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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 7.5 years
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Associated Plant Communities

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More info for the terms: cover, density, grassland, hardwood, shrub

The six subspecies of sharp-tailed grouse occupy a variety of habitats
including brushy openings in boreal forests, seral stages in mixed
conifer and broadleaf forests, shortgrass prairies, sagebrush (Artemisia
spp.) steppes, and oak (Quercus spp.) savannahs [24,33,37]. Columbian
sharp-tailed grouse are typically found in sagebrush semideserts [37].
Of the nine cover types near Mann Creek in western Idaho, Columbian
sharp-tailed grouse used big sagebrush (A. tridentata) types more
than or in proportion to availability, low sagebrush (A. arbuscula) in
proportion to availability, and avoided shrubby eriogonum (Eriogonum
spp.) cover types. Columbian sharp-tailed grouse selected areas with
greater density and coverage of arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza
sagittata) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) in big
sagebrush sites [33]. Columbian sharp-tailed grouse broods in Wyoming
were found most often (73%) in mountain shrub and sagebrush-common
snowberry (Symphorocarpus albus) habitats [27].

Prairie sharp-tailed grouse are often found in oak savannahs and early
successional stages of eastern mixed deciduous-coniferous forests [37].
In northwestern Wisconsin, vegetation types heavily used by prairie
sharp-tailed grouse depending on season included grass-shrub,
shrub-grass, shrub, open conifer woods, sedge (Carex spp.) meadows,
shrub marshes, and croplands [16].

Plains sharp-tailed grouse occur in subclimax brushy grassland habitat
including wheatgrass-needlegrass (Stipa spp.), grama
(Bouteloua)-needlegrass-wheatgrass, sand sagebrush (A.
filifolia)-bluestem (Andropogon spp.), and Nebraska sandhills prairie
[24]. Optimum habitat in the mixed-grass prairie of Montana is a mosaic
of upland grassland with fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica) and riparian
hardwood draws. An interspersion of plant communities, particularly
grassland and grassland-shrub mixtures with extensive ecotones, provided
optimum habitat for plains sharp-tailed grouse in the central Alberta
quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) parklands. Good plains sharp-tailed
grouse habitat in South Dakota consisted of lightly grazed mixed-grass
prairie occasionally broken by brushy draws [37]. Wintering plains
sharp-tailed grouse in Alberta were found in quaking aspen parklands.
During winter in North Dakota, plains sharp-tailed grouse were found in
stands of bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana),
quaking aspen, cottonwood (Populus spp.), green ash (Fraxinus
pennsylvanica), and willow (Salix spp.) [37].

Northern, Northwestern and Alaskan sharp-tailed grouse inhabit brushy
stages of northern boreal forests [37].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

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sharp-tailed grouse
sharptail
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status

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Information on state- and province-level protection status of animals in the
United States and Canada is available at NatureServe, although recent changes
in status may not be included.
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bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Requirements

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More info for the terms: cover, density, series, shrubs, tree

Good quality grass and brushy cover are essential for sharp-tailed
grouse. The height and density of vegetation is generally more
important than species composition in determining sharp-tailed grouse
habitat quality [37]. Sharp-tailed grouse prefer areas that contain
cover in scattered openings rather than evenly distributed [34].

Standing herbage or residual cover composed chiefly of grasses furnishes
protection for sharp-tailed grouse from inclement weather and predators,
especially in late winter and early spring [6]. In late summer and
early fall they are found mainly in open cover, grassy openings, or low,
scattered brush [8]. Scattered shrubs and shrubby breaks are more
important during late summer and fall than in midsummer, when grass
height is sufficient. Woody vegetative cover generally becomes
increasingly important during fall and winter [37].

Prairie sharp-tailed grouse in Michigan are abundant in areas 20 to 50
percent covered by woody vegetation. The following are recommendations
for sharp-tailed grouse habitat in that area: Sparse or bare patches in
the ground cover should not exceed half of the total area, and the area
of open habitat in wooded vegetation should not be less than 1 square
mile (2.59 sq km). Ideal summer habitat on a square mile should include
an open portion of about 6 percent of the total area to provide a
display site, loafing and foraging habitat for adult males and broods,
and roosting sites for displaying males. About half of the total area
should consist of scattered large shrubs and trees, especially aspens.
Heavy ground cover serves for resting, feeding, and dusting, especially
by broods [24]. The remaining 44 percent of the cover should consist of
an alternating series of small (10 acre [4 ha]) brushy clearings and
heavier second-growth stands of mixed hardwoods and conifers, which
serve as a source of winter browse and protection from severe weather as
well as escape cover. The scattered small clearings provide additional
nesting and brood-rearing habitat and winter roosting areas [24].

For the Columbian sharp-tailed grouse, shrubs and small trees are
important habitat components only during late fall and winter. During
the rest of the year weed-grass cover and cultivated crops such as wheat
and alfalfa provide important food and cover [24].

The plains sharp-tailed grouse inhabiting the sandhills of central
Nebraska and the sand dune areas of north-central North Dakota are
relatively independent of extensive tree cover. A minimum of 5 percent
brush cover to total land surface is tolerable to sharp-tailed grouse in
North Dakota [24].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

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Sharp-tailed grouse are found from north-central Alaska, the Yukon
Territory, the Northwest Territories, northern Manitoba, northern
Ontario, and central Quebec south to eastern Washington, northeast Utah,
and Colorado. It occurs in the Great Plains from eastern Colorado to
northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and northern Michigan [1,8,24].
Ranges of the six subspecies are as follows:

Northern sharp-tailed grouse - breeds in northern Manitoba, northern
Ontario and central Quebec [24].

Northwestern sharp-tailed grouse - resident in the Northwest Territories
from the Mackenzie River to Great Slave Lake [24].

Alaskan sharp-tailed grouse - resident in north-central Alaska east to
the southern Yukon territory, northern British Columbia, and northern
Alberta [24].

Columbian sharp-tailed grouse - resident from northern British Columbia
south to eastern Washington, western Montana, northern Utah, and western
Colorado [49]. Columbian sharp-tailed grouse range formerly extended to
California, Nevada, and New Mexico [23,33].

Prairie sharp-tailed grouse - resident from southeastern Manitoba,
southwestern Ontario, and the upper Peninsula of Michigan to northern
Minnesota and northern Wisconsin. Its range formerly extended to
northern Illinois [24].

Plains sharp-tailed grouse - resident from north-central Alberta and
central Saskatchewan south to Montana (except the extreme west),
northeastern Wyoming, northeastern Colorado, portions of Nebraska, South
Dakota, and North Dakota. Its range formerly extended to Kansas,
Oklahoma, and New Mexico [24].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Food Habits

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More info for the terms: cover, herbaceous, shrub, shrubs

Sharp-tailed grouse are primarily herbivorous and utilize a variety of
leafy plant material including buds, fruits, and catkins of woody
species. During the spring and summer herbaceous plants make up the
bulk of the sharp-tailed grouse diet. During the fall and winter
sharp-tailed grouse rely more on woody species [24,37]. Sharp-tailed
grouse less than 10 weeks old feed primarily on insects such as
short-horned and long-horned grasshoppers, beetles, and ants. At 12
weeks of age they consume about 90 percent plant material, which closely
resembles the adult diet [37].

During the spring and summer in Washington, green herbaceous materials
composed the bulk of the sharp-tailed grouse diet; grass blades alone
(especially Sandberg bluegrass [Poa secunda]) totaled 50 percent of the
spring diet and 75 percent of the summer diet. Flower parts,
particularly those of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and buttercup
(Ranunculus spp.), made up the rest of the spring and summer food [24].
The summer diet of adult plains sharp-tailed grouse in Nebraska
sandhills was 91 percent plant material, 5 percent insects, and 4
percent unknown. Important food items by volume included 54 percent
clover (Trifolium spp.), 9 percent rose hips (Rosa spp.), 6 percent
Bessey cherry (Prunus besseyi), 4 percent dandelion, and 3 percent
eastern poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) [37].

During fall, a diverse array of seeds and cultivated grains are eaten,
especially in agricultural areas. In nonagricultural areas shrub fruits
and seeds and green leaves of herbs, shrubs, and trees are eaten [24].
October foods of 53 plains sharp-tailed grouse showed a similar emphasis
on plant items (89%), including heavy use of fruits. Important plant
foods during this period were rose (46%), clovers, (16%), American
nightshade (Solanum americanum) (11%), clammy groundcherry (Physalis
heterophylla) (7%), dandelion (3%), and western snowberry
(Symphoricarpos occidentalis) (2%). Insects comprised 8 percent of the
October diet [37].

Fruits and berries were predominant in the fall diet of sharp-tailed
grouse in eastern Montana, followed by domestic grains. Russian olive
(Elaeagnus angustifolia) was heavily used even though scarce on the
study area. Grains were preferred during winter, although fruits and
buds were critical when snow became deep (>5.5 inches [>14 cm]). Silver
buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea), fragrant sumac, Russian olive, and
creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) composed two-thirds of foods
used during winter [37].

Availability of grain, fruiting shrubs, or deciduous trees is important
in winter. Paper birch (Betula papyrifera) and quaking aspen are major
winter food sources for prairie sharp-tailed grouse when snow cover
prevents foraging on grains or similar foods [24]. In central
Wisconsin, paper birch buds and catkins are the primary winter foods of
prairie sharp-tailed grouse, with aspen of secondary importance. Among
shrubs, rose hips and hazel (Corylus spp.) buds and catkins are
important. In Ontario paper birch is the primary winter food for
prairie sharp-tailed grouse, supplemented by browse of willow, aspen,
blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), and mountain-ash (Sorbus spp.). In North
Dakota, willow buds are the most important single winter food for plains
sharp-tailed grouse, but chokecherry, cottonwood, and rose are major
supplementary species. During periods of heavy snow in Utah,
sharp-tailed grouse move into thickets of maple (Acer spp.),
chokecherry, and serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), where they feed on
buds [24]. The fruits of black hawthorn (Crataegus douglasii) and the
buds of Saskatoon serviceberry (A. alnifolia) and chokecherry were the
main winter foods of Columbian sharp-tailed grouse in western Idaho
[33].
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bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat-related Fire Effects

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More info for the terms: cover, forb, fruit, grassland, shrubs

Fire is an important factor in creating and maintaining sharp-tailed
grouse habitat. Fire helps to maintain early successional stages of
grasses, sedges, forb, and shrubs, all of which provide cover and food
for sharp-tailed grouse [14]. Sharp-tailed grouse need open habitat
with good horizontal visibility for lek sites, so fires that reduce tall
cover would enhance lek availability and quality [42].

Much of the prairie habitat in which sharp-tailed grouse occur was
largely maintained by fire in presettlement times [14]. On native
northern mixed prairie grassland in South Dakota, sharp-tailed grouse
were absent in an unburned control area, which contained dense grass.
They were present on a less dense burned area within a few months
following the fire [22].

Following fire in boreal forests of Alaska, stands of aspen and birch
develop on well-drained sites and are occupied by Alaskan sharp-tailed
grouse [10].

Fire helps to eliminate dense mats of dead grasses, sedges, bushes,
sticks, and other debris which can act as a barrier to walking and
feeding. When this accumulation of debris is removed by fire,
sharp-tailed grouse make better use of the habitat [14].

Frequent fires may help reduce the number of wood ticks and other
parasites of sharp-tailed grouse [14].

Although fire is generally beneficial to sharp-tailed grouse, severe
fire may eliminate valuable cover essential for nesting, roosting,
hiding, and feeding. Severe fires in autumn may eliminate the entire
winter food and cover resource, making winter survival in that area
nearly impossible [14].

Fire helps to stimulate new food supplies for sharp-tailed grouse. In
Wisconsin, plants such as smartweed (Polygonum spp.) and ragweed
(Ambrosia spp.) usually increase following fire. Ragweed is one of the
best foods for sharp-tailed grouse. Numerous sedges and many grasses
eaten by sharp-tailed grouse also grow luxuriantly in fire-created
openings. Wild fruit supplies are greater and of better quality in
burned areas from 2 to 5 years after a fire because of the pruning
effect of fire [14]. Sharp-tailed grouse in central Wisconsin occupy
semiopen oak woodlands which have been opened up by fire. Acorns are
easier to find in these woodlands. Oakwoods with dense underbrush are
generally not used by sharp-tailed grouse. Fires also prune older
growth of browse such as hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), chokecherry,
willow, and sweet-fern (Myrica asplenifolia) and stimulates the new
growth that is preferred by sharp-tailed grouse [14].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
19 Gray birch - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
42 Bur oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
63 Cottonwood
107 White spruce
210 Interior Douglas-fir
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
236 Bur oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest

K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K046 Desert: vegetation largely lacking
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
K069 Bluestem - grama prairie
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management Considerations

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More info for the terms: cover, shrub

The populations and distributions of the Columbian, prairie, and plains
sharp-tailed grouse have all decreased from loss of habitat due to
intensive livestock grazing, conversion of range to cropland, and other
human activities [24]. Overstocking results in loss of vegetation
necessary for nesting and may reduce shrubby cover needed for broods.
Woody vegetation frequently deteriorates in areas where livestock are
concentrated. In such areas it would be desirable to fence off some
woody stands to provide cover for sharp-tailed grouse [33,43]. In
western Idaho, mountain shrub and riparian cover types were the most
important winter habitats for Columbian sharp-tailed grouse. These
cover types are sometimes heavily damaged by livestock. Any disturbance
that may damage or eliminate these cover types may have severe negative
impacts on Columbian sharp-tailed grouse [33]. In general, grazing
should be regulated so that approximately 15 percent of an area remains
unused during a season [43].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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AK
CO
ID
MI
MN
MT
NE
ND
SD
UT

WA
WI
WY


AB
BC
MB
NT
ON
PQ
SK
YK

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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Predators

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Some predators of sharp-tailed grouse include red foxes (Vulpes vulpes),
coyotes (Canus latrans), and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and
other raptors [16].
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bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Preferred Habitat

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More info for the terms: bog, cover, density, forbs, forest, grassland, hardwood, herbaceous, marsh, selection, shrub, shrubs, tree, warm-season

Courtship habitat - A common characteristic of sharp-tailed grouse leks
is low, sparse vegetation allowing good visibility and unrestricted
movement [37]. Height and density of vegetation appear to be important
factors in selection of leks [17]. Sharp-tailed grouse leks have been
reported on mowed wet meadows, cattle-trampled areas around windmills,
low ridges and knolls, and recent burns [37].

