dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

provided by AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 26.4 years (wild)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Distribution

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Anas rubripes breeds from Manitoba southeast to Minnesota, east through Wisconsin, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, and in the forested portions of eastern Canada to nortern Quebec and northern Labrador. The black duck winters in the southern parts of its breeding range and south to the Gulf Coast, Florida, and Bermuda (Mcauley, et al 1998).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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bibliographic citation
Byerly, T. 2000. "Anas rubripes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_rubripes.html
author
Tracy Byerly, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Habitat

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The Black Duck during the breeding season prefers a variety of fresh and brackish waters in a forest environment. These include: alkaline marshes, acid bogs and muskegs, lakes, ponds, and stream margins, as well as tidewater habitats such as bays and estuaries. The most favored areas are brackish estuarine bays with extensive adjacent agricultural lands. Outside of the breeding season the duck lives on large, open lagoons and on the coast, even in rough sea waters (Merendino and Ankney, 1994).

The northernmost breeders descend to lower latitudes to winter on the Atlantic seaboard of North America, usually as far south as Texas. Some reports have been made of observation of Black Ducks in Korea, Puerto Rico, and Western Europe, where some have stayed for an extended period of time (Hoyo, et al 1992).

Habitat Regions: temperate ; freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal

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Byerly, T. 2000. "Anas rubripes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_rubripes.html
author
Tracy Byerly, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Life Expectancy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
317 months.

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Byerly, T. 2000. "Anas rubripes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_rubripes.html
author
Tracy Byerly, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Morphology

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Males in breeding plumage have a buffy head that is heavily streaked with black, especially through the eye and on the tip of the head. The upperparts, including the tail and wing are blackish brown. The underparts feathers are dark sooty brown, with pale reddish and buff margins. The secondaries are iridescent blueish purple, with a black subterminal border and a narrow white tip, sometimes not present. The tertials are glossy black next to the speculum, but otherwise are gray to blackish brown, and the underwing surface is silvery white. The iris is brown, the bill is greenish yellow to bright yellow, with a black nail, and the feet and legs are orange red. Females also have a greenish to olive-colored bill, with small black spotting, and dusky to olive-colored legs and feet. Juveniles resemble adults, but are more heavily streaked on the breast and underparts, since these feathers have broader buff margins but darker tips. In the field the Black Duck has a body shaped like a Mallard. In flight, Black Ducks appear to be nearly black, with an underwing coloration that is in contrast with the rest of their plumage (Johngard, 1978).

Range mass: 1160 to 1330 g.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average basal metabolic rate: 3.6076 W.

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Byerly, T. 2000. "Anas rubripes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_rubripes.html
author
Tracy Byerly, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Trophic Strategy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The American Black Duck eats seeds and vegetative parts of aquatic plants and crop plants. They also consume a rather high proportion of invertebrates (insects, molluscs, crustaceans) in spring and summer. They feed by grazing, probing, dabbling or upending in shallow water. They occasionally dive (Hoyo, et al 1992).

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Byerly, T. 2000. "Anas rubripes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_rubripes.html
author
Tracy Byerly, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits

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The Black Duck is an important waterfowl of North American hunters and has been for many years.

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bibliographic citation
Byerly, T. 2000. "Anas rubripes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_rubripes.html
author
Tracy Byerly, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Conservation Status

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Not globally threatened.

The population of the Black Duck in the 1950's was around 2 million and since then has been on a steady decrease. Today the population has been calculated to be around 50,000. Causes of decline are unknown, but probably related to habitat loss, deterioration of water and food supplies, intense hunting pressure, and competition and hybridization with Mallards (Hoyo, et al 1992).

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Byerly, T. 2000. "Anas rubripes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_rubripes.html
author
Tracy Byerly, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Behavior

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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bibliographic citation
Byerly, T. 2000. "Anas rubripes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_rubripes.html
author
Tracy Byerly, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Reproduction

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Breeding starts in March and April. Nearly all first-year females attempt to nest and older females usually return to their nesting areas of previous years and very frequently use an old nest site, or at least nest within 100 yards of an old nest site. The nest consists of a scrape on the ground, concealed among vegetation, sometimes in tree-cavities or crotches and lined with plant matter and down. Eggs are deposited in the nest at the approximate rate of one per day, and clutch sizes generally average between 9 and 10 eggs, with smaller clutches typical of first-year females. The time at which pair bonds are broken varies somewhat, with males typically remaining with their females about two weeks into the incubation period. Male participation in the brood rearing has not been reported. The incubation period is about 27 days. A fairly high rate of nest destruction is done by crows and racoons (Norman and Winston 1996). The first broods hatch in early May and peak hatch is in early June (Longcore, et al 1998). Young are mobile 1-3 hours after hatching. The female-brood pair bond lasts 6-7 weeks (Ehrlich, et al 1988).

Average eggs per season: 9.5.

Average time to hatching: 27 days.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Average time to hatching: 28 days.

Average eggs per season: 9.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
365 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
365 days.

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bibliographic citation
Byerly, T. 2000. "Anas rubripes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anas_rubripes.html
author
Tracy Byerly, Southwestern University
editor
Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Anas rubripes

provided by DC Birds Brief Summaries

At close range, the American Black Duck may be identified by its dark color, dull-yellow bill, and white under-wing patches. However, due to its large size (20-25 inches) and familiar oval-shaped body, the American Black Duck is often mistaken at a distance for the more ubiquitous Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Separating American Black Ducks from the Mallards has become increasingly difficult as Mallards have begun to interbreed with this species, producing hybrids with characteristics intermediate to those of the two parent species. Male and female pure-bred American Black Ducks are similar to one another in all seasons. The American Black Duck breeds across northeastern North America from the eastern edge of the Great Plains east to the Atlantic coast and from the Hudson Bay south to the Mid-Atlantic region. Northern populations migrate south in winter, when they may be found in the southeast and along the Ohio River Valley. Populations in the northeastern United States and in the Mid-Atlantic region migrate short distances (if at all), and this species may be found all year in these areas. American Black Ducks breed along lakes, streams, and in freshwater and saltwater marshes. Similar habitats are utilized by this species in winter. Most hybrids occur where appropriate habitats for American Black Ducks overlap with those of Mallards, especially in more built-up areas. Like the Mallard, this species is a generalist feeder, eating grasses and aquatic plants, seeds, grains, insects, mollusks, crustaceans, and fish. American Black Ducks are often found floating on the water’s surface, occasionally dabbling (submerging their head and chest while their legs and tail stick out of the water) to find food. These ducks are also capable of taking off directly from the water. They may also be found on land, where they may be observed walking, or in the air, where they may be observed making swift and direct flights between bodies of water. Small numbers of American Black Ducks may be looked for among larger flocks of Mallards. This species is most active during the day.

Threat Status: Least Concern

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Smithsonian Institution
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Reid Rumelt

Anas rubripes

provided by EOL authors

At close range, the American Black Duck may be identified by its dark color, dull-yellow bill, and white under-wing patches. However, due to its large size (20-25 inches) and familiar oval-shaped body, the American Black Duck is often mistaken at a distance for the more ubiquitous Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Separating American Black Ducks from the Mallards has become increasingly difficult as Mallards have begun to interbreed with this species, producing hybrids with characteristics intermediate to those of the two parent species. Male and female pure-bred American Black Ducks are similar to one another in all seasons. The American Black Duck breeds across northeastern North America from the eastern edge of the Great Plains east to the Atlantic coast and from the Hudson Bay south to the Mid-Atlantic region. Northern populations migrate south in winter, when they may be found in the southeast and along the Ohio River Valley. Populations in the northeastern United States and in the Mid-Atlantic region migrate short distances (if at all), and this species may be found all year in these areas. American Black Ducks breed along lakes, streams, and in freshwater and saltwater marshes. Similar habitats are utilized by this species in winter. Most hybrids occur where appropriate habitats for American Black Ducks overlap with those of Mallards, especially in more built-up areas. Like the Mallard, this species is a generalist feeder, eating grasses and aquatic plants, seeds, grains, insects, mollusks, crustaceans, and fish. American Black Ducks are often found floating on the water’s surface, occasionally dabbling (submerging their head and chest while their legs and tail stick out of the water) to find food. These ducks are also capable of taking off directly from the water. They may also be found on land, where they may be observed walking, or in the air, where they may be observed making swift and direct flights between bodies of water. Small numbers of American Black Ducks may be looked for among larger flocks of Mallards. This species is most active during the day.

References

  • American Black Duck (Anas rubripes). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Anas rubripes. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Longcore, Jerry R., Daniel G. Mcauley, Gary R. Hepp and Judith M. Rhymer. 2000. American Black Duck (Anas rubripes), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/481
  • eBird Range Map - American Black Duck. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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Smithsonian Institution
bibliographic citation
Rumelt, Reid B. Anas rubripes. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Anas rubripes. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
author
Robert Costello (kearins)
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Associated Plant Communities

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
NO-ENTRY


REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
American black duck
black duck
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: competition

The black duck is on The Blue List of the Audobon Society [15]. It is
declining rapidly due to many factors. There is no conclusive evidence
to determine the exact cause of the decline, although competition and
hybridization with the mallard as well as overhunting have been blamed
most frequently [3,10,13].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Requirements

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, hardwood

During the nesting season American black ducks use wooded areas more
than other dabbling ducks do. However, because they seem to use a wide
variety of habitats, it is difficult to determine specific requirements
on a broad scale [13]. For brood rearing, American black ducks use
emergent wetlands, marshes, flooded hardwood areas, sloughs, creeks, or
ponds [6]. During winter they usually gather on large bodies of water
or on coastlines where there is abundant plant food [13].

American black ducks use coastal areas or ice-free areas on winter range
for feeding. They need protection from winter storms; this can be
provided by open water or high banks along open water or large
esturaries [9]. A mix of marine and estuarine habitats offers the
greatest variety of food and cover, although specific data is
unavailable. For detailed information on habitat suitablity index
models for winter American black ducks refer to Lewis and Garrison [9].
Others have detailed information on determining suitable nesting and
brood-rearing habitat [6].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The Americanw black duck inhabits primarily the eastern North American
seaboard but can be found inland as far as Texas in the south and
Saskatchewan in the north. It ranges from the northern peninsula of
Quebec to southern Florida [10]. It breeds in northern Canada and the
United States, is a year-round resident in the central states, and
winters from southern Illinois south to Florida [13].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Food Habits

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
Aquatic invertebrates are the major food for nesting females and young
American black ducks [13]. Other foods include upland grasses, crops
such as blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), oats, buckwheat, corn, and
potatoes. They also eat clams, mussels, some fish, eelgrass (Aostera
marina), wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima), cordgrass (Spartina spp.),
wildrice (Zizania aquatica), pondweed (Potamogeton spp.), arrowhead
(Sagittaria spp.), burreed (Sparganium spp.), bulrush (Scirpus spp.),
sedge (Carex spp.), and the seeds of oaks (Quercus spp.), baldcypress
(Taxodium distichum), tupelo (Nyssa spp.), and buttonbush (Cephalanthus
spp.) [9,13].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat-related Fire Effects

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
No information is available on the specific effects of fire on American
black ducks nor on their behavior following fire. However, specific
information regarding important plant species in American black duck
habitat is available through this database. Refer to species such as
Phragmites, Carex, Scirpus, Eleocharis, and Spartina.
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: swamp

1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
38 Tamarack
63 Cottonwood
87 Sweet gum - yellow-poplar
88 Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf oak
89 Live oak
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
92 Sweetgum - willow oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
95 Black willow
96 Overcup oak - water hickory
100 Pondcypress
101 Baldcypress
102 Baldcypress - tupelo
103 Water tupelo - swamp tupelo
104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
107 White spruce
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES14 Oak-pine<
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress<
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest

K073 Northern cordgrass prairie
K078 Southern cordgrass prairie
K090 Live oak - sea oats
K091 Cypress savanna
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K114 Pocosin
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The American black duck is being replaced by the mallard as the most
important nesting species along the East Coast of North America [4].
Because they use a variety of habitats, it may be best to determine what
areas are used locally and then protect and enhance those areas [6].
Some techniques for improving and creating brood-rearing habitat include
establishing stands of known foods, flooding wetland areas 2 to 24
inches (5-61 cm) deep, and creating visual isolation between feeding
areas to protect against predators [6]. To create nesting habitat
construct level ditches, pits, small dams for runoff ponds, or blast
potholes. For more detailed information refer to Kirby [6].


REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals

AL
AR
CT
DE
FL
GA
IL

IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD

MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
NH
NJ

NY
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC

TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WV
WI





NB
NF
NT
NS
ON
PE
PQ
SK

license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Predators

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
Humans are the most significant predator of the American black duck
[13]. Other predators include cats (Felidae) and dogs (Canidae); skunks
and weasels (Mustelidae); ravens and crows (Corvidae); opossum
(Didelphis virginiana), raccoon (Procyon lotor), snakes, turtles, and
fish [6].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Preferred Habitat

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: hardwood, tree

American black ducks prefer coastal brackish marshes and bays with
adjacent agricultural lands [9]. They also inhabit marshy inland lake
shores, sedge (Carex spp.) meadows, bogs, conifer uplands, wet hardwood
forests, and islands in large bodies of water [10,13]. American black
ducks seem to prefer more wooded habitat compared to the mallard [10].
They nest in tree cavities, old bird nests, on muskrat (Ondatra
zibethica) lodges, or on the ground either near water or as far as
one-half mile from the water's edge [10].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The commonly accepted scientific name for the American black duck is
Anas rubripes Brewster [10,14]. There are no recognized subspecies.
The American black duck hybridizes with the mallard (Anas platyrynchos).
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Timing of Major Life History Events

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: formation

Pair formation - mostly paired by autumn but can continue into winter.
Breeding/Nesting - March through June.
Incubation - 23 to 33 days.
Clutch - 7 to 12 eggs; birds may renest if first clutch is destroyed.
Fledge - 8 to 10 weeks.
Maturity - 1 year.
[10,13]
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Use of Fire in Population Management

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: fire regime

Early spring burning of coastal marshes can be used to force nesting
American black ducks out of those areas where nests are likely to be
destroyed by flooding [6].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Anas rubripes. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Ànec negrós ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

L'ànec negrós[1] o ànec collverd americà[2] (Anas rubripes) és un ànec de superfície, per tant un ocell de la família dels anàtids (Anatidae), molt pròxim a l'ànec collverd amb el qual antany es va considerar conespecífic.

Hàbitat i distribució

Habita en aiguamolls, estanys i badies. Cria des de la meitat oriental de Canadà continental i Terranova, cap al sud fins a la zona nord-oriental dels Estats Units. En hivern es desplaça cap al sud arribant a Texas i Florida. Individus divagants poden arribar fins a Europa Occidental, incloent els Països Catalans.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Ànec negrós Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Ànec negrós: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'ànec negrós o ànec collverd americà (Anas rubripes) és un ànec de superfície, per tant un ocell de la família dels anàtids (Anatidae), molt pròxim a l'ànec collverd amb el qual antany es va considerar conespecífic.

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Hwyaden ddu ( Welsh )

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Aderyn sy'n byw yn agos i'r traeth ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Anatidae ydy'r hwyaden ddu sy'n enw benywaidd; lluosog: hwyaid du(on) (Lladin: Anas rubripes; Saesneg: American Black Duck). Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys America.

Mae ar adegau i'w ganfod ar draethau arfordir Cymru. Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Lleiaf o Bryder' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.[1] Caiff yr aderyn hwn ei adnabod fel Aderyn mudol.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan www.marinespecies.org; adalwyd 4 Mai 2014
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Hwyaden ddu: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn sy'n byw yn agos i'r traeth ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Anatidae ydy'r hwyaden ddu sy'n enw benywaidd; lluosog: hwyaid du(on) (Lladin: Anas rubripes; Saesneg: American Black Duck). Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys America.

Mae ar adegau i'w ganfod ar draethau arfordir Cymru. Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Lleiaf o Bryder' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth. Caiff yr aderyn hwn ei adnabod fel Aderyn mudol.

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Dunkelente ( German )

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Unterschied zwischen Dunkelente und Stockente – Links die Dunkelente ohne weiße Einfassung des Flügelspiegels
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Fliegende Dunkelente
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Dunkelente (hinten) und Stockente

Die Dunkelente (Anas rubripes) ist eine nordamerikanische Art aus der Familie der Entenvögel. Sie stellt eine Ausnahme innerhalb der Eigentlichen Enten dar, weil sie keinen Geschlechtsdimorphismus aufweist. Beide Geschlechter ähneln in ihrem Erscheinungsbild den Weibchen der Stockente. Sie sind allerdings insgesamt etwas dunkler gefärbt und haben auffallend helle Wangen und Halsseiten. Gelegentlich wird sie wegen ihrer vielen Gemeinsamkeiten mit der Stockente auch nur als Unterart dieser Art eingeordnet.[1] Untersuchungen an 58.000 geschossenen Tieren beider Arten ergaben jedoch nur 318 intermediäre Bastarde. Heute dringt die Stockente jedoch zunehmend in die traditionellen Verbreitungsgebiete der Dunkelente ein, wodurch der Hybridanteil steigt.[2]

Beschreibung

Allgemeine Merkmale und Verwechslungsmöglichkeiten

Die Körperlänge der Dunkelente beträgt 53 bis 61 Zentimeter. Ausgewachsene Dunkelenten wiegen im Herbst durchschnittlich 1090 Gramm.[3] Beide Geschlechter weisen eine Ähnlichkeit zur Stockente auf. Beim Männchen ist das Gesamtgefieder einschließlich der Steuer- und Scapulargefieder jedoch schwarzbraun und nur schmal lehmfarben gesäumt. Die Kopfseiten und der Hals sind aufgehellt. Die Weibchen der Dunkelente sind aufgrund ihrer noch breiteren Federsäume denen der Stockente noch ähnlicher. Bei beiden Geschlechtern ist allerdings der Flügelspiegel dunkelviolett und von breiten schwarzen Binden eingefasst. Es fehlt das Weiß, das für die Stockenten charakteristisch ist.[4]

Beschreibung des Federkleids

Ausgewachsene männliche Enten haben einen gelben Schnabel und ein dunkles Körpergefieder, von dem sich der Kopf und der Hals durch eine hellere Färbung abheben. Von der oberen Schnabelbasis verläuft ein dunkler Farbstrich über das Auge zum Hinterkopf. Die Wangen weisen eine feine braune Strichelung auf. Die Beine sind orange und die Augen dunkel. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus ist nur gering ausgeprägt. Ausgewachsene Weibchen ähneln den Männchen. Die Beine des Männchens sind jedoch etwas leuchtender orange als die der Weibchen. Beiden fehlt im Unterschied zur Stockente die weiße Begrenzung des Flügelspiegels. Es gibt Individuen, bei denen etwas Weiß am Spiegelrand auftaucht. Dies beschränkt sich jedoch auf das äußerste Ende des Spiegels.[5] Eine Ähnlichkeit besteht auch zur nordamerikanischen Floridaente. Diese nicht ziehende Entenart findet sich jedoch nur auf der Halbinsel Florida sowie im westlichen Küstengebiet des Golfs von Mexiko, so dass die Verbreitungsgebiete dieser beiden Arten überschneidungsfrei sind.[6]

Grundsätzlich weist diese Art auffällige individuelle Unterschiede in Körpergröße und Federkleid auf. In der Regel sind Dunkelenten in ihrem nördlichen Verbreitungsgebiet etwas größer. Der Augenzügel beim Männchen variiert in der Länge und ist unterschiedlich deutlich zu erkennen. Häufig weist er ebenso wie die Nackenfedern einen grünlichen Schimmer auf.[7] Inwieweit diese Variationen im Körpergefieder auf eine Hybridisierung mit Stockenten zurückzuführen ist, ist bislang nicht ausreichend untersucht.[8]

Beide Geschlechter haben braunorange bis korallenrote Beine mit dunkleren Schwimmhäuten. Der Schnabel ist gelblich mit einem dunklen Nagel und wird zur Schnabelbasis hin olivfarben. Die Augen sind braun.

Im Flug heben sich die weißen Unterflügel auffällig von den dunklen Körperseiten ab.[9] Die Stimme ähnelt sehr der der Stockente, allerdings ist der Ruf des Weibchens einen Ton dunkler.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Dunkelenten sind eine rein nordamerikanische Entenart. Die Brutgebiete der Dunkelente sind Seen, Teiche, Flüsse und Sumpfgebiete im östlichen Kanada von der Hudson Bay bis Neufundland und in südlicher Richtung über die Großen Seen bis nach New York und der Küste von North Carolina. Sie fehlt dagegen im westlichen Nordamerika. Als Irrgast tauchen Dunkelenten gelegentlich auf den Azoren, in Irland, Großbritannien und Schweden auf.[10] Ähnlich wie beim Kappensäger wird bei Beobachtungen jedoch zuerst immer unterstellt, dass es sich um sogenannte Gefangenschaftsflüchtlinge handelt. In Großbritannien ist es gleichfalls zu Kreuzungen mit Stockenten gekommen. Die Männchen der Dunkelente ziehen auf ihrem Mauserzug sehr weit und treten dann auch weit außerhalb ihres Brutgebietes auf. Sie sind dann auch in der baumlosen Subarktis, in Prärien und in Parklandschaften des mittleren Nordamerikas zu finden.[11]

Dunkelenten sind eine sehr anpassungsfähige Entenart, die eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Gewässertypen nutzt. Sie bevorzugt jedoch Gewässer in Waldregionen.[12] Die Ornithologen James Gooders und Trevor Boyers vermuten, dass die Dunkelente in diesem Lebensraum keiner zu starken Konkurrenz von der durchsetzungsstärkeren Stockente ausgesetzt ist.[13] In der Vergangenheit waren die Lebensräume dieser beiden Entenarten stärker voneinander differenziert. Während die Dunkelente vor allem an schattigen Waldseen im östlichen Nordamerika zu finden war, war die heller gefiederte Stockente überwiegend an den Seen der Prärielandschaft zu finden. Aufgrund von Holzabschlag und Aufforstungen haben sich diese Habitate vermengt und es kommt in freier Wildbahn zur Hybridisierung.

Dunkelenten sind Teilzieher. Einige Populationen ziehen im Winter in die östlichen Bundesstaaten der USA und halten sich dann bevorzugt in Küstenregionen auf.[14] Andere Populationen sind das ganze Jahr über in der Region um die Great Lakes zu finden.

Nahrung und Nahrungserwerb

Dunkelenten sind eine omnivore Entenart. Die Nahrungszusammensetzung ist abhängig von dem, was der Lebensraum anbietet. So ist der Anteil von Wirbellosen in der Nahrungszusammensetzung bei in Küstenregionen lebenden Dunkelenten grundsätzlich größer als bei solchen, die weiter im Inland leben. Grundsätzlich nehmen Dunkelenten mehr tierische Nahrung auf als die Stockente. Hinzu kommen Samen von Gräsern und Seggen, Blätter und Wurzeln von Wasserpflanzen. Tierische Kost spielt insbesondere im Sommer eine große Rolle. Bei einer Untersuchung von Brutvögeln in Maine stellten kleine Krustentiere und Insekten bis zu 74 Prozent der Nahrung.[15]

Fortpflanzung

Auch im Balzrepertoire zeigt die Dunkelente viele Gemeinsamkeiten mit der Stockente. So weist die Dunkelente beispielsweise auch den Grunzpfiff auf, der bei der Stockente eine charakteristische Balzgeste ist. Die Balz beginnt im August und hat ihren ersten Höhepunkt im späten Herbst. Der Höhepunkt der Balz fällt jedoch in den Zeitraum Februar bis März.

