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Dengue-Virus ( германски )

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Das Dengue-Virus ist ein Virus, das in Menschen und anderen Primaten ein hämorrhagisches Fieber, das so genannte Denguefieber, auslösen kann. Das Virus wird durch Stechmücken verschiedener Gattungen (z. B. Aedes) übertragen. Beim Stechen eines infizierten Primaten nimmt die Mücke das Virus auf, das sich dann in der Mücke weiter vermehrt und die Speicheldrüsen infiziert. Über den Speichel wird es beim nächsten Stich weitergegeben.

Eigenschaften

Das Dengue-Virus gehört zu der Familie der Flaviviridae, deren Mitglieder typischerweise eine einzelsträngige RNA mit positiver Polarität als Genom besitzen, das von einem sphärischen Kapsid umgeben ist. Das RNA-Genom liegt mit dem dimerisierten Kapsidprotein C komplexiert als Nukleokapsid vor. Das Kapsid wird von einer von der Wirtszelle abgeleiteten Membran umhüllt, in welche die strukturellen Proteine M und E eingelagert sind. Insbesondere das Protein E ist prominent auf der Oberfläche des Viruspartikels (Virions) und wirkt deshalb als Antigen.

Die positivsträngige RNA ist etwa 11.000 Nukleotide lang und umfasst nur einen offenen Leserahmen, der für ein Polyprotein codiert. Proteasen schneiden dieses Polyprotein in die drei strukturellen (C, prM, E) und in die sieben nicht-strukturellen Proteine (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5); die Aufzählung entspricht der Anordnung der für die Proteine codierenden Gene auf dem Genom.[3]

Infektionen mit dem Dengue-Virus können zur Ausbildung infektionsverstärkender Antikörper führen, die eine Herausforderung bei der Entwicklung von Dengue-Virus-Impfstoffen darstellen.

Meldepflicht

In Deutschland ist der direkte oder indirekte Nachweis des Dengue-Virus namentlich meldepflichtig nach des Infektionsschutzgesetzes, soweit der Nachweis auf eine akute Infektion hinweist.

In der Schweiz ist der positive laboranalytische Befund zum Dengue-Virus meldepflichtig und zwar nach dem Epidemiengesetz (EpG) in Verbindung mit der Epidemienverordnung und der Verordnung des EDI über die Meldung von Beobachtungen übertragbarer Krankheiten des Menschen.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Yellow fever virus, EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL #35)
  2. ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2. MSL #34, März 2019
  3. Sampath A, Padmanabhan R: Molecular targets for flavivirus drug discovery. In: Antiviral Research. 81, Nr. 1, Januar 2009, S. 6–15. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.08.004. PMID 18796313.
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Dengue-Virus: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Das Dengue-Virus ist ein Virus, das in Menschen und anderen Primaten ein hämorrhagisches Fieber, das so genannte Denguefieber, auslösen kann. Das Virus wird durch Stechmücken verschiedener Gattungen (z. B. Aedes) übertragen. Beim Stechen eines infizierten Primaten nimmt die Mücke das Virus auf, das sich dann in der Mücke weiter vermehrt und die Speicheldrüsen infiziert. Über den Speichel wird es beim nächsten Stich weitergegeben.

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Dengue-wiirus ( севернофризиски )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang Dengue-wiirus Dengue.jpg

Dengue-wiiren (suart ponkter uun a maden).

Süstemaatik Hoodkategorii: Wiiren Kategorii: nian Famile: Flaviviridae Skööl: Flavivirus Slach: Dengue-wiirus Taksonomii Genoom: (+)ssRNA Baltimore-klas: Skööl 4 Wedenskapelk nööm Dengue virus (ingelsk) Kurt nööm DENV Ferwisangen

At Dengue-wiirus as en wiirus, diar bi minsken an primaaten at Dengue-fiiber ütjliase koon. Hat woort faan steegmagen auerdraanj. Detdiar wiirus hiart tu't famile Flaviviridae.

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Dengue-wiirus: Brief Summary ( севернофризиски )

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At Dengue-wiirus as en wiirus, diar bi minsken an primaaten at Dengue-fiiber ütjliase koon. Hat woort faan steegmagen auerdraanj. Detdiar wiirus hiart tu't famile Flaviviridae.

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டெங்கு வைரஸ் ( тамилски )

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டெங்கு வைரஸ் (DENV) என்பது டெங்கு காய்ச்சலுக்கு காரணமாகும். இது Flaviviridae குடும்பத்தின் ஒரு கொசு-ஒற்றை ஒற்றை நேர்மறை- stranded ஆர்.என்.ஏ வைரஸ்; பிளெவிவிஸ் மரபணு. வைரஸின் ஐந்து சீரியல்களைக் கண்டுபிடித்துள்ளனர், இவை அனைத்தும் நோய் முழுமையான ஸ்பெக்ட்ரம் ஏற்படலாம். ஆயினும், விஞ்ஞானிகள் டெங்கு வைரஸ் பற்றிய புரிதலைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பது எளிதானது, மாறாக தனித்துவமான ஆன்டிஜெனிக் குழுக்களைக் காட்டிலும் ஒரு தொடர்ச்சியானதாக தோன்றுகிறது. இதே ஆய்வில் டெங்கு வைரஸ் 47 வகைகளை கண்டறியப்பட்டுள்ளது. கூடுதலாக, zika வைரஸ் மற்றும் சிகுங்குனியாவுக்கு விரைவான சோதனைகள் இல்லாத மற்றும் உண்மையான உலக நோய்த்தாக்கங்களில் சிக்கல்களைச் சந்திக்கின்றன. மூன்று மரபணு புரதங்கள் (காப்சைட் புரதம் சி, சவ்வு புரதம் எம், உறை புரதம் ஈ) மற்றும் ஏழு சார்பற்ற புரதங்கள் (NS1, NS2a, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4b, NS5). இது 5 'மற்றும் 3' முடிவடையும் இரண்டு குறுகிய அல்லாத குறியீட்டு பகுதிகளையும் உள்ளடக்குகிறது. வியாதி டெங்கு வைரஸ் டெங்கு காய்ச்சலை ஏற்படுத்துகிறது. டெங்கு காய்ச்சலுக்கு பொதுவான பெயர்கள் டெங்கு காய்ச்சல் காய்ச்சல் (DHF) நோய், பிரேக் பான் ஃபீவர், டேன்டி ஃபீவர், ஓன்யாங்-நியூ யோவ் ஃபீவர், டெங்கு அதிர்ச்சி நோய்க்குறி (DSS) மற்றும் டெங்கு போன்ற நோய்கள். உலகளவில் வெப்பமண்டல மற்றும் துணை வெப்பமண்டல தட்பவெப்ப நிலைகளில் டெங்கு நோய் காணப்படுகிறது, பெரும்பாலும் நகர்ப்புற மற்றும் அரை நகர்ப்புற பகுதிகளில். டெங்கு காய்ச்சலைப் பெறும் கொசுக்கள் தொற்றிக் கொள்ளும் அனைத்து வயதினரும் மக்கள். நோய் தாக்கப்பட்ட கொசுக்களின் எண்ணிக்கையிலான மழைக்காலங்களில் இந்த நோய் ஏற்படுகிறது. டெங்கு வைரஸ் பரவுகிறது. வைரஸ் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட பெண் கொசுக்களின் கடித்தால் மனிதர்களுக்கு பரவுகிறது. அடைகாக்கும் காலம் 3 முதல் 14 நாட்கள் ஆகும். நோய் காலத்திற்கு 3-7 நாட்கள் ஆகும். டெங்கு காய்ச்சல் கொண்ட ஒரு நபர் தொற்று அல்ல. அறிகுறிகள் மற்றும் அறிகுறிகள் கடுமையான தலைவலி இருக்கலாம்; ரெட்ரோபோபிடல் வலி; தசை, கூட்டு மற்றும் எலும்பு வலி; Macular அல்லது maculopapular சொறி; Petechiae, ecchymosis, purpura, epistaxis, இரத்தப்போக்கு ஈறுகளில், hematuria, அல்லது ஒரு நேர்மறை சுற்றுச்சூழல் சோதனை விளைவாக உட்பட சிறு இரத்த நாளங்கள்.

References

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டெங்கு வைரஸ்: Brief Summary ( тамилски )

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டெங்கு வைரஸ் (DENV) என்பது டெங்கு காய்ச்சலுக்கு காரணமாகும். இது Flaviviridae குடும்பத்தின் ஒரு கொசு-ஒற்றை ஒற்றை நேர்மறை- stranded ஆர்.என்.ஏ வைரஸ்; பிளெவிவிஸ் மரபணு. வைரஸின் ஐந்து சீரியல்களைக் கண்டுபிடித்துள்ளனர், இவை அனைத்தும் நோய் முழுமையான ஸ்பெக்ட்ரம் ஏற்படலாம். ஆயினும், விஞ்ஞானிகள் டெங்கு வைரஸ் பற்றிய புரிதலைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பது எளிதானது, மாறாக தனித்துவமான ஆன்டிஜெனிக் குழுக்களைக் காட்டிலும் ஒரு தொடர்ச்சியானதாக தோன்றுகிறது. இதே ஆய்வில் டெங்கு வைரஸ் 47 வகைகளை கண்டறியப்பட்டுள்ளது. கூடுதலாக, zika வைரஸ் மற்றும் சிகுங்குனியாவுக்கு விரைவான சோதனைகள் இல்லாத மற்றும் உண்மையான உலக நோய்த்தாக்கங்களில் சிக்கல்களைச் சந்திக்கின்றன. மூன்று மரபணு புரதங்கள் (காப்சைட் புரதம் சி, சவ்வு புரதம் எம், உறை புரதம் ஈ) மற்றும் ஏழு சார்பற்ற புரதங்கள் (NS1, NS2a, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4b, NS5). இது 5 'மற்றும் 3' முடிவடையும் இரண்டு குறுகிய அல்லாத குறியீட்டு பகுதிகளையும் உள்ளடக்குகிறது. வியாதி டெங்கு வைரஸ் டெங்கு காய்ச்சலை ஏற்படுத்துகிறது. டெங்கு காய்ச்சலுக்கு பொதுவான பெயர்கள் டெங்கு காய்ச்சல் காய்ச்சல் (DHF) நோய், பிரேக் பான் ஃபீவர், டேன்டி ஃபீவர், ஓன்யாங்-நியூ யோவ் ஃபீவர், டெங்கு அதிர்ச்சி நோய்க்குறி (DSS) மற்றும் டெங்கு போன்ற நோய்கள். உலகளவில் வெப்பமண்டல மற்றும் துணை வெப்பமண்டல தட்பவெப்ப நிலைகளில் டெங்கு நோய் காணப்படுகிறது, பெரும்பாலும் நகர்ப்புற மற்றும் அரை நகர்ப்புற பகுதிகளில். டெங்கு காய்ச்சலைப் பெறும் கொசுக்கள் தொற்றிக் கொள்ளும் அனைத்து வயதினரும் மக்கள். நோய் தாக்கப்பட்ட கொசுக்களின் எண்ணிக்கையிலான மழைக்காலங்களில் இந்த நோய் ஏற்படுகிறது. டெங்கு வைரஸ் பரவுகிறது. வைரஸ் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட பெண் கொசுக்களின் கடித்தால் மனிதர்களுக்கு பரவுகிறது. அடைகாக்கும் காலம் 3 முதல் 14 நாட்கள் ஆகும். நோய் காலத்திற்கு 3-7 நாட்கள் ஆகும். டெங்கு காய்ச்சல் கொண்ட ஒரு நபர் தொற்று அல்ல. அறிகுறிகள் மற்றும் அறிகுறிகள் கடுமையான தலைவலி இருக்கலாம்; ரெட்ரோபோபிடல் வலி; தசை, கூட்டு மற்றும் எலும்பு வலி; Macular அல்லது maculopapular சொறி; Petechiae, ecchymosis, purpura, epistaxis, இரத்தப்போக்கு ஈறுகளில், hematuria, அல்லது ஒரு நேர்மறை சுற்றுச்சூழல் சோதனை விளைவாக உட்பட சிறு இரத்த நாளங்கள்.

