurapèe macan (nan Latèn: Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) nakeuh saboh jeunèh eungkôt kareueng lam kawan geurapèe nyang na di la'ôt Acèh. Eungkôt nyoe kayém geudrop lé ureueng meula'ôt keu geupeubloe.

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Brown-marbled grouper ( 英语 )

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The brown-marbled grouper or tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) is a benthic marine fish which belongs to the family Serranidae or also known as the groupers.

Description

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus is a medium-sized fish which grows up to 120 cm, but the average size mostly observed is 50 cm.[2] Its body has a stocky and robust aspect, is compressed laterally and has a sharp profile for the head. The mouth is big and has a superior position with many small teeth and canine in front. The background coloration is pale yellowish-brown with many dark brown or grey blotches that are irregular in size and shape. The body is also covered with many small dark brown spots. All the fins are large and round.

The brown-marbled grouper can be easily confused with its close relative Epinephelus polyphekadion. The differences are more obvious on adult specimens. The distinctive characters of the brown-marbled grouper are: a small black saddle on the top of caudal peduncle, when observed on the side a notch above the eyes and the front head is clearly visible, its body is quite thick from the front of the dorsal fin to the bottom of the fish below the pectoral fins.[3]

Distribution and habitat

It is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, from eastern coasts of Africa to the oceanic islands of the centre of the Pacific Ocean, Red Sea included. However, it is absent from the Persian Gulf, Hawaii and French Polynesia.[2]

Like many of the groupers, the brown-marbled grouper lives in rich clear waters close to coral or rocky reefs, lagoons and external slopes from the surface until 60 metres (200 ft) depth.[4]

Feeding

The brown-marbled grouper is carnivorous and its diet consists mainly in fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods, it is an ambush predator.[5]

Behavior

This grouper is solitary, sedentary, it defends a well defined territory, benthic and has an nocturnal which can be maximal at sunrise and/or at sunset.[6]

It has a quite long life span for a fish, it can expect to live until at least 40 years old.[7]

It is protogynous hermaphrodite, which means the female can evolved to male during its life.

Protection

The brown-marbled grouper is listed "Vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species since 2004. Because of its size and hardiness, this species has a high commercial interest for the live food fish trade.

However, its biological characteristics make this species particularly vulnerable to over-fishing. Especially during mating periods at specific times and places, the brown-marbled grouper forms spawning aggregations which are easy and attractive targets for fishermen. The long life span of this grouper and its low population density in reefs in the wild result in a weak and slow population regeneration capacity. Furthermore, as fishers prefer to target large fish the brown-marbled groupers are a popular species. That concerns especially males so if the sex ratio between males and females is falling, it will affect the fertilization capacity of the species. It will have the same result on over-fishing females breeders that are highly fertile and would not be able to actively contributing to maintain the proportion of young in the population.

Brown-marbled groupers can be cultured by hatcheries but these installations' breeding stock are derived from wild caught fish. Wild capture of breeding stock also has a negative effect on the global population because all the groupers catch in any size category are kept and grown until they reach market size.

As ciguatera toxin is common in brown-marbled groupers' flesh, this does limit fishing of this species in some geographic areas.

Over the last few years, some protective measures or/and sustainable fishing methods have been introduced by many states where spawning aggregations are known, for example Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Malaysia, Solomon Islands and Palau.[8][1]

References

  1. ^ a b Rhodes, K.; Sadovy, Y.; Samoilys, M. (2018). "Epinephelus fuscoguttatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T44673A100468078. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T44673A100468078.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Epinephelus fuscoguttatus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ^ Introduction to Monitoring and Management of Spawning Aggregations and Aggregation Sites for Three Indo-Pacific Grouper Species (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Epinephelus polyphekadion, and Plectropomus areolatus), THE NATURE CONSERVANCY, Indo-Pacific Draft Field Manual, June 2003, http://www.reefresilience.org/pdf/manual_field_practitioners.pdf
  4. ^ Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994. Collins Pocket Guide. Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific & Caribbean including the Red Sea. Harper Collins Publishers, 400 p.
  5. ^ Lieske & Myers,Coral reef fishes,Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 9780691089959
  6. ^ Brulé & Déniel, ‘’ Expose synoptique des données biologiques sur le mérou rouge Epinephelus morio (valenciennes, 1828) du Golfe du Mexique’’, F.A.O., 1994,ISBN 9252034633
  7. ^ Pears, R.J., J.H. Choat, B.D. Mapstone and G.A. Begg, 2006. Demography of a large grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, from Australia's Great barrier reef: implications for fishery management. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 307:259-272.
  8. ^ "Facts about Brown-marbled Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) - Encyclopedia of Life". Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2013-06-28.