An excess of woody cover can adversely affect leks [17,37]. In
Minnesota, sharp-tailed grouse leks occurred where there was a 0.12 mile
(0.19 km) diameter area relatively free of woody vegetation [17]. In a
Michigan study, woody cover rarely exceeded 30 percent of the area of
the lek [17]. In Alberta, density of displaying male sharp-tailed
grouse was inversely related to total coverage of quaking aspen within
0.5 mile (0.8 km) of leks. Sharp-tailed grouse leks in quaking aspen
parkland of Manitoba were abandoned when the area dominated by grasses
fell below 58 percent [37]. In Michigan the average distance from the
center of a lek to dense brush was 690 feet (210 m); the average
distance from the center of the lek to the nearest tree was 900 feet
(274 m) [17].

Leks are often located relatively close to dense herbaceous cover from
the previous year's growth ("residual" cover) [37]. Females frequent
heavier cover than do males during the breeding season, so heavy cover
may be used by males to locate leks in heterogeneous habitats. The
distribution of leks used by sparse populations in east-central North
Dakota was influenced by the proximity of dense residual herbaceous
vegetation. Eleven of 14 sharp-tailed grouse leks were within 590 feet
(180 m) of grassland or cropland areas which had not been mowed or
grazed for several years and supported heavy stands of residual growth
each spring. New leks were established in Montana following substantial
increases in residual cover, and the largest leks were located in areas
surrounded by dense stands of residual vegetation [37].

Nesting habitat - Sharp-tailed grouse nest on the ground, preferably
among tall, rank grasses, but may also nest in brushy or woody areas
[8]. Residual herbaceous vegetation is important nesting cover because
little current growth is available in early spring when most nests are
constructed [37]. Female sharp-tailed grouse usually do not travel far
from leks to nest if suitable cover is available. The mean distance from
known leks to 78 nests in western North Dakota was 0.8 mile (1.3 km),
with a maximum of 2 miles (3.2 km). The mean distance between nests and
leks in Saskatchewan was about 0.5 mile (0.9 km); all nests were within
1 mile (1.6 km) of leks [37].

In the Nebraska sandhills, plains sharp-tailed grouse preferred to nest
on northern slopes dominated by residual cover of warm-season grasses
[43]. Of 78 plains sharp-tailed grouse nests found in North Dakota, 62
were in rolling grassland and 11 were in lowland draws; most were more
than 164 feet (50 m) from woody cover. Females selected tall vegetation
within a pasture for nest sites; plant height was more important than
species [24].

Nesting cover for prairie sharp-tailed grouse tends to be less grassy
and more shrubby than that for plains sharp-tailed grouse [37]. In
Michigan, most prairie sharp-tailed grouse nests were protected by
overhead cover or were within a few feet of such cover. Of 29 nests
found, none was more than 10 feet (3.3 m) from brushy or woody cover.
Of 10 nests studied, 6 were in open aspen, 3 were in cutover pines, and
1 was in an open marsh. These sites averaged 43 percent shrub cover,
from 3 to 6 feet (1-2 m) high, and 4 percent tree cover more than 6
feet (2 m) tall [24].

Brood habitat - Favored brooding sites are those that contain relatively
dense herbaceous cover, associated with a mixture of shrubs and forbs
[24]. Broods use cultivated lands that are generally avoided before
nesting [17]. Openings in forested areas may also be used [19,24].
Woody cover is more important for broods than for nesting hens [34]. In
North Dakota, broods frequently used woody cover in draws or on uplands
for shelter from rain and midday heat [37]. Generally, dense brush is
used during early brood stages [24]. Sharp-tailed grouse broods in the
Wisconsin pine barrens used more woody cover than that chosen for nest
sites but in general remained in areas that did not exceed 50 percent
shading by woody cover [19]. Of 190 broods in the Wisconsin pine
barrens, about 80 percent were in open habitats, 14 percent were in edge
habitats, and only 5 percent were more than 150 feet (46 m) inside woody
habitats [19]. Shrubs are more important in brood habitat than trees,
since they provide cover and food for chicks [24].

Roosting habitat - After the mating season males gradually move away
from their leks to foraging and daytime roosting sites that usually
include brushy cover, aspen or willow thickets, or young conifer stands.
In Utah, during the day sharp-tailed grouse roosted in weeds and grass
during June and early July and in shrubs and bushes in late July and
August. Night roosts located in fairly open upland sites with good
ground cover are preferred by sharp-tailed grouse over roosts in marsh
and bog vegetation [24]. Roost sites in the Nebraska sandhills were
typically dominated by grasses and were often interspersed with woody
vegetation [37].

Winter habitat - Winter use of habitats varies with snow depth [44]. As
food and cover are reduced in open habitats, sharp-tailed grouse move
into woody vegetation [24,37]. Sharp-tailed grouse also dig snow
burrows for shelter if snow depth is adequate; death may occur in severe
weather if no snow is available for burrowing [24].

Growth form of dominant grasses is important in late winter habitat. In
late winter and early spring, when shrub canopies are open and dry snow
is unavailable for burrowing, heavy or deep (> 4 inches [10.2 cm]) snow
may collapse sod-forming grasses. Bunchgrasses are more resistant to
collapsing under heavy snow and can provide cover when snow is up to 12
inches (30.5 cm) deep [37].

Habitat use by plains sharp-tailed grouse in eastern Montana was most
diverse during the winter [37,44]. During periods of deep snow on
mixed-grass prairie, plains sharp-tailed grouse used hardwood draws more
often than upland grasslands and croplands. Grassy upland use was
greatest when snow depth was low [44]. As snow exceeded 5.5 inches
(14.0 cm), use of hardwood draws and riparian forest increased. During
the winter in northern Montana, plains sharp-tailed grouse are commonly
found in coulees bordering streams with 10 to 15 percent shrub canopy
cover [37]. These habitats were critical for food during deep snow
conditions. Wintering plains sharp-tailed grouse in Alberta parklands
roosted in the lee of quaking aspen trees and fed on their buds.

Columbian sharp-tailed grouse in California and Washington and
sharp-tailed grouse of an unspecified subspecies in Manitoba remained in
the open where grain foods were available during winter [37].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The currently accepted scientific name for sharp-tailed grouse is
Tympanuchus phasianellus (Linnaeus). It is in the family Phasianidae.
The six recognized subspecies are listed below [1]:

Tympanuchus phasianellus phasianellus northern sharp-tailed grouse
Tympanuchus phasianellus kennicotti (Suckley) northwestern sharp-taile grouse
Tympanuchus phasianellus caurus (Friedmann) Alaskan sharp-tailed grouse
Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus (Ord) Columbian sharp-tailed grouse
Tympanuchus phasianellus campestris (Ridgeway) prairie sharp-tailed grouse
Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi (Lincoln) plains sharp-tailed grouse

Sharp-tailed grouse hybridize with greater prairie chickens (T. cupido)
and dusky grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) [43,51].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Timing of Major Life History Events

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: precocial

Courtship and breeding - Sharp-tailed grouse are a true lek species:
The males defend small territories on traditional "dancing grounds"
where they compete for mating opportunities. Typically only a few males
mate. The height of male displaying occurs in the spring [33]. The
female begins to make a nest at about the same time she begins to visit
the dancing grounds or possibly even before. After successfully mating
she leaves the dancing grounds and probably does not return. Males also
display at dancing grounds during autumn. The autumn display is thought
to recruit first-year males into the lekking group and to maintain or
improve territorial position among established males [24].

Age at sexual maturity - Young male sharp-tailed grouse probably begin
establishing peripheral territories their first fall of life, and these
are held again the following spring [24]. Females probably breed for
the first time as yearlings [15].

Clutch size and incubation - Sharp-tailed grouse generally lay 12 eggs.
Eggs are laid at a rate of one per day and incubation begins when the
last egg has been laid. The incubation period is 23 to 24 days. The
precocial young all hatch on the same day [24,33]. Renesting attempts
sometimes occur but probably contribute no more than 10 percent of the
offspring in an average season [24].

Fledging - After the young hatch they are led away from the nest.
Chicks are able to fly to a limited degree when they are 10 days old,
and rapidly become independent. By the time they are 6 to 8 weeks old
they are fully independent, and broods gradually break up and disperse
[24].

Fall and winter flocks - Sharp-tailed grouse sometimes form fall and
winter flocks. In Wisconsin, sharp-tailed grouse formed flocks when
they could not borrow through snow because snow depth was less than 7
inches (18 cm). They left flocks when snow was greater than 7 inches
(18 cm) deep and burrowing was possible. Flock sizes decreased when
availability of ground food decreased [15].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

U.S. Federal Legal Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The Columbian sharp-tailed grouse has been delisted [52].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Use of Fire in Population Management

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, fire regime, muskeg, prescribed fire

Prescribed fire has been used to maintain and improve sharp-tailed
grouse habitat in several areas [9,17,28,41,42]. Repeated prescribed
fire in Michigan has helped to improve sharp-tailed grouse habitat and
increase populations. Herbage produced following prescribed burning in
the pine types of Michigan provided food and cover for sharp-tailed
grouse that was not found on unburned areas [23]. In Alaska and the
Yukon Territory, prescribed burning has helped convert spruce (Picea
spp.) muskeg habitat into more productive sharp-tailed grouse habitat
[36]. Mature aspen can be converted to sharp-tailed grouse habitat
through repeated spring prescribed burning [4]. Burning should be
avoided during the nesting season [14].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Tympanuchus phasianellus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Geotyar lost moan ( Breton )

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Ar c'heotyar lost moan[1] (liester : geotyer lost moan) a zo un evn, Tympanuchus phasianellus (Tetrao phasianellus gwechall) an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez hag isspesadoù

Al labous a vev ar c'hwec'h[2] isspesad anezhañ — Tympanuchus phasianellus campestris, Tympanuchus phasianellus caurus, Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus, Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi, Tympanuchus phasianellus kennicotti ha Tympanuchus phasianellus phasianellus — e pradennoù Norzhamerika[3].

Rummatadur

Liamm diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù

  1. Hervez TermOfis Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg.
  2. Aet eo da get Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi hiziv an deiz.
  3. Fichenn eus Birdlife
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Geotyar lost moan: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar c'heotyar lost moan (liester : geotyer lost moan) a zo un evn, Tympanuchus phasianellus (Tetrao phasianellus gwechall) an anv skiantel anezhañ.

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Gall de les praderia cuallarg ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El gall de praderia cuallarg (Tympanuchus phasianellus) és un ocell de la família dels fasiànids (Phasianidae) que habita praderies, sabanes i matolls del centre d'Alaska i gran part de Canadà i els Estats Units.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Gall de les praderia cuallarg Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Gall de les praderia cuallarg: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El gall de praderia cuallarg (Tympanuchus phasianellus) és un ocell de la família dels fasiànids (Phasianidae) que habita praderies, sabanes i matolls del centre d'Alaska i gran part de Canadà i els Estats Units.

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Grugiar gynffonfain ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Grugiar gynffonfain (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: grugieir cynffonfain) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Tympanuchus phasianellus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Sharp-tailed grouse. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn T. phasianellus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Caiff ei fagu er mwyn ei hela.

Teulu

Mae'r grugiar gynffonfain yn perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Ceiliog coedwig coch Gallus gallus Ceiliog coedwig gwyrdd Gallus varius
Stavenn Gallus varius 0.jpg
Ceiliog coedwig llwyd Gallus sonneratii
Gallus sonneratii (Bandipur).jpg
Ffesant Amherst Chrysolophus amherstiae
Chrysolophus amherstiae 18092009.jpg
Ffesant euraid Chrysolophus pictus
Golden Pheasant, Tangjiahe Nature Reserve, Sichuan.jpg
Ffesant Sclater Lophophorus sclateri
Lophophorus sclateri.jpg
Ffesant Tsiena Lophophorus lhuysii
Lvwhzh.jpg
Gallus lafayetii Gallus lafayetii
Flickr - Rainbirder - Ceylon Junglefowl (Gallus lafayetii) Male.jpg
Petrisen Barbari Alectoris barbara
Alectoris barbara Tenerife.jpg
Petrisen goesgoch Arabia Alectoris melanocephala
Alectoris melanocephala 2.jpg
Petrisen graig Alectoris graeca
Steinhuhn Alectoris graeca.jpg
Petrisen graig Philby Alectoris philbyi
Philby-Steinhuhn.jpg
Petrisen siwcar Alectoris chukar
A Chukar - near South Pullu, Ladakh, Jammu Kashmir India.jpg
Petrisen Udzungwa Xenoperdix udzungwensis
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Grugiar gynffonfain: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Grugiar gynffonfain (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: grugieir cynffonfain) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Tympanuchus phasianellus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Sharp-tailed grouse. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn T. phasianellus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Caiff ei fagu er mwyn ei hela.