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Dengue virus ( англиски )

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Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne, single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus.[1][2] Four serotypes of the virus have been found, and a reported fifth has yet to be confirmed,[3][4][5] all of which can cause the full spectrum of disease.[1] Nevertheless, scientists' understanding of dengue virus may be simplistic as, rather than distinct antigenic groups, a continuum appears to exist.[6] This same study identified 47 strains of dengue virus.[7] Additionally, coinfection with and lack of rapid tests for Zika virus and chikungunya complicate matters in real-world infections.[8]

Dengue virus has increased dramatically within the last 20 years, becoming one of the worst mosquito-borne human pathogens which tropical countries have to deal with. Current estimates indicate that as many as 390 million infections occur each year, and many dengue infections are increasingly understood to be asymptomatic or subclinical.[9]

Evolution

Based on the analysis of the envelope protein, at least three genotypes (1 to 3) are known. In 2013, a fourth serotype was reported.[3] A single report of a fifth serotype DEN-5 in 2015[10] has not been replicated or further reported on.[5] The rate of nucleotide substitution for this virus has been estimated to be 6.5×10−4 per nucleotide per year, a rate similar to other RNA viruses. The American African genotype has been estimated to have evolved between 1907 and 1949. This period includes World War I and World War II, which were associated with considerable movement of populations and environmental disturbance, factors known to promote the evolution of new vector-borne viral species.

A Bayesian analysis of all four serotypes estimated that their most recent common ancestor existed about 340 AD (95% confidence interval: 280 BC–850 AD).[11]

Lifecycle

Until a few hundred years ago, dengue virus was transmitted in sylvatic cycles in Africa, Southeast Asia and South Asia between mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and nonhuman primates, with rare emergences into human populations.[12][13] The global spread of dengue virus, however, has followed its emergence from sylvatic cycles and the primary lifecycle now exclusively involves transmission between humans and Aedes mosquitoes.[14] Vertical transmission from mosquito to mosquito has also been observed in some vector species.[15] Dogs have been found to be infected by the virus, but more research is needed to determine if dogs or other animals can serve as reservoirs or are just incidental hosts.[16]

Recent findings suggest that as the virus infects human cells, host homeostatic processes such as autophagy and ER stress response, not to mention apoptosis, are triggered depending on the infected cell type.[17] The activation of autophagy and ER stress during infection enhances virus reproduction.[18][19] Attempts to provide detailed summaries of the life cycle of dengue at the cellular level are published in review articles from different research groups.[20][21]

Genome

The DENV genome is about 11000 bases of positive-sense, single stranded RNA (ssRNA) that codes for three structural proteins (capsid protein C, membrane protein M, envelope protein E) and seven nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5).[4] It also includes short noncoding regions on both the 5' and 3' ends.[1][22]

Structural and enzymatic proteins

a 3d medical animation still shot of a dengue virus with cross-section showing structural components
Cross section of a dengue virus showing structural components

E protein

The DENV E (envelope) protein, found as a dimer on the surface of the mature viral particle, is important in the initial attachment of this particle to the host cell. Each E protein monomer comprises three ectodomains, ED1 to ED3, and a transmembrane segment. ED2 includes the dimerization interface, two glycosylation sites, and the peptide of fusion with the cellular membrane. ED3 is a continuous polypeptide segment; its fold is compact and immunoglobulin-like.[23][24] Dengue virus is transmitted by species of the mosquito genus Aedes. Several molecules that interact with the viral E protein (ICAM3-grabbing nonintegrin,[25] CD209,[26] Rab 5,[27] GRP 78,[28] and the mannose receptor[29]) have been shown to be important factors mediating attachment and viral entry.[24] The membrane form of ribosomal protein SA may also be involved in the attachment.[30] E protein is known to contain physicochemically conserved B cells and T cells specific epitopes, which can be exploited to design vaccine.[31] Recombinant domains of the E protein are used as well-defined antigens in the serological detection of antibodies directed against dengue virus and as immunogens in vaccine candidates.[32][33][34]

prM/M protein

The DENV prM (membrane) protein, which is important in the formation and maturation of the viral particle, consists of seven antiparallel β-strands stabilized by three disulfide bonds.[24]

The glycoprotein shell of the mature DENV virion consists of 180 copies each of the E and M proteins. The immature virion starts out with the E and prM proteins forming 90 heterodimers that give a spiky exterior to the viral particle. This immature viral particle buds into the endoplasmic reticulum and eventually travels via the secretory pathway to the Golgi apparatus. As the virion passes through the trans-Golgi network, it is exposed to low pH. This acidic environment causes a conformational change in the E protein, which disassociates it from the prM protein and causes it to form E homodimers, which lie flat against the viral surface, giving the maturing virion a smooth appearance. During this maturation, pr peptide is cleaved from the M peptide by the host protease, furin. The M protein then acts as a transmembrane protein under the E-protein shell of the mature virion. The pr peptide stays associated with the E protein until the viral particle is released into the extracellular environment. This pr peptide acts like a cap, covering the hydrophobic fusion loop of the E protein until the viral particle has exited the cell.[24]

NS3 protein

The DENV NS3 is a serine protease, as well as an RNA helicase and RTPase/NTPase. The protease domain consists of six β-strands arranged into two β-barrels formed by residues 1–180 of the protein. The catalytic triad (His-51, Asp-75 and Ser-135) is found between these two β-barrels, and activity is dependent on the presence of a 43 amino acid segment of the NS2B cofactor. This cofactor wraps around the NS3 protease domain and becomes part of the active site. The remaining NS2B residues before and after the cofactor region contain helical domains involved in membrane binding. The remaining NS3 residues (180–618) form the three subdomains of the DENV helicase. A six-stranded parallel β-sheet surrounded by four α-helices makes up subdomains I and II, and subdomain III is composed of four α-helices surrounded by three shorter α-helices and two antiparallel β-strands.[24]

NS4A protein

DENV NS4A is a nonstructural protein involved in altering cell membrane curvature[35] and induction of autophagy.[19] In addition to its membrane altering property, NS4A is a scaffold for the virus replication complex and undergoes oligomerization.[36] Mutations of NS4A that affect interaction with NS4B abolished or severely reduced virus replication indicating the importance of NS4A and its interaction with NS4B in dengue reproduction.[37]

NS5 protein

The DENV NS5 protein is a 900-residue peptide with a methyltransferase domain at its N-terminal end (residues 1–296) and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) at its C-terminal end (residues 320–900). The methyltransferase domain consists of an α/β/β sandwich flanked by N-and C-terminal subdomains. The DENV RdRp is similar to other RdRps containing palm, finger, and thumb subdomains and a GDD motif for incorporating nucleotides.[24]

Complexes between the E protein and neutralizing antibodies

Crystal structures of complexes between antibodies and either the ectodomain (sE) of the viral E protein or its domain 3 (ED3) have helped understand the molecular bases of the virus recognition and neutralization. Some of the epitopes are partially or totally inaccessible in the known structure of the mature virion. The corresponding antibodies are, therefore, assumed to bind to alternate or transitional conformations of the virus at 37 °C.

  • The murine antibody E111 neutralizes DENV1. Its Fab and scFv fragments were crystallized in complex with the ED3 domain of DENV1. Its epitope is located around β-strands C and C' of ED3, and the intervening loop.[38]
  • The murine antibody 1A1D-2 strongly neutralizes DENV1, DENV2, and DENV3. Its Fab fragment was crystallized in complex with the ED3 domain of DENV2. Its epitope straddles β-strands A and G of ED3.[39]
  • The murine antibody 2H12 cross-reacts with all four DENV serotypes. It neutralizes the corresponding viruses, except DENV2. Its Fab fragment was crystallized in complex with the ED3 domains of DENV1, DENV3 and DENV4. Its epitope is located around the conserved AB loop of ED3.[40]
  • The murine antibody 4E11 neutralizes all four DENV serotypes with varying efficacies. Its scFv fragment was crystallized in complex with the ED3 domains of the four DENV serotypes. Its epitope straddles β-strands A and G of ED3 as does the epitope of 1A1D-2.[41][42] The structures at 2.0 Å resolution have enabled one to analyze the roles of water molecules within the protein interfaces and the roles of somatic hypermutations outside of these interfaces in the interactions and cross-recognitions.[43]
  • The chimpanzee antibody 5H2 potently neutralizes DENV4. Its Fab fragment was crystallized in complex with the sE protein of DENV4. Its epitope is included in domain 1 (ED1) of the E protein.[44]
  • The human antibodies Ede1-C10, Ede2-A11, and Ede2-B7 potently neutralize all four DENV serotypes. Their Fab or scFv fragments were crystallized in complex with the sE protein of DENV2. The recognition determinants of these antibodies are at a serotype-invariant site in the E dimer interface and include the exposed side chains of the E fusion loop and the two conserved glycan side-chains.[45]

Disease

Common names for dengue fever include breakbone fever, vomiting and dandy fever; dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome are the severe forms.[46] Dengue is found in tropical and subtropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semiurban areas.[47] People of all ages who are exposed to infected mosquitoes are at risk for developing dengue fever. The disease occurs most often during the rainy season in tropical countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia and South America, with high numbers of infected mosquitoes.[48] The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, though humans are not capable of transmitting the disease and are not contagious.[47][49][48] The incubation period is 3 to 14 days, while the period of the illness is 3–7 days.[49][50] Signs and symptoms may include severe headache; retro-orbital pain; muscle, joint, and bone pain; macular or maculopapular rash; and minor hemorrhagic manifestations, including petechiae, ecchymosis, purpura, epistaxis, bleeding gums, hematuria, or a positive tourniquet test result.[51] A recent systematic review and meta-analysis showed that allergic symptoms are one of the core symptoms that are highly associated with dengue severity.[52]