Die Populationen weisen einen höheren Anteil an Erpeln auf. Insbesondere im ersten Lebensjahr bleiben daher viele der Erpel unverpaart. Es kommt allerdings nicht zu einer so starken Promiskuität wie bei der Stockente.[16] Es gibt einige Hinweise darauf, dass die Paare über mehrere Jahre zusammenbleiben.[17][18] Das Nest wird vom Weibchen errichtet. Es besteht in der Regel nur aus einer Vertiefung. Die Nestauskleidung besteht aus Federn und während der Brut kommen weitere Dunenfedern hinzu, da das Weibchen das Nest mit Dunen zudeckt, wenn es das Gelege verlässt. Das Gelege besteht aus sieben bis 11 Eiern, die cremeweiß sind. Es brütet allein das Weibchen. Die Küken schlüpfen nach einer Brutzeit von 23 bis 25 Tagen. Frisch geschlüpfte Küken wiegen durchschnittlich 31 Gramm.[19] Grundsätzlich ist die Verlustrate von Gelegen sehr hoch und beträgt in einigen Regionen mehr als 50 Prozent.[20] In der Chesapeake Bay schlüpften beispielsweise nur aus 38 Prozent der Nester Junge.[21] Gelege gehen verloren durch Überflutung und durch Störung durch Menschen. Zu den Prädatoren, die die Eier fressen und auch brütende Weibchen töten, zählen unter anderem Greifvögel, Füchse und Waschbären. Nach einem Gelegeverlust kommt es bis zu drei Mal zu Nachgelegen, wobei dies eher bei älteren Weibchen auftritt als bei erstbrütenden.[22]

Bestand

Die Population der Dunkelente ist rückläufig. Langfristige Untersuchungen legen nahe, dass diese Art seit den 1950er Jahren mit durchschnittlich drei Prozent jährlich abnimmt.[23] Der North American Waterfowl Management Plan sieht aus diesem Grund besondere Schutzmaßnahmen für diese Art vor. Ursachen des Bestandsrückgangs sind Habitatveränderungen. Dazu zählen insbesondere weiträumige Abholzungen, die die Ausbreitung der konkurrenzstärkeren Stockente fördern.[24]

Haltung in menschlicher Obhut

Wegen ihres stockentenähnlichen Erscheinungsbildes werden Dunkelenten verhältnismäßig selten von Züchtern gehalten oder in Zoos gezeigt. Der Zoo Berlin hielt diese Art das erste Mal im Jahre 1874. Erstzuchten mit dieser Art erfolgten vermutlich erstmals im 20. Jahrhundert. Bekannt sind Nachzuchten für Nordamerika aus dem Jahre 1909 und für den Zoo in London. Seit 1950 hält auch der britische Wildfowl Trust diese Art.[25]

Belege

Einzelnachweise

  1. Gooders und Boyer, S. 53
  2. Kolbe, S. 208
  3. Kear, S. 510
  4. Kolbe, S. 207
  5. Gooders und Boyer, S. 53
  6. Christopher S. Smith: Field Guide to Upland Birds and Waterfowl, Wilderness Adventure Press, Belgrade (Montana) 2000, ISBN 1-885106-20-3, S. 58 und 60
  7. Kear, S. 509
  8. Kear, S. 509
  9. Christopher S. Smith: Field Guide to Upland Birds and Waterfowl, Wilderness Adventure Press, Belgrade (Montana) 2000, ISBN 1-885106-20-3, S. 60
  10. Gooders und Boyer, S. 53
  11. Kear, S. 510
  12. Kear, S. 510
  13. Gooders und Boyer, S. 53
  14. Kear, S. 510
  15. Kear, S. 511
  16. Gooders und Boyer, S. 55
  17. Gooders und Boyer, S. 55
  18. Kear, S. 510
  19. Kear, S. 512
  20. Gooders und Boyer, S. 55
  21. Kear, S. 512
  22. Kear, S. 512
  23. Kear, S. 512
  24. Kear, S. 513
  25. Kolbe, S. 209

Literatur

Weblinks

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Dunkelente: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Unterschied zwischen Dunkelente und Stockente – Links die Dunkelente ohne weiße Einfassung des Flügelspiegels  src= Fliegende Dunkelente  src= Dunkelente (hinten) und Stockente

Die Dunkelente (Anas rubripes) ist eine nordamerikanische Art aus der Familie der Entenvögel. Sie stellt eine Ausnahme innerhalb der Eigentlichen Enten dar, weil sie keinen Geschlechtsdimorphismus aufweist. Beide Geschlechter ähneln in ihrem Erscheinungsbild den Weibchen der Stockente. Sie sind allerdings insgesamt etwas dunkler gefärbt und haben auffallend helle Wangen und Halsseiten. Gelegentlich wird sie wegen ihrer vielen Gemeinsamkeiten mit der Stockente auch nur als Unterart dieser Art eingeordnet. Untersuchungen an 58.000 geschossenen Tieren beider Arten ergaben jedoch nur 318 intermediäre Bastarde. Heute dringt die Stockente jedoch zunehmend in die traditionellen Verbreitungsgebiete der Dunkelente ein, wodurch der Hybridanteil steigt.

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Amerikaansche Swatte Aante ( Low Saxon )

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Unnerscheed twuschen Swatte Aante un Graue Aante - Links de Swatte Aante, sunner den witten Suum an'n Flunkenspegel
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Swatte Aante bi't Flegen
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Swatte Aante (achtern) un Graue Aante

De Amerikaansche Swatte Aant(e) (Anas rubripes) is en noordamerikaansche Aart ut de Familie vun de Aantenvagels. Dor warrt se to de Aanten an sik mit torekent. Waart un Aante verscheelt sik nich groot. Se seht nich veel anners ut, as de Graue Aante. Vundeswegen warrt de Amerikaansche Swatte Aante hen un wenn ok bloß as en Unneraard vun de Graue Aante ankeken.[1]

Kennteken

Dat Lief vun düsse Aant is 53 bit 61 cm lang. Wenn se utwussen sünd, weegt se in’n Harfst in’n Döörsnitt 1090 g.[2]. De Waarten hefft en geelen Snavel un dunkere Feddern. Kopp un Hals sünd en beten wat heller. Bi düsse Aart fallt up, wie unnerscheedlich de enkelten Exemplare utseht. Normolerwiese sünd de Amerikaanschen Swatten Aanten in’n Norden en beten grötter, as wieder na Süden to. De dunkere Striepen over de Ogen hen is ganz verscheden lang un fallt unnerscheedlich dull up. Faken hett he en grönen Glimmer, just as de Nackenfeddern.[3] Bitherto steiht noch nich fast, ob düsse Unnerscheede dor wat mit to doon hefft, datt sik de Aanten mit Graue Aanten krüüzt hefft.[4]

Wo se vorkamen deit

Düsse Aanten leevt bloß man in Noordamerika. Bröden doot se an Meere, Dieke, Ströme un in Brookland in’t ööstliche Kanada vun de Hudson Bay bit na Neepundland hen, un denn na Süden to over de Groten Meere bit na New York un an de Küst vun North Carolina. In’t westliche Noordamerika gifft dat düsse Aantenaart nich. Hen un wenn verbiesetert se sik bit hen na de Azoren, na Ierland, Grootbritannien un Sweden.[5] De Waarten treckt to’n Rusen bannig wiet un sünd denn ok wiet buten de Gemarken to finnen, wo se bröden doot. Se sünd denn ok in de Subarktis to sehn, wo dat keene Böme gifft, un in de Prärien un Parklandschoppen vun den Middelwesten.[6] Amerikaansche Swatte Aanten könnt sik goot anpassen un leevt an ganz verscheden Waters. An’n leevsten hoolt se sik avers in Rgionen up, wo dat Woold gifft.[7] Wieldes de Swatte Aante sunnerlich an Meere in’n Woold in’n Osten vun Noordamerika to finnen weer, wo dat veel Schadden gifft, hett de Graue Aante mit ehre hellern Feddern tomeist an Waters in de Prärie leevt, wo dat minner Schadden un mehr Licht geven hett. Vunwegen, datt de Minsch ingrepen, un Holt afneiht un Woolden anplant hett, hefft sik de Habitate dör’nanner mengelt un in de free Natur hefft sik de beiden Aantenaarden krüüzt.

De Amerikaansche Swatte Aante treckt bloß to’n Deel over Winter weg. De wecken Populatschonen treckt na de ööstlichen Bundsstaten vun de USA hen un hoolt sik denn sunnerlich an de Küst up.[8] Annere Populatschonen blievt dat ganze Johr in de Gemarken um de Great Lakes umto.

Freten

Amerikaansch Swatte Aanten freet allens. Dor hoolt se sik bi an dat, wat to finnen is, wo se leevt. An de Waterkant freet se mehr Warvellose Deerter, as wieter na dat Binnenland hen. Alltohopen freet se mehr Deerter, as de Grauen Aanten. Hento kummt Saat vun Gras un Seggen, dorto Blöer un Wuddeln vun Waterplanten. Sunnerlich in’n Sommer freet se veel Deerter. In Maine is unnersocht wurrn, datt de Swatten Aanten, de dor bröden döen, bit hen to 74 % lüttje Kreeftdeerter un Insekten freten hefft.[9]

Wie se sik vermehrt

In de Aantnvölker gift dat mehr Waarten, as Aanten. Sunnerlich in’t eerste Johr kriegt de Waarten faken keen Aante af. Liekers paart se sik nich so faken mit de Aanten vun annere Waarten, as dat bi de Graue Aante begäng is.[10] Dat gifft dor ok en Reeg vun Henwiese up, datt de Paare en poor Johre tosamen blievt.[11],[12] Dat Nest warrt bloß man vun de Aante boot. Dor hannelt sik dat normolerwiese bloß um en lüttje Kuhlen bi. Utstaffeert weert de mit Feddern, unner dat Bröden kaamt dor denn noch Dunen to. De Eier weert mit Dunen afdeckt, wenn dat Seken dat Nest mol verlaten deit. De Aante leggt seven bit 11 Eier, de sünd all cremewitt. De Küken kruupt ut na 23 bit 25 Dage.[13] En grote Masse vun de Gelege gaht verloren, to’n Deel sünd dat bit to 50 % in en Region.[14] In de Chesapeake Bay kruupt to’n Bispeel bloß man ut 38 % vun de Nester Junge ut.[15] Wenn en Gelege verlaren is, leggt de Aante bit hen to dreemol ne’e Eier, man fökener, wenn de Aanten al wat oller sünd un nich to’n eersten Mol bröödt hefft.[16]

Bestand

De Bestand vun de Amerikaansche Swatte Aante löppt achterut. Dat lett, as wenn düsse Aart al vun de 1950er Johre af an elk Johr in’n Döörsnitt 3 % achterut lopen deit.[17] De North American Waterfowl Management Plan hett sik vundeswegen sunnerliche Aktschonen vornahmen, um düsse Aart to schulen. Grund for dat Achterutlopen vun den Bestand is, datt de Habitate vun Minschen ännert wurrn sünd. Dor tellt sunnerlich dat Afneihn vun Holt to, wat dor to bidregen deit, datt de Grau Aante sik wietr utbreden kann.[18]

Belege

  1. Gooders und Boyer, S. 53
  2. Kear, S. 510
  3. Kear, S. 509
  4. Kear, S. 509
  5. Gooders und Boyer, S. 53
  6. Kear, S. 510
  7. Kear, S. 510
  8. Kear, S. 510
  9. Kear, S. 511
  10. Gooders und Boyer, S. 55
  11. Gooders und Boyer, S. 55
  12. Kear, S. 510
  13. Kear, S. 512
  14. Gooders und Boyer, S. 55
  15. Kear, S. 512
  16. Kear, S. 512
  17. Kear, S. 512
  18. Kear, S. 513

Literatur

Weblenken

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Amerikaansche Swatte Aante: Brief Summary ( Low Saxon )

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 src= Unnerscheed twuschen Swatte Aante un Graue Aante - Links de Swatte Aante, sunner den witten Suum an'n Flunkenspegel  src= Swatte Aante bi't Flegen  src= Swatte Aante (achtern) un Graue Aante

De Amerikaansche Swatte Aant(e) (Anas rubripes) is en noordamerikaansche Aart ut de Familie vun de Aantenvagels. Dor warrt se to de Aanten an sik mit torekent. Waart un Aante verscheelt sik nich groot. Se seht nich veel anners ut, as de Graue Aante. Vundeswegen warrt de Amerikaansche Swatte Aante hen un wenn ok bloß as en Unneraard vun de Graue Aante ankeken.