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Schweifhuhn ( German )

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Balzendes Männchen des Schweifhuhns

Das Schweifhuhn (Tympanuchus phasianellus) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Fasanenartigen. Es kommt ausschließlich in Nordamerika vor. Für die Art werden sechs Unterarten unterschieden.

Erscheinungsbild

Das Schweifhuhn erreicht eine Körpergröße von 38 bis 48 Zentimetern. Männchen wiegen etwa 950 Gramm. Weibchen haben ein durchschnittliches Gewicht von 815 Gramm.

Das Schweifhuhn ist ein kleines Raufußhuhn mit einem gestuften Schwanz. Das mittlere Schwanzfederpaar ist am längsten. Der Schnabel ist bräunlich hornfarben, die Iris sind dunkelbraun. Beim ausgewachsenen Männchen sind die Stirn und die Kopfoberseite braun. Durch das Auge verläuft ein dunkler Streif. Die Weibchen sind den Männchen ähnlich, sind aber kleiner und insgesamt matter gefärbt. Insbesondere die Gesichts- und Kehlzeichnung sind nicht so deutlich kontrastierend. Jungvögel ähneln den Weibchen, haben aber einen weniger langen Schwanz.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Das Schweifhuhn kommt von Zentralalaska und dem Yukon bis in den Westen von Quebec vor. In südlicher Verbreitungsrichtung erreicht es die Great Plains. Im Osten der USA fehlt diese Art. In großen Teilen ihres ursprünglichen Verbreitungsgebietes ist die Art verschwunden. Dies gilt vor allem für den Südwesten ihres historischen Verbreitungsgebietes. In Idaho und Utah sind die Zahlen seit den 1980er Jahren wieder angestiegen.[1]

Der Lebensraum des Schweifhuhns sind offene Landschaften. Es kommt in Steppen, Strauchsteppen, Savannen und Wäldern mit sehr lichtem Baumbestand vor.

Lebensweise

Das Schweifhuhn ist überwiegend ein Standvogel. Schneefall kann die Art jedoch zwingen, lokal in geschütztere Lebensräume zu wandern. Die Männchen etablieren im September bis Oktober Leks und kehren zu diesen im April bis Mai zurück. Dort führen die Männchen ihre komplexen Balzbewegungen vor. Zu diesen gehören unter anderem ein Vorwärtsspreizen der Flügel, ein Spreizen der Schwanzfedern und ein schnelles Laufen, das von Schwanzschütteln begleitet ist. Männchen zeigen dieses Balzverhalten für zwei bis vier Stunden in den frühen Morgenstunden und suchen dann bis in die Nachmittagsstunden nach Nahrung.

Schweifhühner fressen überwiegend Pflanzenmaterial sowie Insekten. Zur präferierten Nahrung gehören Heuschrecken und Grillen. Schweifhühner zeigen gegenüber dem Menschen gelegentlich ein wenig scheues Verhalten und finden sich auch auf landwirtschaftlichen Höfen und sogar Städten ein, um dort nach Sämereien zu suchen.[2]

Das Nest ist eine flache Bodenmulde. Das Gelege besteht aus fünf bis 17 Eier. Es brütet allein das Weibchen. Die Brutdauer beträgt 21 bis 24 Tage.

Unterarten

Es sind sieben Unterarten anerkannt:[3]

  • Tympanuchus phasianellus caurus (Friedmann, 1943)[4] kommt von Alaska bis ins nordwestliche Kanada vor.
  • Tympanuchus phasianellus kennicotti (Suckley, 1861)[5] ist im zentralen Gebiet der Nordwest-Territorien verbreitet.
  • Tympanuchus phasianellus phasianellus (Linnaeus, 1758)[6] kommt in Zentralkanada vor.
  • Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus (Ord, 1815)[7] ist von British Columbia bis ins westliche Colorado verbreitet.
  • Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi Dickerman & Hubbard, 1994[8] ursprünglich in New Mexico verbreitet; gilt heute als ausgestorben.
  • Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi (Lincoln, 1917)[9] kommt vom nördlichen zentralen Alberta bis ins nördliche zentrale Gebiet der USA vor.
  • Tympanuchus phasianellus campestris (Ridgway, 1884)[10] kommt von Zentralkanada bis Wisconsin vor.

Belege

Literatur

  • Steve Madge, Phil McGowan und Guy M. Kirwan: Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse. A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails and Sandgrouse of the world. Christopher Helm, London 2002, ISBN 0-7136-3966-0.
  • Robert William Dickerman, John Patrick Hubbard: An Extinct Subspecies of Sharp-Tailed Grouse From New Mexico. In: Western Birds. Band 25, Nr. 3, 1994, S. 128–136 (englisch, westernfieldornithologists.org [PDF; 145 kB]).
  • Herbert Friedmann: A new race of sharp-tailed grouse. In: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Band 33, 1943, S. 189–191 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
  • Frederick Charles Lincoln: A review of the genus Pedioecetes in Colorado. In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Band 30, 1917, S. 83–86 (biodiversitylibrary.org´).
  • Carl von Linné: Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10. Auflage. Band 1. Imprensis Direct Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm 1758 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
  • George Suckley: Description of a new species of North American Grouse. In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1859. Band 13, 1861, S. 361–363 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
  • George Ord: Guthrie's Geography. 2. Auflage. Band 2. Johnson & Warner, Philadelphia 1815 (biodiversitylibrary.org).
  • Robert Ridgway: Description of some new species of birds from Cozumel Island, Yucatan. In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Band 3, 1884, S. 21–24 ([1]).

Einzelbelege

  1. Madge et al., S. 383
  2. Madge et al., S. 382 und S. 383
  3. IOC World Bird List Pheasants, partridges, francolins
  4. Herbert Friedmann (1943), S. 190.
  5. George Suckley (1861), S. 361f.
  6. Carl von Linné (1758), S. 160.
  7. George Ord (1758), S. 317.
  8. Robert William Dickerman u. a. (1949), S. 128–136.
  9. Frederick Charles Lincoln (1917), S. 84.
  10. Robert Ridgway (1884), S. 21.

Weblinks

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Schweifhuhn: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Balzendes Männchen des Schweifhuhns

Das Schweifhuhn (Tympanuchus phasianellus) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Fasanenartigen. Es kommt ausschließlich in Nordamerika vor. Für die Art werden sechs Unterarten unterschieden.

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Henenéva'ôhease

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Henenéva'ôhease

Henenéva'ôhease, ve'kêseho-éve.

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Sharp-tailed grouse

provided by wikipedia EN

The sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus), also known as the sharptail or fire grouse, is a medium-sized prairie grouse. One of three species in the genus Tympanuchus, the sharp-tailed grouse is found throughout Alaska, much of Northern and Western Canada, and parts of the Western and Midwestern United States. The sharp-tailed grouse is the provincial bird of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.[2]

Taxonomy

In 1750 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the sharp-tailed grouse in the third volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The Long-tailed Grous from Hudson's-Bay". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen that had been brought to London from Hudson Bay by James Isham.[3] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the sharp-tailed grouse with other grouse in the genus Tetrao. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Tetrao phasianellus and cited Edwards' work.[4] The sharp-tailed grouse is now placed in the genus Tympanuchus that was introduced in 1841 by the German zoologist Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger for the greater prairie chicken.[5][6] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek tumpanon meaning "kettle-drum" with ēkheō meaning "to sound". The specific epithet phasianellus is a diminutive of the Latin phasianus meaning "pheasant". [7]

The greater prairie chicken, lesser prairie chicken, and sharp-tailed grouse make up the genus Tympanuchus, a genus of grouse found only in North America. Six extant and one extinct subspecies of sharp-tailed grouse are recognised:[8][6]

Description

Close-up of a male sharp-tailed grouse

Adults have a relatively short tail with the two central (deck) feathers being square-tipped and somewhat longer than their lighter, outer tail feathers giving the bird its distinctive name. The plumage is mottled dark and light browns against a white background, they are lighter on the underparts with a white belly uniformly covered in faint "V"-shaped markings. These markings distinguish sharp-tailed grouse from lesser and greater prairie chickens which are heavily barred on their underparts.[9] Adult males have a yellow comb over their eyes and a violet display patch on their neck. This display patch is another distinguishing characteristic from prairie chickens as male prairie chickens have yellow or orange colored air sacs.[9] The female is smaller than the male and can be distinguished by the regular horizontal markings across the deck feathers as opposed to the irregular markings on the males deck feathers which run parallel to the feather shaft. Females also tend to have less obvious combs.

Measurements:[10]

  • Length: 15.0-19.0 in (38.1-48.3 cm)
  • Weight: 21.0-31.0 oz (596-880 g)
  • Wingspan: 24.4-25.6 in (62-65 cm)

Distribution

Sharp-tailed grouse historically occupied eight Canadian provinces and 21 U.S. states pre-European settlement.[11] They ranged from as far north as Alaska, south to California and New Mexico, and east to Quebec, Canada.[11] Following European settlement the sharp-tailed grouse has been extirpated from California, Kansas, Illinois, Iowa, Nevada, and New Mexico.[12][9]

Behavior

Sharp-tailed grouse nest with eggs

Feeding

These birds forage on the ground in summer, in trees in winter. They eat seeds, buds, berries, forbs, and leaves, also insects, especially grasshoppers, in summer. Specific species of grasshopper the sharp-tailed grouse is known to feed on are Melanoplus dawsoni and Pseudochorthippus curtipennis.[13]

A male performing its mating display

Breeding

The sharp-tailed grouse is a lekking bird species. These birds display in open areas known as leks with other males, anywhere from a single male to upwards of 20 will occupy one lek (averaging 8-12). A lek is an assembly area where animals carry on display and courtship behavior. During the spring, male sharp-tailed grouse attend these leks from March through July with peak attendance in late April, early May.[9] These dates do fluctuate from year to year based on the weather. Johnsgard (2002) observed weather delayed lekking of up to two weeks by sharp-tailed grouse in North Dakota. The males display on the lek by stamping their feet rapidly, about 20 times per second, and rattle their tail feathers while turning in circles or dancing forward. Purple neck sacs are inflated and deflated during display. The males use "cooing" calls also to attract and compete for females.[14][15][9] The females select the most dominant one or two males in the center of the lek, copulate, and then leave to nest and raise the young in solitary from the male. Occasionally a low-ranking male may act like a female, approach the dominant male and fight him.

Habitat selection

The sharp-tailed grouse is found throughout different prairie ecosystems in North America. They inhabit ecosystems from the pine savannahs of the eastern upper Midwest to the short grass, mid grass, and shrub steppe prairies of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain West.[11][12][16] Selection of specific habitat characteristics and vegetation communities is variable among the different subspecies of sharp-tailed grouse. Selection of these specific habitats depends on the quality of habitat available to grouse.[17][18][19][20][12] The major habitats used by sharp-tailed grouse, recorded in the literature, are savannah style prairie with grasses dominant and shrub patches mixed throughout, with minimal patches of trees.[21][22][23][17][11] In fact, Hammerstrom (1963) states the taller the woody vegetation, the less of it there should be in the habitat. The savannah style habitat is mostly preferred during the summer and brood rearing months through autumn. This general habitat is used during all four seasons for different features. Habitat selection and usage vary by season with; lekking, nesting, brood rearing, and winter habitat selected and utilized differently.