Mechanism of infection

  1. Dengue virus' (DENV) E envelope protein binds to a cellular receptor. The exact nature of the cellular receptor has not been fully elucidated.
  2. DENV undergoes endocytosis. Acidification of the endosome leads to a conformational change of E, exposing a fusion peptide sequence that facilitates fusion of the envelope with the endosomal membrane, releasing the virion capsid into the cytoplasm.
  3. Uncoating occurs in the cytoplasm
  4. Host translational machinery (ribosomes) translates the (+)ssRNA into a single polypeptide
  5. Cellular and viral proteinases cleave the polypeptide into 10 proteins (E, M, C and 7 nonstructural/enzymatic proteins) while embedded on the ER membrane.
  6. As soon as functional RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is synthesized, RNA replication can commence. Synthesis is asymmetrical, making 10 times more of the positive-sense strand than the negative.
  7. Assembly occurs on intracellular membranes, which bud into the ER (forming the envelope from the ER membrane). Subsequent budding from the ER through the Golgi and into vesicles allows maturation via posttranslational modifications, e.g. glycosylation and pH transformational rearrangements
  8. Egress occurs via exocytosis[53]

Severe disease

Some people develop more severe forms of dengue, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever. Different strains of viruses interacting with people with different immune backgrounds lead to a complex interaction. Among the possible causes are cross-serotypic immune response, through a mechanism known as antibody-dependent enhancement, which happens when a person who has been previously infected with dengue gets infected for the second, third, or fourth time. The previous antibodies to the old strain of dengue virus now interfere with the immune response to the current strain, leading paradoxically to more virus entry and uptake.[54]

Immune system interaction

In recent years, many studies have shown that flaviviruses, especially dengue virus, has the ability to inhibit the innate immune response during the infection.[55][56] Indeed, dengue virus has many nonstructural proteins that allow the inhibition of various mediators of the innate immune system response. These proteins act on two levels :

Inhibition of interferon signaling by blocking signal transducer

NS4B is a small, hydrophobic protein located in association with the endoplasmic reticulum. It may block the phosphorylation of STAT 1 after induction by interferons type I alpha & beta. In fact, as the activity of Tyk2 kinase decreases in association with dengue virus, so too does STAT 1 phosphorylation.[57] Furthermore, the innate immune system's response to the virus is further damped as expression of interferon-stimulating gene(s) (ISG) is restricted by the aforementioned 'NS4B' protein. NS2A and NS4A cofactor may also take part in the STAT 1 inhibition.[58]

NS5 - the presence of this 105-kDa protein results in inactivation of STAT2 (via the signal transduction of the response to interferon) when it is expressed alone.[59] When NS5 is cleaved with NS4B by a protease (NS2B3), it can degrade STAT2. In fact, after the cleavage of NS5 by the protease, an E3 ligase association with STAT2 occurs, and the E3 ligase targets STAT2 for the degradation.[60][61]

Inhibition of the type I interferon response

NS2B3-b protease complex is a proteolytic core consisting of the last 40 amino acids of NS2B and the first 180 amino acids of NS3. Cleavage of the NS2B3 precursor activates the protease complex.[62]

This protease complex allows the inhibition of the production of type I interferon by reducing the activity of IFN-beta promoter; NS2B3 protease complex is involved in inhibiting the phosphorylation of IRF3.[63] The NS2B3 protease complex inhibits (by cleaving) protein MITA which allows the IRF3 activation.[64]

Mosquito D7 saliva protein

Dengue virus is transmitted by the mosquito species Aedes aegypti, which produces saliva that contains over 100 unique proteins, including the protein family D7.[65] Scientists used to believe that A. aegypti saliva, when being transmitted, actually enhanced dengue virus in the body. The mosquito's saliva was thought to make the virus spread faster due to the weakened immune response of its host. However, a current study has found that the protein D7 hinders the virus transmission into the host cells.[65]

The immune responses of antibodies that are trying to fight off the foreign virus actually increase transmission and make the infection worse. Levels of protein D7 are more prevalent in salivary glands of dengue-infected mosquitoes compared to those uninfected ones.[65] D7 is found in mosquito saliva and was thought to assist the process of blood feeding. Despite the prior assumptions, D7 can modulate the host cell and act against the virus to prevent viral infection.[65] Unfortunately, D7 proteins provoke immune responses, which raise anti-D7 antibody levels. These antibodies inhibit the function of D7 proteins, which enhance transmission of dengue virus. Although immune responses against D7 proteins might impair their antiviral activity, a study showed that non-DENV subjects have slightly higher anti-D7 IgG levels than infected ones, although it was not statistically significant.[66] Thus, more studies over D7 protein family are needed do elucidate its role on DENV infection and its applicability in medicine.

Vaccine research

Only one vaccine for dengue is currently approved in 11 countries (Mexico, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brazil, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Guatemala, Peru, Thailand, and Singapore).[67][68][69] Several vaccines are under development by private and public researchers.[70] Developing a vaccine against the disease is challenging. With four different serotypes of the virus that can cause the disease, the vaccine must immunize against all four types to be effective.[3] Vaccination against only one serotype could possibly lead to severe dengue hemorrhagic shock when infected with another serotype due to antibody-dependent enhancement. When infected with dengue virus, the immune system produces cross-reactive antibodies that provide immunity to that particular serotype. However, these antibodies are incapable of neutralizing other serotypes upon reinfection and actually increase viral replication. When macrophages consume the 'neutralized' virus, the virus is able to replicate within the macrophage, causing disease. These cross-reactive, ineffective antibodies ease access of virus into macrophages, which induces more severe disease (dengue hemorrhagic fever, dengue shock syndrome). A common problem faced in dengue-endemic regions is when mothers become infected with dengue; after giving birth, offspring carry the immunity from their mother and are susceptible to hemorrhagic fever if infected with any of the other three serotypes.[71] One vaccine was in phase III trials in 2012 and planning for vaccine usage and effectiveness surveillance had started.[72]

In 2009, Sanofi-Pasteur started building a new facility in Neuville-sur-Saône' (fr), a suburb of Lyon (France). This unit produces four-serotype vaccine for phase III trials. In September 2014, the Sanofi-Pasteur CEO gave early results of the phase III trial efficacy study in Latin America. The efficacy per serotype (ST) varied widely, 42.3% for ST2, 50.3% for ST1, 74.0% for ST3, and 77.7% for ST4. The full analysis of data from the phase III Latin American-Caribbean study will be reviewed by external experts before being published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Primary results has to be presented at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Annual Meeting, held November 2–6, 2014, in New Orleans.[73]

In September 2012, one of the vaccines was reported to not have done well in clinical trials.[3]

In late 2015 and early 2016, the first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) by Sanofi-Pasteur, was registered in several countries for use in individuals 9–45 years of age living in endemic areas.

On May 1, 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced the approval of Dengvaxia, the first vaccine for the prevention of dengue disease caused by all dengue virus serotypes in people ages 9 through 16 who have laboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection and who live in endemic areas. Dengue is endemic in the U.S. territories of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[74]

Drug research

There are no approved direct antiviral treatments for Dengue fever. Most antiviral drug research for Dengue infections has focussed on inhibition of the NS2B/NS3 protease or NS5 proteins. Reported protease inhibitor approaches have focussed mainly on targeted covalent inhibitors.[75][76] One drug, Balapiravir, a repurposed hepatitis C NS5 polymerase inhibitor progressed to a Phase II clinical trial before being stopped due to lack of efficacy.[77][78]

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Dengue virus: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne, single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. Four serotypes of the virus have been found, and a reported fifth has yet to be confirmed, all of which can cause the full spectrum of disease. Nevertheless, scientists' understanding of dengue virus may be simplistic as, rather than distinct antigenic groups, a continuum appears to exist. This same study identified 47 strains of dengue virus. Additionally, coinfection with and lack of rapid tests for Zika virus and chikungunya complicate matters in real-world infections.

Dengue virus has increased dramatically within the last 20 years, becoming one of the worst mosquito-borne human pathogens which tropical countries have to deal with. Current estimates indicate that as many as 390 million infections occur each year, and many dengue infections are increasingly understood to be asymptomatic or subclinical.

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Virus dengue ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El virus del dengue (DENV, acrónimo oficial) es un arbovirus del género Flavivirus de la familia Flaviviridae. Posee cuatro serotipos inmunológicos: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, y DENV-4 causantes del dengue.[1]​ Existe documentación de un posible quinto serotipo, DEN-5, el cual no ha sido aceptado ni comprobado dentro de la comunidad científica como un causante del dengue.[2]​ Este virus es uno de los más mórbidos del mundo, con más de 100 millones de casos cada año, de su enfermedad en la forma benigna. Esta alta incidencia de casos ha favorecido la investigación para comprender el ciclo de vida del virus, y los medios de replicación de este virus son muy importantes para crear una vacuna.

Naturaleza

El virus del dengue es la causa de dos enfermedades que difieren en su severidad. Existe un serotipo que apareció hace unos 200 años y que provoca una fiebre leve (DEN-1). También existe un serotipo más grave de la enfermedad que causa la fiebre hemorrágica y fue identificado después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El virus del dengue se encuentra en Asia, África, Centro América y América del Sur y es transmitido por mosquitos de la familia Aedes. Este mosquito está muy extendido en los bosques y zonas húmedas, ya que estas áreas son favorables para la reproducción. El virus del dengue es responsable de más de 100 millones de casos de fiebre leve, y más de 500,000 casos de fiebre hemorrágica al año. De esta cifra, alrededor de 25.000 personas mueren.

Tipos de virus

El virus del dengue pertenece a la familia de los Flavivirus, y se puede dividir en cinco diferentes serotipos DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, DEN-4 y DEN-5. El quinto serotipo DEN-5 se ha aislado en octubre de 2013, este serotipo sigue un ciclo selvático, a diferencia de los otros cuatro serotipos que siguen el ciclo humano.[2]​ Estos cuatro primeros serotipos tienen diferencias en la composición de su genoma y sus antígenos en la superficie. Una persona infectada por uno de estos virus es inmune de por vida contra él, pero no está protegida contra los otros tres serotipos. La investigación reciente ha demostrado que cada serotipo se puede dividir en genotipos dependiendo de dónde se encuentra el virus en el mundo y cada genotipo podría subdividirse en intra-genotipos de acuerdo con las diferencias en la composición del genoma.

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Organización Mundial de la Salud (2 de marzo de 2020). «Dengue y dengue grave».
  2. a b Mustafa, M.S.; Rasotgi, V.; Jain, S.; Gupta, V. (2015-1). «Discovery of fifth serotype of dengue virus (DENV-5): A new public health dilemma in dengue control». Medical Journal, Armed Forces India 71 (1): 67-70. ISSN 0377-1237. PMC 4297835. PMID 25609867. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.09.011. Consultado el 15 de febrero de 2018.