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Brown-marbled grouper: Brief Summary ( 英语 )

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The brown-marbled grouper or tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) is a benthic marine fish which belongs to the family Serranidae or also known as the groupers.

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ( 西班牙语;卡斯蒂利亚语 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus es una especie de peces de la familia Serranidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

Morfología

• Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 120 cm de longitud total[1]​ y los 11 kg de peso.[2]

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra desde el Mar Rojo y el África Oriental hasta Samoa, Japón y Australia.

Referencias

  1. Chan, W., D. Carlsson y N. Loharkan, 1974. Serranidae. A W. Fischer y P.J.P. Whitehead (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 57) and Western Central Pacific (Fishing Area 71). Volume 4. FAO, Roma, Italia.
  2. FishBase (en inglés)

Bibliografía

  • Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
  • Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
  • Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
  • Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus: Brief Summary ( 西班牙语;卡斯蒂利亚语 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus es una especie de peces de la familia Serranidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ( 巴斯克语 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus Epinephelus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Serranidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Espezie hau Agulhasko itsaslasterran aurki daiteke.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Epinephelus fuscoguttatus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克语 )

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus Epinephelus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Serranidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ( 法语 )

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatusMérou marron, Mérou marbré

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, communément nommé Mérou marron[2] ou Mérou marbré[3] entre autres noms vernaculaires, est une espèce de poissons marins de la famille des Serranidae. Il s'agit d'une des deux espèces aussi connues sous le nom de Mérou marbré, l'autre espèce étant Epinephelus analogus.

Description

Le mérou marron est un poisson de taille moyenne pouvant atteindre 120 cm de long, mais la taille moyenne couramment observée est de 50 cm[4].

Son corps est d'aspect trapu et massif, comprimé latéralement, et il possède un profil général en pointe. Sa bouche est légèrement supérieure, large, munie d'une multitude de petites de dents ainsi que de canines sur le devant. La couleur de fond du corps est brun clair avec des marbrures formées de taches marron à gris de forme et de taille irrégulières. Tout le corps est densément constellé de petits points brun. Les nageoires sont larges et arrondies.

Il peut être aisément confondu avec son proche parent Epinephelus polyphekadion qui lui ressemble beaucoup. Les différences sont flagrantes sur les sujets adultes, en ce qui concerne le mérou marron, qui possède comme points distinctifs une petite "selle" noire sur le pédoncule caudal, un retrait du front juste au-dessus de l’œil ainsi que par une hauteur conséquente du corps entre le dessus de la tête et la partie antérieure de la nageoire pectorale[5].

Distribution & habitat

Le mérou brun est présent dans les eaux tropicales et subtropicales de la zone Indo-Pacifique soit des côtes orientales de l'Afrique aux îles du centre de l'océan Pacifique, Mer Rouge incluse. Il est par contre absent du Golfe Persique, de l'archipel Hawaii et de la Polynésie française[4].

Il fréquente les eaux claires et riches en corail des pentes récifales externes, des lagons de un à 60 m de profondeur[4].

Alimentation

Le régime alimentaire de ce mérou est basé sur la consommation de poissons, crustacés et céphalopodes[2].

Comportement

Le mérou marron est solitaire, de mœurs sédentaires, il défend un territoire bien délimité, il a une activité nocturne, il chasse à l'affût ses proies de préférence au crépuscule[6].

Il a une espérance de vie longue pour un poisson car elle peut s'étendre jusqu'à plus de 40 ans[7]

Le mérou marron est soumis, dans la majorité des cas, à une métamorphose sexuelle qui est définie comme étant de l’hermaphrodisme successif de type protogyne. Ce qui signifie que les individus juvéniles sont d’abord femelles à leur maturité sexuelle puis ils peuvent devenir mâles par la suite mais pas systématiquement[8].

Protection

Le mérou marron est inscrit comme espèce menacée sur la "Red list" de l'UICN depuis 2004.

En effet cette espèce de par sa taille possède un grand intérêt commercial pour le marché des poissons de bouche. Cependant, ses caractéristiques biologiques en font une espèce particulièrement sensible à la sur-pêche.

