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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: The total gestation time probably includes a period of delayed implantation (Ronald Nowak 2003). In the wild, these animals have been estimated to live up to 23 years (David Macdonald 1985). Their longevity in captivity has not been studied in detail and hence their maximum longevity must be classified as unknown.
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Life Expectancy

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In captivity the lifespan of Antarctic fur seals has not been well studied and it remains unknown. In the wild, males live up to 15 years, while females can live up to 25 years.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
25 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: wild:
23.0 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: wild:
13.0 years.

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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
author
Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Behavior

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Antarctic fur seals use vocalizations to communicate. Males use two main calls. One is a threatening roar which is directed towards other males. Else, it is used as a response to a specific threat, such as a predator. The other call they make is a "huff-chuff". This call is used when moving around breeding territories, interacting with females, and is used as a sign of status. Females can roar and "huff-chuff", but their main form of communication is with their pups. They use both sound and smell to establish a bond. The sound is a high pitched call that is reinforced after the pup is born so when the mother returns from hunting trips she can make the sound and the pup will recognize it. The mother and pup use smell at close distances to confirm each other's identity.

Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Conservation Status

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The number of Antarctic fur seals were reduced to below 3,000 individuals in the 1800s. In 1964, they became a “specially protected species,” which is a term given only to the “most vulnerable and endangered species,” (Proposal to De-list, 2006). Since then, Antarctic fur seals have greatly extended their range and are at little risk of extinction. Total population numbers are estimated at four to seven million seals and are increasing. In the CITES appendices Antarctic fur seals are listed in Appendix II, indicating that while they are not currently threatened with extinction they may become so unless trade is closely controlled.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix ii

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse effects of Antarctic fur seals on humans.

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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Benefits

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In the 1800 and 1900s Antarctic fur seals were widely hunted for their fur. Since this time, however, Antarctic fur seals have had little economic importance to humans. Although, increasing commercial krill harvesting could affect populations in the future.

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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Associations

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Members of Antarctic fur seals are key predators of krill and various species of fish and squid. It has been found that there is a correlation between size of breeding colonies and prey availability, based upon short term environmental changes and the effect it has on the reproductive success of females.

Lungworms infect three members of the fur seals group. These parasites infect the lungs of their host.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • lungworms Parafilaroides species
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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Trophic Strategy

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Antarctic fur seals mainly feed on fish, krill, crustacean, and cephalopods, such as squid and octopods. Fish consitute almost 75% of the diet in non-winter months. At the South Georgia Islands, the main fish prey is the mackerel icefish. However, they also consume krill in large quantities as well. Lactating females mainly feed on krill. If krill is unavailable, they turn to fish. During winter months, adult and sub-adult males feed on 50% krill and 50% fish. They also prey on some smaller penguins (4-8 kg) as well, such as rockhopper and macaroni penguins. Previous studies suggested that fur seals only attacked king penguins on land, but Charbonnier et al. (2007) observed that adult males attack king penguins at sea, too. Although adult male and female Antarctic fur seals chased king penguins at sea, only adult males were successful in catching and killing or injuring the penguins.

Animal Foods: birds; fish; aquatic crustaceans

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates, Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)

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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Distribution

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Arctocephalus gazella, the Antarctic fur seal, has a very wide distribution. They are mostly found in waters south of the Antarctic Convergence, but some do inhabit areas slightly north of the Convergence. Most breeding populations are found on South Georgia Island and Bird Island, while other populations are found in the south Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen, and Macquarie Islands. Vagrants, however, have been observed in the southern part of South America and the Juan Fernandez Islands. Populations in the south Indian Ocean, south of the polar front, are found on Heard and McDonald Islands and north of the polar front on distances and have been seen from these breeding islands up to the ice edge of the polar front. Females leave the breeding islands during the winter and between breeding seasons travelling south to the marginal ice zone and across the polar front. Bulls often remain at the breeding islands during winter. Pups stay close to the beaches where they were born but usually move on to the ocean as winter progresses.

Biogeographic Regions: antarctica (Native )

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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Habitat

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Antarctic fur seals spend much of their time in the ocean, hunting for food. While on land, they prefer to stay in rocky habitats but will go to beaches and zones of vegetation. Males can dive up to a maximum of 350 meters, while females can only reach up to 210 meters. Females can travel long distances in the open ocean for long periods of time between breeding.

Range depth: 350 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: polar ; terrestrial ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; coastal

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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Morphology

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Sexual dimorphism is very evident in Antarctic fur seals. Males are four to five times heavier than females and one and a half times longer. The average length of the males is 180 cm while the average length of females is 129 cm. The average weight of males is 133 kg and for females it is just 34 kg. Their body is covered in hair except for the areas around the rhinarium (area around the nostrils), ear tips, and the palmar surface of the flippers. They have two different layers of hair, the under-pelt, which is made up of fine fur for insulation, and the other layer, which has two different types of guard hairs. These seals have nails on their hind flippers that are well developed and used for grooming. Antarctic fur seals also have the longest facial vibrissae, or whiskers, of any other pinniped, reaching up to 45 cm in bulls. The bodies in both males and females are thick, with long necks. Males are grayish brown in color, while their face is a darker gray. The chest may appear to be a silvery gray color as well. They have a heavy, grizzled mane. Female coats are also grayish brown in color, but their chest and neck are often white to gray. Pups are born black, with a grayish brown belly. They later molt to be completely grayish brown. About one out of every 100 pups born is born with leucistic morph resulting in a creamy white or yellow white exposed skin, which is normally pigmented. They have large canines that are used in territorial fights among males. A strong correlation has been found between canina length, mass, and width in male Antarctic fur seals and body size.

Range mass: 34 to 133 kg.

Range length: 129 to 180 cm.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; ornamentation

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Associations

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One major predator of Antarctic fur seeals are the leopard seals. They are a major contributor to high seal pup mortality rates especially between January and March before the pups are weaned. This has limited the growth of the colony at Elephant and Livingston Islands in the South Shetlands. Antarctic fur seals also are also preyed upon by killer whales and sharks.

Known Predators:

  • Leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)
  • killer whales (Orcinus orca)
  • sharks
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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Reproduction

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Antarctic fur seals are polygynous and breed in colonies. Adult males arrive and establish territories, about one month before breeding females come ashore, which is around mid October or early November. Females give birth to pups conceived from the previous season. They mate again around six to seven days post-birth. Maintaining territories is very costly for males. They lose about 1.5 kg in weight per day and obtain face injuries from territorial disputes. Consequently, males do not tend to hold territory until they are at least eight years old. This also encourages a dominance hierarchy on the breeding beaches. The most successful males defend the most desirable territories (those near the water but above the high water mark). The weaker males occupy territories higher up the beach. Each territorial male is associated with, on average, 15 females or between 1 to 27 females.

Mating System: polygynous

Once returning to shore females give birth to one pup, on average, conceived from the previous year. The gestation period is 11.75 months and implantation is possibly delayed. Newborn pups weigh 6 kg on average. Males and females return to breeding sites, even within a few meters of previous territories. Survival of their young from previous years probably encourages returning to the same spot year after year. Pups are born in October or early November and weigh about six kilograms on average. While the mother is away, pups roam about and interact with each other. By early January some pups are already going to the water but cannot swim well until March. Females use vocalizations to find the pup once she is back on land and confirms the pup by scent. Pups are weaned at about 117 days and become reproductively mature at three or four years old.

Breeding interval: Antarctic fur seals breed once a year.

Breeding season: Antarctic fur seals breed during the month of December.

Range number of offspring: 0 to 2.

Average gestation period: 11.75 months.

Average weaning age: 117 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 to 4 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 to 4 years.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; delayed implantation

Average birth mass: 6000 g.

Average gestation period: 257 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Female Antarctic fur seals have to regularly forage for food during the growth of their pups. Females alternate foraging trips with short suckling bouts until the pups are weaned after about 117 days. They forage at sea for 1 to 13 days at a time with an average trip duration of 5 days. They then return to feed the pup for about two days before returning to sea.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Widener, C. 2013. "Arctocephalus gazella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_gazella.html
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Carson Widener, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
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Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
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Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
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Species Abstract

provided by EOL authors
The Arctarctic fur seal (also Kerguelen fur seal; scientific name: Arctocephalus gazella) is one of 16 species of marine mammals in the family of Eared Seals which include sea lions and fur seals. Together with the families of True seals and Walruses, Eared seals form the group of marine mammals known as pinnipeds. Eared seals differ from the true seals in having small external earflaps and hind flippers that can be turned to face forwards. Together with strong front flippers, this gives them extra mobility on land and an adult fur seal can move extremely fast across the beach if it has to. They also use their front flippers for swimming, whereas true seals use their hind flippers. Like other Eared seals, the male Antarctic fur seal is considerably larger than the female. Adults are covered with a dense velvety underpelt, which is both waterproof and windproof, and an outer layer of coarse grey-brown hair. The males can be distinguished from the females by their long mane of shoulder fur. In the species polygynous mating system, a dominance hierarchy of males is established through displays and fights that occur while defending territories. The Antarctic fur seal is surprisingly agile on land, attaining terrestrial speeds of twenty kilometers per hour on smooth surfaces. The breeding range of Antarctic fur seal is chiefly restricted to seasonally ice free islands south of the Antarctic Convergence, but some individuals have been found as far north as Brazil. South Georgia is the site of the greatest concentration of Antarctic fur seals, particularly on Bird Island. It is estimated that 95% of the species breed near the coast of South Georgia. Other breeding locations include King George Island, Bouvet Island, Crozet Islands, Heard Island, Kerguelen Islands, Macquarie Island, Marion Island, McDonald Islands, Prince Edward Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Sandwich Islands, and South Shetland Islands. The species population may be above four million. As with other fur seals, the Antarctic fur seal was long hunted for its skin and oil and was nearly driven to extinction at one time.
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Encyclopedia of Life; Peter Saundry. 2009. Antarctic fur seal. eds. Marion McClary, C.Michael Hogan, Cutler J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
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C. Michael Hogan (cmichaelhogan)
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Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
The muzzle is short and moderately pointed. The nose does not extend much past the mouth, is not bulbous, and the nostrils point ahead. The ear pinnae are long, prominent, and naked at the tip. The creamy white vibrissae of adults are very long, particularly in bulls; some are the longest of any pinniped (up to 35 to 50 cm). The foreflippers are about one-third, and hindflippers slightly more than one-fourth, the total length. Adult males develop a mane on the chest, neck, and top of the head. There is an enlargement of this area with muscle and fat that occurs with maturity. Adult females and subadults are medium grey, occasionally darker above, and paler below. There is usually a pale blaze on the flanks, extending towards the hindflippers. The chest and underside of the neck are palest; this pale colour extends onto the sides and back of the neck. The muzzle and face are also marked with lighter areas. Additional lighter areas often surround and highlight the ears, particularly in adult females and subadults. The tops of the flippers are generally darker than the back. At birth, pups are blackish, though they may be pale on the face and muzzle, and some animals are paler below. Adult males are dark greyish brown to charcoal, with frosting on the guard hairs of the back, mane, and flanks (these guard hairs often bunch up and reveal the fawn coloured underfur). There is an unusual pale (yellowish off-white to honey) form of the Antarctic fur seal that occurs infrequently. The dental formula is I 3/2, C 1/1, PC 6/5. Can be confused with: Antarctic fur seals might be confused with many southern otariids, most notably: Subantarctic fur seal, South American fur seal, Juan Fernandez fur seal, South African fur seal, and New Zealand fur seal, and South American sea lion and Hooker's sea lion. To distinguish bulls of the different fur seals, note overall size, characteristics of the muzzle and nose, coloration, relative length of the flippers, and length of the vibrissae (keeping in mind that vibrissae may be broken off).In some cases, it may not be possible to separate adult female and subadult fur seals. Most useful are body shape, coloration, vibrissae, ear size, eye shape, and flipper size and shape.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Size

provided by FAO species catalogs
Adult males are up to 2 m long and weigh 110 to 230 kg, females up to 1.4 m and 22 to 51 kg. Newborns are about 63 to 67 cm and 6 to 7 kg.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
Breeding is from late November to late December. After they mate and wean their pups, females disperse widely, possibly migrating north. Bulls also depart breeding areas, but subadults and adults can be seen around the rookeries at South Georgia all year. Like other fur seals, Antarctic fur seals porpoise when swimming rapidly. When rafting they often assume the typical fur seal resting posture. At other times, they can be found busily engaged in grooming. Antarctic fur seals, especially adult females, feed heavily on krill, but also take fish in summer. Dietary patterns of females in summer indicate nocturnal feeding.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Benefits

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Conservation Status : This species was nearly exterminated by sealers. Harvesting occurred with numerous highs and lows in activity from the late 18th until the early 20th Century. Estimates are that only a few hundred may have survived. Rapid population growth occurred from 1958 to 1972 and slower but continuous growth from that point until the present. Although the population of Antarctic fur seals is still growing, entanglement of these seals in debris at a rate of 0.1 to 1% at South Georgia may become a factor in the stability of this species. IUCN: Insufficiently known.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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Universidad de Santiago de Chile
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Pablo Gutierrez
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Kergelen dəniz pişiyi ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Kerqelen dəniz pişiyi (lat. Arctocephalus gazella) — Cənub dəniz pişikləri cinsinə daxil olan növ (Arctocephalus).