Lekking habitat

The lek, or dancing ground is, usually made up of short, relatively flat native vegetation.[24][25] Other habitat types utilized for leks are cultivated lands, recent burns, mowed sites, grazed hill tops, and wet meadows.[26][27][12][11] Manske and Barker (1987) reported sun sedge (Carex inops), needle and thread grass (Hesperostipa comata), and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) on lekking grounds in the Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota. The males also select for upland or midland habitat type on the tops of ridges or hills.[25] Leks surrounded by high residual vegetation were observed by Kirsch et al. (1973). They noticed lek distribution was influenced by the amount of tall residual vegetation adjacent to the lek. Lek sites eventually became abandoned if vegetation structure was allowed to get too high. The invasion of woody vegetation and trees into lekking arenas also caused displaying males to abandon leks.[21][19] Moyles (1981) observed an inverse relationship of lek attendance by males with an increase in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) within 0.8 km of arenas in the Alberta parklands. Berger and Baydack (1992) also observed a similar trend in aspen encroachment where 50% (7 of 14) of leks were abandoned when aspen coverage increased to over 56 percent of the total area within 1 km of the lek. Males select hilltops, ridges, or any place with a good field of view for leks. So they can see the surrounding displaying males, approaching females to the dancing ground, and predators.[11][14][25]

Nesting habitat

Nesting cover is one of the most important habitat types needed by sharp-tailed grouse hens. Nesting habitat varies widely among the different subspecies of sharp-tailed grouse.[18] Hamerstrom Jr. (1939) found the majority of prairie sharp-tailed grouse (T. p. campestris) nests occupied dense brush and woods at marsh edges. Gieson and Connelly (1993) reported that Columbian sharp-tailed grouse (T. p. columbianus) selected for dense shrub stands with taller, denser shrubs located at the nest site. Plains sharp-tailed grouse (T. p. jamesii) selected nest sites with dense residual vegetation and a shrubby component.[18] However, nest sites are usually characterized by dense tall residual vegetation (last year’s growth) with the presence of woody vegetation either at the nest site or nearby.[25][28] Goddard et al. (2009) state that the use of shrub dominated habitats has not been documented by many other researchers. Goddard et al. (2009) found that sharp-tailed grouse hens in Alberta, Canada selected more for shrub steppe habitats in their first nest attempts because of increased concealment provided by the shrubs than the residual grass earlier in the breeding season. Roersma (2001) also found that grouse in southern Alberta selected taller, woody vegetation compared to all other habitats assessed, and grouse used this area in greater proportions to available woody habitat. These findings contradict Prose et al. (2002), who states that residual vegetation is critical to sharp-tailed grouse nest success due to the early seasonal nesting nature of the grouse.

Brood habitat

Sharp-tailed grouse are a precocial species, meaning that they hatch with their eyes open, are self-reliant, and do not require the mother to feed them. Shortly after hatching, the chicks and mother leave the nest site in search of cover and food. Brood rearing habitats of sharp-tailed grouse have many characteristics including: shrubby vegetation for concealment, short vegetation nearby for feeding, and high amounts of forbs present.[22][20][25][18][17] This could explain why sharp-tailed grouse nest in or close to shrub communities. The shrub component in brooding habitat provides good canopy protection from direct sunlight and avian predators.[18][17] Hamerstrom (1963) and Goddard et al. (2009) both observed the greatest number of sharp-tailed grouse broods present in open, rather than wooded landscapes. Both hypothesized this use of open landscape was due to an abundance of insects for the chicks and green herbaceous cover for the hen to feed on. Habitat usage by sharp-tailed grouse broods is a function of time of day, available habitat, and weather.[26][20] Brood habitats are made up of many complex habitat types. Broods may utilize shrubby areas or oak grassland savannah type habitats.[22] Broods utilize these types of habitats for cover, while remaining close to prime foraging habitats in the form of shorter vegetation with a mixture of native vegetation.

Winter habitat

Winter habitat usage by sharp-tailed grouse seems to shift toward denser cover for thermal insulation. Hammerstrom and Hammerstrom (1951) noticed that grouse use thicker edge type habitat more than the open ground during the winter in Michigan and Wisconsin. Hammerstrom and Hammerstrom (1951) also noted that birds, when found in open habitat, were no more than a few hundred meters from thicker cover. These birds were usually utilizing grain fields. Swenson (1985) observed the same trend in Montana. Hamerstrom and Hammerstrom (1951) declared that use of forested habitat by sharp-tailed grouse vary by location, noting that sharp-tailed grouse in more semi-arid and arid areas utilize brush less frequently in winter. However, Hammerstrom and Hammerstrom (1951) did report that sharp-tailed grouse in Washington and California were observed using edge type habitats more frequently during winter months. Manske and Barker (1987) noticed a similar trend in winter habitat usage in North Dakota, noting that sharp-tailed grouse in small flocks joined together to form larger packs in severe weather. These packs move from open prairie, to shelterbelts, and adjacent croplands with standing corn and sunflowers. Habitat usage in winter varies greatly as a function of snow depth (Swenson 1985). As snow depth increases, habitat selection shifts from cropland and prairie to shelterbelts and woody vegetation. One habitat change seen by Hamerstrom and Hamerstrom (1951), was grouse would select large snow banks to burrow into, to keep warm during cold nights. The use of burrows was also noted by Gratson (1988).

Habitat fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation has been one of factors driving the decline of all subspecies of sharp-tailed grouse across its entire range throughout North America.[29] The type of habitat fragmentation varies from ecological succession, as shrub/grassland areas transition into forested areas. Fire suppression, tree plantings, limiting logging practices, and an increase of invasive woody species have also led to habitat fragmentation. The largest contributor to habitat fragmentation has been the agriculture industry.

The Homestead Act 1862 opened up great expanses of virgin prairie in the west to early settlers. By 1905 about 41 million hectares of the west had been homesteaded.[30] Much of this land was in semi-arid rangelands with sub-marginal precipitation to support crop production.[30] The plowing of this land represented a permanent change in the nature of the land. Another contributor to habitat fragmentation for grouse is unmonitored and excessive cattle grazing.[31][32][33] Cattle can be an important tool to manage habitat structure for sharp-tailed grouse when managed properly (Evens 1968). The habitat of sharp-tailed grouse was severely affected by early settlers before cattle grazers understood the impact to the environment from overgrazing.

A secondary effect of early agriculture during the years of the Dust Bowl and Great Depression in the late 1920s and early 1930s was when homesteaders abandoned the unproductive land.[30] The United States government bought up much of this land through the Land Utilization Program, with management eventually controlled by the United States Forest service and the Bureau of Land Management.[34][30] During the drought years of the 1930s, these agencies re-vegetated some of these areas with non-native highly competitive vegetation such as smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum).[35] These plants served their purpose by re-vegetating and protecting the soil. But these invaders became great competitors and directly affected native vegetation. In some instances crested wheatgrass and smooth brome have forced out native vegetation, creating monoculture habitats. Monoculture habitats are not favored by sharp-tailed grouse, as they prefer sites with high heterogeneity. Hamerstrom (1939) was quoted as saying "More important than the individual cover plants is the fact that most of the nests of all species were in cover mixtures rather than pure stands."

Habitat assessment

Research conducted before 1950 on sharp-tailed grouse habitat assessment was done visually. Hamerstrom (1939) reported sparse vegetation was seldom selected for nesting due to lack of adequate cover. Habitat generalizations were formed based on the number of individuals found at a given local. These assumptions were if more birds were present at one location and less at another, then the first must be the better habitat. Hamerstrom (1963) observed 119 of 207 (57%) grouse broods frequenting savannah style habitat. He concluded that the savannah style habitat was the habitat needed for best management. As the research on habitat for grouse species matured, so did the techniques used for assessment. Cover boards and Robel poles were developed to measure visual obstruction (VO) and create habitat indices. Cover boards were developed as early as 1938 by Wight (1938) to study white-tailed deer habitat. Wight’s (1938) cover board was 6 feet in height, marked and numbered every foot. Visible marks were counted to measure obstruction by plants. Kobriger (1965) developed a 4×4-foot board marked at 3-inch intervals with alternating white and black squares. He placed a camera in the center of the breeding ground at a height of 3 feet. He then placed the cover board 30 feet away taking photographs of the cover board. After compiling all the photographs, they were analyzed with a hand lens to assess the number of squares visible. This number gave him a vegetation index of cover classes. This method has been modified by Limb et al. (2007). Instead of taking photographs 30 feet away like Kobriger (1965), Limb et al. (2007) took photographs of vegetation back-dropped by a 1×1-meter cover board at a height of 1 meter, 4 meters away. These digital photographs were uploaded to Adobe Acrobat and digitized to the 1×1-meter backdrop.[36] Robel et al. (1970) developed a pole to determine height based on correlated vegetation weight. The pole was duly named the Robel pole. Robel et al. (1970) found that VO measurements taken at a height of 1 m and a distance of 4 m from the pole gave a reliable index of the amount of vegetation production at a location. Hamerstrom et al. (1957) were quoted as saying "Height and density of grass were clearly more important to the prairie chickens than species composition" as reported by Robel et al. (1970). This was also believed to be true for the sharp-tailed grouse. These key aspects can now be assessed using the Robel pole, Nudds cover board, and Limb et al. digital photography method effectively and efficiently.

Management

It is apparent that the effects of habitat fragmentation across all habitat types selected by sharp-tailed grouse are impacting this species. The management of sharp-tailed grouse habitat has changed over the years from observational (making sure current habitat is maintained) to a more hands on approach. The management of lekking habitat and winter habitat are not as clearly defined in the literature as nesting and brood rearing habitat assessment and management. The development of the Robel pole and cover boards has become a key tool in habitat assessment providing land managers a means to inventory and study habitat preferences based on vegetation structure and density. The Robel pole has become the more favored of the two methods in recent years for habitat assessment. The United States Forest Service (USFS) uses visual obstruction readings (VOR) to set stocking densities for cattle based on the current years standing residual vegetation . This method is currently conducted on the USFS Little Missouri Grasslands, Cheyenne National Grasslands, Cedar River National Grassland, and Grand River National Grassland, all found in the Dakota Prairie National Grasslands in North and South Dakota.[35]

The Robel pole is a non-destructive method for inventorying vegetative biomass.[37][38] This method was used to create a habitat suitability index based on vegetation visual obstruction (VO), ranging from 0-30.5 cm with a suitability index rating of 0-1.0.[39] Studies of nesting habitat by Prose et al. (2002) in the Nebraska Sandhills found that nesting sharp-tailed grouse selected nest sites with visual obstruction readings (VOR) of more than 4 cm. Similarly, Clawson and Rottella (1998) observed that 58% of nests (432 of 741) in Southwestern Montana were located in sites with an average VOR of 24 cm. The other nests in this study were located in sites with VOR’s of 11–18 cm. Reece et al. (2001) observed that sites with a VO of less than 5 cm near possible nesting locations indicated a decline in quality nesting habitat as average VO declined. The use of the Robel pole to assess habitat for sharp-tailed grouse has given managers a target height of vegetation structure to have at the end of the grazing season. This allows managers to set the appropriate stocking rate to best attain a desired vegetation height. As a rule of thumb, the average VOR reading for suitable grouse nesting habitat is 3.5in (8.89 cm). Lekking habitat can be managed by burning, mowing, clear cutting, and grazing across the entire range of the sharp-tailed grouse subspecies. Ammann (1957) found that leks that contained woody vegetation did not exceed 30% of the total lek area. Similarly, Moyles (1989) found a negative correlation with increased in aspen trees (Populus tremuloides) on lekking sites and the number of displaying males present. Trees may provide perches for avian predators but further work needs to be done on the effects of tree encroachment.

Status and conservation

These birds are declining in numbers and range due to habitat loss, but overall they are not considered a threatened species

Bird call of the Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus)