Lors des périodes de reproduction, les mérous marron forment de grandes agrégations dans des zones géographiques précises et connues, ce qui attise énormément la convoitise des pêcheurs. Ces prélèvements sont d'autant plus dommageable que la longue espérance de vie de ce mérou et sa faible densité de population sur les récifs à l'état naturel conduisent à une faible et lente capacité à pouvoir régénérer leur population. Par ailleurs, leur vulnérabilité à la pêche est accrue du fait que bien souvent les pêcheurs préfèrent axer leurs captures sur de grands spécimens qui seront soit des mâles adultes majoritairement, soit également de grosses femelles matures sexuellement, déséquilibrant ainsi le ratio mâles/femelles et/ou réduisant considérablement les capacités reproductrices de l'espèce.

Les mérous marron peuvent être élevé en bassin mais la pratique n'est pas encore très répandue et les installations actuelles sont alimentées essentiellement en individus prélevés dans la nature. L'impact de cette méthode est dévastateur sur les populations de mérou marron car, quelle que soit la taille du poisson, il sera maintenu en captivité jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne une taille commercialisable.

Le fait que, dans certaines zones, la chair de ce mérou est réputée ciguatérique réduit quelque peu la pression sur le stock halieutique.

Depuis quelques années des mesures de protection ou de pêche raisonnée ont été prises par certains états (Indonésie, Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, Australie, Salomon, Malaisie et Palaos) surtout durant les périodes d'agrégation pour la reproduction[9],[10].

Références

  1. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 27 juin 2013
  2. a et b Lieske et Myers, Guide des poissons des récifs coralliens, Delachaux et Niestlé, coll. « Les guides du naturaliste », 2009 (ISBN 978-2-603-01674-9)
  3. http://www.fishbase.org/comnames/CommonNamesList.php?ID=4460&GenusName=Epinephelus&SpeciesName=fuscoguttatus&StockCode=4658
  4. a b et c FishBase, consulté le 19 octobre 2013
  5. Introduction to Monitoring and Management of Spawning Aggregations and Aggregation Sites for Three Indo-Pacific Grouper Species (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Epinephelus polyphekadion, and Plectropomus areolatus), THE NATURE CONSERVANCY, Indo-Pacific Draft Field Manual, June 2003, http://www.reefresilience.org/pdf/manual_field_practitioners.pdf
  6. http://eol.org/pages/209732/details#brief_summary
  7. Pears, R.J., J.H. Choat, B.D. Mapstone and G.A. Begg, 2006. Demography of a large grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, from Australia's Great barrier reef: implications for fishery management. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 307:259-272.
  8. http://eol.org/pages/209732/details
  9. Cornish, A. (Grouper & Wrasse Specialist Group) 2004. Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 28 June 2013.
  10. http://eol.org/pages/209732/details#conservation_status

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus: Brief Summary ( 法语 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus • Mérou marron, Mérou marbré

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, communément nommé Mérou marron ou Mérou marbré entre autres noms vernaculaires, est une espèce de poissons marins de la famille des Serranidae. Il s'agit d'une des deux espèces aussi connues sous le nom de Mérou marbré, l'autre espèce étant Epinephelus analogus.

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Kerapu macan ( 印尼语 )

由wikipedia ID提供

Kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) adalah sejenis kerapu yang menghuni perairan Indo-Pasifik. Bersama-sama dengan kerapu kertang, ikan ini merupakan ikan tangkap yang populer di Nusantara. Ikan yang berstatus terancam punah karena rusaknya habitat ini menghuni perairan terbuka, laut dangkal, kawasan pasang-surut, terumbu karang, dan laguna pantai.

Ikan dewasa dapat mencapai lebih daripada 2 m.

Rujukan

Templat:Serranidae-stub

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Kerapu macan: Brief Summary ( 印尼语 )

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Kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) adalah sejenis kerapu yang menghuni perairan Indo-Pasifik. Bersama-sama dengan kerapu kertang, ikan ini merupakan ikan tangkap yang populer di Nusantara. Ikan yang berstatus terancam punah karena rusaknya habitat ini menghuni perairan terbuka, laut dangkal, kawasan pasang-surut, terumbu karang, dan laguna pantai.

Ikan dewasa dapat mencapai lebih daripada 2 m.

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ( 拉丁语 )

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus: Brief Summary ( 拉丁语 )

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ( 荷兰语;弗莱芒语 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Vissen

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van zaag- of zeebaarzen (Serranidae).[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1775 door Forsskål.