Xariçi görünüşü və yayılması

Erkəklərin uzunluğu 190 sm, çəkisi 130 kq, dişilər isə 130 sm uzunluğa və 50 kq çəkiyə malik olurlar. Erkəklər boz-qəhvəyi rəngə malik olurlar. Dişilər qara rəngdə olsada üzərlərində boz və ağ tüklərə malikdirlər.

Kerqelen dəniz pişiyi əsasən Antraktida ətafı ərazilərdə yayılmışdır. Onların koloniyalarına Cənubi Georgiya və Cənubi Sandviç adaları, Cənubi Şetland adaları, Cənubi Orkney adaları, Makkuori adası, Buve adasıKergelen kimi adalarda rast gəlinir.

Adətən kerqelen dəniz pişiyi ilə Subtropik dəniz pişiyi bir-birindən ayrı yaşasalarda onlar Kroze və Şahzadə Eduard adaları ərazisində koloniya əmələ gətirirlər. Bəzən isə iki növün nümayəndələri bir-biri ilə çütləşirlər. Kerqelen dəniz pişiklərinə Odlu Torpaq arxipelaqı rast gəlinsədə koloniya əmələ gətirmirlər.

Sayları

XVIII əsrdə kerqelen dəniz pişiyinin sayı milyonlarla idi. 1790-cı ildən onların kütləvi ovuna başlanılır. Təncə 1800-ci ildə Cənubi Georgiya adasında 112-min baş ovlanılır. Cənubi Şetland adayarında 1819-cı ildə 400 min baş olduğu halda iki il ərzində onlar tamamən ovlanılır. 1830-cı ildə növ tamamən məhv edilmiş hesab edilirdi. Ancaq onların yaşayış arealının geniş olması növün məhv olma təhlükəsinin qarşısını almışdır.

1990-cı ildə onların sayı 1,6 milyon başı keçmişdir. Cənubi Georgiya adası istisna olmaqla əvvəlki arealında onların sayı cəmi 50 min baş təşkil edir.

Adlanması

Elmi gazella adı gəminin şərəfinə adlandırılıb. Bu gəmi ilə Kerqelen adasına gələn ekspedisiya Venera planetinin günəş ətrafında hərəkəti örgənilir. Bu gəmidə əraziyə gələn Vilhelm Peters bu növü ilk dəfə tətqiq etmişdir.

İstinadlar

Ədəbiyyat

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker’s Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  • Nigel Bonner: Seals and Sea Lions of the World. Facts on File, 1994 ISBN 0-8160-2955-5
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Kergelen dəniz pişiyi: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Kerqelen dəniz pişiyi (lat. Arctocephalus gazella) — Cənub dəniz pişikləri cinsinə daxil olan növ (Arctocephalus).

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Otarienn Antarktika ( Breton )

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Otarienn Antarktika (Arctocephalus gazella) a zo ur bronneg mor kigdebrer.

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Otarienn Antarktika: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Otarienn Antarktika (Arctocephalus gazella) a zo ur bronneg mor kigdebrer.

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Ós marí antàrtic ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'ós marí antàrtic (Arctocephalus gazella) és una de les vuit espècies vivents de pinnípedes del gènere Arctocephalus (óssos marins). Com ho indica el seu nom, viu en aigües antàrtiques. Gairebé el 95% d'aquesta espècie es reprodueix a les illes Geòrgia del Sud. El nom específic gazella és en honor del vaixell alemany SMS Gazelle, que en recollí el primer exemplar a prop de les illes Kerguelen.

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Ós marí antàrtic: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'ós marí antàrtic (Arctocephalus gazella) és una de les vuit espècies vivents de pinnípedes del gènere Arctocephalus (óssos marins). Com ho indica el seu nom, viu en aigües antàrtiques. Gairebé el 95% d'aquesta espècie es reprodueix a les illes Geòrgia del Sud. El nom específic gazella és en honor del vaixell alemany SMS Gazelle, que en recollí el primer exemplar a prop de les illes Kerguelen.

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Lachtan antarktický ( Czech )

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Lachtan antarktický (Arctocephalus gazella) patří do skupiny šelem, jejichž končetiny se proměnily v ploutve a celkově jsou výborně přizpůsobené k životu ve vodě.

Výskyt

Lachtani antarktičtí žijí více na jihu než ostatní druhy, až v oblastech blízkých Antarktidě. Jejich místa výskytu jsou vymezena na sezónně volné, nezamrzlé vody Jižního oceánu a jižních oblasti Atlantského, Indického i Tichého oceánu v místech s vlivem antarktické konvergence. Žijí ve volném moři a k odpočinku vylézají na pobřeží. Někteří samci a nedospělé kusy se zdržují poblíž ostrovů po celý rok, samice k pevnině připlouvají většinou jen v době vrhu mláďat a k páření. Mláďata se zdržují poblíž mateřského ostrova a teprve s nástupem zimy ustupují k severu.

V největší koncentraci bývají u Jižní Georgie a Jižních Sandwichových ostrovů. Dále se vyskytují u Crozetových ostrovů, Kerguelenových ostrovů, Jižních Shetlandských ostrovů, Bouvetova ostrova, Heardova ostrova a McDonaldových ostrovů, ostrovů prince Edvarda a u ostrova Macquarie. Jednotlivci bývají nalezeni i mnohem severněji, například až u severních břehů Brazílie.

Popis

U tohoto druhu je velmi patrný sexuální dimorfismus, samec bývá téměř čtyřikrát těžší než samice, průměrná hmotnost samce je přes 130 kg a samice jen 35 kg. Samci jsou i mnohem delší, v průměru měří 180 cm, zatím co samice jen 130 cm. Své tělo mají pokryto chlupy, vyjma oblastí kolem nozder, uší a ploutví. Ze všech ploutvonožců mají nejdelší vousy. Na zadních končetinách mají drápy kterými si čistí dvouvrstvou srst. Samci jsou šedohnědé barvy a mají tmavší tlamu a mívají prošedivělou hřívu. Samice jsou na hřbetě také šedohnědé, ale na krku a hrudníku světle šedé až bílé. Samci jsou vybaveni velkými špičáky kterých používají v soubojích. Narozené mládě váží 4,5 až 6,5 kg a bývá dlouhé 60 až 70 cm. Po narození mají měkkou, téměř vlněnou srst na zádech černé a na břichu hnědé barvy, za 2 až 3 měsíce přelínají do stříbrně šedé a tu mají až do dospělosti.

Velmi dobře plavou a potápějí se, veslují předními nohama a zadními kormidlují. U samců byl zaznamenán ponor do hloubky 350 m, zatím co u samic jen 210 m, pod vodou mohou pobýt i 5 minut. Díky svým volným předním končetinám, které mohou ohnout pod tělo, jsou rychlí i na pevnině, krátkodobě se pohybují i rychlostí 20 km/h. Po kluzkých skalách i v porostech hustých travin se pohybují rychleji než lidé.

Živí se rybami, krilem, hlavonožci a korýši. V různém období se živí rozdílnou stravou, kojící samice se živí hlavně krilem, v zimním období tvoří kril jednu a ryby druhou polovinu potravy. Příležitostně samci napadají i menší tučňáky.

Způsob života

Jsou to polygamní živočichové, samci se páří s vícero samicemi. Asi měsíc před příchodem samic vystupují samci na břehy kde mezi sebou tvrdě soutěží o území která bývají velká asi 50 m². Za nejvýhodnější považují prostory v blízkosti moře ale bezpečně nad hranicí přílivu. Konkurence mezi samci je tvrdá a často se navzájem zraňují. Mladí a slabší jsou vytlačováni na okraj kolonie, do zápasu o možnost se spářit se zapojují většinou jen starší samci. Aby si udrželi svou vydobytou pozici neodcházejí samci po celou dobu pobytu za potravou, hubnou zhruba o 1,5 kg denně.

Asi v polovině října nebo listopadu připlouvají k ostrovům samice, převážně na stejné hnízdiště jako předešlého roku. Zhruba za dva dny po připlutí rodí samice většinou jedno mládě počaté v předešlém roce. Po narození zůstává kojící matka u mláděte do 10 dnů, pak střídavě odchází na 4 až 5 dnů za potravou do moře v blízkosti ostrova a opět se na 1 až 2 dny vrací. Po návratu matky se navzájem poznávají podle hlasu a pachu. Samci se o potomky nezajímají. Některá mláďata zkoušejí plavat již v lednu, většinou to však dobře umí až v březnu.

Samice jsou schopny se pářit šestý až sedmý den po porodu, na což samci netrpělivě čekají. V průměru se samec páří průměrně s 15 samicemi, výjimečně schopní i s 25. Těhotenství trvá 11,75 měsíců, z toho přibližně 4 měsíce je utajená březost (vývoj zygoty se zastaví). Páření probíhá na pevnině, samci následně odcházejí do vody za potravou.

Průměrně za 4 měsíce jsou mláďata odstavena a odcházejí do oceánu, matky se však od nich příliš nevzdalují a nosí jim potravu. S nástupem tamní zimy odplouvají od pobřeží i s matkami, není známo zda někam všichni migrují nebo se pouze rozptýlí. Někteří samci a starší nedospělci zůstávají na pevnině po celý rok.

Výhled

V 18. a 19. století byl lachtan antarktický velmi intenzivně loven a jeho stavy se značně ztenčily. Po 1964 byl prohlášen za ohrožený druh a podle Úmluvy o mezinárodním obchodu s ohroženými druhy volně žijících živočichů a rostlin byl zakázán obchod s jeho kožešinami. Přestal se lovit a počty se podstatně zvýšily, v současnosti je jeho stav odhadován na 4 až 7 miliónů zvířat. Dobrý populační vývoj se dává do souvislostí s úbytkem velryb, zbývá pro ně více potravy, krilu.

Průměrná délka života ve volné přírodě je u samic 23 let, u samců 13 let, pohlavně dospívají asi ve 4 létech. Jejich hlavními predátory jsou tuleň leopardía kosatka dravá, v severnějších polohách i mnozí žraloci.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]

Literatura

  • WIDENER, Carson. Animal Diversity Web: Arctocephalus gazella [online]. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, MI, USA, rev. 2012 [cit. 2013-01-19]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  • ARKive: Arctocephalus gazella [online]. ARKive, Wildscreen Trading Ltd., Bristol, UK [cit. 2013-01-19]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  • SAUNDRY, Peter. Encyclopedia: Antarctic fur seal [online]. The Encyclopedia of Earth, rev. 25.11.2009 [cit. 2013-01-19]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Lachtan antarktický: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Lachtan antarktický (Arctocephalus gazella) patří do skupiny šelem, jejichž končetiny se proměnily v ploutve a celkově jsou výborně přizpůsobené k životu ve vodě.

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Antarktischer Seebär ( German )

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Der Antarktische Seebär (Arctocephalus gazella) ist eine Art der Südlichen Seebären.

Name

Der wissenschaftliche Name gazella erinnert an die SMS Gazelle, die 1874 eine wissenschaftliche Expedition zur Beobachtung des Venustransit nach Kerguelen brachte. Anhand der mitgebrachten Exemplare beschrieb Wilhelm Peters, der Direktor des Berliner Zoologischen Museums, den Antarktischen Seebären als erster.

Merkmale

Bullen erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 190 cm, Kühe von 130 cm. Das Gewicht liegt bei 150 bzw. 50 kg. Die Fellfarbe ist graubraun. Der Bulle trägt zudem eine schwarze Mähne, in der viele graue oder weiße Einzelhaare durchschimmern. Auf den Wangen, der Schnauze bzw. um sie herum und ggf. über den Augen wachsen lange Tasthaare (Vibrissen).

Verbreitung

Diese Seebären leben auf Inseln rund um die Antarktis. Die größten Kolonien gibt es auf Südgeorgien; weitere findet man auf Marion Island, den Südlichen Shetlandinseln, den Südlichen Orkneyinseln, den Südlichen Sandwichinseln, der Bouvetinsel, den Kerguelen, Heard und den McDonaldinseln, den Crozetinseln und der Macquarieinsel.

Für gewöhnlich leben Antarktische und Subantarktische Seebären voneinander getrennt; nur auf Marion Island und den Crozetinseln bilden sie gemeinsame Kolonien, und dort kommt es gelegentlich sogar zu Paarungen zwischen beiden Arten.