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References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Tympanuchus phasianellus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22679511A92816912. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679511A92816912.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Government of Saskatchewan. "Emblems of Saskatchewan". Archived from the original on 2017-06-19. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
  3. ^ Edwards, George (1750). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part III. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 117, Plate 117.
  4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 160.
  5. ^ Gloger, Constantin Wilhelm Lambert (1841). Gemeinnütziges Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Naturgeschichte (in German). Vol. 1. Breslau: A. Schulz. p. 396.
  6. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 393, 302. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ^ Hoffman et al. (2007), p. 15.
  9. ^ a b c d e Connelly, J. W.; Gratson, M. W.; Reese, K. P. (1998-01-01). "Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.354.
  10. ^ "Sharp-tailed Grouse Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Johnsgard, P.A. (2002.) Dawn Dancers on Dun Grass The sharp-tailed Grouse and the Northern Prairies and Shrublands. Pages 81–103 in Grassland Grouse. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington and London.
  12. ^ a b c d Johnsgard, P.A. 1973. Sharp-tailed Grouse. pp. 300–319 in Grouse and Quails of North America. The University of Nebraska Lincoln press.
  13. ^ Meyhoff, Sejer D.; Johnson, Daniel L.; Bazinet, Scott (September 2020). "Fall diet in sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi) and consumption of the grasshopper Melanoplus dawsoni in Alberta, Canada". Food Webs. 24: e00153. doi:10.1016/j.fooweb.2020.e00153.
  14. ^ a b Sisson, L. 1969. Land Use Changes and Sharp-Tailed Grouse Breeding Behavior Nebraska Game and Parks Commission White Papers, Conference Presentations, & Manuscripts.
  15. ^ "Adaptive Strategies and Population Ecology of Northern Grouse. Arthur T. Bergerud , Michael W. Gratson". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 63 (4): 479. 1988-12-01. doi:10.1086/416091. ISSN 0033-5770.
  16. ^ Aldrich, J.W. 1963. Geographic orientation of American Tetraonidae. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 529-545.
  17. ^ a b c d Goddard, A. D.; R. D. Dawson; M.P. Gillingham. 2009. Habitat selection by nesting and brood-rearing sharp-tailedgrouse. Canadian Journal of Zoology, Apr2009, Vol. 87 Issue 4, p326-336, 10p, 6 charts, 2 graphs; doi:10.1139/Z09-016; (AN 37580857)
  18. ^ a b c d e Roersma, S.J. 2001. Nesting and brood rearing ecology of plains sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi) in a mixed-grass/fescue ecoregion of Southern Alberta. M.Sc. thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
  19. ^ a b Swenson, J. E. 1985. Seasonal habitat use by sharp- tailed grouse, Tympanuchus phasianellus, on mixed-grass prairie in Montana. Can. Field-Nat. 99:40-46. YOCOM, C. F. 1952.
  20. ^ a b c Kohn, S. C. 1976. Sharp-tailed grouse nesting and brooding habitat in southwestern North Dakota, North Dakota Game and Fish Department.
  21. ^ a b Moyles, DLJ. 1981. Seasonal and Daily Use of Plant Communities by Sharp-Tailed Grouse (Pedioecetes phasianellus ) in the Parklands of Alberta. Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa ON Vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 287–291.
  22. ^ a b c Hamerstrom Jr, F. N. 1963.Sharptail Brood Habitats in Wisconsin’s Northern Pine Barrens. The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 27, No. 4. 793-802.
  23. ^ Robel, R. J., R.F. Henderson, and W. Jackson. 1972. Some Sharp-Tailed Grouse PopulationStatistics from South Dakota. The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Jan., 1972), pp. 87–98.
  24. ^ Hanowski, JAM, D.P. Christian, and G.J. Niemi. 2000. Landscape requirements of prairie sharp- tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus campestris in Minnesota, USA. Wildlife Biology Vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 257–263.
  25. ^ a b c d e Manske, L. L.; W. T. Barker. 1987. Habitat Usage by prairie grouse on the Sheyenne National Grasslands. pp. 8–20. In: A. J. Bjugstad, tech. coord. Prairie Chickens on the Sheyenne National Grasslands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-159. Fort Collins, CO: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
  26. ^ a b Ammann, G.A. 1957. The prairie grouse of Michigan. Michigan Department of Conservation technical bulletin.
  27. ^ Kobriger, G. D. 1965. Status, Movements, Habitats, and Foods of Prairie Grouse on a Sandhills Refuge. The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Oct., 1965), pp. 788–800.
  28. ^ Prose, B.L., B.S. Cade, and D. Hein. 2002. Selection of nesting habitat by sharp-tailed grouse in the Nebraska sandhills. Prairie Naturalist. 34(3/4):85-105.
  29. ^ Silvy, Nova J.; Hagen, Christian A. (2004-03-01). "Introduction: Management of imperiled prairie grouse species and their habitat". Wildlife Society Bulletin. 32 (1): 2–5. doi:10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[2:IMOIPG]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7648. S2CID 86022197.
  30. ^ a b c d Olsen, E. 1997. National Grassland Management A Primer. Natural Resource Division Office of the General Council USDA. pp. 1–40.
  31. ^ Giesen, K. M. and J.W. Connelly. 1993. Guidelines for Management of Columbian Sharp-Tailed Grouse Habitats. Wildlife Society Bulletin, Vol. 21 Issue 3, p325-333.
  32. ^ Kirsch, L. M., A.T. Klett, and H. W. Miller. 1973. Land Use and Prairie Grouse Population Relationships in North Dakota. The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Oct., 1973), pp. 449–453.
  33. ^ Reece, P.E., J.D. Volesky, and W.H. Schacht. 2001. Cover for Wildlife after Summer Grazing on Sandhills Rangeland. Journal of Range Management. Vol. 54, No. 2 pp. 126–131.
  34. ^ Wooten, H. H. "The Land Utilization Program 1934 to 1964 Origin, Development, and Present Status," in Appendix C of National Grassland Management Primer (1965).
  35. ^ a b USFS land management plan for the Dakota Prairie Grasslands Northern Region 2001.
  36. ^ Limb, R.F., K.R.Hickman, D.M. Engle, J.E. Norland, and S.D. Fuhlendorf. 2007. Digital photography: Reduces investigator variation in visual obstruction measurements for southern tallgrass prairie. Range land Ecology Management. 60: pp. 548–552.
  37. ^ Robel, RJ., J.N. Briggs, A.D. Dayton, and L.C. Hulbert. 1970. Relationships between visual obstruction measurements and weight of grassland vegetation. Journal of Range Management. 23:295-297.
  38. ^ Benkobi, L., D.W. Uresk, G. Schenbeck, and R. M. King. 2000. Protocol for Monitoring Standing Crop in Grasslands Using Visual Obstruction. Journal of Range Management, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 627–633
  39. ^ Prose, B.L. (1987): Habitat suitability index models: plains sharp-tailed grouse. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82: 10.142. 31 pp. PDF fulltext
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Sharp-tailed grouse: Brief Summary

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The sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus), also known as the sharptail or fire grouse, is a medium-sized prairie grouse. One of three species in the genus Tympanuchus, the sharp-tailed grouse is found throughout Alaska, much of Northern and Western Canada, and parts of the Western and Midwestern United States. The sharp-tailed grouse is the provincial bird of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.

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Pintavosta lagopo ( Esperanto )

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La Pintavosta lagopoPintavosta prerikoko, Tympanuchus phasianellus (iam: Tetrao phasianellus), estas mezgranda membro de la genro de prerikokoj. Ĝi estis konata ankaŭ kiel pintavostulo, "fajra lagopo" aŭ "fajrobirdo" de indiĝenaj amerikanoj pro ties rilato al arbustaj incendioj por havi sian vivejon malferman. [1]

Taksonomio

La Prerikoko, la Prerikoketo kaj la Pintavosta lagopo formas la genron Tympanuchus, genro de lagopoj kiuj troviĝas nur en Nordameriko. La latina kompleta scienca nomo de la Pintavosta lagopo estas Tympanuchus phasianellus. Oni priskribis ses nunajn kaj unu formortintan subspeciojn de la Pintavosta lagopo:[1]

  • T. p. phasianellus: la nomiga raso aŭ Norda pintavosta lagopo troviĝas en Manitobo, norda Ontario, kaj centra Kebekio. Ĝi estas parte migranta.
  • T. p. kennicotti: la Nordokcidenta pintavosta lagopo loĝas el rivero Mackenzie al la Lago Granda Sklavo en la Nordokcidentaj Teritorioj, Kanado.
  • T. p. caurus: la Alaska pintavosta lagopo loĝas en norda-centra Alasko orienten al suda Jukono, norda Brita Kolumbio, kaj norda Alberto.
  • T. p. columbianus: la Kolumbia lagopo povas troviĝis en izolataj herbareoj de indiĝena artemizio kaj herbejaj ebenaĵoj de Idaho, Vajomingo, Koloradio, Utaho, kaj Brita Kolumbio.
  • T. p. campestris: la Preria pintavosta lagopo loĝas en sudorienta Manitobo, sudokcidenta Ontario, kaj Supra Duoninsulo de Miĉigano al norda Minesoto kaj norda Viskonsino. Tiu subspecio kunekzistas kun la Ebenaĵa raso ĉirkaŭ nordo de la valo de la Ruĝa Rivero kaj preferas malaltajn areojn de ĵus konvertitaj arbaroj en arbustaroj.
  • T. p. jamesi: La Ebenaĵa pintavosta lagopo hejmas en nordaj Grandaj Ebenaĵoj en suda Alberto kaj Saskaĉevano, orienta Montano, Norda kaj Suda Dakotoj, Nebrasko, kaj nordorienta Vajomingo. Tiu raso loĝas en prerioj de miksitaj herboj preferante mozaikon de indiĝenaj herbejoj, terkultivejoj kaj ĉeriveraj arbustarojarbaroj, rojoj kaj riveroj por vintra manĝofonto super la neĝokovro kia burĝonoj kaj beroj.
  • T. p. hueyi: la Novmeksika pintavosta lagopo estas formortinta.

Aspekto

Plenkreskuloj havas relative mallongan voston kun la du centraj plumoj kvadrapintaj kaj iome pli longaj ol la pli helaj, eksteraj vostoplumoj kiu havigas al la birdo ties distingan nomon. La plumaro estas makulece malhela kaj helbruna super blanka fono, ili estas pli helaj en subaj partoj kun blanka ventro uniforme kovrita de fajnaj "V"-formaj markoj. Tiuj markoj distingas la pintavostan lagopon el la Prerikoko kaj Prerikoketo, kiuj estas tre striecaj en subaj partoj (Connelly et al. 1998).

Masklaj plenkreskuloj havas flavajn superokulajn karunklojn kaj violan ceremonian makulon en kolo. Tiu memmontra makulo estas alia distinga karaktero el la aliaj prerikokoj ĉar masklaj prerikokoj havas flavajn aŭ oranĝajn aersakojn (Connelly et al. 1998). La ino estas pli malgranda ol la masklo kaj povas esti distingataj per regulaj horizontalaj markoj en la vostoplumoj male al la neregulaj markoj de masklaj vostoplumoj kiuj iras paralele al la plumotigo. Inoj tendence havas ankaŭ malpli evidentajn karunklojn. Maskloj pezas averaĝe 951 g kaj inoj averaĝe 815 g.

Distribuado

La Pintavosta lagopo historie okupis ok kanadajn provincojn kaj 21 usonajn subŝtatojn antaŭ la eŭropa setliĝo (Johnsgard 2002). Ili havis teritorion el tiom norde kiom ĝis Alasko, sude al Kalifornio kaj Nov-Meksiko, kaj orienten al Kebekio, Kanado (Johnsgard 2002). Sekve de la eŭropa setliĝo la Pintavosta lagopo malaperis el Kalifornio, Kansaso, Ilinojso, Iovao, Nevado, Nov-Meksiko, Oklahomo kaj Oregono (Johnsgard 1973; Connelly et al. 1998).

Kutimaro

Manĝo

Tiuj birdoj manĝas surgrunde somere, en arboj vintre. Ili manĝas semojn, burĝonojn, berojn, herbojn kaj foliojn, ankaŭ insektojn, ĉefe akridojn, somere.

Reproduktado

La Pintavosta lagopo estas birdospecio kiu montras masklarejan kutimaron. Tiuj birdoj memmontras en malfermaj areoj konataj kiel masklejoj aŭ “lek” kun aliaj maskloj, ĉiukaze tio povas okazi ĉe ununura masklo ĝis 20 kiuj okupas unu lek (averaĝe 8-12). La lek estas difinita kiel kunvena areo kie animaloj venas por memmontra kaj pariĝada kutimaro (Merriam-Webster Dictionary 2010). Dum printempo, maskloj de Pintavosta lagopo kunvenas en tiuj masklarejoj el marto la julio kun ĉefa venaro fine de aprilo al komence de majo (Conelly et al. 1998). Tiuj datoj fluktuas el jaro al jaro baze sur vetero. Johnsgard (2002) observis kiel vetero prokrastigis memmontrajn ceremoniojn je ĝis du semajnoj por la Pintavosta lagopo en Norda Dakoto. La maskla memmontrado okazas per rapida piedfrapado, ĉirkaŭ 20 fojojn por sekundo, kaj trembligas siajn vostoplumojn dum turnado en cirkloj aŭ dancado antaŭen. La purpuraj kolsakoj ŝvelas kaj malŝvelas dum memmontrado. La maskloj uzas alvokojn kveradajn por allogo kaj konkurenci por inoj (Sisson 1969; Bergerud kaj Gratson 1988; Conelly et al. 1998). La inoj selektas la plej hegemoniajn unu aŭ du masklojn en la centro de la lek, kopulacias, kaj poste iras al nesto kaj idozorgadas solece sen helpo de la masklo. Foje nehegemonia masklo povas ŝajnigi sin kiel ino kaj iri ĉe hegemonia masklo kaj lukti kontraŭ li.

Biotoposelekto

La Pintavosta lagopo troviĝas ĉe diferencaj preriaj ekosistemoj en Nordameriko. Ili loĝas en ekosistemoj el pinosavanoj de orienta supra Mezokcidento al mallongaj kaj mezaj herboj kaj arbustaraj stepaj prerioj de la Grandaj Ebenaĵoj kaj okcidente de Roka Montaro (Aldrich 1963; Johnsgard 1973; Johnsgard 2002). Selekto de specifaj vivejaj karakteroj kaj de vegetaĵaraj komunumoj varias inter la diferencaj subspecioj de Pintavosta lagopo. Selekto de tiuj specifaj biotopoj dependas el kvalito de vivejo disponebla al la lagopoj (Johnsgard 1973; Kohn 1976; Swenson 1985; Roersma 2001; Goddard et al. 2009).

La ĉefaj biotopo uzataj de la Pintavosta lagopo, konstatita en studoj, estas savanstila prerio kun hegemoniaj herboj kaj makuloj de arbustaro mikse, kun minimumaj arbomakuloj (Hammerstrom 1963; Robel 1972; Moyles 1981; Johnsgard 2002; Goddard et al. 2009). Fakte Hammerstrom (1963) asertas ke ju pli alta estas la arbara vegetaĵaro, des malpli ili estos en tiu biotopo. La savanstila vivejo estas ĉefe preferata dum la someraj kaj idozorgaj monatoj al aŭtuno. Tiu ĝenerala biotopo estas uzata dum la kvar sezonoj por diferencaj ecoj. Biotoposelekto kaj uzado varias laŭ sezono; diferencas la biotoposelektado por memmontrado, nestumado, idozorgado kaj vintro.

