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Violet

Viola mandshurica W. Becker

Description

provided by eFloras
Plant 6-10 cm. Rhizome short. Leaves long-petiolate, with winged petiole, 2-7 cm long. Flowers large, 2.5-3.0 cm diam., dark violet. One plant bears 8-14 flowers. V - early spring to late autumn, some leaves overwinter. Fl - April (in St. Petersburg May) for 3-5 weeks. Fr - July-August. P - by seed and by cuttings, also self-sown. Grows in semi-shade, on rich soil. Z 4.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Ornamental Plants From Russia And Adjacent States Of The Former Soviet Union Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Ornamental Plants from Russia and Adjacent States @ eFloras.org
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Tatyana Shulkina
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Description

provided by eFloras
Herbs perennial, acaulescent, 6-18 cm tall. Rhizome erect, dark brown, short, 5-12 mm, densely noded, often producing from a single point several robust brown long roots; roots obliquely descending or sometimes slightly horizontal, usually smooth. Leaves 3-5 or numerous, basal; stipules membranous, lower ones scalelike, brown, upper ones brownish, purplish, or glaucous, over 2/3 adnate to petiole, free part linear-lanceolate, apex acuminate, margin remotely denticulate or subentire; petiole 2.5-8 cm, narrowly winged in upper part, wing conspicuously broadened after anthesis, puberulous or glabrous; leaf blade oblong, ligulate, or ovate-lanceolate, lower ones usually smaller and narrowly ovate, 2-6 × 0.5-1.5 cm, accrescent after anthesis, narrowly triangular, elliptic-lanceolate, or slightly hastate, to 10 × 5 cm, broadest in lowest part, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely puberulous, midvein conspicuously raised abaxially, base truncate or broadly cuneate, decurrent to petiole, margin remotely and shallowly repand-crenate or sometimes subentire in lower part, apex obtuse or rounded. Flowers purple-violet or purplish, sometimes white, ca. 2 cm in diam.; pedicels long, usually exceeding leaves, slender, glabrous or puberulous, usually 2-bracteolate below or near middle; bracteoles linear. Sepals ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-7 mm, apex acuminate, basal auricles short, 1.5-2 mm, broad, 3-veined, margin narrowly membranous, apex rounded or truncate, usually not dentate. Upper petals obovate, 1.1-1.3 cm × 5-8 mm, lateral ones oblong-obovate, 1.1-1.5 cm × 4-6 mm, distinctly or sparsely bearded, anterior one 1.5-2.3 cm (spur included); spur cylindric, long, 5-10 mm, robust, apex rounded, curved upward or straight. Appendage of connectives ca. 1.5 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm; spur of 2 anterior stamens 4-6 mm. Ovary ovoid-globose, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous; styles clavate, base slender and geniculate forward, thicker in upper part; stigmas slightly thickened on lateral sides and abaxially and with erect, thin margins, shortly beaked in front, beak obliquely ascending, with a larger stigma hole at tip. Capsule oblong, 1-1.5 cm, glabrous, apex acute. Seeds brownish red, numerous, ovoid-globose, ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous. Fl. Apr-May, fr. May-Sep. 2n = 24, 48*.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 13: 77, 95 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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eFloras.org
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Distribution

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Far East (southern regions), Japan and China. In reedgrass meadows on loose, woodland humus-rich soil.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Ornamental Plants From Russia And Adjacent States Of The Former Soviet Union Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Ornamental Plants from Russia and Adjacent States @ eFloras.org
editor
Tatyana Shulkina
project
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Distribution

provided by eFloras
Anhui, Fujian, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Taiwan [Japan, Korea, Russia].
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copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 13: 77, 95 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
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Habitat

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Grasslands, grassy slopes, thickets, forest margins, sparse forests, fields, sandy places along river banks; below 1000 m.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 13: 77, 95 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Synonym