De soort staat op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN als Gevoelig, beoordelingsjaar 2004.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Epinephelus fuscoguttatus op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2011 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
Geplaatst op:
22-10-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ( 葡萄牙语 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus é uma espécie de peixe da família Serranidae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Austrália, Bangladesh, Território Britânico do Oceano Índico, Brunei, Camboja, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comores, Djibouti, Egipto, Eritrea, Fiji, Guam, Hong Kong, Índia, Indonésia, Israel, Japão, Jordânia, Quénia, Kiribati, Madagáscar, Malásia, Maldivas, Ilhas Marshall, Maurícia, Micronésia, Moçambique, Myanmar, Nova Caledónia, Marianas Setentrionais, Paquistão, Palau, Papua-Nova Guiné, Filipinas, Reunião, Samoa, Arábia Saudita, Seychelles, Singapura, the Ilhas Salomão, Somália, Sri Lanka, Sudão, Taiwan, Tanzânia, Tailândia, Vanuatu, Vietname e Iémen.

Os seus habitats naturais são: mar aberto, mar costeiro, pradarias aquáticas subtidais, recifes de coral e lagoas costeiras de água salgada.

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.

Referências

  1. Rhodes, K.; Sadovy, Y.; Samoilys, M. (2018). «Epinephelus fuscoguttatus». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2018: e.T44673A100468078. doi:. Consultado em 12 de novembro de 2021
  2. Ed. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel. «"{{{género}}} {{{espécie}}}. www.fishbase.org (em inglês). FishBase
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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙语 )

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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ( 瑞典语 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus är en art i familjen havsabborrfiskar som finns i Stilla havet och Indiska oceanen.

Utseende

En långsträckt fisk med en sluttande, i huvudsak konvex panna som dock har en tydlig fördjupning vid ögonen. Munnen har underbett och 3 till 4 rader tänder i underkäken, de inre betydligt större än de yttre. Som vanligt inom familjen består ryggfenan av två sammanvuxna delar, den främre hård och enbart bestående av taggstrålar (11 hos denna art, med fria spetsar, den 3:e eller 4:e längst), den bakre mjuk och endast uppbyggd av mjukstrålar (14 till 15). På liknande sätt har analfenan 3 taggstrålar och 8 mjukstrålar. Bröstfenorna har 18 till 20 mjukstrålar, stjärtfenan har konvex bakkant. Färgen är ljust gulbrun med 5 vertikala band av oregelbundna, mörkbruna fläckar och små, bruna fläckar över hela kroppen inklusive fenorna. Även de mörkbruna banden har prickar, som är mycket mörkare än övriga. På käkarnas sidor har den 2 till 3 svaga, mörka band, och över den bakre delen av stjärtfenans spole finns en liten, svart, sadelformad markering.[3] Arten blir normalt inte mycket längre än 50 cm, men kan som mest bli 120 cm och väga 11 kg.[4]

Vanor

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus förekommer nära korallrev på revsluttningar, i laguner och kanaler ner till 60 meters djup. Ungfiskarna lever bland sjögräs. Födan består av fiskar, krabbor och bläckfiskar.[4] Som mest kan arten bli över 40 år gammal.[5]

Fortplantning

Arten är hermafrodit med könsväxling som börjar sitt liv som hona. Denna byter senare kön till hane, även om inte alla honor byter kön.[5] Den samlas i stora stim i samband med parningen.[1]

Betydelse för människan

Lokalt, kommersiellt fiske förekommer, trots rapporter från flera områden om ciguateraförgiftning. Fiskodling förekommer också, inte minst i Singaporeområdet.[1] Främsta fångstmetoder är spö, fällor och ljuster.[3]

Utbredning

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus finns i Stilla havet och Indiska oceanen från Röda havet och Östafrika (ner till Moçambique) österut till Samoa och Phoenixöarna, norrut till Japan och söderut till Australien.[1]