Umherwandernde Individuen des Antarktischen Seebären findet man in recht beachtlicher Zahl auf Prince Edward Island und Feuerland. Dort bildet diese Robbe aber keine Kolonien.

Bestandsentwicklung

Die Kolonien haben noch am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts mehrere Millionen Tiere umfasst. In den 1790er Jahren begannen die Raubzüge der Robbenjäger. Im Südsommer 1800/1801 wurden allein auf Südgeorgien 112.000 Seebären erschlagen. Auf einer Insel nach der anderen wurden die Kolonien vernichtet, und die Ausbeute wurde immer größer. Die Kolonien auf den Südlichen Shetlandinseln wurden erst 1819 entdeckt; sie umfassten etwa 400.000 Tiere, die innerhalb von nur zwei Jahren ausgelöscht wurden. In den 1830er Jahren galt die Art als ausgestorben; da sich ein so riesiges Verbreitungsgebiet jedoch nicht gänzlich kontrollieren lässt, haben Antarktische Seebären das Massenschlachten in manchen Regionen überlebt. In den 1930er Jahren gab es wieder eine Kolonie von hundert Tieren auf Südgeorgien. Durch strenge Schutzgesetze wuchs sie jährlich an und umfasste Anfang der 1990er Jahre wieder 1,6 Millionen Tiere. Auf den anderen Inseln des ehemaligen Verbreitungsgebietes ist die Bestandssituation kritischer: Außerhalb Südgeorgiens lebten im selben Zeitraum nur 50.000 Antarktische Seebären.

Gefährdung und Schutz

Der Antarktische Seebär wird in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) bezeichnet. Dennoch wird die Art wie alle Arten ihrer Gattung im Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen CITES, Appendix II durch Handelsbeschränkungen weltweit unter Schutz gestellt. Diese Schutzmaßnahme wird in der Europäischen Union mit der EU-Artenschutzverordnung (EG) Nr. 338/97 aufgenommen und damit automatisch auf alle Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union ausgedehnt. Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland trägt dem durch Aufnahme in das Bundesnaturschutzgesetz Rechnung und bezeichnet diese Robbe als besonders geschützte Art.

Weiteres

Der Gazella Peak in Südgeorgien ist nach ihm benannt.

Literatur

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Antarktischer Seebär: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Antarktische Seebär (Arctocephalus gazella) ist eine Art der Südlichen Seebären.

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Arctocephalus gazella ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Arctocephalus gazella es un specie de Arctocephalus.

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Антарктид далайн хав ( Mongolian )

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Антарктид далайн хав (Arctocephalus gazella) нь Arctocephalus буюу Өмнөдийн үслэг далайн хавын төрлийн 9 зүйлийн нэг юм.

Гадаад төрх

Энэ далайн хав нь богино, өргөн хоншоортой ба нас бие гүйцсэн эр нь хар бараандуу өнгөтэй. Эм болон нас бие гүйцээгүй залуу далайн хав нь саарал байна. Зулзага нь хар хүрэн өнгөтэй ба төрөх үедээ хар өнгөтэй байдаг. 1000 зулзага тутамд нэг цайвар шаргал өнгөтэй төрөх нь бий.

Эр нь эмээс биеэр том ба 2 м урт, 91-209 кг жинтэй. Эр антарктид далайн хав 15, эм нь 25 насалдаг аж.

Идэш тэжээл

Голдуу сам хорхой идэх ба зарим үед оцон шувуу барьж иддэг.

Үржил

Үржлийн үед хүчирхэг эр далайн хав хэдэн арван эмэгчинтэй байдаг. 11-12 сард эм далайн хав зулзагалах бөгөөд 4 сартай болтол нь хөхүүлж тэжээдэг.

Галлерей

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Антарктид далайн хав: Brief Summary ( Mongolian )

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Антарктид далайн хав (Arctocephalus gazella) нь Arctocephalus буюу Өмнөдийн үслэг далайн хавын төрлийн 9 зүйлийн нэг юм.

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Антарктичка крзнена фока ( Macedonian )

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Антарктичка крзнена фока (Arctocephalus gazella)

Овој поларен вид е распространет подалеку на југ од сите крзнени фоки, а се храни со риби, лигни и со светливи во ледените води на Антарктикот. Бидејќи зимата ја поминува на море, напролет излегува на брегот. Мажјаците може да бидат и до трипати потешки од женките, со лажна грива и со дебел врат, па однапред изгледаат како да се тешки. Овој вид се размножува на островите, како островот Јужна Џорџија и островите Кергуелен, а нивниот број се зголемува. Тоа е можеби спорадично влијание од ловот на китови што го зголеми бројот на светливи риби. [2]

Наводи

  1. Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (2008). Arctocephalus gazella. Црвен список на загрозени видови на МСЗП. Верзија 2008. Меѓународен сојуз за заштита на природата. конс. 29 January 2009. (англиски)
  2. Kindersley, Dorling (2001,2005). Animal. New York City: DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.

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Антарктичка крзнена фока: Brief Summary ( Macedonian )

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Антарктичка крзнена фока (Arctocephalus gazella)

Овој поларен вид е распространет подалеку на југ од сите крзнени фоки, а се храни со риби, лигни и со светливи во ледените води на Антарктикот. Бидејќи зимата ја поминува на море, напролет излегува на брегот. Мажјаците може да бидат и до трипати потешки од женките, со лажна грива и со дебел врат, па однапред изгледаат како да се тешки. Овој вид се размножува на островите, како островот Јужна Џорџија и островите Кергуелен, а нивниот број се зголемува. Тоа е можеби спорадично влијание од ловот на китови што го зголеми бројот на светливи риби.

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Antarctic fur seal

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The Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), is one of eight seals in the genus Arctocephalus, and one of nine fur seals in the subfamily Arctocephalinae. Despite what its name suggests, the Antarctic fur seal is mostly distributed in Subantarctic islands[3] and its scientific name is thought to have come from the German vessel SMS Gazelle, which was the first to collect specimens of this species from Kerguelen Islands.[4]

Taxonomy

Antarctic fur seals are member of the genus Arctocephalus. Recently, a proposal was made to reassign this species to the resurrected genus Arctophoca.

Antarctic fur seals may be confused with southern otariids that share their range, like Subantarctic (A. tropicalis), New Zealand (A. forsteri), and South American fur seals (A. australis), and the Juan Fernandez fur seal (A. phillippii), as well as the South American (Otaria flavescens) and New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri).[5] Genetic studies on population structure suggest that there are two genetically distinct regions: a western region including the islands of the Scotia Arc, Bouvet Island, and Marion Islands, and an eastern region, including Kerguelen and Macquarie Islands. Seals from Crozet Islands and Heard Island are mixtures from both regions.[6]

Description

Antarctic fur seal pups on Salisbury Plain, South Georgia

The fur seal is a midsized pinniped with a relatively long neck and pointed muzzle compared with others in the family. The nose does not extend much past the mouth, the external ears are long, prominent, and naked at the tip. Adults have very long vibrissae, particularly males, up to 35 to 50 cm. The fore flippers are about one-third, and hind flippers slightly more than one-fourth of the total length.[7]

Adult males are dark brown in colour. Females and juveniles tend to be paler, almost grey with lighter undersides. Colour patterns are highly variable, and scientists reported that some hybridization between Subantarctic and Antarctic fur seals has occurred.[8][9] Pups are dark brown at birth, almost black in color. However, a very small number of partially leucistic Antarctic fur seals have been found.[10]

Males are substantially larger than females. Males grow up to 2 m (6.5 ft) long and with a mean weigh of 133 kg (293 lb). Females reach 1.4 m (4.6 ft) with a mean weight of 34 kg (74.9 lb). At birth, mean standard length is 67.4 cm (58–66) and mass is 5.9 kg (4.9–6.6) in males and 5.4 kg (4.8–5.9) in females.[11]

Antarctic fur seals live up to 20 years with a maximum observed for female of 24.[12]

Distribution

Antarctic fur seals are believed to be the most abundant species of fur seal.[13] The largest congregation occurs on the island of South Georgia in the southern Atlantic Ocean, which holds approximately 95% of the global population.[14] The current best estimate of the South Georgia population is between 4.5 and 6.2 million animals. Bouvet Island has the second largest population with 46,834 animals.[15] However, there are regional differences in population trends: some colonies are increasing in size (e.g. Kerguelen Islands, McDonald Islands), some are stable (e.g. Macquarie Island, Heard islands), and some are showing a decrease (e.g. Bouvet Island).[15]

Antarctic fur seals have a circumpolar distribution and breed from 61° S to the Antarctic Convergence. Breeding colonies are found at South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and Bouvet Island in the Southern Atlantic Ocean; Marion Island, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen and Heard Island in the Southern Indian Ocean; and Macquarie Island in the Southern Pacific Ocean.[16] During winter, Antarctic fur seals range widely from the Antarctic continent to the Falkland Islands, and southern Argentina reaching as far as the Mar del Plata and Gough Island.[17][18]

Behaviour

Antarctic fur seal swimming near Clarence Island

Antarctic fur seals are one of the better-studied Southern Ocean predators. However, the vast majority of information has been collected during summer breeding months. The breeding system of the Antarctic Fur Seal is polygynous, and dominant breeding males mate with as many as 20 females during a successful season. Males establish breeding grounds in October to early November.[19] Females generally reach the colonies in December and give birth to a single pup several days later.[20] Gestation lasts between 8 and 9 months and it has been observed a high breeding synchrony across the species’ range, concentrating 90% of pup births in a 10-day window. Pups are weaned at about four months old.[21] Juveniles may then spend several years at sea before returning to begin their breeding cycles.

The ecology of Antarctic fur seals during the non-breeding winter is poorly understood. Adult and subadult males may form groups while moulting along the Antarctic Peninsula in late summer and early autumn. Adult females are gregarious but relatively asocial other than the strong bond they establish with their pups, although there are occasional aggressive encounters with nearby females or other pups and brief interactions with adult males to mate. These seals appear to be solitary when foraging and migrating.[19]

The usual food source for individuals in the Atlantic Region is Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba); while in the Indian Ocean the diet is mostly based on fish and squid. The fish prey are principally myctophids, icefish, and Notothenids, although skates and rays are also consumed.[4] Penguins are occasionally taken by Antarctic fur seal males.[22] Seasonal differences in diet have been recorded across colonies, seasons and years.[23][24] Studies have showed that female Antarctic fur seals can undertake wide-ranging foraging migrations during winter.[18] Interannual differences appear to be related to differences in local oceanographic conditions.[25][26]

Diet

Antarctic fur seals feed primarily on Krill, Fish, and Squid. Birds are eaten occasionally outside the breeding season. Nursing mothers near South Georgia are dependent on Krill during the breeding season, therefore the availability of Krill is important to the reproductive success of this animal. The colonies at Macquarie Island and the Kerguelen Islands rely more on a diet of Fish and Squid. Antarctic fur seals dive at night to feed.[27] They are occasionally seen attacking and feeding on penguins[28]

Population status

Antarctic fur seals and king penguins at Salisbury Plain, South Georgia

South Georgia islands, which hold approximately 95% of the global population,[14] had a total population in 1999/2000 between 4.5 and 6.2 million.[15] The South Georgia population reached carrying capacity fairly recently and may thus be spilling over into relatively nearby, lower density sites.[6] However, the abundance of adult females is estimated to have declined by some 30% between 2003 and 2012, and by 24% since 1984 to around 550,000. The population trend according to the IUCN Red list is ‘decreasing’[1] and it has been suggested that this decline is due to the effects of global climate change on prey availability.[29]

Threats

Historically the species were decimated by the sealing industry for its fur and its population was driven close to extinction by the 19th century.[30] Since sealing operations ceased in the early 20th century, the species has recovered at different rates across its former geographic range.[15]

Waters inhabited by Antarctic fur seals are exploited by few fisheries, but these may expand in their range in the future.[31] A 1997 study at South Georgia indicated that several thousand Antarctic fur seals were entangled in man-made debris such as discarded fishing line, nets, packing bands and anything that can form a collar.[32] Consequently, CCAMLR campaigned for compliance with MARPOL provisions relating to waste disposal at sea, and for cutting of any material jettisoned which could form collars to entangle seals. Subsequent monitoring of entangled fur seals confirmed that entanglement is still a persistent problem, but it has halved in recent years.[33] Trawling activities developing around Macquarie Island may affect the prey base of the primarily fish-eating Antarctic fur seals that breed on those islands. Recent work indicates that there is significant overlap between foraging areas and fisheries activities, suggesting a potential for competition for prey resources may exist.