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Virus dengue: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El virus del dengue (DENV, acrónimo oficial) es un arbovirus del género Flavivirus de la familia Flaviviridae. Posee cuatro serotipos inmunológicos: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, y DENV-4 causantes del dengue.​ Existe documentación de un posible quinto serotipo, DEN-5, el cual no ha sido aceptado ni comprobado dentro de la comunidad científica como un causante del dengue.​ Este virus es uno de los más mórbidos del mundo, con más de 100 millones de casos cada año, de su enfermedad en la forma benigna. Esta alta incidencia de casos ha favorecido la investigación para comprender el ciclo de vida del virus, y los medios de replicación de este virus son muy importantes para crear una vacuna.

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Virus de la dengue ( француски )

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Le virus de la dengue (DENV) est un virus à ARN monocaténaire de polarité positive (groupe IV de la classification Baltimore) appartenant au genre Flavivirus[2]. Chez l'homme, il provoque une maladie tropicale, la dengue, généralement bénigne avec des symptômes évoquant un syndrome grippal avec douleurs articulaires, mais pouvant se compliquer en fièvre hémorragique et choc septique, forme dite dengue sévère susceptible d'entraîner la mort[3].

On connaît cinq sérotypes différents du virus de la dengue[4],[5], notés DENV-1 à DENV-5, bien que la plupart des sources s'en tiennent couramment aux quatre premiers[3]. Il s'agirait en réalité davantage d'un continuum de types de virus que d'une juxtaposition discrète de sérotypes distincts[6]. Outre la variété de symptômes, peu spécifiques, produits par cette diversité de virus, le diagnostic de la dengue est rendu difficile par l'existence de coinfections et l'absence de tests rapides permettant d'identifier le virus Zika et le virus du chikungunya[7].

Inoculé aux humains par des piqûres de moustiques, essentiellement Aedes aegypti et, dans une moindre mesure, Aedes albopictus, le virus de la dengue a connu une progression significative depuis le début du XXIe siècle, pour devenir au tournant des années 2010 l'une des arboviroses à vecteur moustique les plus répandues sur la planète, avec 390 millions de cas de dengue par an, dont 96 millions présentent des symptômes bénins ou sévères[8], tandis que 3,9 milliards de personnes dans 128 pays seraient exposées au virus[9].

Généralités

Le virus de la dengue est la cause de deux maladies qui diffèrent par leur gravité. Il y a la forme bénigne qui est apparue il y a environ 200 ans et qui cause une fièvre bénigne. Il y a également une forme plus grave de la maladie qui cause une fièvre hémorragique et qui a été identifiée après la deuxième Guerre mondiale. Le virus de la dengue est retrouvé en Asie et en Amérique du Sud et est transmis par des moustiques de la famille des Aedes. Ce moustique est répandu en forêt et dans les endroits humides, car ces endroits sont favorables à sa reproduction. Le virus de la dengue est responsable de 100 millions de cas de fièvre et de 500 000 fièvres hémorragiques chaque année. De ce nombre, environ 25 000 personnes en meurent.

Types de virus

Le virus de la dengue fait partie du genre Flavivirus (de la famille des "Flaviviridae") et peut être divisé en cinq sérotypes différents DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4 et DENV-5[10]. Ces cinq sérotypes ont des différences au niveau de la composition de leur génome et de leurs antigènes de surface. Une personne infectée par un de ces virus est immunisée à vie contre celui-ci mais n’est pas protégée contre les quatre autres sérotypes. Des recherches récentes ont démontré que chaque sérotype peut être divisé en génotypes selon l’endroit où le virus est retrouvé dans le monde et que chaque génotype pourrait être subdivisé en intra-génotype selon des différences dans la composition du génome.

Génome du virus

Le génome du virus de la dengue se présente sous la forme d’un ARN simple brin de sens positif, long d’environ 11 kilobases. Il est composé d’un seul cadre de lecture ouvert et contient une région non traduite à chaque extrémité[2] : la 5'-UTR d’environ 100 nucléotides et la 3'-UTR d’environ 400 nucléotides. L’ARN code une polyprotéine unique, qui est clivée pendant et après sa traduction en sept protéines non structurales (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B et NS5) et en trois protéines structurales (C, prM et E)[5]. La protéine C est présente dans la capside, la protéine prM est un précurseur de la protéine M qui est retrouvée dans la membrane et la protéine E est la composante principale de l’enveloppe virale. Comme les autres virus à ARN, le génome du virus de la dengue est en constante variation à cause de l'ARN polymérase ARN-dépendante qui n’a pas de mécanisme de vérification des erreurs lors de la réplication de l’ARN. Les nombreuses variations génétiques sont aussi causées par la réplication rapide du virus et la grande quantité de virus retrouvée dans le monde.

Le cycle viral

L'entrée du virus

Le virus de la dengue est un virus enveloppé. Il pénètre donc dans les cellules cibles par fusion. Selon le laboratoire de l'institut Leloir (de Buenos Aires en Argentine), l'ARN du virus de la dengue adopterait une forme circulaire dès sa pénétration dans la cellule infectée[11].

Le processus de fusion est contrôlé par la protéine E qui est la protéine principale de l’enveloppe. Elle a un rôle important dans les propriétés phénotypiques et immunogéniques du virus. La protéine E a plusieurs fonctions, dont celle de reconnaître les cellules cibles qui contiennent de la clathrine à leur surface. La protéine E contient un peptide de fusion qui est hydrophobe et qui vient s’insérer dans la bicouche lipidique de la cellule cible. Une suite de réarrangements de la protéine E s’ensuivent, dont sa transformation de dimère à trimère.

Ces changements permettent la fusion de l’enveloppe virale avec la bicouche cellulaire. À la suite de sa fusion, le virus se trouve dans un endosome à l'intérieur de la cellule hôte. Lorsque le pH de l'endosome diminue, le virus peut sortir de celui-ci et commencer sa réplication dans le cytoplasme.

Phase intracellulaire

Après son entrée dans la cellule cible, l’ARN viral est traduit en une polyprotéine par les ribosomes de la cellule hôte. La polyprotéine est clivée en ses composants mentionnés plus haut, pendant et après sa traduction au niveau du réticulum endoplasmique rugueux par une signalase cellulaire et une protéase virale. La protéine structurale C a un rôle important dans la translocation des protéines virales vers le réticulum endoplasmique rugueux. En effet, la protéine de la capside (C) est reliée au précurseur de la protéine M (prM) par un lien hydrophobe qui sert de signal aux protéines virales afin de les diriger vers la membrane du réticulum endoplasmique pour y être internalisé dans sa lumière. Après l’entrée de C-prM dans la lumière du réticulum endoplasmique, le lien hydrophobe est clivé par la protéase virale NS3/2B qui est retrouvée dans le cytoplasme du réticulum endoplasmique. La protéine C, qui est composée de quatre hélices α, arrive à maturité à la suite de ce clivage. Trois des hélices α se placent autour du cœur viral et la quatrième, grâce à des résidus basiques, interagit avec l’ARN viral. À la suite de cet assemblage capside-ARN, il se produit une association entre prM et E pour former un hétérodimère. Par la suite, la capside (C), l’ARN, l’enveloppe (E) et le précurseur de la protéine membranaire (prM) s’assemblent en un complexe pour former les virions.

Sortie du virus

Lors de la sortie du virion, le précurseur prM est clivé par une furine protéase au niveau du trans-Golgi. Le précurseur prM forme donc la protéine M, qui s’insère dans l’enveloppe. Le fragment pr, lui, reste en solution et il est excrété lors de la sortie du virus de la cellule hôte. Après ce clivage, on dit du virion qu’il est à maturité. Le virion se dirige près de la bicouche lipidique de la cellule hôte et sort par bourgeonnement afin d’utiliser cette bicouche comme enveloppe. Le cycle se répète ensuite.

Facteurs de risque

Le virus de la dengue peut provoquer des symptômes plus sérieux lors d'une deuxième infection. Les anticorps développés lors d'une primo-infection peuvent faciliter l'infection par un autre sérotype du virus de la dengue par la suite. Ce phénomène augmente le nombre de cellules infectées, ainsi que la charge virale. Notamment, le virus infecte alors les cellules porteuse d'un récepteur Fc. Cette charge virale augmentée induit une sécrétion de cytokines plus importante, puis une perméabilité vasculaire accrue. C'est dans ce contexte que survient la dengue hémorragique[12].

Vaccin

Le virus de la dengue est le plus meurtrier de tous les virus transmis par des moustiques à travers le monde. Des recherches sont en cours pour essayer de trouver une stratégie qui pourrait éliminer le virus. Par exemple, une recherche récente a permis de démontrer qu’en inhibant la formation des vésicules lipidiques, que le virus de la dengue utilise pour sortir de l’appareil de Golgi, on diminue fortement la réplication de DENV. D’autres recherches tentent de modifier la protéine d’enveloppe E afin d’empêcher l’entrée du virus dans la cellule hôte.

La compagnie Sanofi obtient en 2015 l'approbation des autorités sanitaires mexicaines afin de mettre en marché un vaccin, Dengvaxia, visant les quatre sérotypes du virus[13]. Le vaccin est ensuite mis sur le marché dans d'autres pays, notamment aux Philippines.

En 2018, le vaccin produit par Sanofi est arrêté aux Philippines à la suite de la mort de plusieurs enfants[14]. Le vaccin ciblant les quatre sérotypes, et ayant un taux d'immunisation partiel pour chacun d'eux, combiné au phénomène de facilitation de l'infection par les anticorps, sont suspectés d'avoir joué un rôle dans les complications observées chez ces enfants[15].

Bien que le vaccin ait été recommandé aux enfants âgés de plus de 9 ans seulement, certains chercheurs mettent en doute le sérieux des études préliminaires en phase clinique, et attribuent les complications du vaccin à une négligence de la part des concepteurs[16].

Les chercheurs veulent cibler d'autres régions du virus, avec lesquelles la facilitation de l'infection n'est pas possible. Le but étant l'obtention d'un vaccin plus sûr, optimisant la quantité d'anticorps neutralisants obtenues après administration, et diminuant le risque que l'hôte produise des anticorps facilitant[17].