Status

Arten är klassificerad som nära hotad ("NT") av IUCN. Några data om populationsutvecklingen är ej kända, men klassificeringen grundar sig på att fiskens levnadssätt med stora samlingar inför parningen gör den särskilt sårbar för fiske, och det faktum att många fiskar tas levande för att användas till fiskodling. Habitatförstöring (av korallrev och ungfiskarnas sjögräsbäddar) är ytterligare ett hot.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d e] Cornish, A. 2004 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (på engelska). Från: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Läst 2012-04-13.
  2. ^ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775)” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=167711. Läst 23 mars 2012.
  3. ^ [a b] Phillip C. Heemstra, John E. Randall (1993). ”FAO Species Catalogue – Vol 16. Groupers of the World” (på engelska) (FTP, 939 kB). FAO. sid. 1-3. http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/009/t0540e/T0540E24.pdf. Läst 15 december 2017.
  4. ^ [a b] Binohlan, Crispina B. (15 november 2011). Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) Brown-marbled grouper” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Epinephelus-fuscoguttatus.html. Läst 13 april 2012.
  5. ^ [a b] ”Brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)”. ARKive - Images of Life on Earth. Arkiverad från originalet den 11 april 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120411121929/http://www.arkive.org/brown-marbled-grouper/epinephelus-fuscoguttatus/#text=All#text=All. Läst 13 april 2012.
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Epinephelus fuscoguttatus: Brief Summary ( 瑞典语 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus är en art i familjen havsabborrfiskar som finns i Stilla havet och Indiska oceanen.

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Cá mú hoa nâu ( 越南语 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Cá mú hoa nâu (danh pháp hai phần: Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), còn gọi là Cá mú cọp, là một loài thuộc họ Serranidae.

Mô tả

Cá mú hoa nâu là một loài cỡ trung bình có thể phát triển lên tới 120 cm, nhưng kích cỡ trung bình chủ yếu quan sát được là 50 cm.[1]

Phân bố và môi trường sống

Nó phân bố rộng rãi khắp các vùng nước nhiệt đớicận nhiệt đới của Ấn Độ Dương-Thái Bình Dương, từ bờ phía đông của châu Phi cho tới các đảo trung tâm Thái Bình Dương, bao gồm cả Biển Đỏ. Tuy nhiên, nó không có mặt tại Vịnh Ba Tư, HawaiiPolynésie thuộc Pháp.[1]

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cá mú hoa nâu


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết chủ đề bộ Cá vược này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cá mú hoa nâu: Brief Summary ( 越南语 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Cá mú hoa nâu (danh pháp hai phần: Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), còn gọi là Cá mú cọp, là một loài thuộc họ Serranidae.

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褐点石斑鱼 ( 汉语 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
Forskal, 1775[1]

褐点石斑鱼又名棕點石斑魚学名Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)为輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鮨科石斑鱼属鱼类。分布于红海、印度洋非洲东岸至太平洋波利尼西亚、北达琉球群岛、南至澳大利亚、台湾岛以及南海诸岛、澎湖列岛等海域等,棲息深度1-60公尺,體長可達120公分,属于暖水性近岸及珊瑚礁鱼类,生活在水質清澈的珊瑚礁潟湖,肉食性,以魚類頭足類甲殼類為食,可做為食用魚、養殖魚及觀賞魚,有雪卡魚毒的報告。[1]

名稱

褐点石斑鱼俗稱老虎斑,取其外貌像龍躉[2]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 褐点石斑鱼. 中国动物物种编目数据库. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-16]. (原始内容存档于2016年3月5日).
  2. ^ 叻哥遊世界, 2013-03-01

扩展阅读

 src= 維基物種中有關褐点石斑鱼的數據

小作品圖示这是一篇與鱸形目相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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褐点石斑鱼: Brief Summary ( 汉语 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

褐点石斑鱼又名棕點石斑魚(学名:Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)为輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鮨科石斑鱼属鱼类。分布于红海、印度洋非洲东岸至太平洋波利尼西亚、北达琉球群岛、南至澳大利亚、台湾岛以及南海诸岛、澎湖列岛等海域等,棲息深度1-60公尺,體長可達120公分,属于暖水性近岸及珊瑚礁鱼类,生活在水質清澈的珊瑚礁潟湖,肉食性,以魚類頭足類甲殼類為食,可做為食用魚、養殖魚及觀賞魚,有雪卡魚毒的報告。

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Description ( 英语 )

由World Register of Marine Species提供
Occurs in lagoon pinnacles, channels, and outer reef slopes, in coral-rich areas and with clear waters. Feeds on fishes, crabs, and cephalopods. May be ciguatoxic in some areas (Ref. 1602). Palau fishers increase their dropline and speargun catches through knowledge of reproductive cycle of remochel, one of most important species in the area (Ref. 2928). Cultured under experimental conditions in the Philippines; a candidate for aquaculture in Singapore.

参考文献

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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