Memmontra vivejo

La lek, aŭ dancejo estas, kutime formata de malalta, relative ebena indiĝena vegetaĵaro (Manske kaj Barker 1987; Hanowski et al. 2000). Aliaj biotopotipoj uzataj por lek estas terkultivejoj, ĵusaj incendiejoj, paŝtejoj, herbejaj montetoj kaj humidaj herbejoj (Ammann 1957; Kobriger 1965; kaj Johnsgard 1973; Johnsgard 2002). Manske kaj Barker (1987) konstatis karekson (Carex inops), pinglofadenan herbon (Hesperostipa comata), kaj bluan herbon (Bouteloua gracillis) en masklarejaj areoj ĉe Ĉejena Nacia Herbejo en Norda Dakoto. La maskloj selektas ankaŭ altajn aŭ mezajn habitatojn pinte de montetoj (Manske kaj Barker 1987).

Masklarejoj ĉirkaŭataj de alta resta vegetaĵaro estis observataj de Kirsch et al. (1973). Ili konstatis, ke la masklareja distribuado estis influata de la kvanto de alta resta vegetaĵaro apuda al la masklarejo. Tiuj dancejoj eventuale abandoniĝas se la vegetaĵara strukturo estas permesata alte kreski. La invado de arbara vegetaĵaro kaj arboj en la dancejon kaŭzas ankaŭ ke la ceremoniantaj maskloj abandonas la dancejon (Moyles 1981; Swenson 1985). Moyles (1981) observis invertitan rilaton de allogo fare de maskloj al masklarejaj areoj kun pliiĝantaj ŝajntremolaj poploj (Populus tremuloides) en 0.8 km de dancejoj en la parkoj de Alberto. Berger kaj Baydack (1992) observis ankaŭ similan tendencon en ŝajntremolejoj kie 50% (7 el 14) de dancejoj estis abandonataj kiam ŝajntremolokovro pliiĝis je ĉirkaŭ 56 % de la totala areo en 1 km el la masklarejo. Maskloj selektas montetopintojn, bordojn aŭ iun ajn lokon kun bona grundo aŭ vido por dancejo. Tiele ili povas vidi la ĉirkaŭajn memmontrantajn masklojn, alproksimiĝantajn inojn al dancejoj kaj predantojn (Sisson 1969; Manske kaj Barker1987; Johnsgard 2002).

Nestobiotopo

Nestokovro estas unu el la plej gravaj vivejaj postuloj de la inoj de Pintavosta lagopo. Nestobiotopoj varias amplekse inter la diferencaj subspecioj de Pintavosta lagopo (Roersma 2001). Hamerstrom Jr. (1939) trovis, ke majoritato de nestoj de Preria pintavosta lagopo (T.p. campestris) okupis densan arbustarojn kaj arbarojn ĉe marĉobordoj. Gieson kaj Connelly (1993) informis, ke la Kolumbia lagopo (T.p. columbianus) selektis densajn arbustarajn areojn kun pli altaj kaj densaj arbustoj situaj ĉe la nestoloko. La Ebenaĵa pintavosta lagopo (T.p. jamesii) selektis nestolokojn kun densa resta vegetaĵaro kaj arbustara kompono (Kirby kaj Grosz 1995; Roersma 2001). Tamen nestolokoj kutime karakteras pro densa alta resta vegetaĵaro (lastajara kresko) kun esto de arbara vegetaĵaro ĉu ĉe la nestoloko ĉu proksime (Manske kaj Barker 1987; Prose et al. 2002).

Goddard et al. (2009) asertas, ke la uzado de arbustaraj hegemoniaj vivejoj ne estis dokumentata de multaj aliaj priserĉistoj. Goddard et al. (2009) trovis, ke la inoj de Pintavosta lagopo en Alberto, Kanado, selektis plie arbustarajn stepobiotopojn en siaj unuaj nestoklopodoj pro pliiĝanta kaŝo havigata de arbustoj ol restaj herboj komence de la reprodukta sezono. Roersma (2001) trovis ankaŭ ke lagopoj de suda Alberto selektis pli altan kaj arbaran vegetaĵaron kompare kun ĉiuj aliaj vivejoj konstatitaj, kaj lagopoj uzis tiun areon en pli grandaj proporcioj ol la disponebla arbara biotopo. Tiujn trovojn kontraŭdiras Prose et al. (2002), kiu asertas, ke resta vegetaĵaro estas nepra por nestosukceso de Pintavosta lagopo pro la frua sezona nestonaturo de la lagopoj.

Idozorga biotopo

La Pintavosta lagopo estas specio de frumaturaj idoj, kiuj post eloviĝo havas malfermajn okulojn, estas memhelpaj, kaj ne bezonas patrinon por manĝi. Tuj post eloviĝo la idoj kaj la patrino elnestiĝas serĉe de kovro kaj manĝo. La vivejoj de la Pintavosta lagopo por idozorgado havas multajn karakterojn kiaj: arbustara vegetaĵaro por ŝirmo, najbara malalta vegetaĵaro por manĝo, kaj alta kvanto de herboj (Hamerstrom 1963; Kohn 1976; Manske kaj Barker 1987; Roersma 2001; Goddard et al. 2009). Tio povus klarigi kial la Pintavosta lagopo nestas en aŭ ĉe arbustaraj komunumoj. La arbustaraj komponoj de la idozorgadaj biotopoj havigas bonan kanopean protekton el rekta sunlumo kaj el birdaj predantoj (Roesmra 2001; Goddard 2009). Hamerstrom (1963) kaj Goddard et al. (2009) ambaŭe observis, ke la plej grandaj nombroj de Pintavosta lagopo idozorgadas en malfermaj pli ol en arbaraj areoj. Ambaŭ hipotezis, ke tiu uzo de malferma arearo necesas pro ties abundo de insektoj por la idoj kaj verda herbeja kovro por la ina manĝo.

Biotopa uzo fare de la Pintavosta lagopo por idozorgado estas funkcio de tagoparto, disponebla vivejo kaj vetero (Ammann 1957; Kohn 1976). La idozorgadaj biotopoj estas formataj de multaj kompleksaj vivejoj. Idozorgantaj lagopoj povas uzi arbustarajn areojn de kverkoherbeja savano (Hamerstrom 1963). Idozorgado uzas tiujn vivejojn por kovro, dum oni restas ĉe la ĉefaj manĝobiotopoj de pli malalta vegetaĵaro kun mikso de indiĝena vegetaĵaro.

Vintra biotopo

Vintraj vivejoj uzataj de la Pintavosta lagopo ŝajne ŝanĝas al pli densaj kovroj por temperatura izoligo. Hammerstrom kaj Hammerstrom (1951) notis, ke lagopoj uzas pli dikajn biotopojn ol tiuj malfermaj dum vintro en Miĉigano kaj Viskonsino. Hammerstrom kaj Hammerstrom (1951) notis ankaŭ, ke tiuj birdoj, se trovataj en malferma habitato, ne estis pli da kelkaj centoj da metroj el densa kovro. Tiuj birdoj estis tiam uzante grenajn kampojn. Swenson (1985) observis saman tendencon en Montano. Hamerstrom kaj Hammerstrom (1951) deklaris, ke tiu uzado de arbara habitato fare de la Pintavosta lagopo varias laŭloke, kaj notis, ke la Pintavosta lagopo en pli duonaridaj kaj aridaj areoj uzas arbustarajn areojn malpli ofte vintre. Tamen Hammerstrom kaj Hammerstrom (1951) informis, ke la Pintavosta lagopo en Vaŝingtonio kaj Kalifornio estis observataj uzantaj bordajn biotopojn pli ofte dum vintraj monatoj. Manske kaj Barker (1987) notis similan tendencon en uzado de vintraj biotopoj en Norda Dakoto, note ke la Pintavosta lagopo en malgrandaj aroj kuniĝis por formi pli grandajn arojn dum akra vetero. Tiuj aroj moviĝis el malferma prerio, al ŝirmejoj, kaj apudaj terkultivejoj kun maizo kaj sunfloroj. Biotopuzado en vintro ege varias laŭ la neĝokvanto (Swenson 1985). Dum neĝo altiĝas, biotoposelektado ŝanĝas el terkultivejoj kaj prerioj al ŝirmejoj kaj arbara vegetaĵaro. Biotopoŝanĝo konstatita de Hamerstrom kaj Hamerstrom (1951), estis ke lagopoj selektas grandajn neĝotavolojn por trunesti ene, por resti varme dum malvarmaj noktoj. La uzadon de nestotruoj estis konstatita ankaŭ de Gratson (1988).

Habitata fragmentado

Habitata fragmentado estis unu el la ĉefaj tialoj de la malpliiĝo de la Pintavosta lagopo en ties tuta teritorio ĉe ĉiuj subspecioj tra tuta Nordameriko (Silvy kaj Hagen 2004). La tipo de habitata fragmentado varias laŭ ekologia sukcedo, pro la transiro de areoj arbustaraj kaj herbejaj en arbaraj areoj. Ankaŭ kontrolado de fajroj, arboplantado, limigo de praktikoj de lignoproduktado kaj pliigo de invadaj arbaraj specioj kondukis al habitata fragmentado de la Pintavosta lagopo. La plej grava kontribuanto al habitata fragmentado de la Pintavosta lagopo estis la agrikultura industrio.

La Homestead Act de 1862 malfermis grandajn etendojn de praprerioj okcidente al la fruaj setlantoj. Ĉe 1905 ĉirkaŭ 41 milionoj de hektaroj de la okcidento estis farmaj (Olsen 1997). Multe de tiu tero estis en duonaridaj terenoj kun tro malmulta pluvo por elteni terkultivadon (Olsen 1997). Kiam tiu tero esti plugita, okazis ŝanĝo en la teraj karakteroj. Alia aspekto de agrikulturo kiu efikis sur habitata fragmentado de la lagopoj estis nekontrolita kaj troa paŝtado de brutaro (Kirsch et al. 1973; Giesen kaj Connelly 1993; Kirby kaj Grosz 1995; Reece et al. 2001; Sidle 2005). Brutaro povas esti grava por kontroli la biotopan strukturon de la Pintavosta lagopo se bone administrata (Evens 1968; Kirby kaj Grosz 1995; Sidle 2005). Biotopo de Pintavosta lagopo estis draste damaĝita de fruaj setlantoj antaŭ kiam la brudobredistoj komprenu la efikon super la medio el troa paŝtado.

Duaranga efiko kiun frua agrikulturo havis dum la jaroj de la Dust Bowl kaj de la Granda Depresio fine de la 1920-aj jaroj kaj komence de la 1930-aj jaroj estis kiam farmistoj abandonis la neproduktivan teron (Olsen 1997). La registaro de Usono aĉetis multe de tiu tero pere de la Programo de Teruzado, kun administrado eventuale kontrolata de la servo de Usona Forstado kaj de la Bureau of Land Management (Wooten 1965; Olsen 1997). Dum la sekegaj jaroj de la 1930-aj, tiuj agentejoj re-vegetaĵarigis tiujn areojn per neindiĝena pli produkta vegetaĵaro kia bromuso (Bromus inermis) kaj kresta tritikoherbo (Agropyron cristatum) (USDA- US Forest service 2001). Tiuj plantoj plenumis sian celon per re-vegetaĵarigo kaj protektado de la grundo. Sed tiuj invadaj specioj iĝis grandaj konkurencantoj kaj rekte efikis sur la indiĝena vegetaĵaro. Iel kresta tritikoherbo kaj bromuso forigis la indiĝenan vegetaĵaron, kreante unukulturajn habitatojn. Unukulturaj habitatoj ne estas preferataj de la Pintavosta lagopo, ĉar ili preferas lokojn kun granda heterogeneco. Hamerstrom (1939) asertis “More important than the individual cover plants is the fact that most of the nests of all species were in cover mixtures rather than pure stands”, tio estas “Pli grava ol individuaj ŝirmoplantoj estas fakto ke plej parto de nestoj de ciuj specioj estas ĉe ŝirmomiksaĵoj pli ol ĉe puraj herbaroj”.

Biotopokontrolo

La studoj farataj antaŭ 1950 pri la vivejo de la Pintavosta lagopo estis plenumitaj per simpla rigardo. Hamerstrom (1939) informis ke disa vegetaĵaro estis rare selektata por nestado pro manko de taŭga ŝirmo. Habitataj ĝeneraligoj estis formataj surbaze de nombroj de individuoj troviĝantaj je iu loko. Tiuj supozoj konsistis je “se” estas pliaj birdoj je unu loko kaj malpli je alia, “tiam” la unua devas esti la pli taŭga habitato. Hamerstrom (1963) observis, ke 119 el 207 (57%) de lagopidaroj ĉeestis savanstilan habitaton. Li konkludis, ke tiu savanstila biotopo estis la vivejo necesa por plej bona administrado. Dum la studado pri vivejo de lagopaj specioj maturiĝis, ankaŭ tion faris la uzataj teknikoj por administrado. Oni disvolvigis kovrotabulojn kaj Robel-fostojn por mezuri vidan obstrukciadon (VO) kaj krei vivejajn indeksojn.