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Dimmmorreyð ont ( Faroese )

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Dimmmorreyð ont (frøðiheiti - Anas rubripes)

Sí eisini

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Dimmmorreyð ont: Brief Summary ( Faroese )

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Dimmmorreyð ont (frøðiheiti - Anas rubripes)

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Nogisorzu ( Livvi )

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Nogisorzu
Nogisorzu

Nogisorzu (lat. Anas rubripes) on sorzien heimoh kuului lindu.

Karjalankieline nimi

Linnun karjalankieline täs artikkelis käytetty nimi on kiännetty suomenkielizes sanas nokisorsa.

Kogo da nägö

Piduhus: 53-61 cm

Pezindy

Nogisorzu muniu 6-14 jäiččiä. Tavallizeh jäiččiä on 8-10. Emäččy haudou jäiččii yksin 26-30 päiviä.

Aloveh

Nogisorzu peziy Pohjas-Amerikas. Yksikai niidy yöksyy puaksuh Päivänlasku-Europpah. Suomes enzimäine nogisorzu tavattih Sovankyläs vuonnu 2004.[1]

Lähtiet

  1. http://www.ts.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/1073969731/Nokisorsa+nahtiin+ensi+kertaa+Suomessa
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Nogisorzu: Brief Summary ( Livvi )

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Nogisorzu Nogisorzu

Nogisorzu (lat. Anas rubripes) on sorzien heimoh kuului lindu.

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American black duck

provided by wikipedia EN

The American black duck (Anas rubripes) is a large dabbling duck in the family Anatidae. It was described by William Brewster in 1902. It is the heaviest species in the genus Anas, weighing 720–1,640 g (1.59–3.62 lb) on average and measuring 54–59 cm (21–23 in) in length with an 88–95 cm (35–37 in) wingspan. It somewhat resembles the female and eclipse male mallard in coloration, but has a darker plumage. The male and female are generally similar in appearance, but the male's bill is yellow while the female's is dull green with dark marks on the upper mandible. It is native to eastern North America. During the breeding season, it is usually found in coastal and freshwater wetlands from Saskatchewan to the Atlantic in Canada and the Great Lakes and the Adirondacks in the United States. It is a partially migratory species, mostly wintering in the east-central United States, especially in coastal areas.

It interbreeds regularly and extensively with the mallard, to which it is closely related. The female lays six to fourteen oval eggs, which have smooth shells and come in varied shades of white and buff green. Hatching takes 30 days on average. Incubation usually takes 25 to 26 days, with both sexes sharing duties, although the male usually defends the territory until the female reaches the middle of her incubation period. It takes about six weeks to fledge. Once the eggs hatch, the hen leads the brood to rearing areas with abundant invertebrates and vegetation.

The American black duck is considered to be a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), although some populations of the species are in decline. It has long been valued as a game bird. Habitat loss due to drainage, global warming, filling of wetlands due to urbanization and rising sea levels are major reasons for the declining population of the American black duck. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has been purchasing and managing the habitat of this species in many areas to support the migratory stopover, wintering and breeding populations. The Atlantic Coast Joint Venture also protects habitat through restoration and land acquisition projects, mostly within their wintering and breeding areas.

Taxonomy and etymology

American ornithologist William Brewster described the American black duck as Anas obscura rubripes, for "red-legged black duck",[2] in his landmark article "An undescribed form of the black duck (Anas obscura)," in The Auk in 1902, to distinguish between the two kinds of black ducks found in New England. One of them was described as being comparatively small, with brownish legs and an olivaceous or dusky bill, and the other as being comparatively larger, with a lighter skin tone, bright red legs and a clear yellow bill.[2] The larger of the two was described as Anas obscura by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1789[1] in the 13th edition of the Systema Naturae, Part 2, and he based it on the "Dusky Duck" of Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant.[2] The current scientific name, Anas rubripes, is derived from Latin, with Anas meaning "duck" and rubripes coming from ruber, "red", and pes, "foot".[3]

Pennant, in Arctic Zoology, Volume 2, described this duck as coming "from the province of New York" and having "a long and narrow dusky bill, tinged with blue: chin white: neck pale brown, streaked downwards with dusky lines."[2] In a typical obscura, characteristics such as greenish black, olive green or dusky olive bill; olivaceous brown legs with at most one reddish tinge; the nape and pileum nearly uniformly dark; spotless chin and throat; fine linear and dusky markings on the neck and sides of the head, rather than blackish, do not vary with age or season.[2]

Description

Male with a yellow beak and showing speculum
Female with a dull green beak

The American black duck weighs 720–1,640 g (1.59–3.62 lb) and measures 54–59 cm (21–23 in) in length with a 88–95 cm (35–37 in) wingspan.[4] This species has the highest mean body mass in the genus Anas, with a sample of 376 males averaging 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and 176 females averaging 1.1 kg (2.4 lb), although its size is typically quite similar to that of the familiar mallard.[5][6] The American black duck somewhat resembles the female mallard in coloration, although the black duck's plumage is darker.[7] Males and females are generally similar in appearance, but the male's bill is yellow while the female's is dull green with dark marks on the upper mandible,[8] which is occasionally flecked with black.[9][10] The head is brown, but is slightly lighter in tone than the darker brown body. The cheeks and throat are streaked brown, with a dark streak going through the crown and dark eye.[7] The speculum feathers are iridescent violet-blue with predominantly black margins.[8] The fleshy orange feet of the duck have dark webbing.[11]

Both male and female American black ducks produce similar calls to their close relative, the mallard, with the female producing a loud sequence of quacks which falls in pitch.[12]

In flight, the white lining of the underwings can be seen in contrast to the blackish underbody and upperside.[7][13] The purple speculum lacks white bands at the front and rear, and rarely has a white trailing edge. A dark crescent is visible on the median underwing primary coverts.[13]

Juveniles resemble adult females, but have broken narrow pale edges of underpart feathers, which give a slightly streaked rather than scalloped appearance, and the overall appearance is browner rather than uniformly blackish. Juvenile males have brownish-orange feet while juvenile females have brownish feet and a dusky greyish-green bill.[13]

Distribution and habitat

Anas rubripes female, Hudson River, New Jersey, USA

The American black duck is endemic to eastern North America.[14] In Canada, the range extends from northeastern Saskatchewan to Newfoundland and Labrador.[7] In the United States, it is found in northern Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, Connecticut, Vermont, South Dakota, central West Virginia, Maine and on the Atlantic coast to North Carolina.[7][15]

The American black duck is a habitat generalist as it is associated with tidal marshes and present throughout the year in salt marshes from the Gulf of Maine to coastal Virginia.[16] It usually prefers freshwater and coastal wetlands throughout northeastern America, including brackish marshes, estuaries and edges of backwater ponds and rivers lined by speckled alder.[7][15] It also inhabits beaver ponds, shallow lakes with sedges and reeds, bogs in open boreal and mixed hardwood forests, as well as forested swamps.[15] Populations in Vermont have also been found in glacial kettle ponds surrounded by bog mats.[15] During winter, the American black duck mostly inhabits brackish marshes bordering bays, agricultural marshes, flooded timber, agricultural fields, estuaries and riverine areas.[15] Ducks usually take shelter from hunting and other disturbances by moving to brackish and fresh impoundments on conservation land.[4]

Behavior

Feeding

The American black duck is an omnivorous species[17] with a diverse diet.[18] It feeds by dabbling in shallow water and grazing on land.[17] Its plant diet primarily includes a wide variety of wetland grasses and sedges, and the seeds, stems, leaves and root stalks of aquatic plants, such as eelgrass, pondweed and smartweed.[7][8] Its animal diet includes mollusks, snails, amphipods, insects, mussels and small fishes.[17][18]

During the breeding season, the diet of the American black duck consists of approximately 80% plant food and 20% animal food. The animal food diet increases to 85% during winter.[17] During nesting, the proportion of invertebrates increases.[8] Ducklings mostly eat water invertebrates for the first 12 days after hatching, including aquatic snowbugs, snails, mayflies, dragonflies, beetles, flies, caddisflies and larvae. After this, they shift to seeds and other plant food.[17]

Breeding

A female American black duck (top left) and a male mallard (bottom right) in eclipse plumage

The breeding habitat includes alkaline marshes, acid bogs, lakes, ponds, rivers, marshes, brackish marshes and the margins of estuaries and other aquatic environments in northern Saskatchewan, Manitoba, across Ontario, Quebec and the Atlantic Canadian Provinces, plus the Great Lakes and the Adirondacks in the United States.[19] It is partially migratory, and many winter in the east-central United States, especially coastal areas; some remain year-round in the Great Lakes region.[20] This duck is a rare vagrant to Great Britain and Ireland, where over the years several birds have settled in and bred with the local mallard.[21] The resulting hybrid can present considerable identification difficulties.[21]

Nest sites are well-concealed on the ground, often in uplands. Egg clutches have six to fourteen oval eggs,[11] which have smooth shells and come in varied shades of white and buff green.[19] On average, they measure 59.4 mm (2.34 in) long, 43.2 mm (1.70 in) wide and weigh 56.6 g (0.125 lb).[19] Hatching takes 30 days on average.[11] The incubation period varies,[19] but usually takes 25 to 26 days.[22] Both sexes share duties, although the male usually defends the territory until the female reaches the middle of her incubation period.[22] It takes about six weeks to fledge.[22] Once the eggs hatch, the hen leads the brood to rearing areas with abundant invertebrates and vegetation.[22]

The American black duck interbreeds regularly and extensively with the mallard, to which it is closely related.[23] Some authorities even consider the black duck to be a subspecies of the mallard instead of a separate species. Mank et al. argue that this is in error as the extent of hybridization alone is not a valid means to delimitate Anas species.[24]

Chart showing differences between the American black duck and the female mallard

It has been proposed that the American black duck and the mallard were formerly separated by habitat preference, with the American black duck's dark plumage giving it a selective advantage in shaded forest pools in eastern North America, and the mallard's lighter plumage giving it an advantage in the brighter, more open prairie and plains lakes.[25] According to this view, recent deforestation in the east and tree planting on the plains has broken down this habitat separation, leading to the high levels of hybridization now observed.[26] However, rates of past hybridization are unknown in this and most other avian hybrid zones, and it is merely presumed in the case of the American black duck that past hybridization rates were lower than those seen today. Also, many avian hybrid zones are known to be stable and longstanding despite the occurrence of extensive interbreeding.[23] The American black duck and the local mallard are now very hard to distinguish by means of microsatellite comparisons, even if many specimens are sampled.[27] Contrary to this study's claims, the question of whether the American haplotype is an original mallard lineage is far from resolved. Their statement, "Northern black ducks are now no more distinct from mallards than their southern conspecifics" only holds true in regard to the molecular markers tested.[24] As birds indistinguishable according to the set of microsatellite markers still can look different, there are other genetic differences that were simply not tested in the study.[24]

In captivity studies, it has been discovered that the hybrids follow Haldane's Rule, with hybrid females often dying before they reach sexual maturity, thereby supporting the case for the American black duck being a distinct species.[23][28]

Nest predators and hazards

The apex nest predators of the American black duck include American crows, gulls and raccoons, especially in tree nests.[17] Hawks and owls are also major predators of adults. Bullfrogs and snapping turtles eat many ducklings.[17] Ducklings often catch diseases caused by protozoan blood parasites transmitted by bites of insects such as blackflies.[17] They are also vulnerable to lead shot poisoning, known as plumbism, due to their bottom-foraging food habits.[17]

Status and conservation

Since 1988, the American black duck has been rated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species.[1] This is because the range of this species is extremely large, which is not near the threshold of vulnerable species.[1] In addition, the total population is large, and, although it is declining, it is not declining fast enough to make the species vulnerable.[1] It has long been valued as a game bird, being extremely wary and fast flying.[29] Habitat loss due to drainage, filling of wetlands due to urbanization, global warming and rising sea levels are major reasons for the declining population.[14] Some conservationists consider hybridization and competition with the mallard as an additional source of concern should this decline continue.[30][31] Hybridization itself is not a major problem; natural selection makes sure that the best-adapted individuals have the most offspring.[32] However, the reduced viability of female hybrids causes some broods to fail in the long run due to the death of the offspring before reproducing themselves.[33] While this is not a problem in the plentiful mallard, it might place an additional strain on the American black duck's population. Recent research conducted for the Delta Waterfowl Foundation suggests that hybrids are a result of forced copulations and not a normal pairing choice by black hens.[34]