Leopard seals have been noted to take as many as a third of the Antarctic Fur Seal pups born at sites in the South Shetland Islands.[34] Levels of predation may be high enough to cause a population decline at these sites.[35]

As well as the effects of hunting and fishing, the numbers of humans visiting the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic each year for tourism and scientific expeditions have risen. This increase in visits has led to greater interaction between the local fauna and humans.[36] With this greater interaction comes the risk of affecting the territoriality of seals especially during the mating season. This can also increase the possibility of ‘exotic’ injuries to humans. In 2015 a man was rescued from a South Georgia Island by British Forces after receiving a serious bite from a fur seal.[37] Due to the remote location of where these injuries occur, this can lead to complications in getting people to a physician with the relevant experience in treating exotic animal bites. This issue is compounded by the complexity of fur seal behavior and how serious a bite can be[38] and the risk of transfer of diseases.[39] The implication for Antarctic Fur Seals but this species is considered to be one of several pinnipeds at high risk of future disease outbreaks because of their tendency to congregate in large dense aggregations and the effect of environmental changes associated with global warming on the spread of diseases.[40]

Finally, the 19th century population bottleneck led to reduced genetic diversity, leaving it again more vulnerable to disease and stresses of climate change. In particular, the Antarctic fur seal's primary prey base, krill, could be reduced as a result of ocean acidification, or the distribution could be altered by climate change.

Conservation status

IUCN Conservation status: Least Concern.[1]

The species is protected by the governments in whose waters it resides (Australia, South Africa, France) and by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals in waters south of 60° S.[41] The animal is also listed in Appendix 2 of CITES.[42]

References

  1. ^ a b c Hofmeyr, G.J.G. (2016). "Arctocephalus gazella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2058A66993062. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ Boyd IL (1993). "Pup production and distribution of breeding Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) at South Georgia". Antarctic Science. 5 (1): 17–24. Bibcode:1993AntSc...5...17B. doi:10.1017/S0954102093000045. S2CID 130520115.
  4. ^ a b Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JM (2009). Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press. pp. 36–42.
  5. ^ Wilson Don E, Reeder DeeAnn M (1993). Mammals species of the world.
  6. ^ a b Bonin CA, Goebel ME, Forcada J, Burton RS, Hoffman JI (2013). "Unexpected genetic differentiation between recently recolonized populations of a long‐lived and highly vagile marine mammal". Ecology and Evolution. 3 (11): 37–3712. doi:10.1002/ece3.732. PMC 3810869. PMID 24198934.
  7. ^ Jefferson TA, Leatherwood S, Webber MA (1993). Marine mammals of the world. Food and Agriculture Org.
  8. ^ Lancaster ML, Gemmell NJ, Negro S, Goldsworthy S, Sunnucks P (2006). "Ménage à trois on Macquarie Island: hybridization among three species of fur seal (Arctocephalus spp.) following historical population extinction". Molecular Ecology. 15 (12): 3681–3692. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03041.x. PMID 17032266. S2CID 837633.
  9. ^ Kingston JJ, Gwilliam J (2007). "Hybridization between two sympatrically breeding species of fur seal at Iles Crozet revealed by genetic analysis". Conservation Genetics. 8 (5): 1133–1145. doi:10.1007/s10592-006-9269-8. S2CID 24262318.
  10. ^ Acevedo J, Torres D, Aguayo-Lobo A (2009). "Rare piebald and partially leucistic Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, at Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, Antarctica". Polar Biology. 31 (1): 41–45. doi:10.1007/s00300-008-0500-6. S2CID 19394565.
  11. ^ Shirihai H (2006). Whales, dolphins, and seals: A field guide to the marine mammals of the world. A. and C. Black.
  12. ^ Arnbom TA, Lunn NJ, Boyd IL, Barton T (1992). "Aging live Antarctic fur seals and southern elephant seals". Marine Mammal Science. 8 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00123.x.
  13. ^ Wickens P, York AE (1997). "Comparative population dynamics of fur seals". Marine Mammal Science. 13 (2): 241–292. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00631.x.
  14. ^ a b Croxall JP (1992). "Southern Ocean environmental changes: effects on seabird, seal and whale populations". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 338 (1285): 319–328. doi:10.1098/rstb.1992.0152.
  15. ^ a b c d "Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research Expert Group on Seals Report" (PDF). SCAR-EGS. 2008.
  16. ^ Arthur BT (2016). Changing climate and the winter foraging ecology of Antarctic fur seal populations (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Tasmania.
  17. ^ Warren NL, Trathan PN, Forcada J, Fleming A, Jessopp MJ (2006). "Distribution of post-weaning Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella pups at South Georgia". Polar Biology. 29 (3): 179–188. doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0037-x. S2CID 20210934.
  18. ^ a b Arthur B, Hindell M, Bester M, De Bruyn PN, Trathan P, Goebel M, Lea MA (2017). "Winter habitat predictions of a key Southern Ocean predator, the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella)" (PDF). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 140: 171–181. Bibcode:2017DSRII.140..171A. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.10.009.
  19. ^ a b Boyd IL, McCafferty DJ, Reid K, Taylor R, Walker TR (1998). "Dispersal of male and female Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 55 (4): 845–852. doi:10.1139/f97-314.
  20. ^ Doidge DW, Croxall JP (1989). "Factors affecting weaning weight in Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella at South Georgia". Polar Biology. 9 (3): 155–160. doi:10.1007/BF00297170. S2CID 24773968.
  21. ^ Hoffman JI, Forcada J, Trathan PN, Amos W (2007). "Female fur seals show active choice for males that are heterozygous and unrelated". Nature. 445 (7130): 912–4. Bibcode:2007Natur.445..912H. doi:10.1038/nature05558. PMID 17287726. S2CID 1172329.
  22. ^ Croll DA, Tershy BR (1998). "Penguins, fur seals, and fishing: prey requirements and potential competition in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Polar Biology. 19 (6): 826–836. doi:10.1007/s003000050261. S2CID 23200689.
  23. ^ Cherel Y, Hobson KA, Guinet C, Vanpe C (2007). "Stable isotopes document seasonal changes in trophic niches and winter foraging individual specialization in diving predators from the Southern Ocean". Journal of Animal Ecology. 76 (4): 826–836. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01238.x. PMID 17584388.
  24. ^ Polito MJ, Goebel ME (2010). "Investigating the use of stable isotope analysis of milk to infer seasonal trends in the diets and foraging habitats of female Antarctic fur seals". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 395 (1–2): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2010.08.015.
  25. ^ Guinet C, Dubroca L, Lea MA, Goldsworthy S, Cherel Y, Duhamel G, Donnay JP (2001). "Spatial distribution of foraging in female Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella in relation to oceanographic variables: a scale-dependent approach using geographic information systems". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 219: 251–264. Bibcode:2001MEPS..219..251G. doi:10.3354/meps219251.
  26. ^ Lea MA, Guinet C, Cherel Y, Duhamel G, Dubroca L, Pruvost P, Hindell M (2006). "Impacts of climatic anomalies on provisioning strategies of a Southern Ocean predator". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 310: 77–94. Bibcode:2006MEPS..310...77L. doi:10.3354/meps310077.
  27. ^ "Antarctic Fur Seals ~ MarineBio Conservation Society". 18 May 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  28. ^ https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=fur+seal+vs+penguin
  29. ^ Forcada J, Hoffman, JI (2014). "Climate change selects for heterozygosity in a declining fur seal population". Nature. 551 (7510): 462–5. Bibcode:2014Natur.511..462F. doi:10.1038/nature13542. PMID 25056064. S2CID 4463058.
  30. ^ Bonner WN, Laws RM (1964). "Seals and sealing". Antarctic Research: 163–190.
  31. ^ Hanchet S, Horn P, Stevenson M (2003). "Fishing in the ice: is it sustainable?". Geography. 1: 2–7.
  32. ^ Walker TR, Reid K, Arnould JP, Croxall JP (1997). "Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 34 (1): 61–65. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00053-7.
  33. ^ Walker TR (1995). "Entanglement of Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazelle in man-made debris at Bird Island, South Georgia during the 1994 winter and 1994/95 pup-rearing season". Report SC-CAMLR-XIV/BG/8.
  34. ^ Hiruki LM, Schwartz MK, Boveng PL (1999). "Hunting and social behavior of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Seal Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Journal of Zoology. 249 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01063.x.
  35. ^ Boveng PL, Hiruki LM, Schwartz MK, Bengtson JL (1998). "Population growth of Antarctic fur seals: limitation by a top predator, the leopard seal?". Ecology. 79 (8): 2863–2877. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2863:PGOAFS]2.0.CO;2.
  36. ^ Hofmeyr, GJG, Krafft BA, Kirkman SP, Bester MN, Lydersen C, Kovacs KM (2005). "Population changes of Antarctic fur seals at Nyrøysa, Bouvetøya" (PDF). Polar Biology. 28 (9): 725–731. doi:10.1007/s00300-005-0732-7. S2CID 19703780.
  37. ^ ‘British man bitten by fur seal on South Georgia rescued’, BBC News, Retrieved 28 November 2015,
  38. ^ Kouliev T, Cui V (2015). "Treatment and prevention of infection following bites of the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella)". Open Access Emergency Medicine. 7: 17–20. doi:10.2147/OAEM.S75442. PMC 4806802. PMID 27147885.
  39. ^ Tryland M, Nymo IH, Nielsen O, Nordøy ES, Kovacs KM, Krafft BA, Lydersen C (2012). "Serum chemistry and antibodies against pathogens in antarctic fur seals, Weddell seals, crabeater seals, and Ross seals". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 48 (3): 632–645. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-48.3.632. PMID 22740529.
  40. ^ Lavigne DM, Schmitz OJ (1990). "Global warming and increasing population densities: a prescription for seal plagues". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 21 (6): 280–284. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(90)90590-5. hdl:2027.42/28544.
  41. ^ "CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP)". CCAMLR. 24 March 2016.
  42. ^ "CITES".

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Antarctic fur seal: Brief Summary

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The Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), is one of eight seals in the genus Arctocephalus, and one of nine fur seals in the subfamily Arctocephalinae. Despite what its name suggests, the Antarctic fur seal is mostly distributed in Subantarctic islands and its scientific name is thought to have come from the German vessel SMS Gazelle, which was the first to collect specimens of this species from Kerguelen Islands.

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Gazela arktocefalo ( Esperanto )

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La Gazela arktocefaloAntarkta marurso (Arctocephalus gazella) estas unu el ok fokoj de la genro Arctocephalus, kaj unu el naŭ marursoj de la subfamilio de Arktocefalenoj. Kiel ties alternativa komuna nomo sugestas, la Antarkta marurso estas distribuata en Antarktaj akvoj. Ĉirkaŭ 95% el la tutmonda populacio reproduktiĝas ĉe la Insulo Suda Georgio. Ĝia latina scienca nomo kaj de tie la nomo "Gazela" devenas el germana ŝipo Gazelle (1859), kiu kolektis la unuan specimenon el la Insulo Kergeleno. Tiale la specio estas nomata ankaŭ kiel Kergelena marurso.

Priskribo

Distribuado kaj populacio

Dieto kaj ekologio

Kutimaro

Reproduktado

Interagado kun homoj

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Gazela arktocefalo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Gazela arktocefalo aŭ Antarkta marurso (Arctocephalus gazella) estas unu el ok fokoj de la genro Arctocephalus, kaj unu el naŭ marursoj de la subfamilio de Arktocefalenoj. Kiel ties alternativa komuna nomo sugestas, la Antarkta marurso estas distribuata en Antarktaj akvoj. Ĉirkaŭ 95% el la tutmonda populacio reproduktiĝas ĉe la Insulo Suda Georgio. Ĝia latina scienca nomo kaj de tie la nomo "Gazela" devenas el germana ŝipo Gazelle (1859), kiu kolektis la unuan specimenon el la Insulo Kergeleno. Tiale la specio estas nomata ankaŭ kiel Kergelena marurso.

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Arctophoca gazella ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El lobo marino antártico (Arctophoca gazella) es una especie de mamífero pinnípedo de la familia de los otáridos, una de las siete del género Arctocephalus. Vive en las aguas antárticas, y fueron vistos por primera vez en las islas Kerguelen.[cita requerida]

Habita en los mares del sur de Argentina y Chile.

Morfología

Esta especie tiene un hocico corto en comparación a otros miembros de la familia. Los machos adultos tienen piel marrón oscura mientras que las hembras y machos jóvenes tienden a ser grises. Existe una variedad de color pálido amarillento que se presenta de manera infrecuente. Los machos adultos pueden medir hasta 2 m y pesar entre 110 y 230 kg. Las hembras, en cambio, miden hasta 1,4 m y pesan entre 22 y 51 kg.[2]

Alimentación

Se alimentan principalmente de kril y en menor medida de peces.[2]

Referencias

  1. Hofmeyr, G.J.G. (2016). «Arctocephalus gazella». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 16 de agosto de 2018.
  2. a b Jefferson, Thomas; Leatherwood, Stephen; Webber, Marc (1993). FAO, ed. Marine mammals of the world (en inglés). pp. 252-253.