Notes et références

  1. (en) « Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release », ICTV, juillet 2018 (consulté le 9 juillet 2019).
  2. a et b (en) Izabela A. Rodenhuis-Zybert, Jan Wilschut et Jolanda M. Smit, « Dengue virus life cycle: viral and host factors modulating infectivity », Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 67, no 16,‎ août 2010, p. 2773-2786 (PMID , DOI , lire en ligne)
  3. a et b « Dengue et dengue sévère », OMS, 15 avril 2019 (consulté le 4 août 2019).
  4. (en) Dennis Normile, « Surprising New Dengue Virus Throws a Spanner in Disease Control Efforts », Science, vol. 342, no 6157,‎ 25 octobre 2013, p. 415 (PMID , DOI , Bibcode , lire en ligne)
  5. a et b (en) Vivek Dhar Dwivedi, Indra Prasad Tripathi, Ramesh Chandra Tripathi, Shiv Bharadwaj et Sarad Kumar Mishra, « Genomics, proteomics and evolution of dengue virus », Briefings in Functional Genomics, vol. 16, no 4,‎ juillet 2017, p. 217-227 (PMID , DOI , lire en ligne)
  6. (en) Leah C. Katzelnick, Judith M. Fonville, Gregory D. Gromowski, Jose Bustos Arriaga, Angela Green, Sarah L. James, Louis Lau, Magelda Montoya, Chunling Wang, Laura A. VanBlargan, Colin A. Russell, Hlaing Myat Thu, Theodore C. Pierson, Philippe Buchy, John G. Aaskov, Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán, Nikos Vasilakis, Robert V. Gibbons, Robert B. Tesh, Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus, Ron A.M. Fouchier, Anna Durbin, Cameron P. Simmons, Edward C. Holmes, Eva Harris, Stephen S. Whitehead et Derek J. Smith, « Dengue viruses cluster antigenically but not as discrete serotypes », Science, vol. 349, no 6254,‎ 18 septembre 2015, p. 1338-1343 (PMID , PMCID , DOI , Bibcode , lire en ligne)
  7. (en) Chantal B. F. Vogels, Claudia Rückert, Sean M. Cavany, T. Alex Perkins, Gregory D. Ebel et Nathan D. Grubaugh, « Arbovirus coinfection and co-transmission: A neglected public health concern? », PLoS Biology, vol. 17, no 1,‎ janvier 2019, article no e3000130 (PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne)
  8. (en) Samir Bhatt, Peter W. Gething, Oliver J. Brady, Jane P. Messina, Andrew W. Farlow, Catherine L. Moyes, John M. Drake, John S. Brownstein, Anne G. Hoen, Osman Sankoh, Monica F. Myers, Dylan B. George, Thomas Jaenisch, G. R. William Wint, Cameron P. Simmons, Thomas W. Scott, Jeremy J. Farrar et Simon I. Hay, « The global distribution and burden of dengue », Nature, vol. 496, no 7446,‎ 25 avril 2013, p. 504-507 (PMID , PMCID , DOI , Bibcode )
  9. (en) Oliver J. Brady, Peter W. Gething, Samir Bhatt, Jane P. Messina, John S. Brownstein, Anne G. Hoen, Catherine L. Moyes, Andrew W. Farlow, Thomas W. Scott et Simon I. Hay, « Refining the Global Spatial Limits of Dengue Virus Transmission by Evidence-Based Consensus », PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 6, no 8,‎ août 2012, e1760 (PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne)
  10. (en) « First New Dengue Virus Type in 50 Years » Science/AAAS News
  11. Diego E. Alvarez, María F. Lodeiro, Silvio J. Ludueña et Lía I. Pietrasanta, « Long-range RNA-RNA interactions circularize the dengue virus genome », Journal of Virology, vol. 79, no 11,‎ juin 2005, p. 6631–6643 (ISSN , PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 23 avril 2018)
  12. Maria G. Guzman, Mayling Alvarez et Scott B. Halstead, « Secondary infection as a risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome: an historical perspective and role of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection », Archives of Virology, vol. 158, no 7,‎ juillet 2013, p. 1445–1459 (ISSN , PMID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 26 mars 2018)
  13. (en) « Sanofi's Dengvaxia gains approval in Mexico as world's first dengue vaccine », sur firstwordpharma.com, 9 décembre 2015 (consulté le 10 décembre 2015)
  14. « Vaccination contre la dengue : le fiasco de Sanofi », sur Le Monde.fr (consulté le 26 mars 2018)
  15. Scott B. Halstead, « Dengvaxia sensitizes seronegatives to vaccine enhanced disease regardless of age », Vaccine, vol. 35, no 47,‎ 7 novembre 2017, p. 6355–6358 (ISSN , PMID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 26 mars 2018)
  16. Antonio L. Dans, Leonila F. Dans, Mary Ann D. Lansang et Maria Asuncion A. Silvestre, « Controversy and debate on dengue vaccine series-paper 1: review of a licensed dengue vaccine: inappropriate subgroup analyses and selective reporting may cause harm in mass vaccination programs », Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 95,‎ mars 2018, p. 137–139 (ISSN , PMID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 26 mars 2018)
  17. Wen-Yang Tsai, Hong-En Lin et Wei-Kung Wang, « Complexity of Human Antibody Response to Dengue Virus: Implication for Vaccine Development », Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 8,‎ 2017, p. 1372 (ISSN , PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 26 mars 2018)

Voir aussi

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Virus de la dengue: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Le virus de la dengue (DENV) est un virus à ARN monocaténaire de polarité positive (groupe IV de la classification Baltimore) appartenant au genre Flavivirus. Chez l'homme, il provoque une maladie tropicale, la dengue, généralement bénigne avec des symptômes évoquant un syndrome grippal avec douleurs articulaires, mais pouvant se compliquer en fièvre hémorragique et choc septique, forme dite dengue sévère susceptible d'entraîner la mort.

On connaît cinq sérotypes différents du virus de la dengue,, notés DENV-1 à DENV-5, bien que la plupart des sources s'en tiennent couramment aux quatre premiers. Il s'agirait en réalité davantage d'un continuum de types de virus que d'une juxtaposition discrète de sérotypes distincts. Outre la variété de symptômes, peu spécifiques, produits par cette diversité de virus, le diagnostic de la dengue est rendu difficile par l'existence de coinfections et l'absence de tests rapides permettant d'identifier le virus Zika et le virus du chikungunya.

Inoculé aux humains par des piqûres de moustiques, essentiellement Aedes aegypti et, dans une moindre mesure, Aedes albopictus, le virus de la dengue a connu une progression significative depuis le début du XXIe siècle, pour devenir au tournant des années 2010 l'une des arboviroses à vecteur moustique les plus répandues sur la planète, avec 390 millions de cas de dengue par an, dont 96 millions présentent des symptômes bénins ou sévères, tandis que 3,9 milliards de personnes dans 128 pays seraient exposées au virus.

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Virus do dengue ( галициски )

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O virus do dengue (dengue virus, DENV) é o causante da enfermidade do dengue. É un virus de ARN monocatenario de febra positiva transmitido por mosquitos, pertencente á familia Flaviviridae, xénero Flavivirus.[1][2] Atopáronse cinco serotipos deste virus,[3][4] todos os cales poden causar o espectro completo da enfermidade.[1] Non obstante, os científicos están decatándose de que a súa comprensión do virus dengue pode ser bastante simplista, xa que un novo estudo mostra que en vez de grupos antixénicos distintos parece haber un continuo.[5] Este mesmo estudo identificou 47 cepas do virus do dengue.[6] Ademais, a coinfección cos virus Zika e do chikungunya e a falta de probas de detección rápidas para eles complican máis o asunto nas infeccións no mundo real.

A enfermidade

Artigo principal: Dengue (enfermidade).

O virus do dengue causa a enfermidade do dengue. As formas graves desta enfermidade denomínanse febre hemorráxica do dengue e síndrome do shock do dengue.[7] O dengue é propio de climas tropicais e subtropicais de todo o mundo, principalmente en áreas urbanas e semiurbanas.[8] As persoas de todas as idades están expostas a picaduras de mosquitos infectados e poden contraer o dengue. A enfermidade dáse principalmente durante a estación chuviosa en áreas con gran cantidade de mosquitos infectados.[9] Só os mosquitos infectados e femias transmiten o virus do dengue.[8][10] O período de incubación é de 3 a 14 días.[10] O período de enfermidade é de 3 a 7 días.[11] As persoas que teñen o dengue non son contaxiosas.[9] Os signos e síntomas poden incluír dor de cabeza grave; dor retroorbital; dor muscular, das articulacións e óseo; erupcións maculares ou maculopapulares, e manifestacións hemorráxicas menores, como petequias, equimoses, púrpura, epistaxe, sangrado de xenxivas, hematuria ou un resultado positivo na proba do torniquete.[12]

Evolución

Baseándose na análise da proteína da envoltura distínguense polo menos catro xenotipos (do 1 ao 4). En 2013 informouse do descubrimento dun quinto serotipo.[3] A taxa de substitución de nucleótidos para este virus foi estimado nun 6,5·10−4 por nucleótido e por ano, unha taxa similar á doutros virus de ARN. O xenotipo americano africano crese que evolucionou entre 1907 e 1949. Este período inclúe a Primeira e Segunda guerras mundiais, que estiveron asociadas cun considerable movemento de poboacións e alteracións ambientais, factores que se sabe promocionan a evolución de novas especies virais transmitidas por vectores.

Ciclo vital

Ata hai uns poucos centos de anos, o virus do dengue era transmitido en ciclos selváticos en África e Asia entre mosquitos do xénero Aedes e primates non humanos con raras aparicións nas poboacións humanas.[13][14] Porén, o espallamento global do virus do dengue seguiu a súa saída do ciclo selvático e o seu ciclo vital primario agora implica exclusivamente a transmisión entre os humanos e os mosquitos Aedes.[15] A transmisión vertical de mosquito a mosquito foi observada nalgunhas especies de vectores.[16]

Descubrimentos recentes suxiren que, como o virus infecta células humanas, os procesos homeostáticos do hóspede como a autofaxia e a resposta ao estrés do RE, sen mencionar a apoptose, son desencadeados de forma dependente do tipo de célula infectada.[17] A activación da autofaxia e o estrés do RE durante a infección potencia a reprodución do virus.[18] [19]

Xenoma

O xenoma do DENV ten unhas 11 000 bases no seu ARN monocatenario de febra de sentido positivo ((+)ssRNA) que codifica as tres proteínas estruturais (proteína C da cápside, proteína de membrana M, proteína da envoltura E) e sete proteínas non estruturais (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5).[4] Tamén inclúe curtas rexións non codificante tanto no extremo 5' coma no 3'.[1][20]

Estruturas

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Sección transversal dun virus do dengue que mostra os compoñentes estruturais.