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Viola alisoviana Kiss f. intermedia (Kitagawa) Takenouchi; V. hsinganensis Takenouchi; V. mandshurica f. albiflora P. Y. Fu & Y. C. Teng; V. mandshurica f. ciliata (Nakai) F. Maekawa; V. mandshurica var. ciliata Nakai; V. mandshurica f. glabra (Nakai) Hiyama ex Maekawa; V. mandshurica var. glabra Nakai; V. mandshurica f. macrantha (Maximowicz) Nakai & Kitagawa; V. oblongosagittata Nakai f. ishizakii Yamamoto; V. patrinii Candolle ex Gingins f. glabra (Nakai) F. Maekawa; V. patrinii var. macrantha Maximowicz; V. philippica Cavanilles f. intermedia (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; V. rhodosepala Kitagawa; V. yedoensis Makino f. intermedia Kitagawa.
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copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 13: 77, 95 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
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Viola mandshurica

provided by wikipedia EN

Viola mandshurica is a perennial species of violet known by the common names dōng běi jǐn cài (zh:东北堇菜) meaning 'northeastern violet' in China, jebikkot (ko:제비꽃) meaning 'sparrow flower' in Korea, and sumire (ja:菫, ja:スミレ) meaning 'violet' in Japan. In Japan, V. mandshurica is considered to be the basic species and other violet species have additional descriptors such as himesumire or nojisumire. Its specific name is derived from Manchuria, an area of its native habitat which has at different times in history included parts of modern China, Korea, Mongolia and the Russian Far East.

Distribution

It is native to eastern Asia, being found as far west as eastern Siberia, throughout China, Taiwan and Korea, north into Russian North Asia (particularly in and around the Ussuri River Basin), and in much of Japan, including Okinawa. Across its range, this species occurs in a variety of habitats, from undisturbed woodlands to urban areas, and from low-lying plains to mountainous regions. A number of varieties have been developed by horticulturalists and are popular as garden plants. The wild form, and most named varieties and hybrids, prefer a semi-shaded location and humus-enriched soil that is not overly moist.

V. mandshurica along a roadside in Tanabe Wakayama, Japan

Description

Viola mandshurica, like many other viola species, does not have a true stem, with leaves and flowers each emerging directly from the ground (actually from its underground rhizome). Its rhizomatous roots are short and thick. The leaves are typically oval-lanceolate to lanceolate; while the color of the leaves is normally a medium green above and below, some cultivars, such as Fuji Dawn, have leaves variegated with white, yellow and/or pink spots, streaks or splotches.

As a violet, its trumpet-shaped flowers have five petals and bilateral symmetry. The lowermost petal is often the smallest, and all petals are typically a rich purple hue, though this can vary due to local conditions or localized mutations, and in some varieties deliberately bred for differing appearance.

Culinary uses

Flower pancakes, which may be made with the flowers of V. mandshurica among other species, are an essential part of the Korean Samjinnal festival celebrating the coming of spring.

Cultivars, varieties and formae

Named subgroups of v. mandshurica include:

  • V. mandshurica f. albo-variegata (also known under the commercial name "Fuji Dawn") features variegated leaves, with pale markings against the normal green, sometimes suffused with a pink tinge; these markings fade as the leaves age, and are typically gone by midsummer, but it remains a popular plant for home gardeners.
  • V. mandshurica var. crassa is frequently seen in coastal areas, even on sandy beaches inhospitable to most Viola species; the name crassa comes from the Latin crassus, meaning thick, and refers to its shiny, coriaceous leaves which may be a factor in its ability to thrive in sandy soil and in full sun.
  • V. mandshurica f. plena has double flowers, i.e., ten petals per bloom instead of the usual five, and may be found in a variety of shades of purple.
  • V. mandshurica var. triangularis is also well-adapted to beaches, and similarly to var. crassa can thrive in full sun. This variety's name refers to its leaves, in this case to their shape, which are more pointed than other varieties of V. mandshurica, coming to a point, but still significantly longer than they are wide; like those of var. crassa, the leaves are quite glossy.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viola mandshurica.
Wikispecies has information related to Viola mandshurica.
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wikipedia EN

Viola mandshurica: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Viola mandshurica is a perennial species of violet known by the common names dōng běi jǐn cài (zh:东北堇菜) meaning 'northeastern violet' in China, jebikkot (ko:제비꽃) meaning 'sparrow flower' in Korea, and sumire (ja:菫, ja:スミレ) meaning 'violet' in Japan. In Japan, V. mandshurica is considered to be the basic species and other violet species have additional descriptors such as himesumire or nojisumire. Its specific name is derived from Manchuria, an area of its native habitat which has at different times in history included parts of modern China, Korea, Mongolia and the Russian Far East.

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Viola mandshurica ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення

Походить з Маньчжурії. Поширена на теренах Північного Китаю, Кореї, Монголії, Японії, Російського Сибіру.

Див. також

Примітки

  1. Українська назва є транскрибуванням та/або перекладом латинської назви авторами статті і в авторитетних україномовних джерелах не знайдена.

Джерела


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Viola mandshurica ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Viola mandshurica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa tím. Loài này được W. Becker miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1917.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Viola mandshurica. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết Họ Hoa tím này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Viola mandshurica: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Viola mandshurica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa tím. Loài này được W. Becker miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1917.

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东北堇菜 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Viola mandshurica
W. Beck.

东北堇菜学名Viola mandsurica),是堇菜科堇菜属的植物,又称紫花地丁

异名

  • Viola mandshurica W. Beck. f. albiflora P. Y. Fu et Y. C. Teng

形态

Viola mandshurica (200704).jpg

多年生草本,无地上茎,高6-18厘米。根状茎缩短。叶3或5片以至多数,皆基生;叶片长圆形、舌形、卵状披针形;花紫堇色或淡紫色,较大,直径约2厘米;蒴果长圆形,长1-1.5厘米,无毛,先端尖。种子多数,卵球形,长1.5毫米,无毛,淡棕红色。花果期4月下旬至9月。

分布

分布于台湾朝鲜俄罗斯日本以及中国大陆山东陕西黑龙江山西甘肃内蒙古吉林河北辽宁等地,生长于海拔700米至1,400米的地区,见于疏林下、草坡、林缘、灌丛、田野荒地、草地以及河岸沙地。[1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 昆明植物研究所. 东北堇菜. 《中国高等植物数据库全库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-02-25]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).

外部链接

 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:东北堇菜  src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:东北堇菜


参见

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维基百科作者和编辑

东北堇菜: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

东北堇菜(学名:Viola mandsurica),是堇菜科堇菜属的植物,又称紫花地丁。

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维基百科作者和编辑

スミレ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
曖昧さ回避 この項目では、植物のスミレについて説明しています。その他の用法については「すみれ」をご覧ください。
スミレ Viola mandshurica
Viola mandshurica(2006-4-23)
分類APG III : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 Angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 Eudicots 階級なし : バラ類 Rosids 階級なし : 真正バラ類I Eurosids I : キントラノオ目 Malpighiales : スミレ科 Violaceae : スミレ属 Viola : スミレ V. mandshurica 学名 Viola mandshurica
W.Becker 和名 スミレ 変種[1]
 src=
道路縁に群生

スミレ(菫)は、スミレ科スミレ属植物の総称であるが、狭義には、Viola mandshurica という和名である。

広義のスミレについては「スミレ属」を参照

ここでは種としてのスミレを記す。なお、類似種や近縁種も多く、一般にはそれらを区別せずにスミレと総称していることが多い。それらについても下記を参照されたい。

特徴[編集]

種名としてのスミレViola mandshurica)は、道ばたを咲かせる野草である。深い菫色)の花を咲かせる。

地下茎は太くて短く、多数のを根出状に出す。葉は際から出て、少し長めの葉柄があって、少しやじり形っぽい先の丸い葉をつける。

花は独特の形で、ラッパのような形の花を横向きかやや斜め下向きにつける。5枚の花びらは大きさが同じでなく、下側の1枚が大きいので、花の形は左右対称になる。ラッパのに当たるのは大きい花弁の奥が隆起したもので(きょ)という。花茎は根際から出て、やや立ち上がり、てっぺんで下を向いて花のラッパの管の中程に上側から着く。

平地に普通で、山間部の道ばたから都会まで、都会ではコンクリートのひび割れ等からも顔を出す。

山菜としても利用されている。葉は天ぷらにしたり、茹でておひたし和え物になり、花の部分は酢の物吸い物の椀ダネにする。ただし他のスミレ科植物、例えばパンジーニオイスミレなど有毒なものがあるため注意が必要である。

分布[編集]

北海道から屋久島までの日本列島に広く見られる。国外では朝鮮中国からウスリーに及ぶ。

毒性[編集]

由来等[編集]

「スミレ」の名はその花の形状が墨入れ(墨壺)を思わせることによる、という説を牧野富太郎が唱え、牧野の著名さもあって広く一般に流布しているが、定説とは言えない。

学名種小名 mandshurica は「満州の」という意味である。和名である「スミレ」は、このままだと名や名、さらには名と紛らわしいので、スミレ愛好家は特に本種を指す場合、この名に由来するマンジュリカで呼ぶことがある。

変種[編集]

種内の変種としては、以下のようなものがある。

アツバスミレ Viola mandshurica var. triangularis Mizushima
本州中部南岸から九州にわたる海岸に見られるもの。葉は厚くて幅が広く、表面に光沢がある。
アナマスミレ Viola mandshurica var. crassa Tatew.
北海道から本州中部日本海側の海岸型。葉は矛型で細く、厚くて光沢がある。

類似種[編集]

スミレ属には種類が多い。日本産でスミレに似た姿の種としては以下のようなものがある。いずれも茎は地表にあって太くてごく短く、葉は根出状。また、人里周辺に顔を出すものも多い。

ヒメスミレ Viola confusa Champ. ex Bentham subsp. nagasakiensis (W. Becker) F. Maek. et Hashimoto
人家周辺に多い。全体に一回り小さく、葉は三角形。本州から九州、台湾に分布。
ノジスミレ Viola yedoensis Makino
平地に生育。普通、葉や花茎一面に毛がある。葉はやや長い楕円形っぽい。本州から九州、朝鮮南部、中国に分布。
コスミレ Viola japonica Langsd.
葉は卵形っぽいハート形。北海道南西部から九州、朝鮮南部に分布。
リュウキュウコスミレ Viola pseudo-japonica Nakai
コスミレに似るが、葉はハート形より三角に近い。南西諸島に分布。
アカネスミレ Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim.
サクラスミレ Viola hirtipes S. Moore
花が大きく、葉はハート形。北海道から九州に分布。
ヒカゲスミレ Viola yezoensis Maxim.

姿が似ていて白い花をつけるものに次のような種がある。

アリアケスミレ Viola betonicifolia Smith var. albescens (Nakai) F. Maek. et
形はスミレに似た点が多く、花は白。本州から九州、朝鮮、中国に分布。琉球列島には同種ながらリュウキュウシロスミレ Viola betonicifolia var. oblongo-sagittata (Nakai) F. Maek. et Hashimoto がある。花がより長い柄の先につく。種としては東南アジア一帯にまで分布する。
シロスミレ Viola patrinii DC

上記種は形態的にスミレに近いものであるが、むしろ、同じスミレ属のタチツボスミレ Viola grypoceras var. grypoceras が普通種で、スミレとも混在するため、これがスミレと認識されている場合が多い。こちらの方は、茎が立ち上がるために知っていれば区別は簡単である。ただしこちらにも類似種が多いので、種の同定はやはり簡単ではない。

外来種は、パンジービオラと呼ばれる園芸種が多い。種としてのスミレは東アジアにしか分布しないから、外国文学に出てくるスミレは別の種を指す。ヨーロッパではニオイスミレも普通に馴染まれている。

詳細は「スミレ属」を参照

その他[編集]

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ 米倉浩司; 梶田忠 (2003-). “「BG Plants 和名−学名インデックス」(YList)”. 参考文献[編集]
    • いがりまさし 『増補改訂日本のスミレ』 高橋秀男監修、山と溪谷社〈山溪ハンディ図鑑〉、2005年1月、126-127頁。ISBN 4-635-07006-9
    • 山田隆彦 『スミレハンドブック』 文一総合出版ISBN 978-4-8299-1077-1。

    関連項目[編集]

     src= ウィキスピーシーズにスミレに関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、スミレに関連するカテゴリがあります。

    外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:植物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

スミレ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
 src= 道路縁に群生

スミレ(菫)は、スミレ科スミレ属植物の総称であるが、狭義には、Viola mandshurica という和名である。

広義のスミレについては「スミレ属」を参照

ここでは種としてのスミレを記す。なお、類似種や近縁種も多く、一般にはそれらを区別せずにスミレと総称していることが多い。それらについても下記を参照されたい。

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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
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wikipedia 日本語