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has continued to purchase and manage habitat in many areas to support the migratory stopover, wintering and breeding populations of the American black duck.[14] In addition, the Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge has purchased and restored over 1,000 acres of wetlands to provide stopover habitat for over 10,000 American black ducks during fall migration.[14] Also, the Atlantic Coast Joint Venture has been protecting the habitat of the American black duck through habitat restoration and land acquisition projects, mostly within their wintering and breeding areas.[14] In 2003, a Boreal Forest Conservation Framework was adopted by conservation organizations, industries and First Nations to protect the Canadian boreal forests, including the American black duck's eastern Canadian breeding range.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e BirdLife International (2021). "Anas rubripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22680174A137023072. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22680174A137023072.en. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Brewster, William (1902). "An undescribed form of the black duck (Anas obscura)". The Auk. American Ornithologists Union. 19 (2): 183–188. doi:10.2307/4069311. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4069311 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  3. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Christopher Helm. pp. 46, 340. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  4. ^ a b "American Black Duck". www.allaboutbirds.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
  5. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  6. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Christopher (2000). Field Guide to Upland Birds and Waterfowl. Wilderness Adventures Press. p. 60. ISBN 9781885106209.
  8. ^ a b c d Kear, Janet (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans: Species accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Oxford University Press. p. 509. ISBN 9780198610090.
  9. ^ Potter, Eloise F.; Parnell, James F.; Teulings, Robert P.; Davis, Ricky (2015). Birds of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 47. ISBN 9781469625652.
  10. ^ Dunn, Jon Lloyd; Alderfer, Jonathan K. (2006). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America. National Geographic Books. p. 30. ISBN 9780792253143.
  11. ^ a b c Ryan, James M. (2009). Adirondack Wildlife: A Field Guide. University Press of New England. p. 118. ISBN 9781584657491.
  12. ^ "American Black Duck". The Cornell Lab - All About Birds. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  13. ^ a b c Beaman, Mark; Madge, Steve (2010). The Handbook of Bird Identification: For Europe and the Western Palearctic. A&C Black. p. 163. ISBN 9781408135235.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Wells, Jeffrey V. (2010). Birder's Conservation Handbook: 100 North American Birds at Risk. Princeton University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1400831517.
  15. ^ a b c d e U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service (2007). Cape Cod National Seashore (N.S.), Hunting Program: Environmental Impact Statement. pp. 83–84.
  16. ^ Roman, Charles T. (2012). Tidal Marsh Restoration: A Synthesis of Science and Management. Island Press. p. 132. ISBN 9781610912297.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i Eastman, John Andrew (1999). Birds of Lake, Pond, and Marsh: Water and Wetland Birds of Eastern North America. Stackpole Books. pp. 57–58. ISBN 9780811726818.
  18. ^ a b Maehr, David S.; Kale II, Herbert W. (2005). Florida's Birds: A Field Guide and Reference. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 56. ISBN 9781561643356.
  19. ^ a b c d Baldassarre, Guy A. (2014). Ducks, Geese, and Swans of North America. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 353–356. ISBN 9781421407517.
  20. ^ Jerry R., Longcore; McAuley, Daniel G.; Hepp, Gary R.; Rhymer, Judith M. (2020). "American Black Duck (Anas rubripes)". In Poole, Alan F; Gill, Frank B (eds.). American Black Duck: Anas rubripes. doi:10.2173/bow.ambduc.01. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
  21. ^ a b Evans, Lee G. R. (1994). Rare Birds in Britain 1800-1990. LGRE Productions Incorporated. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9781898918004.
  22. ^ a b c d Schwartz, Nancy A. (2010). Wildlife Rehabilitation: Basic Life Support. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781453531921.
  23. ^ a b c McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006). Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World. Oxford University Press.
  24. ^ a b c Mank, Judith E.; Carlson, John E.; Brittingham, Margaret C. (2004). "A century of hybridization: Decreasing genetic distance between American black ducks and mallards". Conservation Genetics. 5 (3): 395–403. doi:10.1023/B:COGE.0000031139.55389.b1. S2CID 24144598.
  25. ^ Armistead, George L.; Sullivan, Brian L. (2015). Better Birding: Tips, Tools, and Concepts for the Field. Princeton University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780691129662.
  26. ^ Johnsgard, Paul A. (1967). "Sympatry Changes and Hybridization Incidence in Mallards and Black Ducks". American Midland Naturalist. 77 (1): 51–63. doi:10.2307/2423425. JSTOR 2423425.
  27. ^ Avise, John C.; Ankney, C. Davison; Nelson, William S. (1990). "Mitochondrial Gene Trees and the Evolutionary Relationship of Mallard and Black Ducks". Evolution. 44 (4): 1109–1119. doi:10.2307/2409570. JSTOR 2409570. PMID 28569026.
  28. ^ Kirby, Ronald E.; Sargeant, Glen A.; Shutler, Dave (2004). "Haldane's rule and American black duck × mallard hybridization". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 82 (11): 1827–1831. doi:10.1139/z04-169.
  29. ^ Anonymous (2007). Lake Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge (N.W.R.), Conservation Plan: Environmental Impact Statement. pp. 142–143.
  30. ^ Rhymer, Judith M. (2006). "Extinction by hybridization and introgression in anatine ducks". Acta Zoologica Sinica. 52 (Supplement): 583–585. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-03.
  31. ^ Rhymer, Judith M.; Simberloff, Daniel (1996). "Extinction by hybridization and introgression". Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 83–109. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83.
  32. ^ Ashton, Mike (2014). Domestic Duck. Crowood Press. p. 7. ISBN 9781847979704.
  33. ^ Newton, Ian (2003). Speciation and Biogeography of Birds. Academic Press. p. 417. ISBN 9780080924991.
  34. ^ Wintersteen, Kyle (2013-03-01). "Black Ducks in Peril". American Hunter. Archived from the original on 2016-03-26. Retrieved 2013-03-02.

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American black duck: Brief Summary

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The American black duck (Anas rubripes) is a large dabbling duck in the family Anatidae. It was described by William Brewster in 1902. It is the heaviest species in the genus Anas, weighing 720–1,640 g (1.59–3.62 lb) on average and measuring 54–59 cm (21–23 in) in length with an 88–95 cm (35–37 in) wingspan. It somewhat resembles the female and eclipse male mallard in coloration, but has a darker plumage. The male and female are generally similar in appearance, but the male's bill is yellow while the female's is dull green with dark marks on the upper mandible. It is native to eastern North America. During the breeding season, it is usually found in coastal and freshwater wetlands from Saskatchewan to the Atlantic in Canada and the Great Lakes and the Adirondacks in the United States. It is a partially migratory species, mostly wintering in the east-central United States, especially in coastal areas.

It interbreeds regularly and extensively with the mallard, to which it is closely related. The female lays six to fourteen oval eggs, which have smooth shells and come in varied shades of white and buff green. Hatching takes 30 days on average. Incubation usually takes 25 to 26 days, with both sexes sharing duties, although the male usually defends the territory until the female reaches the middle of her incubation period. It takes about six weeks to fledge. Once the eggs hatch, the hen leads the brood to rearing areas with abundant invertebrates and vegetation.

The American black duck is considered to be a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), although some populations of the species are in decline. It has long been valued as a game bird. Habitat loss due to drainage, global warming, filling of wetlands due to urbanization and rising sea levels are major reasons for the declining population of the American black duck. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has been purchasing and managing the habitat of this species in many areas to support the migratory stopover, wintering and breeding populations. The Atlantic Coast Joint Venture also protects habitat through restoration and land acquisition projects, mostly within their wintering and breeding areas.

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Oranĝkrura anaso ( Esperanto )

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La Oranĝkrura anasoNordamerika nigra anaso (Anas rubripes) estas granda birdospecio de la grupo de la plaŭdanasoj. La Oranĝkruraj anasoj estas similaj al la Platbeka anaso laŭ grando, kaj similas al ties ino laŭ koloraro, kvankam la plumaro de la Oranĝkrura anaso estas pli malhela, kio nomigas la specion laŭ alternativa nomo. Ĝi estas indiĝena de orienta Nordameriko kaj montris malpliigon laŭ nombroj kaj pliiĝantan hibridiĝon kun la pli komuna Platbeka anaso ĉar tiu specio disvastiĝis laŭ ŝanĝoj en habitatoj fare de homoj.

Aspekto

 src=
Oranĝkrura anaso dumfluge montrante du tipajn karakterojn nome oranĝajn krurojn kaj blankajn subflugilojn.

La Oranĝkrura anaso pezas 720–1640 g, estas 48–63 cm longa kaj havas enverguron de 88–96 cm.[1][2] Ili estas similaj al la Platbeka anaso laŭ grando, kaj similas al ties ino laŭ koloraro, kvankam la plumaro de la Oranĝkrura anaso estas pli malhela. La masklo kaj la ino de la Oranĝkrura anaso estas ĝenerale similaj laŭ aspekto, sed la beko de la masklo de la Oranĝkrura anaso estas flava dum tiu de la ino estas verdeca. La kapo estas iome pli helbruna ol la malhebruna korpo, kaj la speguleto estas brile violblua kun elstaraj nigraj bordoj. La Oranĝkrura anaso havas oranĝajn krurojn (kio nomigas la specion kaj en la komuna nomo kaj en la latina scienca nomo) kaj malhelajn irisojn. Dumfluge la blankaj subflugiloj povas esti videblaj kontraste al la malhebruna korpo. La kutimaro kaj voĉo estas la samaj kiel ĉe la masklo de la Platbeka anaso.[3]

Reproduktado

 src=
Ino kun anasidoj.

Ties reprodukta habitato estas alkalaj marĉoj, acidaj torfoj, lagoj, flakoj, riveroj, salecaj marĉoj kaj bordoj de estuaroj kaj aliaj akvaj medioj en Kanado nome en norda Saskaĉevano, Manitobo, tra Ontario kaj Kebekio same kiel ĉe la Atlantikaj Kanadaj Provincoj, inklude la regionon de la Grandaj Lagoj, kaj la Adirondakoj en Usono. La ino de la Oranĝkrura anaso demetas averaĝe 9 ovojn.[3] La ovoj estas verdecaj. La ino demetas 6–14 ovojn, kies eloviĝo okazas post averaĝe 30 tagoj.

Hibridado

La Oranĝkruraj anasoj interreproduktiĝas regule kaj etende kun la Platbeka anaso,[4] al kiu ili estas proksime rilataj. Kelkaj fakuloj eĉ konsideras ke la Oranĝkrura anaso estas subspecio de la Platbeka anaso, ne separata specio entute; tio estas eraro ĉar nur la etendo de hibridiĝo ne estas valida por limigi ene de la specioj de la genro Anas.[5]

 src=
Kompara bildo montranta diferencojn el ino de Platbeka anaso: Black Duck estas la Oranĝkrura anaso, dum Hen Mallard estas ino de Platbeka anaso.

Oni proponis, ke pasintece, la Oranĝkrura anaso kaj la Platbeka anaso estis iam separataj pro habitatoprefero, ĉar la malhelplumara Oranĝkrura anaso havus selektan avantaĝon en ombrarbaraj lagetoj de orienta Nordameriko, kaj la pli helplumara Platbeka anaso en la pli brilaj, pli malfermaj lagoj de prerioj kaj ebenaĵoj. Ĵuse laŭ tio senarbarigo en oriento, kaj arboplantado en ebenaĵoj, detruis tiun habitatoseparadon, kondukante al tiuj altaj niveloj de hibridiĝo nuntempe observata.[6] Tamen oni ne konas indicojn de pasinta ebla hibridiĝo en tiu kaj plej aliaj birdohibridaj zonoj, kaj oni supozas, ke ĉe la kazo de la Oranĝkrura anaso tiuj pasintaj indicoj estis pli malaltaj ol tiuj vidataj nuntempe. Oni scias ankaŭ ke multaj birdohibridaj zonoj estas stabilaj kaj longdaŭraj spite la ekzisto de etenda interreproduktado.[4] Ĉiukaze la Oranĝkruraj anasoj kaj la lokaj Platbekaj anasoj estas nun malfacile distingeblaj pere de komparoj per mikrosatelito, eĉ se oni faras ekzemplojn de multaj specimenoj.[7] Male al la propono de tiu studo, la demando ĉu la amerikaj haplotipoj estas origine stirpo de Platbeka anaso estas ankoraŭ tute nesolvita. Ties aserto, "[N]ordaj nigraj anasoj estas nune ne plu distingaj el la Platbekaj anasoj ol ties sudaj samspecifaj" kompreneble pravas nur rilate al la molekulaj markiloj ekzamenitaj. Ĉar birdoj nedistingeblaj laŭ la mikrosatelitaj markiloj ankoraŭ povas aspekti diferencaj, estas aliaj genetikaj diferencoj kiuj simple ne estis ekzamenitaj en tiu studo.[5]

La hibridoj ne povas esti facile distingeblaj en naturo kaj sekve, multe de la dinamiko de la specia hibridiĝo restas nekonata. Oni pruvis tamen en kaptivecaj studoj, ke la hibridoj sekvas la sugestojn de la nomata regulo de Haldane, nome ke la hibridaj inoj ofte mortas antaŭ atingi la seksan maturecon,[4][8] kio substrekas la kazon ke la Oranĝkrura anaso estas distinga specio.

Kutimaro

Tiu specio estas parte migranta kaj multaj vintrumas en orientcentra Usono, ĉefe ĉe marbordaj areoj; kelkaj restas la tutan jaron en la regiono de la Grandaj Lagoj. Tiuj birdoj manĝas per plaŭdado en neprofundaj akvoj, kaj per paŝtado surgrunde. Ili manĝas ĉefe plantojn, sed ankaŭ kelkajn moluskojn kaj akvajn insektojn.

Tiu anaso estas rara vaganto en Brition, kie dum jaroj kelkaj birdoj setlis kaj reproduktiĝis kun la lokaj Platbekaj anasoj. La rezultaj hibridoj povas prezenti konsiderindajn identigajn malfacilaĵojn.

 src=
Oranĝkrura anaso (maldekstre) kaj masklo de Platbeka anaso (dekstre) en eklipsa plumaro.

Statuso

La Oranĝkrura anaso delonge estis valora ĉasbirdo, tre timida kaj rapida dumfluge. Kvankam temas pri specio Malplej Zorgiga, ĝi estas malrapide malpliiĝanta pro habitatodetruo. Kelkaj konservadistoj konsideras hibridiĝon kaj konkurencon kun la Platbeka anaso aldona zorgofonto, se la malpliiĝo pluas.[9][10] La propra hibridiĝo ne estas la ĉefa problemo; natura selektado vidos ĉu la plej bone adaptitaj individuoj ankoraŭ havas plej da idaroj. Sed la malpliigita kapablo de la inaj hibridoj estos kaŭzo de multa malsukcesa reproduktado longdaŭre ĉar la idaro mortas antaŭ reproduktiĝi. Dum tio ne estas problemo por la plena Platbeka anaso, tute malhelpos la populacion de la Oranĝkrura anaso.

Referencoj

  1. [1] (2011).
  2. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses de John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  3. 3,0 3,1 American Black Duck Facts and Figure. Ducks Unlimited.
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 (2006) “Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World”.
  5. 5,0 5,1 (2004) “A century of hybridization: Decreasing genetic distance between American black ducks and mallards.”, Conservation Genetics 5 (3), p. 395–403. doi:10.1023/B:COGE.0000031139.55389.b1.
  6. (1967) “Sympatry Changes and Hybridization Incidence in Mallards and Black Ducks”, American Midland Naturalist 77 (1), p. 51–63. doi:10.2307/2423425.
  7. (1990) “Mitochondrial Gene Trees and the Evolutionary Relationship of Mallard and Black Ducks”, Evolution 44 (4), p. 1109–1119. doi:10.2307/2409570.
  8. (2004) “Haldane's rule and American black duck × mallard hybridization”, Canadian Journal of Zoology 82 (11), p. 1827–1831. doi:10.1139/z04-169.
  9. (2006) “Extinction by hybridization and introgression in anatine ducks”, Acta Zoologica Sinica (PDF) 52 (Supplement), p. 583–585.
  10. (1996) “Extinction by hybridization and introgression”, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27, p. 83–109. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83.

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Oranĝkrura anaso: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Oranĝkrura anaso aŭ Nordamerika nigra anaso (Anas rubripes) estas granda birdospecio de la grupo de la plaŭdanasoj. La Oranĝkruraj anasoj estas similaj al la Platbeka anaso laŭ grando, kaj similas al ties ino laŭ koloraro, kvankam la plumaro de la Oranĝkrura anaso estas pli malhela, kio nomigas la specion laŭ alternativa nomo. Ĝi estas indiĝena de orienta Nordameriko kaj montris malpliigon laŭ nombroj kaj pliiĝantan hibridiĝon kun la pli komuna Platbeka anaso ĉar tiu specio disvastiĝis laŭ ŝanĝoj en habitatoj fare de homoj.

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Anas rubripes ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El ánade sombrío,[2][3]ánade sombrío americano, pato negro,[4]​ pato negro americano (Anas rubripes) es un pato de gran tamaño, perteneciente a la familia de las Anatinae.[1]

El macho adulto tiene un pico color amarillo y ojos oscuros, su cuerpo es oscuro, y plumaje algo más claro en la cabeza y el cuello, las piernas son de color naranja. La hembra adulta tiene un aspecto similar, pero es un poco más clara en general y tiene la cabeza de color gris-verdoso. Ambos sexos tienen plumas de color púrpura-azul brillante en las alas, que no se limitan solo con el blanco la ánade real. El comportamiento y la voz son similares al ánade real o azulón (Anas platyrhynchos).

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Hembra con sus crías.

Hábitat

Su hábitat son los lagos, estanques, ríos, pantanos y otros ambientes acuáticos en el este de Canadá, incluidos los Grandes Lagos y en las montañas de Adirondack en los Estados Unidos. El Pato Negro se entrecruzan con otras variedades de patos de la especie Anas platyrhynchos, con los que está estrechamente relacionado.[5]​ Algunas autoridades consideran incluso, que el Pato Negro es una subespecie del ánade real, y no una especie aparte. Esto es un error, ya que el grado de hibridación por sí solo no es un medio válido para delimitar especies Anas.[6]

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Pato negro durante el vuelo.

En el pasado los patos negros y los ánades reales vivían en hábitats separados, según su preferencia.[7]​ El oscuro plumaje de los patos negros tiene una ventaja selectiva en los estanques bajo la sombra de los bosques en el este de América del Norte, y en cambio, los patos de plumaje más claro o más brillante, tienen mejor ventaja en lagos de llanuras abiertas. En los últimos tiempos, la deforestación en el este, y la plantación de árboles en las llanuras, ha roto esta separación de hábitat, dando lugar a altos niveles de hibridación entre las especies. Sin embargo, se desconoce la tasa de hibridación del pasado, pero es posible deducir[¿quién?] que las anteriores tasas eran inferiores a los valores que se observan hoy en día.[cita requerida] Los híbridos no se pueden distinguir fácilmente en el campo y, en consecuencia, gran parte de la dinámica de hibridación de la especie sigue siendo desconocida. Se ha puesto de manifiesto en los estudios en cautiverio,[¿cuál?] sin embargo, que los híbridos siguen la Regla de Haldane donde las hembras híbridas a menudo mueren antes de alcanzar su madurez sexual, lo que pone de manifiesto que el pato negro americano es una especie distinta.

Esta especie es parcialmente migratoria y muchos ejemplares invernan en el centro-este de los Estados Unidos, especialmente en las zonas costeras; pero otros ejemplares permanecen en la región de los Grandes Lagos durante todo el año. Estas aves se alimentan en aguas poco profundas, y pastorean sobre tierra. Principalmente viven de plantas, pero también algunos moluscos e insectos acuáticos. Los huevos son de color beige verdoso. Ponen entre seis y catorce huevos, y los incuban en un promedio de treinta días.

Este pato algunas veces es visto en Gran Bretaña, donde a lo largo de los años, varios tipos de aves se han asentado y criados con los patos locales. Los híbridos resultantes presentan una considerable dificultad para su identificación.[8]

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Gráfico comparativo que muestra la diferencia de la hembra Ánade real.

Estado actual de la especie

El Pato Negro ha sido valorado como un ave de caza, siendo muy cuidadoso y rápido en el vuelo. Aunque esta es una especie de menor preocupación, su número disminuye poco a poco debido a la destrucción del hábitat. Algunos ecologistas que consideran la hibridación y la competencia con el Ánade real es una fuente adicional de preocupación.[9]​ Cabe señalar que la hibridación en sí no es el principal problema, ya que la selección natural se encargará de que los mejores individuos en adaptarse, sean los supervivientes. Sin embargo, la reducción de la viabilidad de las hembras híbridas hace que muchas crías mueran a largo plazo, ya que los hijos mueren antes de reproducirse .[10]​ Si bien esto no es un problema para el ‘’ánade real’’ que es una especie abundante, si supondrá una presión adicional sobre la población del Pato Negro Americano.[11]

Referencias

  1. a b BirdLife International. «Anas rubripes». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 7 de noviembre de 2015.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (1994). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Primera parte: Struthioniformes-Anseriformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 41 (1): 79-89. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 11 de septiembre de 2015.
  3. «Anas rubripes». Avibase.
  4. damisela.com
  5. McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006) Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World. Oxford University Press.
  6. Mank, Judith E.; Carlson, John E. & Brittingham, Margaret C. (2004): A century of hybridization: Decreasing genetic distance between American black ducks and mallards. Conservation Genetics 5(3): 395–403. doi 10.1023/B:COGE.0000031139.55389.b1 (HTML abstract)
  7. Johnsgard, Paul A. (1967): Sympatry Changes and Hybridization Incidence in Mallards and Black Ducks. American Midland Naturalist 77(1): 51-63. doi 10.2307/2423425 (HTML abstract and first page image)
  8. Avise, John C.; Ankney, C. Davison & Nelson, William S. (1990): Mitochondrial Gene Trees and the Evolutionary Relationship of Mallard and Black Ducks. Evolution 44(4): 1109-1119. doi 10.2307/2409570 (HTML abstract and first page image)
  9. Rhymer, Judith M. (2006): Extinction by hybridization and introgression in anatine ducks. Acta Zoologica Sinica 52(Supplement): 583–585. PDF fulltext
  10. Kirby, Ronald E.; Sargeant, Glen A. & Shutler, Dave (2004): Haldane's rule and American black duck × mallard hybridization. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82(11): 1827–1831. doi 10.1139/z04-169 (HTML abstract)
  11. Rhymer, Judith M. & Simberloff, Daniel (1996): Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 83-109. doi 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 (HTML abstract)

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Anas rubripes: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El ánade sombrío,​​ ánade sombrío americano, pato negro,​ pato negro americano (Anas rubripes) es un pato de gran tamaño, perteneciente a la familia de las Anatinae.​

El macho adulto tiene un pico color amarillo y ojos oscuros, su cuerpo es oscuro, y plumaje algo más claro en la cabeza y el cuello, las piernas son de color naranja. La hembra adulta tiene un aspecto similar, pero es un poco más clara en general y tiene la cabeza de color gris-verdoso. Ambos sexos tienen plumas de color púrpura-azul brillante en las alas, que no se limitan solo con el blanco la ánade real. El comportamiento y la voz son similares al ánade real o azulón (Anas platyrhynchos).

 src= Hembra con sus crías.
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Ahate ilun ( Basque )

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Ahate iluna (Anas rubripes) Anatidae familiaren ahate ez-domestikoa da.

Amerikan jatorria duen ahate hau batzuetan Europan ere bizi da, non inbaditzaile bilakatu da[1].

Erreferentziak


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Ahate ilun: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Ahate iluna (Anas rubripes) Anatidae familiaren ahate ez-domestikoa da.

Amerikan jatorria duen ahate hau batzuetan Europan ere bizi da, non inbaditzaile bilakatu da.

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Nokisorsa ( Finnish )

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Nokisorsa (Anas rubripes) on pohjoisamerikkalainen sorsalaji.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Nokisorsa on 53–61 cm pitkä. Nokisorsalla on tumma vartalo, vaaleampi pää ja kaula, oranssit jalat ja tummat silmät. Sillä on purppuransininen tai turkoosi siipipeili, jossa on kapea ja epäselvä, likaisenvalkea takareuna. Nokka on kellanvihreä, ja naaraalla nokan harja on heiman tummempi kuin koiraalla.[2]

Levinneisyys

Nokisorsat elävät Pohjois-Amerikassa Kanadasta Meksikoon ja Bermudalle. Niitä harhautuu säännöllisesti Länsi-Eurooppaan. Maailmassa arvioidaan olevan noin 400 000 nokisorsaa.[1] Suomen ensimmäinen nokisorsa havaittiin vuonna 2004 Sodankylässä.[3]

Ravinto

Nokisorsa käyttää ravinnokseen siemeniä ja kasvinosia. Keväisin ja kesäisin se syö myös selkärangattomia.[4]

Lähteet

  1. a b c BirdLife International: Anas rubripes IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 4.6.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Svensson, Lars: Lintuopas - Euroopan ja Välimeren alueen linnut, s. 24. Otava, 2010. ISBN 978-951-1-21351-2.
  3. Nokisorsa ensi kertaa Suomessa 28.5.2004. Verkkouutiset.
  4. Anas rubripes American black duck ADW. Viitattu 9.10.2013. (englanniksi)
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Nokisorsa: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Nokisorsa (Anas rubripes) on pohjoisamerikkalainen sorsalaji.

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Canard noir ( French )

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Anas rubripes

Le Canard noir (Anas rubripes), est une espèce d'oiseaux palmipèdes appartenant à la famille des Anatidae et à la sous-famille des Anatinae.

Répartition

Cet oiseau vit dans l'est, le nord-est et le centre de l'Amérique du Nord[1].

Notes et références

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Canard noir: Brief Summary ( French )

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Anas rubripes

Le Canard noir (Anas rubripes), est une espèce d'oiseaux palmipèdes appartenant à la famille des Anatidae et à la sous-famille des Anatinae.

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Lacha chosrua ( Irish )

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Is éan í an lacha chosrua Is baill d'fhine na Anatidae iad.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Pato sombrío ( Galician )

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O pato sombrío (Anas rubripes) é un parrulo norteamericano de tamaño grande. Os patos sombríos hibridan facilmente cos lavancos, cos que están tan relacionados que algúns estudosos mesmo consideran a esta especie unha forma escura do lavanco. De tódolos xeitos a validez da capacidade de formar híbridos para delimitar as especies do xénero Anas é hoxe posta en dúbida (Mank et al. 2004).

Descrición

Os machos adultos teñen o bico amarelo, as patas alaranxadas e o corpo escuro, coa cabeza e o pescozo máis claros. Os ollos son escuros. O dimorfismo sexual nesta especie non é moi marcado, e as femias adultas son moi semellantes ós machos. Ámbolos dous sexos teñen un espello azul púrpura brillante, ó que lle falta a beira branca característica dos lavancos, ós que semellan na voz e o comportamento.

Distribución e hábitat

Crían en lagos, estanques ríos, pantanos e outras áreas acuáticas do leste de Canadá (Grandes Lagos incluídos, e mos montes Adirondacks, do noroeste dos Estados Unidos.

É unha especie parcialmente migradora, e moitos exemplares pasan o inverno no centro leste dos Estados Unidos, especialmente en áreas de costa; outros pasan o ano enteiro na rexión dos Grandes Lagos.

Ocasionalmente aparecen en Gran Bretaña, malia que moitos avistamentos puideran te-la súa orixe en exemplares fuxidos da catividade. Nas illas Británicas adoitan cruzarse cos lavancos.

No pasado o pato sombrío e o lavanco estiveron separados polas súas preferencias á hora de escolleren os hábitats: a especie máis escura dominaba as zonas acuáticas dos bosques de Norteamérica, mentres que os lavancos se espallaban por zonas máis abertas e iluminadas, nas praderías e lagos abertos. A deforestación do leste e as plantacións de árbores en zonas de chaira provocou a mestura das dúas especies e o incremento da hibridación ata chegar os altos niveles de arestora.(Johnsgard 1967). Os híbridos son difíciles de distinguir a simple vista, polo que non se coñece ben a dinámica dos cruzamentos. Estudios en catividade amosan que a hibridación segue a regra de Haldane, morrendo moitas femias híbridas antes chegaren á madureza sexual (Kirby et al. 2004).

Alimentación e reprodución

Os patos sombríos obteñen o seu alimento en augas de pouca profundidade e pacendo na terra. A súa dieta componse basicamente de plantas, pero consomen tamén algúns moluscos e insectos acuáticos. Poñen entre 6 e 14 ovos de cor ante averdegada, que chocan durante uns 30 días.

 src=
Pato sombrío

Situación

O pato sombrío é unha peza de caza habitual, o que, malia non contarse aínda entre as especies ameazadas, está a provocar, xunta coa perda de hábitats, o lento declive da especie. Algúns coservacionistas sinalan tamén a hibridación e a competencia co lavanco como unha ameaza para a supervivencia da especie (Rhymer & Simberloff 1996, Rhymer 2006).

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Avise, John C.; Ankney, C. Davison & Nelson, William S. (1990): Mitochondrial Gene Trees and the Evolutionary Relationship of Mallard and Black Ducks. Evolution (journal) 44(4): 1109-1119.
  • Johnsgard, Paul A. (1967): Sympatry Changes and Hybridization Incidence in Mallards and Black Ducks. American Midland Naturalist 77(1): 51-63.
  • Kirby, Ronald E.; Sargeant, Glen A. & Shutler, Dave (2004): Haldane's rule and American black duck × mallard hybridization. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82(11): 1827–1831.
  • Mank, Judith E.; Carlson, John E. & Brittingham, Margaret C. (2004): A century of hybridization: Decreasing genetic distance between American black ducks and mallards. Conservation Genetics 5(3): 395–403.
  • Rhymer, Judith M. (2006): Extinction by hybridization and introgression in anatine ducks. Acta Zoologica Sinica 52(Supplement): 583–585. PDF fulltext
  • Rhymer, Judith M. & Simberloff, Daniel (1996): Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 83-109.

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Pato sombrío: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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O pato sombrío (Anas rubripes) é un parrulo norteamericano de tamaño grande. Os patos sombríos hibridan facilmente cos lavancos, cos que están tan relacionados que algúns estudosos mesmo consideran a esta especie unha forma escura do lavanco. De tódolos xeitos a validez da capacidade de formar híbridos para delimitar as especies do xénero Anas é hoxe posta en dúbida (Mank et al. 2004).

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Brúnönd ( Icelandic )

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Brúnönd (fræðiheiti Anas rubripes) er fugl af andaætt. Brúnönd er stór buslönd.

 src=
Skýringarmynd sem sýnir mun á kvenfugli hjá brúnönd (black duck) og stokkönd (mallard)
 src=
Brúnönd með unga
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Skýringarmynd af brúnönd og búsvæði hennar
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Anas rubripes ( Italian )

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Il germano nero americano, anatra nera americana o anatra zamperosse (Anas rubripes, Brewster 1902) è un uccello della famiglia degli Anatidi.

Descrizione

Bibliografia

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Anas rubripes: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il germano nero americano, anatra nera americana o anatra zamperosse (Anas rubripes, Brewster 1902) è un uccello della famiglia degli Anatidi.

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Amerikaanse zwarte eend ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De Amerikaanse zwarte eend (Anas rubripes) is een eend uit de familie van de Anatidae. Deze eend komt voor in het oosten van Noord-Amerika.

Beschrijving

De Amerikaanse zwarte eend is ongeveer even groot als de wilde eend (Anas platyrhynchos) en lijken qua kleur ook sterk op de vrouwtjes hiervan. Ze zijn alleen iets donkerder gekleurd. De eenden wegen ongeveer 720 tot 1640 gram, worden 48 tot 63 cm lang en hebben een vleugelspanwijdte van ongeveer 88 tot 96 cm. Het verschil tussen de mannetjes en vrouwtjes is niet zo makkelijk te zien, tenzij men naar de snavel kijkt. Deze is bij mannetjes geel, en bij vrouwtjes groenachtig.

 src=
Verschil tussen vrouwtje wilde eend en vrouwtje Amerikaanse zwarte eend

Voorkomen en leefgebied

Het leefgebied van de Amerikaanse zwarte eend bestaat uit meren, plassen, rivieren, moerassen aan de randen van brakwatergebieden in riviermondingen en andere draslanden in het noorden van Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario en Quebec en de ander Canadese provincies aan de Atlantische kust en het gebied rond de Grote Meren in de Verenigde Staten. De Amerikaanse zwarte eend kruist regelmatig met de wilde eend. Daardoor wordt de populatie zwarte eenden in Noord-Amerika steeds kleiner, en stijgt het aantal kruisingen.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Amerikaanse zwarte eend: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Amerikaanse zwarte eend (Anas rubripes) is een eend uit de familie van de Anatidae. Deze eend komt voor in het oosten van Noord-Amerika.

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Rødfotand ( Norwegian )

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Rødfotand (vitenskapelig navn Anas rubripes) er en fugl i andefamilien.


Eksterne lenker

ornitologistubbDenne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Rødfotand: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Rødfotand (vitenskapelig navn Anas rubripes) er en fugl i andefamilien.


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Brązówka ( Polish )

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Brązówka (Anas rubripes) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kaczkowatych (Anatidae).

Występowanie

Wschodnia Kanada i północno-wschodnie USA[4].

Morfologia

Długość ciała 48-60 cm, rozpiętość skrzydeł 84-91 cm, masa ciała 1400 g[5][6]. Ptak ten wielkością oraz sylwetką przypomina krzyżówkę. Pióra na tułowiu ciemnobrązowe, szyja i głowa jaśniejsze. W locie widoczne białe pokrywy podskrzydłowe, które kontrastują z ciemnym tułowiem. Lusterko purpurowe lub niebieskie, czarno obrzeżone. Nogi pomarańczowe, samiec ma jaśniejsze. Dziób u samca jasnożółty, u samicy ciemny z plamkami, a u młodych oliwkowozielony.

Ekologia

Zamieszkuje jeziora, bagna oraz inne wody słodkowodne[5]. Żywi się nasionami, roślinami wodnymi i uprawnymi, owadami wodnymi, mięczakami, płazami i skorupiakami[5]. W gnieździe zbudowanym z trawy, gałęzi i igliwia wypchanym puchem i pierzem, samica składa 6-12 kremowobiałych jaj, które wysiaduje przez 28 dni[5].

Przypisy

  1. Anas rubripes, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Denis Lapage: Brazówka (Anas rubripes) Brewster, 1902. Avibase. [dostęp 2014-01-16].
  3. Anas rubripes. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. Frank Gill, David Donsker: Family Anatidae (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 4.1. [dostęp 2014-01-16].
  5. a b c d American Blac Duck Anas rubripes (ang.). WhatBird. [dostęp 2014-01-16].
  6. Sterry i in. 2002 ↓, s. 68.

Bibliografia

  1. Atlas ptaków świata. MULTICO Oficyna Wydawnicza, 2000. ISBN 83-7073-059-0.
  2. Paul Sterry, Andrew Cleave, Andy Clements, Peter Goodfellow: Ptaki Europy: przewodnik ilustrowany. Warszawa: Horyzont, 2002. ISBN 83-7311-341-X.
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Brązówka: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Brązówka (Anas rubripes) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kaczkowatych (Anatidae).