Proteína E

A proteína E (de envoltura) do DENV, que se encontra en forma de dímero na superficie da partícula viral madura, é importante na adhesión inicial desta partícula á célula hóspede. Cada monómero de proteína E comprende tres ectodominios, de ED1 a ED3, e un segmento transmembrana. O ED2 inclúe a interface de dimerización, dous sitios de gicosilación, e o péptido de fusión coa membrana celular. O ED3 é un segmento polipeptídico continuo; o seu pregamento é compacto e de tipo inmunoglobulina.[21][22] O virus do dengue é transmitido por un mosquito do xénero Aedes. Varias moléculas que interaccionan coa proteína E viral (non integrina atrapante de ICAM3,[23] CD209,[24] Rab 5,[25] GRP 78,[26] e o receptor da manosa [27]) son importantes factores que median na adhesión na entrada viral.[22] A forma de membrana da proteína ribosómica SA pode tamén estar implicada na adhesión.[28] Os dominios recombinantes da proteína E son utilizados como antíxenos ben definidos na detección serolóxica dos anticorpos dirixidos contra o virus do dengue e como inmunóxenos en vacinas candidatas.[29][30][31]

Proteína prM/M

A proteína prM (de membrana) do DENV, que é importante na formación e maduración da partícula viral, consta de sete febras β antiparalelas estabilizadas polas pontes disulfuro.[22]

A cuberta glicoproteica do virión maduro do DENV consta de 180 copias de cada unha das prorteínas E e M. O virión inmaduro empeza coas proteínas E e prM constituíndo 90 heterodímeros que forman a parte externa inzada de espículas da partícula viral. Esta partícula viral inmadura evaxínase dentro do retículo endoplasmático e finalmente viaxa pola vía secretora ao aparato de Golgi. A medida que o virión pasa a través da rede trans-Golgi está exposto a un pH baixo. Este ambiente ácido causa un cambio conformacional na proteína E que se disocia da proteína prM e causa que forme os homodímeros E. Estes homodímeros sitúanse planos sobre a superficie viral dándolle ao virión maduro unha aparencia lisa. Durante esta maduración o péptido pr é clivado do péptido M pola protease do hóspede furina. A proteína M despois actúa como unha proteína transmembrana baixo a cuberta da proteína E do virión maduro. O péptido pr permanece asociado coa proteína E ata que a partícula viral é liberada no ambiente extracelular. Este péptido pr actúa como unha caparuza, que cobre o bucle de fusión hidrófobo da proteína E ata que a partícula viral saíu da célula.[22]

Proteína NS3

A NS3 do DENV é unha serina protease e tamén unha ARN helicase e RTPase/NTPase. O dominio de protease consta de seis febras β dispostas en dous barrís β formados polos residuos 1 a 180 da proteína. A tríada catalítica (His-51, Asp-75 e Ser-135), encóntrase entre estes dous barrís β, e a actividade é dependente da presenza do cofactor NS2B. Este cofactor enrólase arredor do dominio de protease NS3 e pasa a formar parte do seu sitio activo. Os residuos NS3 restantes (do 180 ao 618), forman os tres subdominios da helicase DENV. Unha folla β paralela de seis febras rodeada por catro hélices α constitúe os subdominios I e II, e o subdominio III está composto por 4 hélices α rodeadas por tres hélices α máis curtas e dúas febras β antiparalelas.[22]

Proteína NS5

A proteína NS5 do DENV é un péptido de 900 residuos co dominio de metiltransferase no seu extremo N-terminal (residuos 1 ao 296) e a ARN polimerase ARN dependente (RdRp) no seu extremo C-terminal (residuos 320 a 900). O dominio de metiltransferase consiste nun sándwich α/β/β flanqueado por subdominios N- e C-terminais. A RdRp do DENV é similar a outras RdRps que conteñen os subdominios palma, dedo e polgar e un motivo GDD para a incorporación de nucleótidos.[22]

Complexos entre a proteína E e os anticorpos neutralizantes

A obtención das estruturas cristalinas dos complexos entre os anticorpos e os ectodominios (sE) da proteína E viral ou o seu dominio 3 (ED3) axudou a comprender as bases moleculares do recoñecemento do virus e da súa neutralización. Algúns dos epítopos son parcial ou totalmente inaccesibles na estrutura coñecida do virión maduro. Asúmese, por tanto, que os anticorpos correspondentes se unen a conformacións alternas ou transicionais do virus a 37 °C.

  • O anticorpo E111 murino neutraliza o DENV1. Os seus frgmentos Fab e scFv foron cristalizados en complexo co dominio ED3 do DENV1. O seu epítopo está localizado nas febras β C e C' do ED3, e no bucle interposto.[32]
  • O anticorpo murino 1A1D-2 neutraliza fortemente o DENV1, DENV2 e DENV3. o seu fragmento Fab foi cristalizado en complexo co dominio ED3 do DENV2. O seu epítopo abrangue as febras β A e G do ED3.[33]
  • O anticorpo murino 2H12 ten reaccións cruzadas cos outros catro serotipos do DENV. Neutralia os virus correspondentes, excepto o DENV2. O seu fragmento Fab foi cristalizado en complexo cos dominios ED3 do DENV1, DENV3 e DENV4. O seu epítopo está localizado no buicle conservado AB de ED3.[34]
  • O anticorpo murino 4E11 neutraliza os catro serotipos do DENV con diversa eficacia. O seu fragmento scFv foi cristalizado en complexo co dominio ED3 dos catro serotipos do DENV. O seu epítopo abrangue as febras β A e G do ED3 como tamén o epítopo de 1A1D-2.[35][36] A estrutura a unha resolución de 2.0 Å permitiu analizar o papel das moléculas de auga dentro das interfaces de proteínas e os papeis das hipermutacións somáticas fóra desas interfaces nas interaccións e recoñecementos cruzados.[37]
  • O anticorpo de chimpancé 5H2 neutraliza potentemente o DENV4. O seu fragmento Fab foi cristalizado en complexo coas proteína sE do DENV4. O seu epítopo está incluído no dominio 1 (ED1) da proteína E.[38]
  • Os anticorpos humanos Ede1-C10, Ede2-A11 e Ede2-B7 neutralizan potentemente os catro serotipos do DENV. Os seus fragmentos Fab ou scFv foron cristalizados en complexo coa proteína sE do DENV2. Os determinantes de recoñecemento destes anticorpos están nun sitio invariable nos serotipos na interface do dímero E e inclúen as cadeas laterais do bucle de fusión E e as dúas cadeas laterais de glicano conservadas.[39]

Mecanismo da infección

  1. A proteína E da envoltura do DENV únese a un receptor celular. A natureza exacta do receptor celular non foi completamente dilucidada.
  2. O DENV sofre endocitose. A acidificación do endosoma orixina un cambio conformacional en E, expoñendo unha secuencia de ‘péptido de fusión’ que facilita a fusión da envoltura coa súa membrana endosómica, liberando a cápside do virión no citoplasma.
  3. A perda da cuberta prodúcese no citoplasma.
  4. A maquinaria traducional do hóspede (ribosomas) traduce o ácido nucleico de tipo (+)ssRNA do virus nun só polipéptido.
  5. As proteinases celulares e virais cortan o polipéptido en 10 proteínas (E, M, C e 7 proteínas non estruturais/encimáticas) mentres están incrustadas na membrana do retículo endoplasmático (RE).
  6. Unha vez que se sintetiza a ARN polimerase ARN dependente funcional pode comezar a replicación do ARN. A síntese é asimétrica, fabricándose dez veces máis da febra de sentido positivo que da de negativo.
  7. A ensamblaxe ocorre nas membranas intracelulares que se invaxinan no RE (formando a envoltura viral a partir da membrana do RE). A subseguinte evaxinación a partir do RE a través do Golgi e en vesículas permite a maduración por medio de modificacións postraducionais, como a glicosilación e rearranxos transformacionais polo pH.
  8. A saída do virus da célula ocorre por exocitose.[40]

Gravidade da doenza

Hai múltiples razóns polas cales algunhas persoas sofren unha forma máis grave do dengue, como a febre hemorráxica do dengue. As diferentes cepas do virus interaccionan con persoas con diferentes fondos inmunitarios, o que leva a que se produzan complexas interaccións. Entre as posibles causas están resposts inmunes serotípicas cruzadas, por medio dun mecanismo coñecido como potenciación dependente de anticorpo, que ocorre cando unha persoa que foi previamente infectada co dengue se infecta por segunda, terceira ou cuarta vez. Os anticorpos previos contra a capa vella do virus do dengue interfiren despois coa resposta inmune coa cepa da infección seguinte, conducindo paradoxalmente a que sexan captados e entren na célula máis virus.[41]

Interacción co sistema inmune

Artigo principal: Sistema inmunitario innato.

Nos últimos anos fixéronse moitos estudos sobre os flavivirus, especialmente sobre a habilidade do virus do dengue de inhibir a resposta inmune innata durante a infección.[42][43] De feito, o virus do dengue ten moitas proteínas non estruturais que permiten a inhibición de varios mediadores da resposta do sistema inmunitario innato. Estas proteínas actúan en dous niveis:

Inhibición da sinalización por interferón bloqueando o transdutor de sinais

NS4B é unha pequena proteína hidrofóbica localizada en asociación co retículo endoplasmático. Pode bloquear a fosforilación de STAT1 despois da indución polos interferóns de tipo I alfa e beta. De feito, a actividade da Tyk2 quinase decrece coa infección polo virus do dengue, polo que a fosforilación de STAT1 diminúe tamén.[44] Por tanto, a resposta do sistema inmunitario innato pode ser bloqueada. Así, non hai produción de ISG. NS2A e o cofactor NS4A poden tamén intervir na inhibición de STAT1.[45]

NS5: a presenza desta proteína de 105 kDa ten como resultado a inactivación de STAT2 (por medio da transdución de sinais da resposta ao interferón) cando se expresa soa.[46] Cando a NS5 é clivada con NS4B por unha protease (NS2B3) pode degradar STAT2. De feito, despois da clivaxe de NS5 pola protease, hai unha asociación da ligase E3 con STAT2, e a ligase E3 ten como branco STAT2 para a degradación.[47][48]

Inhibición da resposta do interferón de tipo I

O complexo da protease NS2B3-b é un núcleo proteolítico consistente nos últimos 40 aminoácidos de NS2B e os primeiros 180 aminoácidos de NS3. A clivaxe do precursor NS2B3 activa o complexo da protease.[49]

Este complexo protease permite a inhibición da produción do interferón de tipo I ao reducir a actividade do promotor IFN-beta: os estudos mostraron que o complexo da protease NS2B3 está implicado na inhibición da fosforilación de IRF3.[50] Un estudo recente mostra que o complexo da protease NS2B3 inhibe (por clivaxe) a proteína MITA que permite a activación de IRF3.[51]

Proteína D7 da saliva de Aedes aegypti

O virus do dengue é transmitido polos mosquitos da especie Aedes aegypti. A. aegypti produce saliva que contén unhas cen proteínas distintas, incluíndo a familia de proteínas D7.[52] A saliva de A. aegypti transmite o virus do dengue, e críase que potenciaba a súa acción no corpo. Pensábase que a saliva facía que o virus se espallase máis rápido debido ao debilitamento da resposta inmunitaria do seu hóspede. Porén, un estudo recente atopou que a proteína D7 dificulta a transmisión do virus ás células do hóspede.[52]

As respostas inmunitarias dos anticorpos, que están tratando de loitar contra o virus, en realidade incrementan a transmisión e fan que a infección sexa peor. Atopáronse que os niveis de proteína D7 era máis prevalente nas glándulas salivares dos mosquitos infectados polo virus do dengue en comparación cos non infectados.[52] A D7 da saliva do mosquito axuda no proceso de alimentación do animal. Malia o que se cría previamente, a D7 pode modular a célula hóspede e actúa contra o virus para impedir a infección do virus.[52] Desafortunadamente, as proteínas D7 provocan respostas inmunitarias, que elevan os niveis de anticorpos anti-D7. Estes anticorpos inhiben a función das proteínas D7, o cal potencia a transmisión do virus do dengue.