Kovrotabulojn oni disvolvigis tiom frue kiom ĝis 1938 de Wight (1938) por studi la vivejon de la Blankavosta cervo. La kovrotabulo de Wight (1938) estis 6 futojn alta, marke kaj nombre ĉiun futon. Videblaj markoj estis markataj por mezuri la obstrukciadon fare de plantoj. Kobriger (1965) disvolvigis kovrotabulon de 4 x 4 futoj markatan je intervaloj de 3 coloj kun alternaj blankaj kaj nigraj kvadratoj. Li lokigis kameraon en la centro de la reproduktejo je alto de 3 futoj. Li situis poste la kovrotabulon 30 futojn for por foti ĝin. Post kompilado de ĉiuj fotoj, ili estis analizataj per mana lenso por kontroli la nombron de kvadratoj videblaj. Tiu nombro havigis indekson de vegetaĵara kovro. Tiu metodo estis ĵus modifita de Limb et al. (2007). Anstatau fari fotojn 30 futojn for, kiel Kobriger (1965), Limb et al. (2007) faris fotojn de vegetaĵaro super kovrotabulo 1x1 m je alto de 1 m, 4 m for. Tiuj digitalaj fotoj estis elŝutitaj al Adobe Acrobat kaj digitaligitaj al 1x1 m fone (Limb et al. 2007).

Robel et al. (1970) disvolvigis foston por determini alton surbaze de alto de kunrilata vegetaĵaro. La fosto estis akurate nomigita la Robel-fosto. Robel et al. (1970) trovis, ke la mezuroj de VO farataj je alto de 1m kaj je distanco de 4 m el la fosto havigis fidindan indekson de la kvanto de vegetaĵaro produktita en la loko.

Hamerstrom et al. (1957) asertis, ke “Height and density of grass were clearly more important to the prairie chickens than species composition” (Alto kaj denseco de herbo estis pli klare grava al la prerikokoj ol la specikompono), kiel estis citata de Robel et al. (1970). Tion oni supozas vera ankaŭ por la Pintavosta lagopo. Tiuj ŝlosilaj aspektoj povas nune esti kontrolataj pere de la Robel-fostoj, la kovrotabulo de Nudds kaj la metodo de digitala fotaro de Limb et al. efektive kaj efike.

Administrado

Ŝajne la efikoj de la habitata fragmentado en ĉiaj biotopoj selektataj de la Pintavosta lagopo estas efikante sur tiu specio. La administrado de la vivejo de la Pintavosta lagopo ŝanĝis dum la jaroj el observa al aliaj pli certigaj metodoj. La administrado de la vivejo kaj porpariĝa kaj vintra ne estas tiom klare difinita en la studaro kiel la biotopo kaj por nestado kaj por idozorgado. La disvolvigo de la Robel-fostoj kaj la kovrotabuloj iĝis ŝlosilaj iloj por la biotopa administrado kiu havigas la teradministristojn per informo pri la biotopaj preferoj baze sur la vegetaĵaraj strukturo kaj denseco. La Robel-fostoj iĝis la plej favora el la du metodoj en ĵusaj jaroj por biotopa administrado. La usona forsta servo (USFS) uzas legojn de vida obstrukciado (VOR) por decidi la densecojn por brutaro baze sur la resta vegetaĵaro de nunaj jaroj. Tiu metodo estas nune kondukita de la USFS Little Missouri Grasslands, Sheyenne National Grasslands, Cedar River National Grassland, kaj Grand River National Grassland, ĉiuj en la Dakota Prairie National Grasslands en Norda kaj Suda Dakoto (Forsta Servo, Norda Regiono (USDA) 2001) .

La Robel-fosto estas nedetrua metodo por inventarii la vegetativan biomason (Robel 1970; Benkobi et al. 2000). Tiu metodo estis uzata por krei indekson de biotopa taŭgeco baze sur vegetaĵara vida obstrukciado (VO), game el 0-30.5 cm kun taŭgindekso game el 0-1.0 (Prose 1987). Studoj de nestobiotopo fare de Prose et al. (2002) en la Nebraskaj Sablomontetoj trovis, ke la nestanta Pintavosta lagopino selektis nestolokojn per legado de vida obstrukciado (VOR) de pli da 4 cm. Simile Clawson kaj Rottella (1998) observis, ke 58% de nestoj (432 el 741) en Sudokcidenta Montano estis situaj en lokoj kun averaĝa VOR de 24 cm. La aliaj nestoj de tiu studo estis situaj en lokoj kun VOR de 11–18 cm. Reece et al. (2001) observis, ke lokoj kun VO de malpli da 5 cm ĉe eblaj nestolokoj indikis malpliiĝon de kvalito de nestobiotopo laŭ averaĝa VO malpliiĝis.

La uzado de la Robel-fosto por kontroli la vivejo de la Pintavosta lagopo havigis la administristojn per informo pri la alto de vegetaĵara strukturo por havi je la fino de la paŝtada sezono. Tio permesas la administristojn decidi la taŭgan bestokvanton por akiri la deziratan vegetaĵaran alton. Kiel meza regulo la averaĝa VOR por taŭga nestobiotopo de lagopoj estas 8.89 cm.

La ceremonia biotopo povas estis administrata per incendio, paŝtado, klarigado kaj tropaŝtado de la tuta teritorio de la subspecio de Pintavosta lagopo. Ammann (1957) trovis, ke masklarejoj kiuj enhavas arbaran vegetaĵaron ne superis 30 % de la totala masklareja areo. Simile Moyles (1989) trovis negativan kunrilaton kun pliiĝo de tremoloj (Populus tremuloides) en masklarejaj areoj kaj nombro de memmontrantaj maskloj estantaj. Arboj povus havigi ripozejon al birdaj predantoj sed necesas pli da studoj pri la efikoj de tiu afero (Manzer kaj Hannon 2005).

Ĉe arto

John James Audubon ilustraciis la "Sharp-tailed Grous (sic) Pintavostan lagopon - Tetrao phasianellus" kiel Plato 382a en Birds of America, publikita en Londono, 1827–38. La origina akvarelo fare de Audubon, el kiu oni faris tiun presaĵon fare de Robert Havell en 1837, montris la du lagopojn separatajn. Tamen la postuloj de Audubon kiu volis havi la birdan ilustracion vivogrande kaj la maksimuma paĝogrando devigis Havell koincidigi la birdojn en la fina presaĵo. La origina akvarelo estas posedo de la New York History Society.

Statuso ka konservado

Tiuj nearktisaj birdoj malpliiĝis kaj en nombroj kaj en teritorioj pro habitatoperdo, sed ĝenerale ili ne estas konsiderataj minacata specio.

La Pintavosta lagopo estas la provinca birdo de Saskaĉevano.

Gnome-speakernotes.svg
Tympanuchus phasianellus call
Birdalvoko de la Pintavosta lagopo (Tympanuchus phasianellus)
Ĉu problemoj aŭdigi ĉi tiun dosieron? Vidu helpon.

Notoj

  1. Hoffman et al. (2007), p. 15.

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  • Moyles, DLJ. 1981. Seasonal and Daily Use of Plant Communities by Sharp-Tailed Grouse (Pedioecetes phasianellus ) in the Parklands of Alberta. Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa ON Vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 287–291.
  • Nudds, T. D. 1977. Quantifying the Vegetative Structure of Wildlife Cover. Wildlife Society Bulletin. Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 113–117
  • Olsen, E. 1997. National Grassland Management A Primer. Natural Resource Division Office of the General Council USDA. pp. 1–40
  • Prose, B.L. (1987): Habitat suitability index models: plains sharp-tailed grouse. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82: 10.142. 31 pp. PDF plena teksto
  • Reece, P.E., J.D. Volesky, and W.H. Schacht. 2001. Cover for Wildlife after Summer Grazing on Sandhills Rangeland. Journal of Range Management. Vol. 54, No. 2 pp. 126–131.
  • Robel, RJ., J.N. Briggs, A.D. Dayton, and L.C. Hulbert. 1970. Relationships between visual obstruction measurements and weight of grassland vegetation. Journal of Range Management. 23:295-297.
  • Robel, R. J., R.F. Henderson, and W. Jackson. 1972. Some Sharp-Tailed Grouse PopulationStatistics from South Dakota. The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Jan., 1972), pp. 87–98
  • Roersma, S.J. 2001. Nesting and brood rearing ecology of plains sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi) in a mixed-grass/fescue ecoregion of Southern Alberta. M.Sc. thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
  • Silvy, N. J. and C. A. Hagen. 2004. Introduction: Management of imperiled prairie grouse species and their habitat Wildlife Society Bulletin Mar 2004 : Vol. 32, Issue 1, pg(s) 2-5 doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[2:IMOIPG]2.0.CO;2
  • Sisson, L. 1969. Land Use Changes and Sharp-Tailed Grouse Breeding Behavior Nebraska Game and Parks Commission White Papers, Conference Presentations, & Manuscripts.
  • Swenson, J. E. 1985. Seasonal habitat use by sharp- tailed grouse, Tympanuchus phasianellus, on mixed-grass prairie in Montana. Can. Field-Nat. 99:40-46. YOCOM, C. F. 1952.
  • USFS land management plan for the Dakota Prairie Grasslands Northern Region 2001
  • Wight, H.M. 1938. Field and laboratory techniques in wildlife management. Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 108pp.
  • Wooten, H. H. “The Land Utilization Program 1934 to 1964 Origin, Development, and Present Status,” in Appendix C of National Grassland Management Primer (1965).

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Pintavosta lagopo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Pintavosta lagopo aŭ Pintavosta prerikoko, Tympanuchus phasianellus (iam: Tetrao phasianellus), estas mezgranda membro de la genro de prerikokoj. Ĝi estis konata ankaŭ kiel pintavostulo, "fajra lagopo" aŭ "fajrobirdo" de indiĝenaj amerikanoj pro ties rilato al arbustaj incendioj por havi sian vivejon malferman. [1]

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Tympanuchus phasianellus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El gallo de las praderas rabudo (Tympanuchus phasianellus),[2]​ también conocido como gallo de las praderas chico o urogallo de las praderas ,[3]​ es una especie de ave galliforme de la familia Phasianidae propia de América del Norte.

Distribución y hábitat

Su rango de distribución se extiende desde el centro de Alaska y el Yukón hasta el oeste de Quebec en el norte, llegando hasta las grandes Llanuras en el sur. En los Estados Unidos continentales ha perdido gran parte de su área de distribución original, especialmente en el suroeste de su hábitat histórico. En Idaho y Utah las cifras han ido en aumento desde la década de 1980. Su hábitat natural son las áreas abiertas. Se produce en las praderas, estepas arbustivas, sabanas y bosques con árboles muy dispersos.

Subespecies

Se reconocen siete subespecies de esta ave:[4]

  • T. p. campestris (Ridgway, 1884)
  • T. p. caurus (Friedmann, 1943)
  • T. p. columbianus (Ord, 1815)
  • T. p. hueyi Dickerman & Hubbard, 1994
  • T. p. jamesi (Lincoln, 1917)
  • T. p. kennicotti (Suckley, 1862)
  • T. p. phasianellus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Tympanuchus phasianellus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 9 de noviembre de 2012.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (1994). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Segunda parte: Falconiformes y Galliformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 41 (2): 183-191. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 9 de noviembre de 2012.
  3. «Gallo de las Praderas Rabudo (Tympanuchus phasianellus) (Linnaeus, 1758)». avibase. Consultado el 9 de noviembre de 2012.
  4. «Tympanuchus phasianellus». ITIS. Consultado el 8 de noviembre de 2012.

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Tympanuchus phasianellus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El gallo de las praderas rabudo (Tympanuchus phasianellus),​ también conocido como gallo de las praderas chico o urogallo de las praderas ,​ es una especie de ave galliforme de la familia Phasianidae propia de América del Norte.

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Tympanuchus phasianellus ( Basque )

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Tympanuchus phasianellus Tympanuchus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Phasianidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Tympanuchus phasianellus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Tympanuchus phasianellus Tympanuchus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Phasianidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Tétras à queue fine ( French )

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Tympanuchus phasianellus

Le Tétras à queue fine (Tympanuchus phasianellus (Linnaeus, 1758)) est une espèce d'oiseau appartenant à la famille des Phasianidae. Il vit en Amérique du Nord. Il est l'oiseau emblème de la province de Saskatchewan. Il se nourrit principalement de bourgeons et de chatons de bouleaux, de saules.

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Tympanuchus phasianellus ( Galician )

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Femia.

Tympanuchus phasianellus é unha especie de ave da orde dos galiformes, familia dos fasiánidos e subfamilia dos tetraoninos, unha das tres que compoñen o xénero Tympanuchus.

Propia de Norteamérica, distribúese desde Alasca e o norte do Canadá até o centro dos Estados Unidos.

Taxonomía

Descrición

A especie foi descrita en 1758 por Linneo na 10ª edición do seu Systema Naturae,[2] co nome de Tetrao phasianellus.[3][4]

Etimoloxía

Para a do xénero, véxase Tympanuchus.

O epíteto específico, phasianellus, é un diminutivo do latín científico de phasiānus, 'faisán'. Literalmente '(que semella un) pequeno faisán'.