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Svartand ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Svartand[2] (Anas rubripes) är en amerikansk fågelart inom familjen änder.[3]

Utbredning och taxonomi

Den beskrevs taxonomiskt första gången 1902 av William Brewster som Anas obscura rubripes. Arten kategoriseras oftast som monotypisk[4] men två underarter erkänns av vissa auktoriteter: A. r. rubripes och A. r. obscura.[5]

Utbredning

Svartanden häckar i östra Kanada, från Manitoba till Newfoundland och Labrador och i områdena kring de Stora sjöarna, och i Adirondacks i nordöstra USA. Dess sydligaste häckningsområde ligger i North Carolina. Den är en partiell flyttfågel och många övervintrar i de centrala delarna av östra USA, speciellt i kustområdena.

Hybridisering med gräsand

Den hybridiserar regelbundet med gräsand[6], med vilken den är nära besläktad. Ibland behandlas den som en mörkfärgad underart till gräsanden, men detta är felaktigt, då hybridisering inom släktet Anas inte är tillräcklig grund för att underkänna artstatus.[7] Då hybriderna inte går att särskilja i fält är det mycket komplicerat att studera fenomenet. Forskning på hybrider i fångenskap har visat att många hybridhonorna dör innan de når könsmogen ålder vilket också är en indikation på att svartanden är en egen art.[8][6]

Observationer utanför utbredningsområdet

Svartanden observeras sällsynt i Europa, främst på Island och i Storbritannien. I Storbritannien finns det kända fall där svartänder har stannat och hybridiserat med gräsänder. Fynd av arten har även gjorts i Skandinavien, Frankrike, Tyskland, Spanien, på Azorerna, på Kanarieöarna, i Sydkorea, på Bahamas och i Puerto Rico.[9]

Utseende

 src=
Jämförelse mellan svartand och hona gräsand.
 src=
Svartandshane. Notera gul näbb och mörk dräkt.
 src=
Svartandshona. Notera ljust gröngrå näbb och ljusare dräkt.

Den adulta hanen har gul näbb, mörk kropp, ljusare nacke och huvud, orangefärgade ben och mörka ögon. Den adulta honan har ett liknande utseende men är överlag ljusare och har en gröngrå näbb. Båda könen har en blålila vingspegel som saknar vita kanter vilket gräsanden har. Dess läte påminner om gräsandens.

Hybrider mellan svartand och gräsand kan vara mycket svåra att skilja i fält.

Ekologi

Svartandens häckningsbiotop består av sjöar, dammar, floder, våtmarker och andra färskvattenbiotoper. De bygger sitt enkla bo direkt på marken. Honan lägger i genomsnitt åtta till tio mattgröna ägg (kullar på mellan sex och 14 har observerats). och honan ruvar ensam äggen i 26-30 dagar.[9] De födosöker på land och i grunda vatten genom att tippa kroppen framåt så att den når bottnen med näbben. Främst lever de av växtdelar men även blötdjur, och vattenlevande insekter.

Status och hot

Svartand har länge varit en uppskattad viltfågel. Den förekommer över ett stort område som uppskattas till 4.100.000 km² och världspopulationen uppskattas till 400.000 individer.[1] Arten kategoriseras som livskraftig (LC) men det finns indikationer på att den har minskat på grund av hårt jakttryck och habitatförluster. Vissa naturvådande institutioner räknar även in hybridiseringen och konkurrensen från gräsand som ett hot för arten.[10][11].

Referenser

Texten är till stora delar översatt från engelskspråkiga wikipedias artikel American Black Duck, läst 2009-07-16

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] BirdLife International 2012 Anas rubripes Från: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 6 januari 2014.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
  3. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2018) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2018 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2018-08-11
  4. ^ Clements et al., 2008
  5. ^ Avibase, Svartand (Anas rubripes) Brewster, 1902, www.avibase.bsc-eoc.org, läst 2009-07-16
  6. ^ [a b] McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006) Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World. Oxford University Press.
  7. ^ * Mank, Judith E.; Carlson, John E. & Brittingham, Margaret C. (2004): A century of hybridization: Decreasing genetic distance between American black ducks and mallards. Conservation Genetics 5(3): 395–403. doi:10.1023/B:COGE.0000031139.55389.b1 (HTML sammanfattning)
  8. ^ Kirby, Ronald E.; Sargeant, Glen A. & Shutler, Dave (2004): Haldane's rule and American black duck × mallard hybridization. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82(11): 1827–1831. doi:10.1139/z04-169 (HTML sammanfattning)
  9. ^ [a b] Larsson, Lars (2001) Birds of the World, CD-rom
  10. ^ Rhymer, Judith M. & Simberloff, Daniel (1996): Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27: 83-109. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 (HTML sammanfattning)
  11. ^ Rhymer, Judith M. (2006): Extinction by hybridization and introgression in anatine ducks. Acta Zoologica Sinica 52(Supplement): 583–585. PDF fulltext

Källor

  • Avise, John C.; Ankney, C. Davison & Nelson, William S. (1990): Mitochondrial Gene Trees and the Evolutionary Relationship of Mallard and Black Ducks. Evolution 44(4): 1109-1119. doi:10.2307/2409570 (HTML sammanfattning och bild av första sidan)
  • Johnsgard, Paul A. (1967): Sympatry Changes and Hybridization Incidence in Mallards and Black Ducks. American Midland Naturalist 77(1): 51-63. doi:10.2307/2423425 (HTML sammanfattning och bild av första sidan)

Externa länkar

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Svartand: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Svartand (Anas rubripes) är en amerikansk fågelart inom familjen änder.

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Anas rubripes ( Ukrainian )

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  1. BirdLife International (2012). Anas rubripes: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2013.2) (англ.) 2013-11-26

Посилання

Птах Це незавершена стаття з орнітології.
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Anas rubripes: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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Anas rubripes ( Vietnamese )

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Anas rubripes là một loài chim trong họ Vịt.[1] Vịt đen Mỹ có cân nặng 720–1,640 g (1.6–3.6 lb), chiều dài 48–63 cm (19–25 in) và chiều dài ngang cánh là 88–96 cm (35–38 in).

Chú thích

  1. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến chim này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Anas rubripes: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Anas rubripes là một loài chim trong họ Vịt. Vịt đen Mỹ có cân nặng 720–1,640 g (1.6–3.6 lb), chiều dài 48–63 cm (19–25 in) và chiều dài ngang cánh là 88–96 cm (35–38 in).

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Американская чёрная кряква ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Надсемейство: Anatoidea
Семейство: Утиные
Подсемейство: Настоящие утки
Триба: Anatini
Вид: Американская чёрная кряква
Международное научное название

Anas rubripes (Brewster, 1902)

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
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ITIS 175068NCBI 75857EOL 914551FW 368431

Америка́нская чёрная кря́ква[1] (лат. Anas rubripes) — большая утка подсемейства Настоящие утки.

Описание

У взрослого самца жёлтый клюв, тёмное тело, более светлые голова и шея, оранжевые лапы и тёмные глаза. Взрослая самка внешностью похожа на самца, но оперение у неё слегка светлее, а клюв зеленовато-серый. У обоих полов яркое фиолетово-синее зеркало, которое не окаймлено белым, как у кряквы. Поведение и голос такие же, как и у селезня кряквы.

Распространение

 src=
Самка с утятами

Её среда обитания — озера, пруды, реки, болота и другие водоемы в восточной Канаде, включая Великие озёра, горы Адирондэк в США.

Эта утка редкий гость в Великобритании, где обосновалось несколько птиц и скрестилось с местной кряквой. Получившиеся гибриды могут создавать значительные трудности при идентификации.

Таксономия

 src=
Американская черная кряква в полете

Американские черные кряквы скрещиваются регулярно и интенсивно с кряквой (McCarthy 2006), с которой они находятся в тесном родстве. Некоторые авторитетные специалисты даже полагают, что черная кряква является подвидом кряквы с более темным оперением, и вообще не отдельным видом; но это ошибочное мнение, так как только возможность скрещивания не является правильной причиной объединения видов уток (Mank et al. 2004).

Существует предположение, что черная кряква и кряква в прошлом были отделены средой обитания, черные кряквы с темным оперением отдавали предпочтение лесным местностям в восточной части Северной Америки, а кряквы с более светлой окраской оперения — более открытым прериям и равнинам вблизи озер. В последнее время, согласно этому мнению, уничтожение лесов на востоке и посадка деревьев на равнинах, сгладили это разделение среды обитания, приведя к теперь наблюдаемому высокому уровню скрещивания. Однако, нужно помнить, что нормальный уровень скрещивания неизвестен, как и большинство других зон скрещивания птиц, и в данном случае это только предположение, что прошлые нормы были ниже, чем отмечаемые сегодня. Нужно также заметить, что множество других зон скрещивания птиц являются устойчивыми и давнишними, несмотря на встречающееся интенсивное межвидовое скрещивание (McCarthy 2006). Во всяком случае, американская черная кряква и местная кряква сейчас очень четко различимы посредством сравнения микросателлитов, даже если выбрано много экземпляров (Avise et al. 1990, Mank et al. 2004).

Гибриды невозможно окончательно различить в полевых условиях и, следовательно, динамика многих гибридных видов остается неизвестной. Тем не менее, было показано в исследованиях, что гибриды следуют принципу Дж. Б. С. Холдейна, гибриды женского пола часто погибают прежде, чем успевают достичь сексуальной зрелости (Kirby et al. 2004, McCarthy 2006); это отчетливо подчеркивает случай с американской черной кряквой.

Миграции

Этот вид частично перелетный, многие особи зимуют в восточно-центральной части США, особенно в прибрежных областях; некоторые остаются круглый год в районе Великих озёр.

Питание

Эти птицы питаются, добывая корм на поверхности воды и щипля траву на лугу. По большей части они едят растения, но также некоторых моллюсков и водных насекомых.

Размножение

Яйца зеленовато-желтого цвета. Кладка состоит из 6-14 яиц, высиживают приблизительно 30 дней.

Угрозы

Американская черная кряква долго оценивалась, как дичь, будучи осторожной и быстрой на крыло. Хотя этот вид не вызывает большого беспокойства, его численность медленно уменьшается из-за разрушения среды обитания. Некоторые защитники природных ресурсов считают скрещивание и конкуренцию с кряквой дополнительным источником беспокойства, который продолжает это уменьшение (Rhymer & Simberloff 1996, Rhymer 2006). Нужно отметить, что само скрещивание не главная проблема; в результате естественного отбора у лучше адаптированных особей будет больше потомства. Но меньшая жизнеспособность гибридных самок в конечном счете приведет к неудаче многие выводки, поскольку потомство умрет раньше, чем размножится. Если это не проблема для многочисленной кряквы, то для популяции американской черной кряквы создаст дополнительное напряжение.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 30. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Американская чёрная кряква: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Америка́нская чёрная кря́ква (лат. Anas rubripes) — большая утка подсемейства Настоящие утки.

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アメリカガモ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
アメリカガモ Female Mallard Duck.jpg
アメリカガモ
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : カモ目 Anseriformes : カモ科 Anatidae : マガモ属 Anas : アメリカガモ A. rubripes 学名 Anas rubripes 和名 アメリカガモ 英名 American Black Duck

アメリカガモ (学名:Anas rubripes)は、カモ目カモ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

分布[編集]

北アメリカ大陸

形態[編集]

カルガモやメスのマガモに似る。 詳細特徴は写真参照。

生態[編集]

マガモの生態に似る。 冬季は南方へ移動する。

Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類

Clements分類上の位置[編集]

Clements鳥類分類

絶滅危惧評価[編集]

参照・注釈[編集]

  1. ^ Anas rubripes (Species Factsheet by BirdLife International)

外部リンク[編集]

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、アメリカガモに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにアメリカガモに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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アメリカガモ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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アメリカガモ (学名:Anas rubripes)は、カモ目カモ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

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Diet

provided by World Register of Marine Species
seeds and vegetative parts of aquatic plants and crop plants, invertebrates (insects, molluscs, crustaceans)

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Caribbean, North America; range extends from Northern Labrador to southern North Carolina

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
bays, estuaries, marches, lagoons, and lakes

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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