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Arctophoca gazella: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El lobo marino antártico (Arctophoca gazella) es una especie de mamífero pinnípedo de la familia de los otáridos, una de las siete del género Arctocephalus. Vive en las aguas antárticas, y fueron vistos por primera vez en las islas Kerguelen.[cita requerida]

Habita en los mares del sur de Argentina y Chile.

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Arctocephalus gazella ( Basque )

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Arctocephalus gazella Arctocephalus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Otariidae familian sailkatuta dago..

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Peters (1875) 1875 Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 393396. or..
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Arctocephalus gazella: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Arctocephalus gazella Arctocephalus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Otariidae familian sailkatuta dago..

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Kergueleninmerikarhu ( Finnish )

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Kergueleninmerikarhu (Arctocephalus gazella) on Eteläisessä jäämeressä ja sen subantarktisilla lähivesillä elävä korvahyljelaji, joka on luettu turkishylkeisiin.

Kerguelinmerikarhukoiras kasvaa 180 senttimetriä pitkäksi ja voi painaa 200 kilogrammaa. Naaraat ovat paljon pienempiä, 120–140 senttimetrin pituisia ja alle 50-kiloisia. Hylje elää yhdyskunnissa, joissa koiraat hallitsevat suuria haaremeita.[1]

Kergueleninmerikarhu on nykyään laajalle levinnyt ja runsaslukuinen. Kokonaislukumäärä on viiden miljoonan yksilön luokkaa, josta noin 95 prosenttia on keskittynyt Etelä-Georgian saarelle. Sen lisäksi yhdyskuntia esiintyy kymmenellä muulla saarella tai saariryhmällä: Eteläisillä Shetlandsaarilla, Eteläisillä Orkneysaarilla, Eteläisillä Sandwichsaarilla, Prinssi Edwardin saarilla, Crozetsaarilla, Kerguelenilla, Heardsaarella, McDonaldsaarilla, Macquariensaarella ja Bouvet’nsaarella.[1] Bouvet’nsaaren yhdyskunta on toiseksi suurin ja käsitti noin 66 000 yksilöä 2000-luvun taitteessa.[1]

1800-luvun lopussa kergueleninmerikarhut olivat sukupuuton partaalla, koska niitä metsästettiin turkin takia. Pieniä määriä hylkeitä säilyi vain Etelä-Georgiassa, Kerguelenilla ja Bouvet’nsaarella.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b c d e Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group): Arctocephalus gazella IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 21.7.2014. (englanniksi)
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Kergueleninmerikarhu: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Kergueleninmerikarhu (Arctocephalus gazella) on Eteläisessä jäämeressä ja sen subantarktisilla lähivesillä elävä korvahyljelaji, joka on luettu turkishylkeisiin.

Kerguelinmerikarhukoiras kasvaa 180 senttimetriä pitkäksi ja voi painaa 200 kilogrammaa. Naaraat ovat paljon pienempiä, 120–140 senttimetrin pituisia ja alle 50-kiloisia. Hylje elää yhdyskunnissa, joissa koiraat hallitsevat suuria haaremeita.

Kergueleninmerikarhu on nykyään laajalle levinnyt ja runsaslukuinen. Kokonaislukumäärä on viiden miljoonan yksilön luokkaa, josta noin 95 prosenttia on keskittynyt Etelä-Georgian saarelle. Sen lisäksi yhdyskuntia esiintyy kymmenellä muulla saarella tai saariryhmällä: Eteläisillä Shetlandsaarilla, Eteläisillä Orkneysaarilla, Eteläisillä Sandwichsaarilla, Prinssi Edwardin saarilla, Crozetsaarilla, Kerguelenilla, Heardsaarella, McDonaldsaarilla, Macquariensaarella ja Bouvet’nsaarella. Bouvet’nsaaren yhdyskunta on toiseksi suurin ja käsitti noin 66 000 yksilöä 2000-luvun taitteessa.

1800-luvun lopussa kergueleninmerikarhut olivat sukupuuton partaalla, koska niitä metsästettiin turkin takia. Pieniä määriä hylkeitä säilyi vain Etelä-Georgiassa, Kerguelenilla ja Bouvet’nsaarella.

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Otarie de Kerguelen ( French )

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Arctocephalus gazella

L'Otarie à fourrure antarctique, ou Otarie de Kerguelen (Arctocephalus gazella) est un mammifère marin. Ses colonies de reproduction sont situées sur les îles sub-antarctiques situées à proximité de la convergence antarctique. Environ 95 % de la population mondiale se reproduit sur l'île de Géorgie du Sud. Cette otarie doit son nom latin au navire allemand SMS Gazelle qui a ramené le premier spécimen connu de cette espèce des Îles Kerguelen, découverte au cours de l'expédition scientifique autour du monde effectuée par ce navire.

Description

L'otarie de Kerguelen possède un museau court et large par rapport à d'autres animaux de la même famille.

Le dimorphisme sexuel est évident chez A. gazella, avec un poids entre 60 et 120 kg pour les mâles et entre 30 et 50 kg pour les femelles. Les mâles sont nettement plus longs que les femelles. Les mâles adultes peuvent atteindre 2 m de long, tandis que les femelles varient entre 0.8 et 1.3 m (114.8 ± 0.73 cm, population de Kerguelen). L'espérance de vie est de quinze ans pour les mâles et jusqu'à vingt-cinq ans pour les femelles.

À la naissance, les nouveau-nés pèsent entre 4,5 et 6,5 kg et mesurent entre 60 et 73 cm. Ils ont une fourrure laineuse brune à presque noire, qu'ils conservent pendant 2-3 mois. Ensuite l'otarie présente un pelage argenté qui dure jusqu'à l'âge adulte.

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Otarie blanche

Les adultes sont couverts d'un pelage velouté dense qui va du châtain au gris sombre, qui est imperméable et les protège du vent. Les mâles adultes sont de couleur brun foncé. Les mâles peuvent être distingués par leur crinière brune. Les femelles et les jeunes ont tendance à être gris avec une tache plus claire dessous. Les couleurs sont toutefois très variables et certains scientifiques pensent qu'il y a eu des hybridations avec l'otarie à fourrure subantarctique.

Environ une otarie de Kerguelen sur 1 000 est de couleur blond pâle.

Comportement

Les otaries de Kerguelen semblent agir indépendamment pendant la migration ou la recherche de nourriture. Des enregistrements au moyen de balises fixées sur les animaux montrent que les otaries plongent habituellement entre 40 et 80 mètres de profondeur, avec plus exceptionnellement des incursions au-delà de 100 mètres. Aux îles Kerguelen, la pêche se déroule essentiellement la nuit lorsque les poissons lanternes remontent vers la surface pour se nourrir en zone productive de subsurface (zone épipélagique). Les zones de pêche se situent en moyenne à 160 km au large des colonies (aux îles Kerguelen), mais des otaries ont été observées jusqu'à 500 km de l'archipel. Pendant la période d'élevage, les mères alternent séjours à terre pour allaiter (environ deux jours) et séjours en mer (2 à 7 jours en moyenne) à la recherche de nourriture. Les mâles restent à terre et jeunent pendant toute la saison de reproduction.

 src=
Mâle et deux femelles sur la plage de Salisbury Plain - Géorgie du Sud

Les mâles se reproduisent de manière polygame. Un mâle dominant peut avoir plus d'une douzaine de partenaires de sexe féminin en une seule saison. Les territoires sont établis sur les aires de reproduction en octobre et novembre, lorsque les mâles sont extrêmement agressifs dans la défense de leurs harems. La gestation dure un peu plus d'un an et les naissances ont lieu en novembre ou décembre de l'année suivante, pendant l'été austral. Les petits sont sevrés à l'âge de quatre mois environ. Ils passent ensuite plusieurs années dans l'eau avant de revenir sur leur lieu de naissance[1] et de commencer leur cycle de reproduction.

Le régime alimentaire des otaries de Kerguelen est composé habituellement de krill et de poissons de la famille des Myctophidae (lantern fishes) en proportions variables selon les saisons et les lieux.

Des chercheurs ont observé à cinq reprises des otaries de Kerguelen essayant de s'accoupler avec des manchots royaux.

Répartition et population

Les otaries de Kerguelen se rassemblent lors de l'été austral, des îles allant de la Géorgie du Sud à 36°O jusqu'aux Îles Kerguelen à 69°E.

En outre, il y a une zone de reproduction sur l'île Macquarie[réf. nécessaire], au sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Toutes ces îles sont situées entre 45°S et 60°S. Les zones exactes où elles se rendent durant l'hiver austral sont inconnues. Elles passent très probablement ces sombres mois d'hiver près de la banquise de l'Antarctique, passant pratiquement tout leur temps en mer.

Les estimations actuelles de la population des otaries de Kerguelen restent assez grossières. On pense qu'entre deux et quatre millions d'individus se rassemblent l'été austral en Géorgie du Sud, constituant la colonie de mammifères marins la plus dense du monde. Environ 15 000 otaries se rassemblent également sur l'île Heard, et entre quelques centaines et un millier dans les autres aires de reproduction. Certains scientifiques pensent que la population d'otaries de Kerguelen a augmenté considérablement en raison de la disparition des baleines, ce qui a accru la quantité de krill disponible pour les otaries.

Les otaries de Kerguelen et l'Homme

 src=
Mâle otarie de Kerguelen

L'otarie de Kerguelen a été énormément chassée pour sa fourrure aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles par des chasseurs américains et anglais. Au début du XXe siècle, elle a été considérée comme commercialement éteinte et peut-être même complètement disparue. En fait, une petite population avait subsisté sur l'Île Bird en Géorgie du Sud. Cette colonie s'est développée rapidement au cours du XXe siècle. Les populations actuelles sur les autres îles de l'Antarctique sont soupçonnées provenir également de cette colonie.

Cette espèce est toujours protégée par les États dans les eaux desquels elle réside, l'Afrique du Sud et l'Australie, ainsi que par la Convention sur la protection des phoques de l'Antarctique entrée en vigueur en 1972. Elle figure également dans l'annexe 2 de la CITES. Toutefois, quelques gouvernements, comme le Royaume-Uni, pensent que certaines de ces protections doivent être levées en raison des dommages que cause cette otarie à des plantes antarctiques vulnérables.

Notes et références

  1. « Otarie de Kerguelen : description du mammifère + photos », sur Instinct Animal (consulté le 15 novembre 2019)

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Otarie de Kerguelen: Brief Summary ( French )

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Arctocephalus gazella

L'Otarie à fourrure antarctique, ou Otarie de Kerguelen (Arctocephalus gazella) est un mammifère marin. Ses colonies de reproduction sont situées sur les îles sub-antarctiques situées à proximité de la convergence antarctique. Environ 95 % de la population mondiale se reproduit sur l'île de Géorgie du Sud. Cette otarie doit son nom latin au navire allemand SMS Gazelle qui a ramené le premier spécimen connu de cette espèce des Îles Kerguelen, découverte au cours de l'expédition scientifique autour du monde effectuée par ce navire.

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Arctocephalus gazella ( Italian )

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L'otaria orsina antartica (Arctocephalus gazella) è una delle sette otarie del genere Arctocephalus. Come suggerisce il nome, è diffusa nelle acque antartiche. Circa il 95% dell'intera popolazione si riproduce in Georgia Australe. Viene chiamata così in onore del vascello tedesco SMS Gazelle che raccolse il primo esemplare presso le isole Kerguelen. Per questo motivo è nota anche come otaria orsina delle Kerguelen.

Descrizione fisica

 src=
Otaria orsina sull'isola di Deception.

Rispetto agli altri membri della famiglia, questa otaria orsina ha il muso corto e largo. I maschi adulti sono di colore marrone scuro. Le femmine e i giovani tendono ad essere grigi, con le regioni inferiori più chiare. La colorazione è molto variabile e alcuni scienziati ritengono che talvolta siano avvenute ibridazioni con otarie orsine subantartiche. I cuccioli, quasi neri alla nascita, sono marroni scuri. Circa un esemplare ogni 1000 è di una variante «biondo» pallido.

I maschi sono molto più grandi delle femmine: misurano 2 m di lunghezza e pesano tra i 91 ed i 209 kg[1]. Vivono circa 15 anni, ma le femmine possono raggiungere i 25.