Vacina

Actualmente só hai unha vacina para o dengue aprobada en tres países: Brasil, México e Filipinas. Hai varias vacinas en proceso ded desenvolvemento por grupos de investigación públicos e privados.[53] O desenvolvemento dunha vacina do dengue é todo un reto. Ao ter o virus catro serotipos que poden causar a doenza, a vacina debe inmunizar contra todos eles para ser efectiva.[3] A vacinación contra un só serotipo podería orixinar o shock hemorráxico do dengue cando o individuo se infecta por segunda vez con outro serotipo debido ao fenómeno da potenciación dependente de anticorpo. Cando un individuo se infecta co virus do dengue, o sistema inmunitario produce anticorpos con reactividade cruzada que proporcionan inmunidade para un determinado serotipo. Porén, estes anticorpos son incapaces de neutralizar outros serotipos despois dunha reinfección e, en realidade, incrementan a replicación viral. Cando os macrófagos fagocitan o virus ‘neutralizado’, o virus pode replicarse dentro do macrófago, causando a enfermidade. Estes anticorpos con reactividade cruzada non efectivos facilitan o acceso do virus aos macrófagos, o cal induce unha forma da enfermidade máis grave (o dengue hemorráxico ou a síndrfome de shock do dengue). Un problema común ao que se enfrontan en rexións endémicas do dengue é a infección das nais xestantes por dengue; despois de daren á luz, os seus fillos portan a inmunidade recibida das súas nais e son susceptibles á febre hemorráxica se son infectados con calquera dos outros tres serotipos.[54] En 2012 había unha vacina en ensaio en fase III e empezara a planificación para o uso desta vacina e a vixilancia da súa efectividade.[55]

En 2009 Sanofi-Pasteur empezou a construír unhas novas instalacións en Neuville-sur-Saône, un barrio periférico de Lión (Francia). Esta unidade produce unha vacina de 4 serotipos para facer ensaios en fase III. En setembro de 2014 Sanofi-Pasteur CEO fixo públicos os primeiros resultados do estudo de eficacia do ensaio en fase III en América latina. A eficacia por serotipo (ST) variaba amplamente, desde o 42,3% para o ST2, o 50,3% para o ST1, o 74,0% para o ST3 e o 77,7% para o ST4. A análise completa dos datos a partir do estudo en fase III en América latina e Caribe estaba previsto que sería revisada por expertos externos antes de ser publicada en revistas científicas. Os resultados primarios serían presentados na xuntanza anual da Sociedade Americana de Medicina Tropical e Hixiene, a celebrar en novembro de 2014 en Nova Orleáns.[56]

Porén, en setembro de 2012 anunciouse que unha das vacinas non tivera bos resultados nos ensaios clínicos.[3]

A finais de 2015 e inicios de 2016, rexistrouse en varios países a primeira vacina do dengue, Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) de Sanofi Pasteur, para uso en individuos de 9 a 45 anos que vivan en áreas endémicas.

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Rodenhuis-Zybert, Izabela A.; Wilschut, Jan; Smit, Jolanda M. (August 2010). "Dengue virus life cycle: viral and host factors modulating infectivity". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 67 (16): 2773–2786. ISSN 1420-682X. PMID 20372965. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0357-z.
  2. WHO (2009). Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control (PDF). World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-154787-1.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Normile, D (October 2013). "Tropical medicine. Surprising new dengue virus throws a spanner in disease control efforts". Science 342 (6157): 415. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..415N. PMID 24159024. doi:10.1126/science.342.6157.415.
  4. 4,0 4,1 Dwivedi, V. D., Tripathi, I. P., Tripathi, R. C., Bharadwaj, S., & Mishra, S. K. (2017). Genomics, proteomics and evolution of dengue virus. Briefings in functional genomics.16(4): 217–227, https://doi.org/10.1093/bfgp/elw040
  5. "A new understanding of dengue virus". ScienceDaily. September 18, 2015. Consultado o May 7, 2016.
  6. "A Second Time Dengue Infection Can be Life-Threatening Says Research". NDTV (United Kingdom). September 18, 2015. Consultado o 2016-05-07.
  7. Wiatrek, Melissa. Dengue Fever. http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2993p/df.htm Arquivado 26 de xullo de 2018 en Wayback Machine.
  8. 8,0 8,1 World Health Oraganization. Dengue and severe dengue. April 2017. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/
  9. 9,0 9,1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. Dengue Fever Factsheet. https://doh.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/doh/publication/attachments/Dengue_Fever.pdf
  10. 10,0 10,1 Better Health. Dengue virus disease. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/Dengue-virus-disease?viewAsPdf=true
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/epidemiology/
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dengue. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/dengue Arquivado 19 de maio de 2017 en Wayback Machine.
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  33. Lok, SM; Kostyuchenko, V; Nybakken, GE; Holdaway, HA; Battisti, AJ; Sukupolvi-Petty, S; Sedlak, D; Fremont, DH; Chipman, PR; Roehrig, JT; Diamond, MS; Kuhn, RJ; Rossmann, MG (Mar 2008). "Binding of a neutralizing antibody to dengue virus alters the arrangement of surface glycoproteins". Nat Struct Mol Biol 15 (3): 312–317. PMID 18264114. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1382.
  34. Midgley, CM; Flanagan, A; Tran, HB; Dejnirattisai, W; Chawansuntati, K; Jumnainsong, A; Wongwiwat, W; Duangchinda, T; Mongkolsapaya, J; Grimes, JM; Screaton, GR (May 2012). "Structural analysis of a dengue cross-reactive antibody complexed with envelope domain III reveals the molecular basis of cross-reactivity". J Immunol 188 (10): 4971–4979. PMC 3364712. PMID 22491255. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1200227.
  35. Lisova, O; Hardy, F; Petit, V; Bedouelle, H (Sep 2007). "Mapping to completeness and transplantation of a group-specific, discontinuous, neutralizing epitope in the envelope protein of dengue virus". J Gen Virol 88 (9): 2387–2397. PMID 17698647. doi:10.1099/vir.0.83028-0.
  36. Cockburn, JJ; Navarro Sanchez, ME; Fretes, N; Urvoas, A; Staropoli, I; Kikuti, CM; Coffey, LL; Arenzana Seisdedos, F; Bedouelle, H; Rey, FA (Feb 2012). "Mechanism of dengue virus broad cross-neutralization by a monoclonal antibody". Structure 20 (2): 303–314. PMID 22285214. doi:10.1016/j.str.2012.01.001.
  37. Lisova, O; Belkadi, L; Bedouelle, Hugues (Apr 2014). "Direct and indirect interactions in the recognition between a cross-neutralizing antibody and the four serotypes of dengue virus". J Mol Recognit 27 (4): 205–214. PMID 24591178. doi:10.1002/jmr.2352.
  38. Cockburn, JJ; Navarro Sanchez, ME; Goncalvez, AP; Zaitseva, E; Stura, EA; Kikuti, CM; Duquerroy, S; Dussart, P; Chernomordik, LK; Lai, CJ; Rey, FA (Feb 2012). "Structural insights into the neutralization mechanism of a higher primate antibody against dengue virus". EMBO J 31 (3): 767–779. PMC 3273384. PMID 22139356. doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.439.
  39. Rouvinski, A; Guardado-Calvo, P; Barba-Spaeth, G; Duquerroy, S; Vaney, MC; Kikuti, CM; Navarro Sanchez, ME; Dejnirattisai, W; Wongwiwat, W; Haouz, A; Girard-Blanc, C; Petres, S; Shepard, WE; Desprès, P; Arenzana-Seisdedos, F; Dussart, P; Mongkolsapaya, J; Screaton, GR; Rey, FA (Apr 2015). "Recognition determinants of broadly neutralizing human antibodies against dengue viruses". Nature 520 (7545): 109–113. PMID 25581790. doi:10.1038/nature14130.
  40. Acheson, Nicholas H. (2011). Fundamentals of Molecular Virology, 2nd ed. Wiley.
  41. Dejnirattisai W, Jumnainsong A, Onsirisakul N, et al. (May 2010). "Cross-reacting antibodies enhance dengue virus infection in humans". Science 328 (5979): 745–8. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..745D. PMID 20448183. doi:10.1126/science.1185181.
  42. Diamond MS (September 2009). "Mechanisms of evasion of the type I interferon antiviral response by flaviviruses". J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 29 (9): 521–30. PMID 19694536. doi:10.1089/jir.2009.0069.
  43. Jones M, Davidson A, Hibbert L, et al. (May 2005). "Dengue virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling by reducing STAT2 expression". J. Virol. 79 (9): 5414–20. PMC 1082737. PMID 15827155. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.9.5414-5420.2005.
  44. Ho LJ, Hung LF, Weng CY, et al. (June 2005). "Dengue virus type 2 antagonizes IFN-alpha but not IFN-gamma antiviral effect via down-regulating Tyk2-STAT signaling in the human dendritic cell". Journal of Immunology 174 (12): 8163–72. PMID 15944325. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8163.
  45. Munoz-Jordan, J. L.; Sanchez-Burgos, G. G.; Laurent-Rolle, M.; Garcia-Sastre, A. (November 2003). "Inhibition of interferon signaling by dengue virus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (24): 14333–14338. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10014333M. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 283592. PMID 14612562. doi:10.1073/pnas.2335168100.
  46. Ashour, J.; Laurent-Rolle, M.; Shi, P.-Y.; Garcia-Sastre, A. (June 2009). "NS5 of Dengue Virus Mediates STAT2 Binding and Degradation". Journal of Virology 83 (11): 5408–5418. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 2681973. PMID 19279106. doi:10.1128/JVI.02188-08.
  47. Mazzon, Michela; Jones, Meleri; Davidson, Andrew; Chain, Benjamin; Jacobs, Michael (October 2009). "Dengue Virus NS5 Inhibits Interferon‐α Signaling by Blocking Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 2 Phosphorylation". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 200 (8): 1261–1270. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 19754307. doi:10.1086/605847.
  48. Morrison, Juliet; Aguirre, Sebastian; Fernandez-Sesma, Ana (March 2012). "Innate Immunity Evasion by Dengue Virus". Viruses 4 (12): 397–413. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3347034. PMID 22590678. doi:10.3390/v4030397.
  49. Yusof, Rohana; Clum, Stephen; Wetzel, Mary; Murthy, H. M. Krishna; Padmanabhan., R. (April 2000). "Purified NS2B/NS3 Serine Protease of Dengue Virus Type 2 Exhibits Cofactor NS2B Dependence for Cleavage of Substrates with Dibasic Amino Acids in Vitro". Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 (14): 9963–9969. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10744671. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.14.9963.
  50. Rodriguez-Madoz, J. R.; Belicha-Villanueva, A.; Bernal-Rubio, D.; Ashour, J.; Ayllon, J.; Fernandez-Sesma, A. (October 2010). "Inhibition of the Type I Interferon Response in Human Dendritic Cells by Dengue Virus Infection Requires a Catalytically Active NS2B3 Complex". Journal of Virology 84 (19): 9760–9774. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 2937777. PMID 20660196. doi:10.1128/JVI.01051-10.
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Virus do dengue: Brief Summary ( галициски )

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O virus do dengue (dengue virus, DENV) é o causante da enfermidade do dengue. É un virus de ARN monocatenario de febra positiva transmitido por mosquitos, pertencente á familia Flaviviridae, xénero Flavivirus. Atopáronse cinco serotipos deste virus, todos os cales poden causar o espectro completo da enfermidade. Non obstante, os científicos están decatándose de que a súa comprensión do virus dengue pode ser bastante simplista, xa que un novo estudo mostra que en vez de grupos antixénicos distintos parece haber un continuo. Este mesmo estudo identificou 47 cepas do virus do dengue. Ademais, a coinfección cos virus Zika e do chikungunya e a falta de probas de detección rápidas para eles complican máis o asunto nas infeccións no mundo real.

