328029Pteronura brasiliensisEndangered (EN)<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i> (Gmelin, 1788)Giant OtterbrBleiz-stêrdeRiesenotterenGiant brazilian otterenGiant OtteresAriraiesLobito de cola anchaesLobo de río grandeesLobo del ríoesLobo gargantillaesPerro de aguafiJättiläissaukkofrLoutre géantefrLoutre géante du brésilheלוטרת ענקhrDivovska vidraltBrazilinė ūdranlReuzenotternoKjempeoterptAriranharuГигантская выдраMacDonald, D. 1984. Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File Publications, New York.719417194326631false1Carter, S.K. and F.C.W. Rosas. 1997. Biology and conservation of the Giant Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis. Mammal Review 27(1):1-26.14697114697326631false1Chanin, P. 1985. The Natural History of Otters. Facts on File Publications, New York.14698114698326631false1Eisenberg, J.F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. Volume 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.14699114699326631false1Emmons, L.H. 1990. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.14700114700326631false1Gittleman, J.L. 1989. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.14701114701326631false1http://nmnhwww.si.edu/gopher-menus/MammalSpeciesoftheWorld.html.14702114702326631false1Husson, A.M. 1978. The Mammals of Suriname. Leiden Publishing, Netherlands.14703114703326631false1Laidler, L. 1982. Bring back the giant. New Scientist 23:825-828.14704114704326631false1Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.14705114705326631false1Parker, S.P. 1990. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Volume 3. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York.14706114706326631false1Redford, K.H. and J.F. Eisenberg. 1992. Mammals of the Neotropics: the South Cone. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.14707114707326631false1MacDonald, D. 1984. Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File Publications, New York.7194171941076636false1Carter, S.K. and F.C.W. Rosas. 1997. Biology and conservation of the Giant Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis. Mammal Review 27(1):1-26.146971146971076636false1Chanin, P. 1985. The Natural History of Otters. Facts on File Publications, New York.146981146981076636false1Eisenberg, J.F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. Volume 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.146991146991076636false1Emmons, L.H. 1990. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.147001147001076636false1Gittleman, J.L. 1989. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.147011147011076636false1http://nmnhwww.si.edu/gopher-menus/MammalSpeciesoftheWorld.html.147021147021076636false1Husson, A.M. 1978. The Mammals of Suriname. Leiden Publishing, Netherlands.147031147031076636false1Laidler, L. 1982. Bring back the giant. New Scientist 23:825-828.147041147041076636false1Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.147051147051076636false1Parker, S.P. 1990. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Volume 3. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York.147061147061076636false1Redford, K.H. and J.F. Eisenberg. 1992. Mammals of the Neotropics: the South Cone. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.147071147071076636false1MacDonald, D. 1984. Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File Publications, New York.7194171941140474false1Carter, S.K. and F.C.W. Rosas. 1997. Biology and conservation of the Giant Otter, Pteronura brasiliensis. Mammal Review 27(1):1-26.146971146971140474false1Chanin, P. 1985. The Natural History of Otters. Facts on File Publications, New York.146981146981140474false1Eisenberg, J.F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. Volume 1. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.146991146991140474false1Emmons, L.H. 1990. Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.147001147001140474false1Gittleman, J.L. 1989. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.147011147011140474false1http://nmnhwww.si.edu/gopher-menus/MammalSpeciesoftheWorld.html.147021147021140474false1Husson, A.M. 1978. The Mammals of Suriname. Leiden Publishing, Netherlands.147031147031140474false1Laidler, L. 1982. Bring back the giant. New Scientist 23:825-828.147041147041140474false1Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.147051147051140474false1Parker, S.P. 1990. Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Volume 3. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York.147061147061140474false1Redford, K.H. and J.F. Eisenberg. 1992. Mammals of the Neotropics: the South Cone. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.147071147071140474false11. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68622016862201420405false13. CITES (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68636316863631420405false12. IUCN Otter Specialist Group (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/">http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/</a>69251616925161420405false14. Otternet (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otternet.com/index.htm">http://www.otternet.com/index.htm</a>69251716925171420405false15. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69251816925181420405false16. Carter, S.K. and Rosas, F.C.W. (1997) Biology and conservation of the giant otter <i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>. <i>Mammal Review</i>, <b>27</b> (1): 1 - 26.69251916925191420405false17. Giant Otters – Lobos de Rio (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html">http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html</a>69252016925201420405false18. Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C. (1990) <i>Otters: An Action Plan for their Survival</i>. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.69252116925211420405false11. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68622016862202375504false13. CITES (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68636316863632375504false12. IUCN Otter Specialist Group (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/">http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/</a>69251616925162375504false14. Otternet (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otternet.com/index.htm">http://www.otternet.com/index.htm</a>69251716925172375504false15. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69251816925182375504false16. Carter, S.K. and Rosas, F.C.W. (1997) Biology and conservation of the giant otter <i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>. <i>Mammal Review</i>, <b>27</b> (1): 1 - 26.69251916925192375504false17. Giant Otters – Lobos de Rio (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html">http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html</a>69252016925202375504false18. Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C. (1990) <i>Otters: An Action Plan for their Survival</i>. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.69252116925212375504false11. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68622016862202453557false13. CITES (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68636316863632453557false12. IUCN Otter Specialist Group (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/">http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/</a>69251616925162453557false14. Otternet (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otternet.com/index.htm">http://www.otternet.com/index.htm</a>69251716925172453557false15. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69251816925182453557false16. Carter, S.K. and Rosas, F.C.W. (1997) Biology and conservation of the giant otter <i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>. <i>Mammal Review</i>, <b>27</b> (1): 1 - 26.69251916925192453557false17. Giant Otters – Lobos de Rio (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html">http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html</a>69252016925202453557false18. Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C. (1990) <i>Otters: An Action Plan for their Survival</i>. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.69252116925212453557false11. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68622016862202750109false13. CITES (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68636316863632750109false12. IUCN Otter Specialist Group (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/">http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/</a>69251616925162750109false14. Otternet (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otternet.com/index.htm">http://www.otternet.com/index.htm</a>69251716925172750109false15. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69251816925182750109false16. Carter, S.K. and Rosas, F.C.W. (1997) Biology and conservation of the giant otter <i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>. <i>Mammal Review</i>, <b>27</b> (1): 1 - 26.69251916925192750109false17. Giant Otters – Lobos de Rio (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html">http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html</a>69252016925202750109false18. Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C. (1990) <i>Otters: An Action Plan for their Survival</i>. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.69252116925212750109false11. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68622016862202890893false13. CITES (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68636316863632890893false12. IUCN Otter Specialist Group (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/">http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/</a>69251616925162890893false14. Otternet (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otternet.com/index.htm">http://www.otternet.com/index.htm</a>69251716925172890893false15. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69251816925182890893false16. Carter, S.K. and Rosas, F.C.W. (1997) Biology and conservation of the giant otter <i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>. <i>Mammal Review</i>, <b>27</b> (1): 1 - 26.69251916925192890893false17. Giant Otters – Lobos de Rio (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html">http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html</a>69252016925202890893false18. Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C. (1990) <i>Otters: An Action Plan for their Survival</i>. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.69252116925212890893false11. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68622016862203240557false13. CITES (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68636316863633240557false12. IUCN Otter Specialist Group (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/">http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/</a>69251616925163240557false14. Otternet (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otternet.com/index.htm">http://www.otternet.com/index.htm</a>69251716925173240557false15. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69251816925183240557false16. Carter, S.K. and Rosas, F.C.W. (1997) Biology and conservation of the giant otter <i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>. <i>Mammal Review</i>, <b>27</b> (1): 1 - 26.69251916925193240557false17. Giant Otters – Lobos de Rio (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html">http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html</a>69252016925203240557false18. Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C. (1990) <i>Otters: An Action Plan for their Survival</i>. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.69252116925213240557false11. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68622016862203653374false13. CITES (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68636316863633653374false12. IUCN Otter Specialist Group (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/">http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/</a>69251616925163653374false14. Otternet (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otternet.com/index.htm">http://www.otternet.com/index.htm</a>69251716925173653374false15. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69251816925183653374false16. Carter, S.K. and Rosas, F.C.W. (1997) Biology and conservation of the giant otter <i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>. <i>Mammal Review</i>, <b>27</b> (1): 1 - 26.69251916925193653374false17. Giant Otters – Lobos de Rio (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html">http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html</a>69252016925203653374false18. Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C. (1990) <i>Otters: An Action Plan for their Survival</i>. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.69252116925213653374false11. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68622016862204023867false13. CITES (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68636316863634023867false12. IUCN Otter Specialist Group (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/">http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/</a>69251616925164023867false14. Otternet (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.otternet.com/index.htm">http://www.otternet.com/index.htm</a>69251716925174023867false15. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69251816925184023867false16. Carter, S.K. and Rosas, F.C.W. (1997) Biology and conservation of the giant otter <i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>. <i>Mammal Review</i>, <b>27</b> (1): 1 - 26.69251916925194023867false17. Giant Otters – Lobos de Rio (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html">http://www.giantotter.org/Pterohome.html</a>69252016925204023867false18. Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C. (1990) <i>Otters: An Action Plan for their Survival</i>. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.69252116925214023867false1Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.73092417309242391290false1Giant otters generally live in family groups of three to nine individuals, composed of a breeding pair and their offspring (6). These groups, also known as 'holts' (4), rest, play, sleep, travel and fish together (6). Members of the group use communal latrines and rub their faeces and urine into the earth with their front paws, in order to advertise the group's residency (5).</p><p>Breeding can take place throughout the year, although most young are born in during the dry season. Litter size varies from one to five 'kits', following a 52 to 70 day gestation. The new cubs are cared for by both the parents and older siblings. At two to three weeks they are put in the water by their mother, and at three to four months of age, the cubs begin hunting and travelling with the family. They are weaned at nine months, and are as efficient hunters as their parents by the age of ten months, although they remain with the family group for at over another year (6).</p><p>These otters are diurnal and semi-aquatic, and despite their clumsy appearance on land they are known to travel large distances between areas of water. The diet is composed almost exclusively of fish (6), but they are also known to eat caimans, anacondas, other snakes and even the occasional heron (7).6b9daed449f7ed7d15f96b5f8d12d8282608751WildscreenCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008ARKiveCopyrightCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008. Some rights reservedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/SupplierARKivehttp://www.arkive.org/5978arkiveLocationSource URLView original data objecthttp://www.arkive.org/giant-otter/pteronura-brasiliensis/CitationEnglishcc-by-nc-sa 3.0Texthttp://content5.eol.org/content_large.jpghttp://content6.eol.org/content_medium.jpghttp://content7.eol.org/content_small.jpg13290301302232704204129783328662512953009717226298227131AnimaliaNOT EVALUATEDAnimalia694ChordataNOT EVALUATEDChordata1642MammaliaNOT EVALUATEDMammalia7662CarnivoraNOT EVALUATEDCarnivora7670MustelidaeNOT EVALUATEDMustelidae34320PteronuraNOT EVALUATEDPteronura328029Pteronura brasiliensisEndangered (EN)<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i> (Gmelin, 1788)1270367Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensisNOT EVALUATED<i>Pteronura brasiliensis paraguensis</i> (Schinz, 1821)1270368Pteronura brasiliensis brasiliensisNOT EVALUATED<i>Pteronura <i>brasiliensis</i> brasiliensis</i> (Gmelin, 1788)Portland State University, MA Education
7klansBA Physics - Johns Hopkins University
MS Education - Johns Hopkins University
ME Engineering Physics - University of Virginia
10peterPh.D., University of Bristol (1976)
D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990)
11paddydeveloper13pleary11793wilsondAsst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution
Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006
Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
PhD, Biological Oceanography, Massachussetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 200520470jhammockUniversity of Michigan, PhD 1997
Thesis: Social behavior and vocal communication of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Member of Ecological Society of America, Entomological Society of America.25567csparr33422mstuderCurator of Zoology (Fishes), Field Museum of Natural History34360mwestneatEOL Species Pages Coordinator, Ph. D. in Entomology, University of Arizona 1999, Diploma in Biology, Freie Universität Berlin 198935200KatjaWilliam Miller, PhD
Assistant Professor
Baker University
Dept. of Biology
PO Box 65
Baldwin city, Kansas
66006-0065
35243WMillerUniversity of California Berkeley
35508tuco36197MarthaTestuserPh.D. Candidate from the University of Kent at Canterbury, memeber of the Society for Conservation Biology36377kamus42B.A. Zoology, M.S. Embryology/physiology
college faculty for 44 years
member HAPS (Human Anatomy and Physiology Society)36558judyjunkyardActive Member of Wildlife society of Africa, herpetological society of southern Africa and general manager and curator of reptile research and information center (Zebra Country lodge, Cullinan district Pretoria)37046VaughanScientist National Institutes of Health38259saimirifaculty, Department of Biology
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Fl 33124
AAAS, ICRS, Sigma Xi
http://www.bio.miami.edu/Fac/Sealey.html38707ksealeyAssociate Professor of Biology, Curator of Mammals and Birds, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Habitat use and natural history of small mammals in the Paraguayan chaco. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 13(1);103-116.
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Testing optimal foraging theory using bird predation on goldenrod galls. American Biology Teacher, 68(8):471-475.
Yahnke CJ, PL Meserve, TG Ksiazek, and JN Mills. 2001. Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan chaco. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65(6):768-776.
Yahnke CJ, I Gamarra de Fox, and F Colman. 1998. Mammalian species richness in Paraguay: the effectiveness of national parks in preserving biodiversity. Biological Conservation 84:263-268.
Yahnke CJ, J Unger, BA Lohr, DA Meritt, and W Heuschele. 1997. Age specific fecundity, litter size, and sex ratio in the chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri). Zoo Biology 16:301-307.
Yahnke, CJ, WE Johnson, E Geffen, D Smith, F Hertel, MS Roy, CF Bonacic, TK Fuller, B Van Valkenburgh, and RK Wayne. 1996. Darwin’s fox: a distinct endangered species in a vanishing habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375.
Yahnke CJ. 1995. Metachromism and the insight of Wilfred Osgood: evidence of common ancestry for Darwin’s fox and the Sechura fox. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68:459-467
American Society of Mammalogists
National Association of Biology Teachers
Sigma XI
39446cyahnkeEmeritus Fellow, Trinity College Dublin
Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.
Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.
Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.
Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D. (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.
Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.39544jrynoldsAffiliated with EOL Species Pages Group39552lshapiroStaff in a natural history museum
Member of a professional society (SECEM)39803eliadelomCurator of marine invertebrates, National Museums Northern Ireland (Ulster Museum)
Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest. PDf and website40160BernardPicton080