Quando si alimentano e migrano, questi animali sembra che agiscano individualmente. I maschi sono poligami - un maschio robusto può accoppiarsi, in una singola stagione, con più di una dozzina di femmine. Nei siti di riproduzione, i territori vengono stabiliti tra ottobre e i primi di novembre, quando i maschi, dal pungente odore di muffa, sono estremamente protettivi nei confronti dei loro harem. La gestazione dura poco più di un anno e le femmine partoriscono in novembre o in dicembre. I cuccioli sono svezzati all'età di circa un mese. I giovani possono trascorrere in acqua diversi anni prima di ritornare sulla spiaggia ed iniziare il loro ciclo riproduttivo.

Il loro nutrimento usuale è il krill, ed ogni esemplare di queste otarie ne consuma circa una tonnellata ogni anno. A causa delle enormi dimensioni della popolazione di questa specie, il cibo di questi animali costituisce una parte significativa dei banchi di krill della Georgia Australe.

Il loro principale (e unico) predatore naturale è l'orca.

Areale e popolazioni

 src=
Un maschio di otaria orsina antartica sulle isole Kerguelen.

L'otaria orsina antartica si riproduce in estate sulle isole che vanno dalla Georgia Australe (a 70° O) alle isole Kerguelen (a 80° E). Inoltre, vi è un gruppo riproduttivo anche a sud della Nuova Zelanda, sull'isola di Macquarie, a 165° E. Tutte queste isole sono situate tra i 45° e i 60° S. L'areale invernale di questo animale non è noto, ma si ritiene che trascorrano quasi certamente i lunghi e bui mesi freddi nelle acque nei pressi dei ghiacci antartici.

Nel 2007 è stato iniziato un censimento di questi animali che si protrarrà per tutto il 2008; quindi, in attesa di risultati certi, si possono fare sono stime approssimate del loro numero. Si ritiene che in Georgia Australe se ne riproducano tra i due e i quattro milioni e che sull'isola di Heard ve ne siano 15.000. La concentrazione della Georgia Australe è la più fitta aggregazione di mammiferi marini del mondo. Alcuni ritengono che la causa di questo affollamento sia da ricercarsi nella quasi totale estinzione delle balene ad opera dei balenieri del XX secolo, la quale ha portato ad un enorme aumento di krill. Sulle altre isole dei mari antartici si ritiene che vi siano da poche centinaia a molte migliaia di esemplari.

Interazioni con l'uomo

Antarctic fur seals.jpg

Per le sue pelli, l'otaria orsina antartica venne cacciata in gran numero dai cacciatori di foche degli Stati Uniti e del Regno Unito nel corso del XVIII e XIX secolo. Agli inizi del ventesimo secolo questa otaria venne ritenuta estinta da un punto di vista commerciale, se non estinta del tutto. Infatti, ne rimaneva solamente una piccola colonia sull'isola di Bird, in Georgia Australe. Questa colonia si è espansa rapidamente nel corso di un secolo, e si ritiene che le popolazioni presenti attualmente su altre isole antartiche derivino anch'esse da quest'unica colonia.

Questa specie è tuttora sotto la protezione dei governi australiano e sudafricano (a cui appartengono una parte delle acque abitate dall'otaria) e, a sud dei 60° S, della Convenzione per la Conservazione delle Foche Antartiche. Viene classificata anche nell'Appendice II della CITES. Comunque, alcuni Stati interessati all'Antartide, ad esempio il Regno Unito, ritengono che il numero di questi animali debba essere ridotto per evitare che causino danni alla vulnerabile vegetazione antartica.

Note

  1. ^ Dorling Kindersley, Animal, New York City, DK Publishing, 2001,2005, ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.

Bibliografia

  • Randall R. Reeves, Brent S. Stewart, Phillip J. Clapham and James A. Powell (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.

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Arctocephalus gazella: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'otaria orsina antartica (Arctocephalus gazella) è una delle sette otarie del genere Arctocephalus. Come suggerisce il nome, è diffusa nelle acque antartiche. Circa il 95% dell'intera popolazione si riproduce in Georgia Australe. Viene chiamata così in onore del vascello tedesco SMS Gazelle che raccolse il primo esemplare presso le isole Kerguelen. Per questo motivo è nota anche come otaria orsina delle Kerguelen.

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Kergeleninis jūrų lokys ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Arctocephalus gazella

Kergeleninis jūrų lokys (lot. Arctocephalus gazella, angl. Antarctic fur seal, vok. Antarktischer Seebär) – ruonių (Pinnipedia) pobūrio jūros žinduolis. Rūšies paplitimo arealas – Antarktinės salos, kurios nepasidengia ledu, ten jie dauginasi ir veda jauniklius. Kai kurie patinai ir jaunikliai linkę visus metus praleisti šalia ar ant kranto, tačiau labiausiai į šiaurę nutolę individai buvo pastebėti ties Brazilijos šiaure. Patelių migracijos kryptys nežinomos.

Suaugusių patinų svoris siekia apie 90 kg, patelių – apie 40 kg. Minta kriliu, galvakojais moliuskais (kalmarais), netgi paukščiais.


Vikiteka

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Kergeleninis jūrų lokys: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Kergeleninis jūrų lokys (lot. Arctocephalus gazella, angl. Antarctic fur seal, vok. Antarktischer Seebär) – ruonių (Pinnipedia) pobūrio jūros žinduolis. Rūšies paplitimo arealas – Antarktinės salos, kurios nepasidengia ledu, ten jie dauginasi ir veda jauniklius. Kai kurie patinai ir jaunikliai linkę visus metus praleisti šalia ar ant kranto, tačiau labiausiai į šiaurę nutolę individai buvo pastebėti ties Brazilijos šiaure. Patelių migracijos kryptys nežinomos.

Suaugusių patinų svoris siekia apie 90 kg, patelių – apie 40 kg. Minta kriliu, galvakojais moliuskais (kalmarais), netgi paukščiais.


Vikiteka

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Kerguelenzeebeer ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Kerguelenzeebeer (Arctocephalus gazella) is een oorrob uit de onderfamilie der zeeberen (Arctocephalinae). Deze soort komt voor in de zeeën rond Antarctica. Hij dankt zijn soortaanduiding gazella aan de SMS Gazelle, een Duits schip dat het eerste exemplaar vond.

Uiterlijk

De Kerguelenzeebeer is een van de kleinere zeeberen. Mannetjes zijn veel groter dan vrouwtjes. Mannetjes hebben een lichaamslengte van 165 tot 200 centimeter en een lichaamsgewicht van 90 tot 210 kilogram; vrouwtjes hebben een lichaamslengte van 115 tot 149 centimeter en een lichaamsgewicht van 25 tot 55 kilogram.

De mannetjes hebben manen, die nog groter lijken door een dikke onderhuidse vetlaag en een stevige spierlaag die daaronder liggen. Ze hebben een donkere grijsbruine tot koolzwarte vacht, met een grijzige gloed over de manen, de rug en de flanken. Vrouwtjes zijn grijzig van kleur. De buikzijde is lichter van kleur, met een roomkleurige borst en keel. De oorschelpen zijn lang. De snuit is kort, breed en spits. De mannetjes hebben zeer lange snorharen, tussen de 35 en 50 centimeter lang.[2]

Voedsel

Het belangrijkste voedsel voor deze zeebeer is krill. Volwassen vrouwtjes leven zelfs slechts van deze kleine schaaldiertjes. Ook vissen en inktvissen worden gegeten, en een enkele keer zelfs een pinguïn. Tijdens het foerageren kunnen de zeeberen drie tot vijf dagen lang wegblijven en 150 kilometer ver trekken.

Voortplanting en levensloop

Van mei tot oktober verblijven de dieren op open zee. De volwassen mannetjes vestigen eind oktober, begin november een territorium op de voortplantingsstranden. De voortplantingsstranden zijn meestal rotsachtige kusten, alhoewel ook zandstranden worden bezocht. Twee à drie weken later arriveren de vrouwtjes op deze stranden om te werpen. In december worden de welpen geboren. Het jong heeft bij de geboorte een zwarte vacht, en is 60 tot 73 centimeter lang en 4,5 tot 6,5 kilogram zwaar. De eerste zes dagen zoogt het moeder haar jong. Acht dagen na de worp zijn de vrouwtjes weer ontvankelijk. In deze periode verdedigen de mannetjes hun territorium fel tegen de buren, en proberen ze de vrouwtjes binnen het territorium te houden. Een succesvol mannetje paart met tot wel vijf vrouwtjes.

Na de paring trekt het vrouwtje naar zee om te foerageren. Ze keert van tijd tot tijd terug om haar achtergebleven jong te laten zogen. Tijdens de foerageertripjes verzamelen de jongen zich in groepjes aan het einde van het strand, zover mogelijk van de zee af. Bij terugkeer roept het moeder haar jong met een herkenbare roep. Moeders herkennen hun jongen aan de roep die de jongen dan terugroepen, en aan de lichaamsgeur. De jongen worden gezoogd op een afgelegen, beschutte plaats, meestal boven op een graspol.

 src=
Jonge Kerguelenzeebeer

De totale zoogtijd duurt zo'n 17 weken. De jongen worden op een bijzondere manier gespeend. De jongen worden niet weggejaagd door het vrouwtje, maar duiken op eigen initiatief met een groepje andere jongen richting de zee. Bij de terugkeer van het vrouwtje is het jong weg. De volwassen mannetjes en vrouwtjes verlten de voortplantingsstranden in april. Sommige dieren blijven echter op de stranden achter.

Na drie tot vier jaar zijn de jongen geslachtsrijp. Waarschijnlijk zullen mannetjes zich pas voor het eerst paren als ze zes tot tien jaar oud zijn. Mannetjes worden gemiddeld vijftien jaar oud, vrouwtjes drieëntwintig.

Verspreiding

De Kerguelenzeebeer komt voornamelijk voor op oceanische eilandjes rond Antarctica, als Zuid-Georgië en de Zuidelijke Sandwicheilanden (waar ze het algemeenst zijn), de Zuidelijke Shetlandeilanden, de Zuidelijke Orkneyeilanden, Bouvet, Macquarie-eiland en de Heard en MacDonaldeilanden, en in de koude zeeën die deze eilanden omringen. Op de Kerguelen zelf zijn ze tegenwoordig zeer zeldzaam, in tegenstelling tot vroeger. Dwaalgasten zijn bekend van Vuurland, Mar del Plata en de Juan Fernández-archipel. Zuidwaarts kunnen ze tot het pakijs voorkomen.

Bedreigingen

De belangrijkste natuurlijke vijand voor de Kerguelenzeebeer is de orka. Jonge zeeberen vallen ten prooi aan zeeluipaarden.

De Kerguelenzeebeer was eind negentiende eeuw bijna uitgestorven door de pelsjacht. In de jaren veertig is de jacht aan banden gelegd. Sindsdien zijn hun aantallen weer toegenomen, waardoor de soort tegenwoordig in relatieve veiligheid verkeert. Op Zuid-Georgië leven nu ongeveer een miljoen exemplaren.

Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Arctocephalus gazella op Wikimedia Commons.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Kerguelenzeebeer op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Mark Carwardine, Extreme Nature (National Geographic Society, 2003)
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Kerguelenzeebeer: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Kerguelenzeebeer (Arctocephalus gazella) is een oorrob uit de onderfamilie der zeeberen (Arctocephalinae). Deze soort komt voor in de zeeën rond Antarctica. Hij dankt zijn soortaanduiding gazella aan de SMS Gazelle, een Duits schip dat het eerste exemplaar vond.

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Antarktisk pelssel ( Norwegian )

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Antarktisk pelssel (Arctocephalus gazella) er en sel i øreselfamilien og en av åtte arter i sydlige pelsseler. Arten ble navngitt (vitenskapelig) etter det tyske marineskipet SMS «Gazelle», som oppdaget den første antarktiske pelsselen på øya Kerguelen.

Beskrivelse

Antarktisk pelssel kan bli opp til 2 meter lang og veie fra 91 kg til 209 kg. Dietten består av like deler blekksprut, fisk og krill.

Utbredelse

Antarktisk pelssel finnes sør for den antarktiske konvergens og 95% av verdensbestanden finnes på den britiske øya Sør-Georgia.

Bestandsutvikling

Før starten på selfangsten i Sørishavet på slutten av 1700-tallet fantes det mange millioner antarktiske pelsseler. I fangstsesongen 1800/1801 ble det fanget 112 000 antarktiske pelsseler på Sør-Georgia og bestanden ble til slutt utryddet på øya. På Sør-Shetlandsøyene, som ble oppdaget i 1819, tok det kun to år før alle 400 000 seler var fanget. I 1830 ble arten ansett som nær utdødd, kun noen individer var igjen på avsidesliggende øyer. På begynnelsen av 1900-tallet var bestanden på Sør-Georgia på 100 individer. På 1960-tallet økte bestanden med 16 % i året og i 1976 hadde bestanden økt til 100 000. Bestanden fortsetter å øke og er nå passert 2,5 millioner. Den største tettheten av antarktisk pelssel er på Birdøya (en liten øy tilhørende Sør-Georgia) hvor det er en sel for hver sjette kvadratmeter, totalt 65 000.[1]

Slektstre

Pinnipedia

Phocidae (selfamilien)



Otariidae




antarktisk pelssel (Arctocephalus gazella)




guadalupepelssel (Arctocephalus townsendi)



Juan Fernández-pelssel (Arctocephalus philippii)






galápagospelssel (Arctocephalus galapagoensis)



New Zealand-pelssel (Arctocephalus forsteri)






australsk sjøløve (Neophoca cinerea)



New Zealand-sjøløve (Phocarctos hookeri)





tropisk pelssel (Arctocephalus tropicalis)



sørafrikansk pelssel (Arctocephalus pusillus)



søramerikansk sjøløve (Otaria flavescens)








californiasjøløve (Zalophus californianus)



galápagossjøløve (Zalophus wollebaeki)




japansjøløve (Zalophus japonicus) (†)




stellersjøløve (Eumetopias jubatus)





nordlig pelssel (Callorhinus ursinus)



Odobenidae

hvalross (Odobenus rosmarus)




Kladogrammet over viser slektskapet i øreselfamilien.[2]

Referanser

  1. ^ «Bird Island Research Station». British Antarctic Survey. Besøkt 10. april 2008.
  2. ^ Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). «Pinniped taxonomy: Review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description». Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)


Eksterne lenker

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Antarktisk pelssel: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Antarktisk pelssel (Arctocephalus gazella) er en sel i øreselfamilien og en av åtte arter i sydlige pelsseler. Arten ble navngitt (vitenskapelig) etter det tyske marineskipet SMS «Gazelle», som oppdaget den første antarktiske pelsselen på øya Kerguelen.

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Kotik antarktyczny ( Polish )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Kotik antarktyczny[3], uchatka antarktyczna (Arctocephalus gazella) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka morskiego z rodziny uchatkowatych. Samce mają ciemnobrązowe futro, 190 cm długości i ważą około 150 kg, natomiast samice mają futro szare, mierzą 130 cm i ważą 50 kg. Zwierzęta te mieszkają na wyspach wokół Antarktydy[4]. Obecnie nie są zagrożone wyginięciem dzięki objęciu ich w porę ścisłą ochroną.

Przypisy

  1. Arctocephalus gazella, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Hofmeyr, G. 2014, Arctocephalus gazella [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.1 [dostęp 2015-07-13] (ang.).
  3. Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 152. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Arctocephalus gazella. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 24 września 2009]
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Kotik antarktyczny: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Kotik antarktyczny, uchatka antarktyczna (Arctocephalus gazella) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka morskiego z rodziny uchatkowatych. Samce mają ciemnobrązowe futro, 190 cm długości i ważą około 150 kg, natomiast samice mają futro szare, mierzą 130 cm i ważą 50 kg. Zwierzęta te mieszkają na wyspach wokół Antarktydy. Obecnie nie są zagrożone wyginięciem dzięki objęciu ich w porę ścisłą ochroną.

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Lobo-marinho-antártico ( Portuguese )

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O lobo-marinho-antártico (Arctocephalus gazella) é uma espécie de lobo-marinho encontrado nas águas antárticas. Reproduz-se em grandes colónias nas ilhas Geórgia do Sul e nas Ilhas Kerguelen, e em ilhas no sul da América do Sul.

Características

Antarctic, sea lion (js) 64.jpg

Pertence a sub-ordem dos Pinípedes (palavra derivada do termos em latim pinna e pedis - que significa "pé em forma de pena"), caracterizado como otarídeo, por sua orelha externa e membros posteriores tencionados para fora do corpo. Corpo delgado, com coloração variando de negro a marrom, com tons cinza prateados. Ventre ligeiramente mais claro. Focinho fino e pontudo, orelhas visíveis. Pelagem dupla, com pelos escuros e grossos e abaixo desses, peêlos superficiais mais curtos. Machos adultos sempre maiores que as fêmeas. Dentes pós-caninos com formato tricúspide. Os machos adultos pesam cerca de 200 kg, enquanto as fêmeas 60 kg sendo que, os machos adultos atingem 1,8m, enquanto as fêmeas, em geral, não ultrapassam 1,5m.

Distribuição

 src=
Macho nas Ilhas Kerguelen.

Ocorre ao longo de toda a costa da América do Sul, desde o Peru até o sul do Brasil. Em nosso litoral, concentra-se principalmente no Refúgio de Vida Silvestre da Ilha dos Lobos, em Praia de Torres, e na Refúgio de Vida Silvestre do Molhe Leste, no município de São José do Norte. Estima-se que sua população mundial está em torno de 2-4 milhões de indivíduos. No Brasil, a espécie ocorre principalmente nos meses de inverno e primavera, sendo os animais, em sua grande maioria, machos sub-adultos ou adultos, provavelmente oriundos do Uruguai.

Reprodução e tempo de vida

No Brasil não existem colônias reprodutivas da espécie. A reprodução ocorre em ilhas do Uruguai, Argentina, Peru e Chile. O acasalamento e os nascimentos ocorrem durante a primavera e verão, com início em outubro. Durante a estação reprodutiva, os machos podem formar e defender haréns com inúmeras fêmeas ou ainda defender áreas específicas dentro das colônias, chamadas de territórios. A fêmea dá à luz somente um filhote depois de 12 meses de gestação.O período de amamentação dura em média de 8 a 10 meses. Os lobos-marinhos podem viver de 15 a 20 anos.[carece de fontes?]

Alimentação

Alimentam-se principalmente de peixes,lulas e pinguins

Predadores

Os principais predadores são as orcas e os tubarões, porém no Brasil ainda não existem registros comprovados dessas interações.

Ameaças

Eventualmente podem ser capturados acidentalmente em redes de pesca.

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Lobo-marinho-antártico: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O lobo-marinho-antártico (Arctocephalus gazella) é uma espécie de lobo-marinho encontrado nas águas antárticas. Reproduz-se em grandes colónias nas ilhas Geórgia do Sul e nas Ilhas Kerguelen, e em ilhas no sul da América do Sul.

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Antarktisk pälssäl ( Swedish )

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Antarktisk pälssäl (Arctocephalus gazella) är en sälart i familjen öronsälar, och en av de åtta arter som utgör släktet Arctocephalus. Arten beskrevs 1875 av zoologen Wilhelm Peters. Den förökar sig i kolonier på öar runt Antarktis, med cirka 95% av den globala populationen på ön Sydgeorgien.

Utseende

Med en vikt av 133 –204 kg är vuxna hanar fyra till fem gånger tyngre än honor. Hanar är även 1,5 gånger längre med en genomsnittligt längd av 180 cm och en maximallängd av 200 cm. Honor blir 120–140 cm långa och väger 22–51 kg. Pälsen på ovansidan är mörkt gråbrun till grå. Hanar har dessutom en svart man på halsen medan hjässan och bröstet har många synliga gråa och vita täckhår. Hos äldre hanar är nacke och axlar kraftigare på grund av väl utvecklade muskler och ett fettlager. I motsats till äldre hanars mörka undersida har honor, samt yngre hanar, en krämfärgad till ljusgrå päls på undersidan, ibland med ljusgul eller rödbrun ton. Den ljusa pälsen når ibland upp till nacken, och på framsidan upp till ansiktet. Ungefär 0,1–0,2 procent av alla individer är leucistiska med en krämfärgad till honungsfärgad päls.[2]

Morrhårens färg ändrar sig under individens liv. De är först mörka eller blandad mörk och ljus. Äldre exemplar har bara ljusa morrhår. Hos äldre hanar har morrhåren en längd av 30–35 cm vilket är rekord bland sälar. Dessutom kännetecknas huvudet av synliga ljusa yttre öron. Antarktisk pälssäl har i överkäken, på varje sida, 3 framtänder, 1 hörntand och 6 kindtänder. I underkäken har den, på varje sida, 2 framtänder, 1 hörntand och 5 kindtänder.[2]

Fingrarna vid de främre extremiteterna är sammanlänkade med simhud och bildar bröstfenorna. Arten har en lång tumme medan de andra fingrarna gradvis blir kortare mot lillfingret. Vid spetsen av varje finger finns ett hål i huden där en rudimentär klo kan vara synlig. Bakfötternas tår, som med den mellanliggande simhuden bildar en fena, är ungefär lika långa. De yttersta tårna är bara något bredare. De har också en rudimentär klo och de tre inre tårna har en tydlig nagel.[2]

Utbredning och systematik

Utbredning

Denna art lever på öarna runt Antarktis. De största kolonierna finns på Sydgeorgien.[1] Andra platser där arten fortplantar sig är Sydshetlandsöarna, Sydorkneyöarna, Sydsandwichöarna, Prins Edwardöarna, Crozetöarna, Kerguelen, Heard- och McDonaldsöarna, Macquarieön och Bouvetön.[1]

Vandrande antarktiska pälssälar påträffas ibland kring Sankta Helena, Ascension och Tristan da Cunha samt vid kustlinjerna av Australien, Argentina, Chile och Brasilien.[1]

Systematik

Länge placerades pälssälarna i en gemensam underfamilj, Arctocephalinae, för att särskilja dem från sjölejonen som placerades i underfamiljen Otariinae. Detta baserades på pälssälarnas mest distinkta drag, nämligen dess täta underull som är uppblandad med täckhår. Genetiska studier indikerar dock att nordlig pälssäl är mer närbesläktad med vissa sjölejonarter, varför den taxonomiska distinktionen av pälssälar har övergetts.[3] Trots detta har pälssälarna vissa gemensamma egenskaper, som pälsen, deras generellt mindre storlek, längre födosök som sker längre bort från kolonin, mindre byten som den fångar i större mängd och tydligare sexuell dimorfism.

I områden där antarktisk pälssäl förekommer tillsammans med kerguelisk pälssäl eller nyzeeländsk pälssäl förekommer ibland hybrider.[1]

Ekologi

 src=
Koloni med antarktiska pälssälar tillsammans med en koloni av hakremspingviner på ön vid Point Wild på Elefantön.

Antarktisk pälssäl födosöker i genomsnitt under fyra till fem dagar i havet för att sedan vistas två till tre dagar på land. Det finns däremot ganska stora avvikelser från dessa genomsnittsvärden beroende på årstid. För att nå födan utför sälen vanligen korta dyk nära vattenytan. Dessa dyk sker oftast under natten. Honor som har diande ungar dyker allmänt längre och djupare, till ett djup av maximalt 181 meter. Arten har olika huvudbyten beroende på utbredningsområde och årstid. I södra Atlanten äter antarktisk pälssäl huvudsakligen krill. I södra Indiska oceanen och Stilla havet består artens föda främst av bläckfisk, prickfiskar, notingar och andra fiskar. Ibland dödas en pingvin för köttets skull.[1]

 src=
Pälssälsunge.

Under fortplantningstiden bildar antarktisk pälssäl kolonier. De första som, under senare delen av oktober, når fram är hannarna och de strider om ett revir som ger bäst möjlighet till parning. Under striderna används hotfulla läten och kroppsrörelser samt aktivt våld. Födseln av den enda ungen sker en eller två dagar efter honans ankomst, från mitten av november till slutet av december. Under den första veckan efter födseln vårdar honan ungen, varefter honan blir brunstig. Efter parningen lämnar honan sin unge tidvis i kolonin för att leta efter föda. Ungen diar sin mor i cirka fyra månader. Dominanta hanar lämnar vanligen kolonin kort efter parningen. Däremot kan det under alla årstider finnas icke könsmogna unga hanar och mindre framgångsrika hanar i kolonin.[1]

Vid födseln är ungarna 63–67 cm långa och 6–7 kg tunga. De har oftast svart päls, ibland med ljusare partier i ansiktet och mer sällan på andra kroppsdelar. Även ett fåtal ungar kan vara leucistiska.[2] Ungarna uppsöker havet för första gången efter en till en och en halv månad efter födseln. Sin fullt utvecklade simförmåga uppnår den cirka två månader senare, i mars. En hona som når kolonin efter födosöket känner igen sin unge med hjälp av ungens lukt och läte.[4] Honor parar sig första gången när de är cirka tre år gamla och hos hanar sker första parningen ungefär vid sju års ålder.[1]

Hot och status

Vid slutet av 1700-talet fanns det många miljoner antarktiska pälssälar. Sen började den stora säljakten. Bara under sommaren 1800/1801 dödades på Sydgeorgien 112 000 djur. När en ö var tömd fortsatte jakten på nästa ö. På Sydshetlandsöarna, som upptäcktes först 1819, tog det bara två år tills alla 400 000 pälssälar var slaktade. Ungefär 1830 betraktades arten som utdöd, men i avlägset belägna områden överlevde några individer. Vid början av 1900-talet fanns det en koloni på Sydgeorgien med några hundra individer. Efter skyddsåtgärder som förbjöd jakt har beståndet ökat på ön till cirka 1,6 miljoner sälar.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d e f g h] Hofmeyr, G.J.G. 2016 Arctocephalus gazella Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2017-10-05.
  2. ^ [a b c d] Jefferson, Webber & Pitman (2015). ”Antarctic fur seal”. Marine Mammals of the World. Academic Press. sid. 368-372
  3. ^ Higdon et al. (2007) Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset, BMC Evolutionary Biology 20077:216, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-216
  4. ^ R. Edwards (2011). ”Antarctic fur seal”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 26 januari 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130126083647/http://www.arkive.org/antarctic-fur-seal/arctocephalus-gazella/. Läst 6 oktober 2017.
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Antarktisk pälssäl: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Antarktisk pälssäl (Arctocephalus gazella) är en sälart i familjen öronsälar, och en av de åtta arter som utgör släktet Arctocephalus. Arten beskrevs 1875 av zoologen Wilhelm Peters. Den förökar sig i kolonier på öar runt Antarktis, med cirka 95% av den globala populationen på ön Sydgeorgien.

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Güneykutpu deniz ayısı ( Turkish )

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Güney Kutbu deniz ayısı (Arctocephalus gazella), Güney deniz ayıları (Arctocephalus) cinsindeki sekiz deniz aslanı türünden biridir. İsminden de anlaşılacağı gibi Güney Kutbu civarında yaşarlar. Dünya nüfusunun % 95'i yavrulamak için Güney Georgia ve Güney Sandwich Adaları'ı tercih eder. Bu türün ilk örneği Kerguelen Adaları'nda Alman fırkateyni SMS Gazelle tarafından tespit edildiği için bu ad verilmiştir.

Fiziksel özellikler

Ailenin diğer üyeleri ile kıyaslandığında kısa ve geniş burunlu bir türdür. Yetişkin erkeklerin renkleri koyu kahverengidir. Dişiler ve yetişkin olmayanlar genç bireyler griye çalar ve alt kısımları daha açık renklidir. Renkleri çok değişik olabilir ve bazı bilim adamları subantarktik deniz ayısı ile bir melezleşmenin olduğuna inanırlar. Yavrular doğduklarında koyu kahverengi, nerdeyse siyah renklidirler. 1000 Güney Kutbu deniz ayısından biri soluk renkli "sarışın" türdendir.

Erkekler dişilerden belirgin şekilde büyüktür. Boyları 2 metreye kadar, ağırlıkları ise 91 kilodan 209 kiloya kadar ulaşır. Erkekler 15 yıl kadar, dişiler ise 25 yıl kadar yaşar.

Kuzey Kutbu deniz ayıları avlanma ve göç sırasında yalnız hareket eder gibidir. Erkekler çok eşlidir, güçlü bir erkek bir sezonda bir düzine kadar dişiye sahip olabilir. Ekim veya kasım başlarında üreme mevsimi geldiğinde hakimiyet alanları kurulur, küf kokan erkekler haremlerini koruma konusunda oldukça saldırgandır. Dişiler yılda bir gebe kalır ve kasım ya da aralık ayında yavrularlar. Yavrular 4 aylık olduklarında sütten kesilir. Erişkin olmayan bireyler, üreme döngüsüne katılmaya başlayana kadar birkaç yıllarını denizde geçirirler.

En yaygın besin kaynağı krildir. Bir deniz ayısı yılda 1 ton kadar kril tüketir.

Dış bağlantılar

Stub icon Memeliler ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Güneykutpu deniz ayısı: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Güney Kutbu deniz ayısı (Arctocephalus gazella), Güney deniz ayıları (Arctocephalus) cinsindeki sekiz deniz aslanı türünden biridir. İsminden de anlaşılacağı gibi Güney Kutbu civarında yaşarlar. Dünya nüfusunun % 95'i yavrulamak için Güney Georgia ve Güney Sandwich Adaları'ı tercih eder. Bu türün ilk örneği Kerguelen Adaları'nda Alman fırkateyni SMS Gazelle tarafından tespit edildiği için bu ad verilmiştir.

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Arctocephalus gazella ( Ukrainian )

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Умови проживання

A. gazella здійснюють короткі неглибокі занурення, в основному в нічний час. Середня глибина і тривалість занурення збільшуються в період лактації. Цуценята відлучаються від годування молоком в близько чотири місяці. Після цього самиці широко розходяться і рідко з'являються в колонії до наступного сезону розмноження. Здобиччю є головоногі молюски, риби, пінгвіни.

Зовнішність

Дорослі самці 172-97 см в довжину і важать 126-60 кг. Дорослі самиці 113-39 довжину довжину і важать 30-51 кг. Спина і боки від сірого до злегка коричневого кольору, шия та низ кремові. Самець має добре розвинену гриву з багатьма білими волосками, які надають їй сивий зовнішній вигляд. У порівнянні з Arctocephalus tropicalis, з яким він перекривається в діапазоні поширення, в Arctocephalus gazella відсутнє помітно жовте забарвлення грудей і має явно довше, менш громіздке тілом, тоншу шию, відносно більші передні ласти, і менші очі.

Розмноження та вигодовування

Вік першої репродукції становить 3 роки для самиць і 7 років для самців. Загальна тривалість вагітності: 11,75 місяців. Новонароджені важать 6 кг, їх довжина: 65 см, їхнє хутро темно-коричневе або чорне. A. gazella дуже полігамні. Розмноження відбувається з кінця листопада до кінця грудня. Періоди живлення самиць у морі й відвідування цуценят відрізняються в залежності від пори року в залежності від наявності головного видобутку, дорослого криля, але зазвичай тривають 4-5 днів на морі, і 2-3 дні на березі.

Джерела

Ronald M. Nowak. Walker's mammals of the world. — JHU Press, 1999. — Т. 1. — С. 849, 850. — ISBN 0801857899.

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Hải cẩu lông mao Nam Cực ( Vietnamese )

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Arctocephalus gazella là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Otariidae, bộ Ăn thịt. Loài này được Peters mô tả năm 1875.[2] Loài sư tử biển này phân bố ở vùng biển Nam Cực. Khoảng 95% số lượng loài này trên thế giới sinh sản tại đảo Nam Georgia. Loài này được đặt tên theo tàu hải quân Đức, tàu hộ tống SMS Gazelle, tàu thu thập các mẫu vật đầu tiên từ đảo Kerguelen. Loài này còn được gọi là sư tử biển Kerguelen.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (2008). Arctocephalus gazella. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Arctocephalus gazella”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về các loài trong bộ thú ăn thịt này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Hải cẩu lông mao Nam Cực: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Arctocephalus gazella là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Otariidae, bộ Ăn thịt. Loài này được Peters mô tả năm 1875. Loài sư tử biển này phân bố ở vùng biển Nam Cực. Khoảng 95% số lượng loài này trên thế giới sinh sản tại đảo Nam Georgia. Loài này được đặt tên theo tàu hải quân Đức, tàu hộ tống SMS Gazelle, tàu thu thập các mẫu vật đầu tiên từ đảo Kerguelen. Loài này còn được gọi là sư tử biển Kerguelen.

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Кергеленский морской котик ( Russian )

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Латинское название Arctocephalus gazella
Peters, 1875

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ITIS 180630 NCBI 37190 Охранный статус
Status iucn3.1 LC ru.svg
Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 2058

Кергеленский морской котик[1] (лат. Arctocephalus gazella) — вид южных морских котиков (Arctocephalus).

Внешний вид

Самцы достигают длины до 190 см, самки до 130 см. Вес составляет 150 и 50 кг соответственно. Окраска шкуры серо-коричневая. У самца имеется чёрная грива, с множеством седых или белых волос.

Распространение

Кергеленский морской котик обитает по периметру Антарктики. Наибольшие колонии встречаются в Южной Георгии и Южных Сандвичевых островах, на островах Принс-Эдуард, на Южных Шетландских островах, на Южных Оркнейских островах, на островах Буве, Кергелен, Херд и Макдоналд, Крозе и Маккуори.

Обычно кергеленские и субтропические морские котики живут отдельно друг от друга. Лишь на островах Принс-Эдуард и островах Крозе они образуют общие колонии. Иногда наблюдаются даже спаривания между представителями обоих видов.

Кочующих особей кергеленского морского котика можно встретить в значительном количестве также и на Огненной Земле, однако на ней этот вид не образует колоний.

Численность

Колонии кергеленского морского котика ещё в XVIII веке содержали несколько миллионов зверей. В 1790-х на них началась широкомасштабная охота. Одним лишь летом 1800 года в Южной Георгии было убито 112 тысяч котиков. Промышленники уничтожали колонии от острова к острову. Колонии на Южных Шетландских островах были открыты только в 1819 и насчитывали около 400 тысяч зверей, которые были истреблены в течение всего двух лет. В 1830-х вид уже считался вымершим. Однако благодаря тому, что такой огромный ареал невозможно контролировать полностью, кергеленские морские котики в некоторых местах всё же выжили.

В 1930-х в Южной Георгии вновь начала существовать колония из нескольких сотен особей. Благодаря строгим охранным законам она с каждым годом увеличивалась и к началу 1990-х насчитывала уже 1,6 миллионов котиков. На других островах бывшего ареала ситуация с численностью кергеленского морского котика остаётся более критической. За пределами Южной Георгии обитают лишь 50 тысяч особей.

Название

Научное название gazella было дано в честь одноимённого корабля, команда которого в 1874 у острова Кергелен наблюдала прохождение Венеры перед солнечным диском. На этом же корабле находился Вильгельм Петерс, первым описавший кергеленского морского котика в следующем году.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 109. — 10 000 экз.
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Кергеленский морской котик: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Кергеленский морской котик (лат. Arctocephalus gazella) — вид южных морских котиков (Arctocephalus).

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南极毛皮海狮 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Arctocephalus gazella
Peters, 1875

南极毛皮海狮学名Arctocephalus gazella)又叫南极海狗,主要分布于南极洲水域,其中约95%生活在南乔治亚岛和南桑威奇群岛。它的学名来源于第一艘捕捉到它的德国船SMS Gazelle

库克船长在1775年探索南乔治亚岛后,提到了岛上生存着大量海狗。

分布与繁殖

南极海狗分布于南极洲附近零散的群岛跟小岛,每年春天繁殖期,就会有10万只南极海狗聚集在南乔治亚岛,南极海狗能转动鳍状肢在路上奔跑,公南极海狗会凶悍的保卫妻妾,和公海狗交配的母海狗会在明年的繁殖季节生产,在小海狗出生的7天后母海狗会再度交配,此时 小海狗就必须自立更生。

習性

南极海狗的潜水纪录达1000英呎,1000只南极海狗中会有一只是金色的白化种。南极海狗只吃磷虾,但它们的口臭有如最臭的狗口 臭味的10000倍,满是细菌的嘴巴咬上一口就会细菌感染。

参考资料

外部链接

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南极毛皮海狮: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

南极毛皮海狮(学名:Arctocephalus gazella)又叫南极海狗,主要分布于南极洲水域,其中约95%生活在南乔治亚岛和南桑威奇群岛。它的学名来源于第一艘捕捉到它的德国船SMS Gazelle。

库克船长在1775年探索南乔治亚岛后,提到了岛上生存着大量海狗。

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维基百科作者和编辑

남극물개 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

남극물개(Arctocephalus gazella)는 남방물개속에 속하는 8종의 물개 중 하나이며, 물개아과에 속하는 9종의 물개 중 하나이다. 이름에 나타나는 바와 같이, 남극물개는 남극해에 분포한다. 전세계 개체군의 약 95%가 사우스조지아 사우스샌드위치 제도에서 번식한다. 학명은 케르겔렌 제도에서 이 종의 표본을 처음 수집한 독일 헤군 호위함 가첼레호(SMS Gazelle)의 이름에서 유래했다. 케르겔렌물개라는 이름으로도 알려져 있다.

계통 분류

다음은 물개과의 계통 분류이다.[2]

물개과 북방물개속

북방물개

           

남극물개

     

과달루페물개

   

후안페르난데스물개

         

갈라파고스물개

   

뉴질랜드물개

         

아남극물개

   

갈색물개

   

남아메리카바다사자

       

오스트레일리아바다사자

   

뉴질랜드바다사자

        큰바다사자속

큰바다사자

바다사자속

바다사자

     

캘리포니아바다사자

   

갈라파고스바다사자

           

각주

  1. “Arctocephalus gazella”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 29일에 확인함.
  2. Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). “Pinniped taxonomy: Review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description”. 《Mammal Review》 42 (3): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
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