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Dengue virus ( италијански )

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Il Dengue virus è un virus a RNA appartenente alla famiglia delle Flaviviridae che si trasmette tramite vettori ematofagi od ospiti vertebrati, ed è responsabile della omonima malattia.

Il Dengue virus condivide con numerosi virus, tutti appartenenti al genere Flavivirus, la modalità di trasmissione tramite artropodi; esempi degni di nota sono i virus responsabili delle febbri emorragiche, della febbre gialla, dell'encefalite di Saint-Louis, dell'encefalite giapponese e il virus del Nilo occidentale. Questi virus sono anche conosciuti come Arbovirus, dall'acronimo in lingua inglese arthropod borne virus (virus portato da artropodi).

Struttura e genetica

Il genoma del virus contiene 11.000 paia di basi e codifica per tre proteine che formano il virione (C, prM, E) e sette diverse proteine che si ritrovano nella cellula ospite e sono necessarie per la replicazione virale (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5)[1][2].

Varianti

Il virus esiste in cinque diversi sierotipi, denominati DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4 e DENV-5[3], ciascuno dei quali può essere ugualmente causa della malattia[1]. Si ritiene che l'infezione con un sierotipo conferisca un'immunità a vita per il sierotipo in questione, ma solo a breve termine nei confronti degli altri[4].

Ciclo vitale

Come molti arbovirus, il dengue virus permane in natura perché utilizza vettori ematofagi e ospiti vertebrati, mantenendosi soprattutto nelle foreste del Sud-est asiatico e dell'Africa. Nelle zone rurali la trasmissione avviene solitamente durante il giorno, tramite una puntura da parte di Aedes aegypti e altre zanzare del genere Aedes come Aedes albopictus, Aedes polynesiensis e Aedes scutellaris.[5] Il ciclo vitale del vettore nelle aree urbane è generalmente limitato all'area in questione, ma la crescita incontrollata delle città nelle aree endemiche per la dengue ha portato a un aumento delle epidemie e della quantità di virus circolante, permettendone la diffusione anche in zone originariamente risparmiate e potrebbe, in futuro, rappresentare una minaccia per l'Europa.

Gli esseri umani sono gli ospiti primari del virus, il quale può però essere rinvenuto anche in altri primati. Una femmina di zanzara che acquisisca sangue umano infetto diventa a sua volta infetta, con il virus localizzato a livello dell'apparato digerente. Circa 8-10 giorni dopo il virus invade e colonizza le cellule di altri tessuti, in particolar modo le ghiandole salivari, dalle quali è espulso insieme alla saliva. L'infezione non sembra avere effetti sulla zanzara, che rimane portatrice della malattia per il resto della propria vita. Aedes aegypti, a differenza delle altre, preferisce vivere e deporre le proprie uova in stretto rapporto con gli esseri umani, che rappresentano la sua fonte preferenziale di nutrimento rispetto ad altri vertebrati. Il dengue virus può essere trasmesso anche tramite infusione di emocomponenti o emoderivati e attraverso il trapianto di organi. In paesi dove la malattia è endemica, come nel caso di Singapore, il rischio di infezione è compreso tra 1.6 e 6 ogni 10.000 trasfusioni di sangue, mentre la trasmissione verticale durante la gravidanza o l'allattamento è stata documentata. Altre modalità di trasmissione interumana sono state descritte, ma sono tuttavia estremamente rare.

Si ritiene che l'infezione con un sierotipo conferisca un'immunità a vita per il sierotipo in questione, ma solo a breve termine nei confronti degli altri. La forma severa della malattia in caso di infezione secondaria avviene in particolar modo per gli individui esposti a DENV-1 che contraggano l'infezione da DENV-2 o DENV-3, oppure in persone esposte prima a DENV-3 e poi a DENV-2.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, Wilschut J, Smit JM, Dengue virus life cycle: viral and host factors modulating infectivity, in Cell. Mol. Life Sci., vol. 67, n. 16, agosto 2010, pp. 2773–86, DOI:10.1007/s00018-010-0357-z, PMID 20372965.
  2. ^ (EN) Guzman MG, Halstead SB, Artsob H, et al., Dengue: a continuing global threat, in Nat. Rev. Microbiol., vol. 8, 12 Suppl, dicembre 2010, pp. S7–S16, DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2460, PMID 21079655.
  3. ^ MS. Mustafa, V. Rasotgi; S. Jain; V. Gupta, Discovery of fifth serotype of dengue virus (DENV-5): A new public health dilemma in dengue control., in Med J Armed Forces India, vol. 71, n. 1, gennaio 2015, pp. 67-70, DOI:10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.09.011, PMID 25609867.
  4. ^ (EN) Chen LH, Wilson ME, Dengue and chikungunya infections in travelers, in Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., vol. 23, n. 5, ottobre 2010, pp. 438–44, DOI:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32833c1d16, PMID 20581669.
  5. ^ WHO, Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control (PDF), p. 14, ISBN 978-92-4-154787-1.

Bibliografia

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Dengue virus: Brief Summary ( италијански )

добавил wikipedia IT

Il Dengue virus è un virus a RNA appartenente alla famiglia delle Flaviviridae che si trasmette tramite vettori ematofagi od ospiti vertebrati, ed è responsabile della omonima malattia.

Il Dengue virus condivide con numerosi virus, tutti appartenenti al genere Flavivirus, la modalità di trasmissione tramite artropodi; esempi degni di nota sono i virus responsabili delle febbri emorragiche, della febbre gialla, dell'encefalite di Saint-Louis, dell'encefalite giapponese e il virus del Nilo occidentale. Questi virus sono anche conosciuti come Arbovirus, dall'acronimo in lingua inglese arthropod borne virus (virus portato da artropodi).

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Vírus da dengue ( португалски )

добавил wikipedia PT

O vírus da dengue é um arbovírus da família Flaviviridae, gênero Flavivirus, que inclui cinco sorotipos: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4 e DENV-5[1][2], causador da dengue. A infecção por um deles dá proteção permanente para o mesmo sorotipo e imunidade parcial e temporária contra os outros três. A dengue tem, como hospedeiro vertebrado, o homem e outros primatas, mas somente o primeiro apresenta manifestação clínica da infecção e período de viremia de aproximadamente sete dias. Nos demais primatas, a viremia é baixa e de curta duração.[3]

Vetores e transmissão

A transmissão se faz pela picada da fêmea contaminada do mosquito Aedes aegypti/Aedes albopictus, pois o macho se alimenta apenas de seiva de plantas. No Brasil, ocorre com maior frequência o Aedes aegypti. Após um repasto de sangue infectado, o mosquito está apto a transmitir o vírus, depois de 8 a 12 dias de incubação extrínseca. A transmissão mecânica também é possível, quando o repasto é interrompido e o mosquito, imediatamente, se alimenta num hospedeiro susceptível próximo. Um único mosquito desses em toda a sua vida (45 dias em média) pode contaminar até 300 pessoas.

Não há transmissão por contato direto de um doente ou de suas secreções com uma pessoa sadia, nem de fontes de água ou alimento.

A transmissão da dengue pode ser feita por 3 tipos de mosquitos: O Aedes aegypti, O Aedes polyneseiensis e o Aedes scutellaris.

Referências

  1. Dwivedi, Vivek Dhar; Tripathi, Indra Prasad; Tripathi, Ramesh Chandra; Bharadwaj, Shiv; Mishra, Sarad Kumar (1 de julho de 2017). «Genomics, proteomics and evolution of dengue virus». Briefings in Functional Genomics (em inglês). 16 (4): 217–227. ISSN 2041-2649. doi:10.1093/bfgp/elw040
  2. Mustafa, M.S.; Rasotgi, V.; Jain, S.; Gupta, V. (janeiro de 2015). «Discovery of fifth serotype of dengue virus (DENV-5): A new public health dilemma in dengue control». Medical Journal, Armed Forces India. 71 (1): 67–70. ISSN 0377-1237. PMC . PMID 25609867. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.09.011
  3. Sonia Marta dos Anjos Alves Borges (2001). "Importância epidemiológica do Aedes Albopictus nas Américas" (PDF) . Licenciado sob a GNU Free Documentation License. Acessado em 19h42min de 13 de Março de 2008 (UTC).

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Vírus da dengue: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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O vírus da dengue é um arbovírus da família Flaviviridae, gênero Flavivirus, que inclui cinco sorotipos: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4 e DENV-5, causador da dengue. A infecção por um deles dá proteção permanente para o mesmo sorotipo e imunidade parcial e temporária contra os outros três. A dengue tem, como hospedeiro vertebrado, o homem e outros primatas, mas somente o primeiro apresenta manifestação clínica da infecção e período de viremia de aproximadamente sete dias. Nos demais primatas, a viremia é baixa e de curta duração.

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Denguevirus ( шведски )

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Denguevirus är ett virus tillhörande virusfamiljen flavivirus och är ett enkelsträngat RNA-virus. Viruset orsakar sjukdomen denguefeber och spridds via myggor (Aedes aegypti och Aedes albopictus). I tropikerna har det ungefär samma spridning som malaria. Det finns fyra olika serotyper av dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 och DEN-4). Vid insjuknande utvecklar man immunitet mot den serotyp som man smittades av. Detta innebär att man kan insjukna i dengue mer än en gång.

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Denguevirus: Brief Summary ( шведски )

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Denguevirus är ett virus tillhörande virusfamiljen flavivirus och är ett enkelsträngat RNA-virus. Viruset orsakar sjukdomen denguefeber och spridds via myggor (Aedes aegypti och Aedes albopictus). I tropikerna har det ungefär samma spridning som malaria. Det finns fyra olika serotyper av dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 och DEN-4). Vid insjuknande utvecklar man immunitet mot den serotyp som man smittades av. Detta innebär att man kan insjukna i dengue mer än en gång.

Biohazard symbol.svg Denna artikel om immunologi, smittämnen eller epidemier saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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