Comprehensive Description
(
英语
)
由North American Flora提供
Nyssa uniflora Wangenh. Beytr. Nordam. Holz. 83. 1787
Nyssa aquatica L. Sp. PI. 1058, in part. 1753. (Nomen confusum.)
Nyssa denliculala Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 446. 1789.
Nyssa paluslris Salisb. Prodr. 175. 1796.
Nyssa angulisans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 259. 1803.
Nyssa lomenlosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 259. 1803.
? Nyssa montana Gaertn. Fruct. 3: 201. 1805.
Nyssa grandidentata Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. 2: 252. 1813.
Nyssa denliculala Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 178. 1814.
Nyssa candicans var. grandidentata D. J. Browne, Trees Am. 426. 1857.
Trees to 30 m. high, often growing in water and the base of the trunk then much enlarged ; branchlets red, at first tomentose, becoming glabrous and light brown or greyish and marked by large raised almost orbicular leaf-scars; bark of the trunk brownish, fissured in long scaly segments; leaf-blades commonly 10-15 cm. long, 6-S cm. broad (sometimes to 25 cm. long and 10 cm. broad), ovate to broadly elliptic or obovate, sharply acuminate to a mucronate apex, cuneate to cordate at the base, entire or more commonly irregularly and remotely sinuatedentate with mucronate teeth (occasionally merely undulate), glabrous above, the under surface paler, at first tomentose, later glabrous or sparsely pilose, very minutely dotted; petioles commonly 3-5 cm. long; peduncles clustered, mostly from the axils of the cataphylls, some from bracts (sometimes foliaceous) on the proximal part of the branchlets; staminate inflorescence a dense capitule on a bibracteate peduncle about 1.5 cm. long; petals 2-3 mm. long; pistillate flowers solitary, each subtended by several rufous-pubescent bracts 5-10 mm. long, the peduncle 2.5-3 cm. long; petals 4 mm. long; drupes 2.5-3 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. broad, oblong or obovoid, dark purple, crowned by the persistent calyx and disc, on a peduncle 6-10 cm. long, the endocarp compressed, with about 10 narrow alate ridges.
Type locality: None stated.
Distribution: Virginia to Florida, west in the coastal plain to Texas, north in the Mississippi vallev to southern Missouri and southern Illinois.
- 书目引用
- Albert Charles Smith, Mildred Esther Mathias, Lincoln Constance, Harold William Rickett. 1944-1945. UMBELLALES and CORNALES. North American flora. vol 28B. New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Associated Forest Cover
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Water tupelo is a major component of the forest cover types Water
Tupelo-Swamp Tupelo (Society of American Foresters Type 103) and
Baldcypress-Tupelo (Type 102) (8). In stands containing
baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) and water tupelo,
baldcypress is usually predominant. In sloughs and moving water,
water tupelo usually occupies the deeper parts and baldcypress
the margins and more shallow parts. In deep, stagnant water the
two species occupy much the same depths (19).
In several other forest cover types water tupelo may be a minor
associate: Longleaf Pine-Slash Pine (Type 83), Slash Pine (Type
84), Slash Pine-Hardwood (Type 85), and Baldcypress (Type 101).
Species associated with water tupelo throughout its range are
black willow (Salix nigra), swamp cottonwood (Populus
heterophylla), red maple (Acer rubrum), waterlocust
(Gleditsia aquatica), overcup oak (Quercus lyrata),
water oak (Q. nigra), water hickory (Carya
aquatica), green and pumpkin ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica
and F. profunda), and sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua). Swamp tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora),
pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans),
and redbay (Persea borbonia) are common associates in
the Southeast.
Small tree and shrub associates of water tupelo include
swamp-privet (Forestiera acuminata), common buttonbush
(Cephalanthus occidentalis), waterelm (Planera
aquatica), sweetbay (Magnolia uirginiana), Carolina
ash (F. caroliniana), poison-sumac (Toxicodendron
vernix), southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera), and
dahoon (Ilex cassine).
Climate
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Annual rainfall throughout the range of water tupelo averages 1320
mm (52 in). Approximately 530 mm (21 in) of rain falls during the
primary growing season, April through August. Summer months are
normally much drier in the Midsouth (22).
Average summer temperature within the range of water tupelo is 27°
C (81° F); average winter temperature is 7° C (45°
F). Temperature extremes are 46° to -29° C (115°
to -20° F). An average of 231 frost-free days occur annually
over its range.
Damaging Agents
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Fire is a major enemy of water tupelo. It
scorches the thin bark, allowing entrance of rot-causing fungi.
The forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) is a
serious enemy in some years and locations. More than 202,350 ha
(500,000 acres) of trees along the gulf coast from Louisiana
through Alabama have been defoliated by this insect in a single
year (26). Trees annually defoliated seldom die but may have 30
percent or less of the annual diameter growth of unattacked
trees.
A foliar disease, Mycosphaerella nyssaecola, has caused
premature defoliation, but impact has been negligible.
Flowering and Fruiting
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Water tupelo is
polygamo-dioecious. The minute, greenish-white flowers appear
before or with the leaves in March or April. Pollen is
disseminated by wind and probably by bees. Fruits are oblong
drupes about 1 to 4 cm (0.5 to 1.5 in) long, with a thick epicarp
and fleshy mesocarp. When mature, September through December of
the first year, they are dark purple with conspicuous pale dots.
Each fruit contains a boney, ribbed, one-seeded stone. Stones
range in color from white to dark brown or gray and some are
pinkish white. There are about 990 cleaned seeds per kilogram
(2.2 lbs) (30).
Seeds may be sown in fall in the nursery or may be stratified over
winter and sown in the spring. For stratifying, seeds are kept in
moist sand or plastic bags at 2° to 4° C (35° to
40° F) (30). Up to 30 months storage does not reduce
viability of seeds that have a moisture content of 20 percent or
less and are kept in polyethylene bags at a temperature of about
3° C (38° F) (3).
Nursery-sown seeds may be drilled 13 to 25 mm (0.5 to 1 in) deep
at the rate of 50/m (15/ft) of row, or they may be broadcast and
rolled into the soil. A seedbed density of 110 to 165 seedlings/m²
(10 to 15 seedlings/ft²) is recommended. From 25 to 37 mm (I
to 1.5 in) of sawdust mulch is recommended for broadcast seeds.
Genetics
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
There is considerable variation in specific gravity and fiber
length among stands, between trees within a stand, and within
individual trees. Depending on seed source, seedlings grown under
similar water regimes have different rates of development (15).
No racial variations or hybrids have been recognized for
forest-grown water tupelo.
Growth and Yield
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Growing season flooding that is just
short of continuous may provide near-optimum soil moisture for
growth of water tupelo (2). Any drastic change in normal water
levels can decrease growth. On a good site in South Carolina,
30-year-old trees of sprout and seed origin averaged about 23 m
(75 ft) tall and 33 cm (13 in) in diameter (16). (Note:
determination of tree age may be difficult because the species is
known to have false rings.) With an abundance of sunlight, trees
growing on a good site for 50 to 75 years may reach 51 to 66 cm
(20 to 26 in) in diameter above the butt swell, contain from 2 to
3.5 4.9-m (16 ft) logs, and begin development of heartwood (2).
In poorly drained swamps in the southeastern United States,
average annual production of water tupelo stands was found to be
between 6.3 and 7.0 m³/ha (90 and 100 ft³/acre).
Ten-year average diameter growth for trees free to grow in
unmanaged stands on an average site is about 8 cm (3 in) (28).
Growth and Yield were tabulated at 10-year intervals for
unmanaged stands in the Atchafalaya Basin of southern Louisiana
as follows (9):
Age
Average
D.b.h.
Height
Total
merchantable volume (peeled wood)
yr
cm
m
m³/ha
30
16.8
14
156
40
24.1
17
243
50
42.2
25
331
in
ft
ft³/acre
30
6.6
46
2,225
40
9.5
56
3,475
50
16.6
81
4,725
Under management, a pure even-aged stand carried to 107 cm (42 in)
in diameter above the bottleneck is estimated to have an
accumulative total yield of 676 m³/ha (48,282 mbf/acre,
Doyle log rule) in logs and 441 m/ha (70 cords/acre). These
yields are based on an assumed cutting cycle of from 8 to 15
years (28).
Basal areas between 57 and 69 m²/ha (250 and 300 ft²/acre)
are not uncommon in pure unmanaged second-growth stands. For a
less dense water tupelo stand in Florida, the following volumes
were recorded (24):
Age
Average
diameter above bottleneck
Total
merchentable volume (outside bark)
Basal
area
yr
cm
m³/ha
m²/ha
60
31.8
355
38.6
70
34.8
429
44.5
in
ft³/acre
ft²/acre
60
12.5
5,077
168
70
13.7
6,133
194
Growth and yield of water tupelo in plantations are generally
unknown. One small 17-year-old planting at a 1.7 by 1.7 m (5.5 by
5.5 ft) spacing on Falaya silt loam had 89 percent survival. The
trees that grew best averaged 13.2 cm (5.2 in) in d.b.h. and were
14.9 m (49 ft) tall (5).
Reaction to Competition
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Water tupelo is classed as
intolerant of shade. It will survive codominant but not
overtopping competition. Water tupelo develops in pure, very
dense, second-growth stands and has a tendency to stagnate.
Unless stagnation is prolonged, it responds to thinning .
Rooting Habit
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Water tupelo commonly grows in saturated
soils where its shallow root system is characterized by
morphological and physiological adaptations that are essential to
survival and growth (table 1).
Table 1- Root characteristics of swamp tupelo
and water tupelo as affected by drainage (13)
Root characteristics
Roots well
aerated
Roots
flooded
Morpology
Small diameter
and fiborous except at the apex
Succulent with
very little branching
Epidermis
Highly
suberized
Little or not
suberization
Endodermis
Highly
organized, with Casparian strips
Poorly
organized, Casparian strips not evident
Adventitious water root
None
Prolific just
below water line¹
Intercellular space in
cortex
Abundant
Abundant
Oxides-
rhizospheres in anaerobic conditions
No
Yes
¹May
be absent on water tupelo under many types of flooding.
Seed Production and Dissemination
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Forest trees initiate
seed production in about 30 years or when they are about 20 cm (8
in) in d.b.h. In a South Carolina study, however, viable seeds
were produced by 2-year-old stump sprouts (27). Large trees
normally produce good to excellent crops each year. Seeds are
dispersed mainly by water. As long as the exocarp is intact, the
fruit will float. Seeds submerged continuously in water may
remain viable for at least 14 months (1).
Seedling Development
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Germination is epigeal. Seeds do not
germinate until water recedes, which may be midway to late in the
growing season (29). Partially shaded, wet, poorly-drained soils
provide the best seedbed. Seeds buried I to 3 cm (0.5 to 1 in)
deep in the soil have a better chance to germinate and establish
seedlings than seeds on the soil surface. Seedling survival and
development are best in full sunlight and in soil with a pH below
7.0 (25). Seedling development is better in saturated than in
well-drained soil, in moving and aerated rather than stagnant
water, and in shallow rather than deep water (6,7,11,17).
Provided their tops are above water, seedlings can generally
survive continuous flooding even if it persists throughout the
growing season. Water tupelo is able to survive where it is too
wet for most other species because of anatomical and
physiological adaptations such as roots that allow for oxidation
of the rhizosphere and controlled anaerobic respiration (12,18).
Soils and Topography
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Water tupelo grows in low, wet flats or sloughs and in deep
swamps. Some of the better sites are in the sloughs and swamps
along Coastal Plain rivers of the Southeast, such as the Roanoke
and Santee, and in the large swamps of southwestern Louisiana and
southeastern Texas. On some sites water may reach a depth of 6 m
(20 ft) during rainy seasons and may remain as high as 4 m (13
ft) for long periods (21). Surface water may disappear from water
tupelo areas in midsummer or fall, but on better sites soil
moisture remains at or near saturation level throughout most of
the growing season.
Soils that commonly support water tupelo range from mucks and
clays to silts and sands and are in the orders Alfisols,
Entisols, Histosols, and Inceptisols. Most are moderately to
strongly acidic; subsoil frequently is rather pervious. Site
index of water tupelo for several Midsouth soils ranges from 21
to 27 m (70 to 90 ft) at 50 years (4).
Special Uses
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Since water tupelo is one of the few species that can survive
extended periods of inundation, it is favored for planting in
very wet microsites, around buildings, in parks, and elsewhere.
It is also an important wildlife species. The fruit is consumed
by wood ducks, several other kinds of birds, and by squirrels,
raccoons, and deer (10). Flowers have some value as a source of
tupelo honey. Deer feed on foliage, twigs, and stump sprouts.
Water tupelo wood has fine, uniform texture and interlocked grain.
When dried properly, the lumber is used for boxes, pallets,
crates, baskets, and furniture. Buttresses of trees growing in
flooded areas contain wood that is much lighter in weight than
that from upper portions of the same trees. The butt portion is
probably best suited for pulping products
Vegetative Reproduction
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Water tupelo is a prolific stump
sprouter. Stumps of cut seedlings 15 cm (6 in) above ground level
may be better sprouters than those 1 cm (0.5 in) in height.
Sprouts develop adventitiously from the higher stumps and from
suppressed buds on lower stumps (14). Survival and development of
sprouts from stumps of larger trees are not always satisfactory,
and it may be that the occurrence and persistence of stump
sprouts are related to timing and duration of flooding. In South
Carolina, trees of sprout origin grew as well as seedlings over a
30-year period (16), but in southern Louisiana few stump sprouts
survived beyond 6 years (20).
There are no practical techniques for reproducing water tupelo
through cuttings or layering.
Brief Summary
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Cornaceae Dogwood family
R. L. Johnson
Water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), also called cottongum,
sourgum, swamp tupelo, tupelo-gum, and water-gum, is a large,
long-lived tree that grows in southern swamps and flood plains
where its root system is periodically under water. It has a
swollen base that tapers to a long, clear bole and often occurs
in pure stands. A good mature tree will produce commercial timber
used for furniture and crates. Many kinds of wildlife eat the
fruits and it is a favored honey tree.
Distribution
(
英语
)
由Silvics of North America提供
Water tupelo grows throughout the Coastal Plain from southeastern
Virginia to southern Georgia, and from northwestern Florida along
the Gulf of Mexico to southeastern Texas. It extends up the
Mississippi River Valley as far north as the southern tip of
Illinois.
-The native range of water tupelo.
Wasser-Tupelobaum
(
德语
)
由wikipedia DE提供
Der Wasser-Tupelobaum (Nyssa aquatica) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tupelobäume (Nyssa) innerhalb der Familie der Hartriegelgewächse (Cornaceae).
Beschreibung
In diesem Artikel oder Abschnitt fehlen noch folgende wichtige Informationen:
Es ist keine Beschreibung der Merkmale vorhanden - ist so kein Lebewesen-Artikel
Hilf der Wikipedia, indem du sie
recherchierst und
![src=]()
Die geschwollene Stamm-Basis in einem
Bruch-Lebensraum
![src=]()
Illustration aus
Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale, Tafel 19
Nyssa aquatica wächst als großer, langlebiger bis 30 Meter hoher, laubabwerfender Baum mit breiter Krone. Der Stammdurchmesser erreicht über 1,2 Meter. Es werden Brettwurzeln oder Wurzelanläufe gebildet und der Stamm ist an der Basis etwas geschwollen.
Die wechselständigen, einfachen, ledrigen Laubblätter sind kurz gestielt. Der etwas behaarte Blattstiel ist bis 6 Zentimeter lang. Die unterseits mehr oder weniger flaumig behaarten und fahlgrünen Blätter sind meist ganzrandig oder mit vereinzelten, entfernten und größeren, teils spitzigen Zähnen. Sie sind eiförmig bis elliptisch oder verkehrt-eiförmig und etwa 8–20 Zentimeter lang und 5–11 Zentimeter breit. An der Spitze sind sie bespitzt oder spitz bis zugespitzt, selten abgerundet, die Blattbasis ist abgerundet oder minimal herzförmig bis keilförmig. Die Nebenblätter fehlen. Die jungen Blätter sind rötlich und behaart.
Nyssa aquatica ist polygam-diözisch genauer andro-polygam-diözisch, also mit männlichen Pflanzen mit nur männlichen Blüten und weiblichen Pflanzen mit zwittrigen und funktionell weiblichen Blüten. Die Blüten erscheinen achselständig an den neue Trieben, die kleineren, fast sitzenden männlichen Blüten in gestielten Dolden oder Köpfchen mit zwei bewimperten Vorblättern am behaarten Blütenstandsstiel, die größeren, weiblichen und zwittrigen erscheinen einzeln an behaarten Stielen. Die grünlich-weißen Blüten sind mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Der ringförmige Kelch ist sehr klein, mit minimalen Zähnchen. Es sind 5–10, früh abfallende Petalen und jeweils ein Diskus vorhanden. Die männlichen Blüten mit aufrechten Petalen, mit kleinem Blütenbecher besitzen bis zu 10 vorstehende Staubblätter mit fädigen Staubfäden, ein Pistillode fehlt meist. In den weiblichen oder zwittrigen Blüten, mit einem langen, röhrigen Blütenbecher und mit weniger oder ganz fehlenden, eingeschlossenen Staubblättern oder Staminodien mit Antheroden, ist der einkammerige Fruchtknoten unterständig, mit einem einfachen, etwas vorstehenden und an der Spitze oft eingerollten, konischen und festen Griffel. Sie sind jeweils von 2 bis 4 länglichen, langen und behaarten Deckblättern unterlegt.
Es werden an längeren Stielen herabhängende, dunkel-violette oder -bläuliche oft leicht weißlich gepunktete, bis 3 Zentimeter große, ellipsoide bis verkehrt-schmaleiförmige, leicht ledrige, glatte Steinfrüchte (Scheinfrucht) mit Griffelresten an der Spitze und einem scharf-rippgen, bräunlichen Steinkern gebildet.
![src=]()
Natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet
Vorkommen
Nyssa aquatica ist in den südlichen US-Bundesstaaten südöstliches Missouri, südliches Illinois, Georgia, südwestliches Kentucky, Louisiana, östliches North Carolina, South Carolina, südöstliches Virginia, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, Alabama, Arkansas sowie Florida verbreitet.[1][2]
Nyssa aquatica in den Küstenebenen in den südöstlichen USA sowie im Tal des Mississippi.[3] Der Wasser-Tupelobaum wächst in Brüchen und Flussauen.[4] Das Wurzelsystem der Pflanze liegt periodisch unter Wasser.[4] Wasser-Tupelobäume treten oft in Reinbeständen auf.
Taxonomie
Die Erstveröffentlichung von Nyssa aquatica erfolgte durch Carl von Linné.[1] Das Artepitheton aquatica steht für die Lebensräume am und im Wasser.
Trivialnamen
Englischsprachige Trivialnamen sind: Water tupelo, Tupelo-gum, Water-gum[1] Cottongum, Wild olive, Large tupelo.[5]
Einer der englischen Trivialnamen „Tupelo“ stammt aus der Sprache der Creek-Indianer und ist aus den Wörtern ito (für „Baum“) und opilwa (für „Sumpf“) zusammengesetzt; er war bis Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts in Gebrauch.[6]
![src=]()
Illustration der gestielten Laubblätter, des Blütenstandes und der Frucht
Nutzung
Große ausgewachsene Baumexemplare können kommerziell verwertbares Holz liefern, das zur Produktion von Möbeln und Kisten verwendet wird. Die geschwollene Basis ist für Schnitzarbeiten beliebt.
Viele Wildtiere fressen die Früchte und aus der Blütentracht wird Honig gewonnen.[4]
Literatur
-
Charles Sprague Sargent: Manual of the trees of North America. Second Edition, Hougthon Mifflin, 1922, 779–784, online biodiversitylibrary.org.
- Robert K. Godfrey: Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Northern Florida and Adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Univ. Georgia Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8203-1035-2, S. 490 ff.
- Robert H. Mohlenbrock: Nelumbonaceae to Vitaceae. SIU Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8093-2894-9, S. 18 f.
-
K. Kubitzki: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. VI: Flowering Plants Dicotyledons, Springer, 2004, ISBN 978-3-642-05714-4 (Reprint), S. 86 f.
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b c Nyssa aquatica im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 3. September 2019.
-
↑ Nyssa aquatica L. water tupelo. In: Plants Database. Unites States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Abgerufen am 4. Juli 2019.
-
↑ Nyssa aquatica. In: Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, The University of Texas at Austin. Abgerufen am 4. Juli 2019.
-
↑ a b c R. L. Johnson: Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Black Tupelo. USDA, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Research Station. Abgerufen am 4. Juli 2019.
-
↑ L. H. Bailey, E. Z. Bailey, the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium: Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Macmillan, New York 1976, ISBN 978-0-02-505470-7.
-
↑ Erin McKean (Hrsg.): New Oxford American Dictionary, 2. Auflage.
Wasser-Tupelobaum: Brief Summary
(
德语
)
由wikipedia DE提供
Der Wasser-Tupelobaum (Nyssa aquatica) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tupelobäume (Nyssa) innerhalb der Familie der Hartriegelgewächse (Cornaceae).
Nyssa aquatica
(
英语
)
由wikipedia EN提供
Nyssa aquatica, commonly called the water tupelo,[2] cottongum,[3] wild olive,[3] large tupelo,[3] tupelo-gum,[2] or water-gum,[2] is a large, long-lived tree in the tupelo genus (Nyssa) that grows in swamps and floodplains in the Southeastern United States.[4]
Nyssa aquatica trunks have a swollen base that tapers up to a long, clear bole, and its root system is periodically under water.[4] Water tupelo trees often occur in pure stands.
Names
Nyssa aquatica's genus name (Nyssa) refers to a Greek water nymph;[5] the species epithet aquatica, meaning ‘aquatic’, refers to its swamp and wetland habitat.
One of the species' common names, tupelo, is of Native American origin, coming from the Creek words ito ‘tree’ and opilwa ‘swamp’; it was in use by the mid-18th century[6]
Uses
A large mature tree can produce commercial timber used for furniture and crates. The swollen base of the Nyssa aquatica is the source of a favored wood of wood carvers.
Many kinds of wildlife eat the fruit, and it is a favored honey tree.[4]
Gallery
Branch with inflorescences
References
-
^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Nyssa aquatica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T61990552A61990555. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61990552A61990555.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
-
^ a b c "Nyssa aquatica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 10 January 2018.
-
^ a b c Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976). Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-505470-7.
-
^ a b c Johnson, R. L. (1990). "Nyssa sylvatica". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2 – via Southern Research Station.
-
^ Werthner, William B. (1935). Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. xviii + 398 pp.
-
^ New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed.).
Nyssa aquatica: Brief Summary
(
英语
)
由wikipedia EN提供
Nyssa aquatica, commonly called the water tupelo, cottongum, wild olive, large tupelo, tupelo-gum, or water-gum, is a large, long-lived tree in the tupelo genus (Nyssa) that grows in swamps and floodplains in the Southeastern United States.
Nyssa aquatica trunks have a swollen base that tapers up to a long, clear bole, and its root system is periodically under water. Water tupelo trees often occur in pure stands.
Nyssa aquatica
(
法语
)
由wikipedia FR提供
Nyssa aquatica, le Tupelo aquatique, communément appelé water tupelo aux États-Unis[2], cottongum[3], wild olive[3], large tupelo[3] tupelo-gum[2] ou water-gum[2] est une espèce d'arbres de grande taille, à la durée de vie importante, du genre Nyssa qui pousse dans les marais et les plaines inondées du sud-est des États-Unis[4].
Les troncs de Nyssa aquatica présentent souvent une base évasée qui se rétrécit jusqu'à un long fût clair ; le système racinaire est souvent émergeant[4].
Les Water tupelo forment souvent des colonies d'une seule essence.
Étymologie
Le genre Nyssa fait référence à une naïade grecque[5], l'espèce aquatica, signifiant aquatique, renvoie à son habitat humide.
Le nom commun de l'espèce, « tupelo », est d'origine amérindienne, provenant des mots Creek « ito » (« arbre ») et « opilwa » (« marais ») ; il était utilisé au milieu du XVIIIe siècle[6].
Utilisations
Un arbre mature peut donner du bois d'œuvre pour le commerce, utilisé pour la fabrication de meubles et de caisses. La base du tronc, si particulière, est recherchée par les sculpteurs.
Beaucoup d'animaux se npourrissent des fruits et c'est un arbre mellifère apprécié[4].
Galerie
Nyssa aquatica, feuillage.
Base enflée, dans un habitat marécageux.
Branche avec inflorescences.
Notes et références
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↑ Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden., consulté le 6 avril 2020
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↑ a b et c (en) Référence GRIN : espèce Nyssa aquatica L. (consulté le 6 avril 2020).
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↑ a b et c (en) Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, Hortus third : A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada, New York, Macmillan, 1976 (ISBN 978-0-02-505470-7, lire en ligne
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↑ a b et c (en) Johnson, R. L. (1990). "Nyssa sylvatica". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2 – via Southern Research Station (www.srs.fs.fed.us).
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↑ (en) William B. Werthner, Some American Trees : An intimate study of native Ohio trees, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1935, XVIII + 398 p.
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↑ (en) New Oxford American Dictionary, 2nd Edition
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(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
Références taxinomiques
Nyssa aquatica: Brief Summary
(
法语
)
由wikipedia FR提供
Nyssa aquatica, le Tupelo aquatique, communément appelé water tupelo aux États-Unis, cottongum, wild olive, large tupelo tupelo-gum ou water-gum est une espèce d'arbres de grande taille, à la durée de vie importante, du genre Nyssa qui pousse dans les marais et les plaines inondées du sud-est des États-Unis.
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Zones de peuplement.
Les troncs de Nyssa aquatica présentent souvent une base évasée qui se rétrécit jusqu'à un long fût clair ; le système racinaire est souvent émergeant.
Les Water tupelo forment souvent des colonies d'une seule essence.
Nyssa aquatica
(
越南语
)
由wikipedia VI提供
Nyssa aquatica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cornaceae. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
Nyssa aquatica: Brief Summary
(
越南语
)
由wikipedia VI提供
Nyssa aquatica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cornaceae. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
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