Sinónimo

  • Tetrao phasianellus Linnaeus 1758.[4]

Subespecies

Na actualidade o ITIS recoñece nestaa especie as seguintes sete subespecies.[2]

(Indícanse as súas respectivas áreas de distribución).[4]

Porén, a subespecie T. p. hueyi rexistrouse por última vez en 1952 e hoxe considérase extinta.[4][5]

Hábitat e distribución

O seu hábitat natural son as áreas abertas: praderías, estepas arbustivas, sabanas e bosques con árbores moi dispersas.[6][7]

A súa área de distribución esténdese desde o centro de Alasca e o Yukón até o oeste do Quebec, polo norte, chegando até as grandes chairas do centro dos Estados Unidos. Nos Estados Unidos continentais perdeu gran parte da súa área de distribución orixinal, especialmente no suroeste do seu hábitat histórico. Porén, en Idaho e Utah, as cifras da súa poboación están aumentando desde a década de 1980.[6][7]

A especie sufriu unha diminución pequena, estatísticamente insignificante, nos últimos 40 anos en América do Norte (datos de Breeding Bird Survey e/ou Christmas Bird Count: Butcher and Niven 2007).[8] Porén, hai que ter en conta que estas enquisas cobren menos do 50 % da área da especie en América do Norte.[1]

Costumes

Un dos aspectos máis famosos dos costumes destas aves é o ritual de apareamento de tipo lek, agrupación de macho adultos que se xuntan para faceren exibicións competitivas con vistas a convenceren ás femias visitantes que están á procura de posíbeis compañeiros para a copulación.[9]

Status

A Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais considera que a especie ten unha área de distribución moi grande e, polo tanto, non se acerca ao limiar do status de vulnerábel, segundo o criterio de tamaño de área (extensión de maís de 20 000 km2 combinado cun tamaño de dispersión decrecente ou flutuante, extensión/calidade do hábitat ou tamaño de poboación). A pesar de que a tendencia da poboación parece estar diminuíndo, non se cre que a diminución sexa o suficientemente rápida como para acercarse aos limiares de vulnerábel. O tamaño da poboación é moi grande (máis de 10 000 individuos maduros, cunha diminución continua estimada no 10 % en dez anos ou tres xeracións, polo que a especie á avaliada como LC (pouco preocupante).[1]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 BirdLife International (2018): Tympanuchus phasianellus na Lista vermella da UICN. Versión 2018-2. Consultada o 15 de marzo de 2019.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Tympanuchus phasianellus (Linnaeus, 1758) no ITIS.
  3. páxina 160 do tomo I do Systema Naturae linneano.
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Sharp-tailed Grouse. Tympanuchus phasianellus (Linnaeus, 1758) en Avibase.
  5. Merrill, G. W. (1967): "Plains Sharp-tailed Grouse". En: W. S. Huey (ed.), New Mexico wildlife management, Santa Fe, NM: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.
  6. 6,0 6,1 del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. 1994.
  7. 7,0 7,1 del Hoyo, J. et al. 2014.
  8. Butcher, G. S., D. K. Niven, and J. R. Sauer (2008): "Forty-year Decline of Grassland Birds in North America". Presentation at Partners in Flight 4th International Conference, McAllen, TX.
  9. Fiske, P.; Rintamaki, P. T. & Karvonen, E. (1088): "Mating success in lekking males: a meta-analysis". Behavioral Ecology 9: 328–338.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (1994): Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-8733-415-6.
  • del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N. J.; Christie, D. A.; Elliott, A. & Fishpool, L. D. C. (2014): HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions / Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. ISBN 978-84-9655-394-1.

Outros artigos

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Tympanuchus phasianellus: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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 src= Femia.

Tympanuchus phasianellus é unha especie de ave da orde dos galiformes, familia dos fasiánidos e subfamilia dos tetraoninos, unha das tres que compoñen o xénero Tympanuchus.

Propia de Norteamérica, distribúese desde Alasca e o norte do Canadá até o centro dos Estados Unidos.

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Tympanuchus phasianellus ( Italian )

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La pernice codaguzza o gallo cedrone codaaguzza (Tympanuchus phasianellus (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un uccello della famiglia Phasianidae.[3]

Descrizione

Gli esemplari adulti di questa specie hanno una coda relativamente corta con le due piume centrali leggermente più lunghe con la punta squadrata, si deve a questa particolarità il nome comune. Il piumaggio è bianco con molte macchie di colore marrone chiaro e scuro, il dorso è molto più scuro della pancia che è completamente bianca con solo delle macchie a V. I maschi, in media, pesano 950 grammi mentre le femmine che sono più piccole pesano solo 850 grammi.

Tassonomia

Sono state descritte sette sottospecie di cui sei viventi e una estinta:[4]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Tympanuchus phasianellus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. accesso richiede url (aiuto)
  2. ^ http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=861CBBDA948F5C13
  3. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Phasianidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 10 aprile 2017.
  4. ^ Hoffman et al. (2007), p. 15.

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Tympanuchus phasianellus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La pernice codaguzza o gallo cedrone codaaguzza (Tympanuchus phasianellus (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un uccello della famiglia Phasianidae.

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Smailiauodegis tetervinas ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Tympanuchus phasianellus

Smailiauodegis tetervinas (lot. Tympanuchus phasianellus, angl. Sharp-tailed Grouse) – tetervininių (Tetraonidae) šeimos paukštis.

Paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikoje.

Nebaigta Šis su ornitologija susijęs straipsnis yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.
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Stekelstaarthoen ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

Het stekelstaarthoen (Tympanuchus phasianellus) is een vogel uit de familie fazantachtigen (Phasianidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in het midden-noorden en noordwesten van Noord-Amerika en telt 7 ondersoorten:[2]

Beschermingsstatus

Op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN heeft de soort de status veilig.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Stekelstaarthoen: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Het stekelstaarthoen (Tympanuchus phasianellus) is een vogel uit de familie fazantachtigen (Phasianidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.

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Preriokur bażanci ( Polish )

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Samica w trawie

Preriokur bażanci (Tympanuchus phasianellus) – gatunek średniego ptaka z rodziny kurowatych (Phasianidae). Występuje od wschodniej Alaski do Zatoki Hudsona i na południe do Utah, północno-wschodnim Nowym Meksyku i w Michigan. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem.

Systematyka

Wyróżniono kilka podgatunków T. phasianellus[4][5]:

  • T. phasianellus caurus – Alaska, północno-zachodnia Kanada.
  • T. phasianellus kennicotti – centralne Terytoria Północno-Zachodnie (Kanada).
  • T. phasianellus phasianellus – środkowa Kanada.
  • T. phasianellus columbianusKolumbia Brytyjska do zachodniego Kolorado.
  • T. phasianellus hueyiNowy Meksyk.
  • T. phasianellus jamesi – północno-środkowa Alberta do północno-środkowego USA.
  • T. phasianellus campestris – centralna Kanada do Wisconsin

Morfologia

Charakterystyka
Wyraźny dymorfizm płciowy. Kogut (samiec) ma całe ciało pokryte brązowymi piórami z rysunkiem w jasnokremowe plamki; brzuch jaśniejszy. Ogon zakończony kilkoma czarnymi, poprzecznymi, nieregularnymi pasami. Nogi opierzone, stopy szarobrązowe. Gardło jasnokremowe, brew czerwona. Dziób krótki, mocny, ciemnobrązowy. Samica ma czarno-brązowo-kremowe pióra. Pod okiem brązowa plama. Dziób ciemnobrązowy. Spód, poza piersią, jasny.
Wymiary
  • Długość ciała: około 43 cm[6]
  • Masa ciała: 900-1050 gramów

Ekologia

Biotop
Bardzo różnorodny, od suchych prerii do terenów bagnistych.
Pożywienie
Rośliny, owoce i nasiona oraz ziarna zbóż.
Lęgi
Ciekaw toki. Składa 8-12 jaj, które wysiaduje 21-23 dni.
Odgłos preriokura bażanciego

Przypisy

  1. Tympanuchus phasianellus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. McGowan 1994 ↓, s. 409.
  3. Tympanuchus phasianellus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. Frank Gill, David Donsker: Family Phasianidae (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 4.2. [dostęp 2014-07-24].
  5. Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 2013-11-05].
  6. Keller i in. 2003 ↓, s. 59.

Bibliografia

  • P. J. K. McGowan: Family Phasianidae (Pheasants and Partridges). W: Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal: Handbook of the Birds of the World. Cz. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 1994. ISBN 84-87334-15-6. (ang.)
  • Elisabeth Keller, Einhard Bezzel, Klaus Koenig, Bruno Kremer, Josef H. Reichholf (red.), Frieder Sauer, Klaus-L. Schuchmann, Angelika Sigl, Reinhard Witt, Gunther Steinbach (red.), Andrzej Kruszewicz (tłum.), Beata Bałucińska (tłum.): Ptaki. Cz. 2. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 2003, seria: Leksykon zwierząt. ISBN 83-7311-181-6.
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Preriokur bażanci: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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 src= Samica w trawie

Preriokur bażanci (Tympanuchus phasianellus) – gatunek średniego ptaka z rodziny kurowatych (Phasianidae). Występuje od wschodniej Alaski do Zatoki Hudsona i na południe do Utah, północno-wschodnim Nowym Meksyku i w Michigan. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem.

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Spetsstjärtad präriehöna ( Swedish )

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Spetsstjärtad präriehöna[2] (Tympanuchus phasianellus) är en fågel i familjen fasanfåglar inom ordningen hönsfåglar.[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Spetsstjärtad präriehöna delas in i sex underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1]

Bilder

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Tympanuchus phasianellus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-08-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11

Externa länkar

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Spetsstjärtad präriehöna: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Spetsstjärtad präriehöna (Tympanuchus phasianellus) är en fågel i familjen fasanfåglar inom ordningen hönsfåglar.

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Тетерук манітобський ( Ukrainian )

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Ареал

Вид поширений від Центральної Аляски і Юкону аж до заходу Квебеку. У південному напрямку ареал досягає Великих Рівнин.

Опис

Довжина тіла: від 38 до 48 см. Вага тіла: самці важать приблизно 950 г, середня вага самок 815 г. Це маленький тетерук з характерним хвостом. Центральна пара хвостового пір'я довша за інших. Дзьоб коричневий, райдужина темно-коричнева. У дорослого самця лоб і верхня сторона голови коричневі. Через очі проходить темна смуга. Самиці схожі на самців, однак, менші і забарвлені в цілому більш тьмяно. Зокрема, малюнок голови і горла невиразно контрастний. Молоді птахи схожі на самиць, проте їх хвіст коротший.

Примітки

  1. BirdLife International (2012). Tympanuchus phasianellus: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2013.2) (англ.) 26 November 2013
  2. Фесенко Г. В. Вітчизняна номенклатура птахів світу. — Кривий Ріг : ДІОНАТ, 2018. — 580 с. — ISBN 978-617-7553-34-1.

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Tympanuchus phasianellus ( Vietnamese )

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Tympanuchus phasianellus là một loài chim trong họ Phasianidae.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


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Tympanuchus phasianellus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Tympanuchus phasianellus là một loài chim trong họ Phasianidae.

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Острохвостый тетерев ( Russian )

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Научная классификация
промежуточные ранги
Домен: Эукариоты
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Семейство: Фазановые
Подсемейство: Тетеревиные
Вид: Острохвостый тетерев
Международное научное название

Tympanuchus phasianellus Linnaeus, 1758

Синонимы
  • Pedioecetes phasianellus
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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 175841NCBI 83287EOL 1049184FW 368031

Острохвостый тетерев[1] (лат. Tympanuchus phasianellus) — североамериканский вид тетерева из семейства фазановых.

Описание

Острохвостый тетерев достигает длины от 38 до 48 см. Самцы весят примерно 950 г. Средний вес самок 815 г.

Это маленький тетерев с характерным хвостом. Центральная пара хвостовых перьев длиннее остальных. Клюв коричневый, радужины тёмно-коричневые. У взрослого самца лоб и верхняя сторона головы коричневые. Через глаза проходит тёмная полоса. Самки похожи на самцов, однако, меньше и окрашены в целом более тускло. В частности, рисунок лица и горла не отчётливо контрастный. Молодые птицы похожи на самок, однако их хвост короче.

Распространение

Острохвостый тетерев распространён от Центральной Аляски и Юкона вплоть до запада Квебека. В южном направлении ареала достигает Великие Равнины. На востоке США этот вид отсутствует. В большей части своего первоначального ареала вид исчез. Это касается прежде всего юго-запада его исторической области распространения. В Айдахо и Юте численность снова увеличилась с 1980-х годов[2].

Жизненное пространство острохвостого тетерева — это открытые ландшафты. Он обитает в степях, саваннах и редколесьях.

Образ жизни

Острохвостый тетерев — это преимущественно оседлая птица. Тем не менее, снегопад может вынудить вид к локальной миграции в более защищённые жизненные пространства. Самцы занимают с сентября по октябрь токовища и возвращаются к ним с апреля по май. Там самцы демонстрируют свой «танец». Расставив раскрытые крылья и подняв вертикально хвост, самец стремительно бегает по сложной траектории, тряся своим хвостом. Самцы исполняют свой танец ранним утром в течение 2—4 часов, а затем отправляются на поиски корма.

Острохвостый тетерев питается преимущественно растительной пищей, а также насекомыми, предпочитая саранчу и сверчков. Птицы появляются также на сельскохозяйственных дворах и даже в городах, чтобы найти там зерновые[3].

Гнездо — это неглубокая лунка на земле. В кладке от 5 до 17 яиц, высиживает которую только самка. Период высиживания составляет от 21 до 24 дней.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 55. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. Madge et al., S. 383
  3. Madge et al., S. 382 und S. 383
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Острохвостый тетерев: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Острохвостый тетерев (лат. Tympanuchus phasianellus) — североамериканский вид тетерева из семейства фазановых.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии