dcsimg

Life Cycle

provided by Fishbase
Male grasps disc margin of female, swings under her and inserts a clasper. Mating pair is surrounded by other males that swim around and nudge them. Dugger (1987) (Ref. 51118) observed both male and female biting the pectoral fin of its mate (Ref. 49562).
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Acanthobothrium infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Estelita Emily Capuli
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diagnostic Description

provided by Fishbase
Edge of disk no sharp angles, no dorsal fin. Well-developed caudal fin extends around tip of tail, doubly serrate spine near caudal fin base (Ref. 26938). Disk yellowish, with dark vermiculations and spots that form a variety of patterns on upper surface (Ref. 7251). Lower surface is yellowish, greenish or brownish white, tail with dark spots (Ref.6902).
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Grace Tolentino Pablico
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Trophic Strategy

provided by Fishbase
Commonly found along sandy beaches to the water's edge, and especially in sandy areas in and around coral reefs; in mangrove and seagrass habitats (Ref. 42268). Raises front end of disc to attract prey seeking shelter. Feeds on shrimps, small fishes, clams, and worms (Ref. 42268). Carnivore (Ref. 57616).
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Drina Sta. Iglesia
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Biology

provided by Fishbase
Commonly found along sandy beaches to the water's edge, and especially in sandy areas in and around coral reefs (Ref. 7251). Raises front end of disc to attract prey seeking shelter (Ref. 7251). Feeds on shrimps, probably also on small fishes, clams, and worms (Ref. 12951). Known to be capable of inflicting dangerous wounds with its venomous spine. Easily approached (Ref. 9710). A live-bearing species, produces 3 to 4 young (Ref. 26938).
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Rainer Froese
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Importance

provided by Fishbase
aquarium: public aquariums
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Rainer Froese
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Jamaika-Stechrochen ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Jamaika-Stechrochen (Urobatis jamaicensis), auch gelber Stechrochen genannt, ist ein kleiner Rochen, der im wärmeren Westatlantik von der Küste North Carolinas über die Bahamas, die Karibik, den Golf von Mexiko bis zur Nordküste Südamerikas vorkommt.

Merkmale

 src=
Biolumineszenz
beim Jamaika-Stechrochen

Der Jamaika-Stechrochen wird maximal 76 Zentimeter lang. Die Körperoberseite ist gelblich oder graubraun, normalerweise mit einer dunklen Punktierung oder netzartigen Zeichnung. Die Bauchseite ist braunweiß, gelblich oder grünlich. Er ist in der Lage seine Färbung stark zu verändern. Seine Körperscheibe ist annähernd rund. Der dunkel punktierte Schwanz trägt eine gut entwickelte Schwanzflosse und, auf der Oberseite, einen langen Giftstachel, der schmerzvolle Wunden verursachen kann. Eine Rückenflosse fehlt, ebenso Dornen an den Körperrändern.

Jamaika-Stechrochen zählen zu den über 180 Fischarten denen Biofluoreszenz nachgewiesen werden konnte.[1]

Lebensweise

Der Jamaika-Stechrochen lebt küstennah in flachem Wasser normalerweise von der Wasseroberfläche bis in 25 Meter. Die Fische sind häufig und wenig scheu. Bevorzugtes Habitat sind sandige Regionen oder mit Muschelbruch bedeckter Boden, manchmal auch die Nähe von Korallenriffe oder von Algen oder Tang bewachsene Zonen. Jamaika-Stechrochen sind ovovivipar und gebären pro Wurf drei bis vier Jungrochen, die bei der Geburt 15 cm lang sind. Bei der Kopulation schwimmt das Männchen in Rückenlage unter das Weibchen. Jamaika-Stechrochen ernähren sich von Garnelen, möglicherweise auch von kleinen Fischen, Muscheln und Würmern. Um Beutetiere anzulocken die Versteckmöglichkeiten suchen, bilden Jamaika-Stechrochen mit ihrer Körperscheibe einen Tunnel.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Lichtspektakel unter Wasser – Biolumineszenz in Meerestieren von Gabriele Kerber am 3. Juni 2018 Spektrum der Wissenschaft, aufgerufen am 16. Februar 2022
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Jamaika-Stechrochen: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Jamaika-Stechrochen (Urobatis jamaicensis), auch gelber Stechrochen genannt, ist ein kleiner Rochen, der im wärmeren Westatlantik von der Küste North Carolinas über die Bahamas, die Karibik, den Golf von Mexiko bis zur Nordküste Südamerikas vorkommt.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Yellow stingray

provided by wikipedia EN

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urobatis jamaicensis.

The yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis) is a species of stingray in the family Urotrygonidae, found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina to Trinidad. This bottom-dwelling species inhabits sandy, muddy, or seagrass bottoms in shallow inshore waters, commonly near coral reefs. Reaching no more than 36 cm (14 in) across, the yellow stingray has a round pectoral fin disc and a short tail with a well-developed caudal fin. It has a highly variable but distinctive dorsal color pattern consisting of either light-on-dark or dark-on-light reticulations forming spots and blotches, and can rapidly change the tonality of this coloration to improve its camouflage.

Relatively sedentary during the day, the yellow stingray feeds on small invertebrates and bony fishes. When hunting it may undulate its disc to uncover buried prey, or lift the front of its disc to form a "cave" attractive to shelter-seeking organisms. This species is aplacental viviparous, meaning that the developing embryos are sustained initially by yolk and later by histotroph ("uterine milk"). Females bear two litters of up to seven young per year in seagrass, following a gestation period of 5–6 months. Though innocuous towards humans, the yellow stingray can inflict a painful injury with its venomous tail spine. This species is taken as bycatch by commercial fisheries and collected for the aquarium trade; it may also be negatively affected by habitat degradation. Nevertheless, it remains common and widespread, which has led the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to list it under Least Concern.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

French naturalist Georges Cuvier originally described the yellow stingray as Raia jamaicensis in 1816, in Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. He based his account on specimens obtained from Jamaica, though no type specimens were designated.[2] Subsequent authors moved this species to the genus Urolophus, and then to the genus Urobatis (some literature still refers to this species as Urolophus jamaicensis). Other common names used for this ray include the yellow-spotted ray, the round ray, and the maid ray.[3]

Nathan Lovejoy's 1996 phylogenetic analysis, based on morphology, found that the yellow stingray is the most basal member of a clade that also contains Pacific Urobatis species and the genus Urotrygon of Central and South America. This finding would render Urobatis polyphyletic, though further study is warranted to elucidate the relationships between these taxa.[4]

Description

Ray with numerous fine, dark vermiculations on an almost white background, blending in with the sand it's resting on
The yellow stingray is capable of adjusting its coloration to better blend into the environment.

The yellow stingray is small, growing no more than 36 cm (14 in) across and 70 cm (28 in) long.[1][5] It has a nearly circular pectoral fin disc slightly longer than wide, with a short, obtuse snout. The eyes are immediately followed by the spiracles. There is a narrow curtain of skin between the nostrils, with a fringed posterior margin.[6] The mouth is nearly straight and contains a transverse row of 3–5 papillae on the floor. There are 30–34 tooth rows in the upper jaw and a similar number in the lower jaw, arranged into bands. The teeth are broad-based, with low, blunt crowns in females and juveniles, and tall, pointed cusps in adult males. The teeth of males are more widely spaced than those of females. The pelvic fins have nearly straight leading margins and rounded trailing margins.[3][7]

The tail is stout and flattened, comprising less than half the total length, and terminates in a small, leaf-shaped caudal fin about a quarter high as long, that is continuous around the last vertebra.[6][7] A serrated spine is positioned about halfway along the tail.[8] Newborn rays are smooth-skinned; shortly after birth small, blunt tubercles appear in the middle of the back, which in larger adults extends to between the eyes, the "shoulders", and the base of the tail. Adults also develop recurved thorns along the upper margin of the caudal fin.[3] The color and pattern of the yellow stingray varies significantly among individuals, though most follow one of two schemes: minute dark green or brown reticulations on a light background, or dense white, yellow, or golden spots on a dark green or brown background. The underside is yellowish, greenish, or brownish white, with small darker spots toward the disc margin and the tail.[7] This species is capable of rapidly changing the tone and contrast of its coloration to better match its environment.[8]

Distribution and habitat

Ray with fine dark lines on a light background, swimming over an invertebrate-encrusted bottom
The yellow stingray prefers habitats with a dense covering of invertebrates.

The yellow stingray is found throughout the inshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico (where it is the only representative of its family)[9] and the Caribbean Sea, including Florida, the Bahamas, and the Greater and Lesser Antilles to Trinidad. On rare occasions, it ranges as far north as Cape Lookout in North Carolina.[7][10] It is quite abundant in the Florida Keys and parts of the Antilles, and rather uncommon elsewhere. Off Mexico, this species occupies a salinity range of 26–40 ppt.[1]

Benthic in nature, the yellow stingray inhabits coastal habitats such as bays, lagoons, estuaries, and low-energy surf zones, and has been reported from the water's edge to a depth of 25 m (82 ft). It particularly favors insular hard-bottomed habitats with a dense encrustation of sessile invertebrates (termed live-bottom habitats), but can also be found over sand, mud or seagrass (Thalassia), sometimes in the vicinity of coral reefs.[1] Off Jamaica, large numbers of yellow stingrays, up to one per square meter, gather beneath the aerial roots of mangrove trees used as roosts by cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis); it is theorized that the birds' droppings sustain invertebrates that attract the rays.[11] There is no evidence of seasonal migration, though during the spring females tend to be found closer to shore than males.[12]

Biology and ecology

Biofluorescence of the yellow stingray

During the day, the yellow stingray is fairly inactive and spends much time buried under a thin layer of sediment or lying motionless in vegetation.[13] Tracking studies have shown that it generally remains within a small home range of around 20,000 m2 (220,000 sq ft), with individuals covering only a portion of the entire area on any particular day. It favors the boundaries between different terrain, such as sand and reef.[12] Its periscopic eyes give it a 360° panoramic view of its surroundings; each eye bears an elaborate covering or "operculum" that allows fine control over the amount of light entering the pupil.[14] Therefore, the resting ray is well equipped to detect approaching predators, which may potentially include any large carnivorous fish such as the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier).[3] The yellow stingray is most sensitive to sounds of 300–600 Hertz, which is fairly typical among sharks and rays that have been investigated thus far.[15] It and other stingrays have a large brain relative to other rays, comprising around 1–2% of the body weight.[16]

The diet of the yellow stingray is poorly documented but includes shrimps, and likely also worms, clams, and small bony fishes.[17][18] Typically, the ray will settle over a prey item and trap it against the bottom, whereupon it is manipulated to the mouth with motions of the disc.[19] Like the related round stingray (U. halleri), this species sometimes uses undulations of its disc margins to excavate pits and reveal buried prey.[3][9] It has also been observed raising the front of its disc to create a shaded "cave", to attract shelter-seeking organisms.[17] Known parasites of the yellow stingray include the tapeworms Acanthobothrium cartagenensis, Phyllobothrium kingae, Discobothrium caribbensis, Rhinebothrium magniphallum,[3] and R. biorchidum,[20] and the monogenean Dendromonocotyle octodiscus.[21]

The yellow stingray exhibits biofluorescence, that is, when illuminated by blue or ultraviolet light, it re-emits it as green, and appears differently than under white light illumination. Biofluorescence potentially assists intraspecific communication and camouflage.[22]

Life history

Ray swimming over a dense bed of seagrass
Seagrass beds are important reproductive habitat for yellow stingrays

Like other stingrays, the yellow stingray is aplacental viviparous: at first the embryos are sustained by yolk, which is later supplanted by histotroph ("uterine milk", rich in proteins and lipids), delivered by the mother through numerous finger-like extensions of the uterine epithelium called "trophonemata".[23][24] Mature females have two functional uteruses, with the left used more than the right. Except in a few individuals, only the left ovary is functional. The reproductive cycle is biannual with a 5–6 month long gestation period. The first period of ovulation occurs from January to April, peaking in late February and early March, with birthing from June to September, peaking in late July and early August. The second period of ovulation occurs from August to September, with birthing from November to January. The two cycles overlap as vitellogenesis (yolk formation) begins while the female is still pregnant.[23]

Courtship and mating in the yellow stingray involves one or more males closely following a female, seeking to bite and grip the rear margin of her disc; the high, pointed teeth of males serve to aid in this endeavor. Once the male successfully holds onto the female, he flips under her so that the two are aligned abdomen-to-abdomen, and inserts a single clasper into her cloaca. Rival males may attempt to interfere with the mating pair by biting or bumping them. In one observation that took place in water 2.5 m (8.2 ft) deep near Tobacco Caye on the Belize Barrier Reef, the male pursuit lasted between 30 and 60 seconds and copulation lasted four minutes.[13][17]

The predominant source of embryonic nutrition is histotroph, which supports a 46-fold weight increase from ovum to near-term fetus.[23] By the time the embryo is 4.7 cm (1.9 in) across, it has fully resorbed its yolk sac and external gills.[25] The litter size ranges from one to seven. The first litter of the year (spring-summer) is larger than the second (autumn-winter), with the number of offspring increasing with the size of the female; this relationship is not observed for second litter. On the other hand, the newborns of the first litter tend to be slightly smaller than those of the second litter, at an average length of 14.5 cm (5.7 in) versus 15 cm (5.9 in). The second litter's fewer, larger young may reflect the lower temperatures of autumn-winter, which results in slower growth.[23] Seagrass beds serve as important habitat for parturition.[1] The newborns emerge tail-first and are similar in coloration to the adults, though the disc is relatively wider. They also have a small "knob" or "tentacle" that covers most of the spiracle, which is resorbed shortly after birth.[3][6] Males and females reach sexual maturity at disc widths of 15–16 cm (5.9–6.3 in) and 20 cm (7.9 in) respectively.[1] The maximum lifespan is 15–25 years.[26]

Human interactions

A ray over a pebble bottom, with the front of a second ray to its right
Yellow stingrays at the Mote Marine Laboratory, Florida

Generally, yellow stingrays pay little heed to divers and can be approached closely.[8] If stepped on or otherwise provoked, however, this ray will defend itself with its tail spine, coated in potent venom. The resulting wound is extremely painful, but seldom life-threatening.[3][9] Small and docile, the yellow stingray adapts readily to captivity and has reproduced in the aquarium; it requires a large amount of space (at least 180 gal or 684 L) and a fine, deep substrate with minimal ornamentation.[17]

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the yellow stingray under Least Concern, citing its wide distribution and high abundance in certain regions. In addition, its small size implies relatively high productivity, which would make its population more resilient to fishing pressure. This species is not targeted commercially, but is probably taken incidentally by inshore fisheries throughout its range.[1] It is also harvested for the home aquarium trade, being the most frequently available member of its family on the North American market.[17] The extent of this trade has not yet been quantified. Another potential threat is habitat degradation, particularly to seagrass beds. No conservation measures have been enacted for this species.[1]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Crysler, Z.; Blanco-Parra, MP, Briones Bell-lloch, A.; Cardenosa, D.; Derrick, D.; Espinoza, E.; Herman, K.; Morales-Saldaña, J.M.; Naranjo-Elizondo, B.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Schneider, E.V.C.; Simpson, N.J.; Talwar, B.S.; Dulvy, N.K. (2020). "Urobatis jamaicensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T60109A124438908. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60109A124438908.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, W. N. (ed.) jamaicensis, Raia. Catalog of Fishes electronic version (19 February 2010). Retrieved on March 21, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Piercy, A. Biological Profiles: Yellow Stingray. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on November 15, 2008.
  4. ^ Lovejoy, N.R. (1996). "Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (3): 207–257. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb02189.x.
  5. ^ Spieler, Richard E.; Fahy, Daniel P.; Sherman, Robin L.; Sulikowski, James A.; Quinn, T. Patrick (2013). "The Yellow Stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis (Chondrichthyes: Urotrygonidae): a synoptic review". Caribbean Journal of Science. 47 (1): 67–97. doi:10.18475/cjos.v47i1.a8. ISSN 0008-6452. S2CID 52477747.
  6. ^ a b c McEachran, J.D. & M.R. de Carvalho (2002). "Dasyatidae". In Carpenter, K.E. (ed.). The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic (Volume 1). Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 562–571. ISBN 92-5-104825-8.
  7. ^ a b c d McEachran, J.D. & J.D. Fechhelm (1998). Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. University of Texas Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-292-75206-7.
  8. ^ a b c Ferrari, A. & A. Ferrari (2002). Sharks. Firefly Books. p. 227. ISBN 1-55209-629-7.
  9. ^ a b c Parsons, G.R. (2006). Sharks, Skates, and Rays of the Gulf of Mexico: A Field Guide. University Press of Mississippi. p. 132. ISBN 1-57806-827-4.
  10. ^ McClane, A. J. (1978). McClane's Field Guide to Saltwater Fishes of North America. Macmillan. p. 45. ISBN 0-8050-0733-4.
  11. ^ Sumich, J.L. & J.F. Morrissey (2004). Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life (eighth ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 103. ISBN 0-7637-3313-X.
  12. ^ a b Fahy, D.P. and R.E. Spieler. Activity patterns, distribution and population structure of the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis in Southeast Florida (abstract). American Elasmobranch Society 2005 Annual Meeting, Tampa, Florida.
  13. ^ a b Young, R.F. (1993). "Observation of the mating behavior of the yellow stingray, Urolophus jamaicensis". Copeia. 1993 (3): 879–880. doi:10.2307/1447257. JSTOR 1447257.
  14. ^ McComb, D.M. & S.M. Kajiura (2008). "Visual fields of four batoid fishes: a comparative study". Journal of Experimental Biology. 211 (4): 482–490. doi:10.1242/jeb.014506. PMID 18245624.
  15. ^ Casper, B.M. & D.A. Mann (May 2006). "Evoked potential audiograms of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) and the yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 76 (1): 101–108. doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9012-9. S2CID 35514231.
  16. ^ Walker, B.K. & R.L. Sherman (2001). "Gross brain morphology in the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis" (PDF). Florida Scientist. 64 (4): 246–249. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
  17. ^ a b c d e Michael, S.W. (2001). Aquarium Sharks & Rays. T.F.H. Publications. pp. 151–152, 235. ISBN 1-890087-57-2.
  18. ^ O'Shea, O. R.; Wueringer, B. E.; Winchester, M. M.; Brooks, E. J. (2018). "Comparative feeding ecology of the yellow ray Urobatis jamaicensis (Urotrygonidae) from The Bahamas". Journal of Fish Biology. 92 (1): 73–84. doi:10.1111/jfb.13488. ISSN 1095-8649. PMID 29105768.
  19. ^ Mulvany, S.L. & P.J. Motta (2009). "Feeding kinematics of the Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina) and yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis)". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 49: E279. doi:10.1093/icb/icp003.
  20. ^ Huber, P.M. & G.D. Schmidt (1985). "Rhinebothrium biorchidum n. sp., a tetraphyllidean cestode from a yellow-spotted stingray, Urolophus jamaicensis, in Jamaica". Journal of Parasitology. 71 (1): 1–3. doi:10.2307/3281968. JSTOR 3281968. PMID 3981333. S2CID 28259982.
  21. ^ Pulido-Flores, G. & S. Monks (January 2005). "Monogenean parasites of some Elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico". Comparative Parasitology. 72 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1654/4049. S2CID 84577956.
  22. ^ Sparks, John S.; Schelly, Robert C.; Smith, W. Leo; Davis, Matthew P.; Tchernov, Dan; Pieribone, Vincent A.; Gruber, David F. (2014). "The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence: A Phylogenetically Widespread and Phenotypically Variable Phenomenon". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e83259. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...983259S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083259. PMC 3885428. PMID 24421880.
  23. ^ a b c d Fahy, D.P.; R.E. Spieler & W.C. Hamlett (2007). "Preliminary observations of the reproductive cycle and uterine fecundity of the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae) in Southeast Florida, U.S.A." (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement 14: 131–139.
  24. ^ Hamlett, W.C. & M. Hysell (1998). "Uterine specializations in elasmobranchs". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 282 (4–5): 438–459. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(199811/12)282:4/5<438::AID-JEZ4>3.3.CO;2-Y. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.
  25. ^ Basten, B.L.; R.L. Sherman; A. Lametschwandtner & R.E. Spieler (2009). "Development of embryonic gill vasculature in the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 153A (2): 1423–32. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.021. PMID 21714110.
  26. ^ Animals: Yellow Stingray Archived 2014-10-28 at the Wayback Machine. Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium. Retrieved on March 25, 2010.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Yellow stingray: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urobatis jamaicensis.

The yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis) is a species of stingray in the family Urotrygonidae, found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina to Trinidad. This bottom-dwelling species inhabits sandy, muddy, or seagrass bottoms in shallow inshore waters, commonly near coral reefs. Reaching no more than 36 cm (14 in) across, the yellow stingray has a round pectoral fin disc and a short tail with a well-developed caudal fin. It has a highly variable but distinctive dorsal color pattern consisting of either light-on-dark or dark-on-light reticulations forming spots and blotches, and can rapidly change the tonality of this coloration to improve its camouflage.

Relatively sedentary during the day, the yellow stingray feeds on small invertebrates and bony fishes. When hunting it may undulate its disc to uncover buried prey, or lift the front of its disc to form a "cave" attractive to shelter-seeking organisms. This species is aplacental viviparous, meaning that the developing embryos are sustained initially by yolk and later by histotroph ("uterine milk"). Females bear two litters of up to seven young per year in seagrass, following a gestation period of 5–6 months. Though innocuous towards humans, the yellow stingray can inflict a painful injury with its venomous tail spine. This species is taken as bycatch by commercial fisheries and collected for the aquarium trade; it may also be negatively affected by habitat degradation. Nevertheless, it remains common and widespread, which has led the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to list it under Least Concern.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Urobatis jamaicensis ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La raya amarilla (Urobatis jamaicensis) es una especie de pez elasmobranquio del orden Rajiformes muy común en el Caribe mexicano y, en general, en el Golfo de México, de la península de la Florida hasta el norte de Brasil.

Características

Es una raya de talla menor, aproximadamente 40 cm de diámetro de disco y una longitud total de 70 cm. Es una de las únicas especies de raya en el Caribe con aleta caudal al final de la cola. Posee un estilete o lanceta como otras rayas y hay quien piensa que son venenosas, lo cual no está claro.

La coloración de estos animales varía según el entorno, desde un muy pálido amarillo, casi blanco, hasta amarillos y anaranjados intensos, con puntilleo negro sobre toda la superficie corporal y manchas blancas circulares, todo alrededor del disco, por debajo de los puntos negros.

Historia natural

Se alimenta descubriendo crustáceos, anélidos y pequeños peces ocultos bajo la arena, conduciéndolos hacia su boca, usando las aletas. Habita fondos arenosos cercanos a los arrecifes de coral, en un rango de profundidad de entre 1 y 30 m. En ocasiones se encuentran en grades agrupaciones, cubriendo grandes extensiones con fines reproductivos. Gesta de uno a cinco crías, en un período que no está claro, que puede variar un poco dependiendo de la temperatura. Sus principales depredadores son en general peces de talla mayor, como los meros, en especial Epinephelus striatus y tiburones como Sphyrna y Galeocerdo cuvier, entre otros.

Cautividad

 src=
Urobatis jamaicensis en las costas de Miami.

En cautiverio es fácilmente adaptable a diferentes espacios y sustratos. En lo que se refiere a la calidad del agua son medianamente exigentes y soportan ciertas cantidades de nitratos y variaciones ligeras de temperatura. Son sumamente sensibles al cobre y metales pesados.

En sistemas cerrados, podemos decir que es en donde está mejor descrito, cuanto es el volumen idóneo de agua para mantenerlas en buena condición, así como los parámetros fisicoquímicos y de nutrimentos. La principal limitante es la comida que generalmente no cumple con todos los requerimientos nutricionales y el más claro ejemplo son los alimentos congelados.

Los adultos en cautiverio no requieren alimento vivo pero sí enriquecido o balanceado. Las crías inician con alimentos vivos bioencapsulados e inertes al mismo tiempo.

Esta especie no se considera en peligro de extinción o amenazada.

Reproducción

 src=
Morfología de la raya amarilla, Urobatis jamaicensis

Este animal es de reproducción sexual, de incubación interna en oviducto clasificación anterior: ovovivípara, sin reportes exactos de la frecuencia reproductiva, ni del tiempo de gestación.

Los machos se distinguen por las abrazaderas o seguros, que son estructuras anatómicas que generalmente se encuentran a los lados de la cloaca y debajo de la base de la cola junto a las aletas anales.

En vida silvestre se agregan en grandes grupos, bajo patrones de comunicación por contacto directo, son varios machos los que abordan una hembra, el macho muerde los márgenes del disco o las aletas, para luego dar un giro que lo hace quedar por debajo de la hembra confrontando así ambas porciones ventrales, es cuando el macho inserta el “clasper” o seguro en la cloaca de la hembra que es la cavidad donde confluyen o convergen los sistemas gástrico y genitourinario.

En cautiverio en el "Acuario Público del Parque Xcaret" se pudo constatar que gesta hasta dos veces al año durante cinco meses, dando origen hasta a 8 pequeñas rayas que nacen perfectamente adaptadas al medio gracias a cierto proceso de capacitación biológica por parte de la hembra que permite que las rayas entren en contacto con el agua del medio externo en el final de la gestación, ingresando agua al interior del útero que permite el nado de las crías y además se produce una secreción intrauterina que se le conoce como "leche intrauterina" misma que las rayas ingieren, activando así el sistema gastrointestinal antes de ser expulsadas durante el parto.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Urobatis jamaicensis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La raya amarilla (Urobatis jamaicensis) es una especie de pez elasmobranquio del orden Rajiformes muy común en el Caribe mexicano y, en general, en el Golfo de México, de la península de la Florida hasta el norte de Brasil.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Urobatis jamaicensis ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Urobatis jamaicensis Urobatis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Urotrygonidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Urobatis jamaicensis FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Urobatis jamaicensis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Urobatis jamaicensis Urobatis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Urotrygonidae familian sailkatzen da.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Urobatis jamaicensis ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Urobatis jamaicensis est une espèce de raies endémique de l'ouest de l'océan Atlantique, de la Caroline du Nord à Trinité-et-Tobago.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Urobatis jamaicensis ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

Urobatis jamaicensis is een vissensoort uit de familie van de ronde stekelroggen (Urotrygonidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1816 door Cuvier.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Urobatis jamaicensis. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 02 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
Geplaatst op:
01-03-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Urobatis jamaicensis ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Urobatis jamaicensis é uma espécie de peixe da família Urotrygonidae.

Informações gerais

Têm um disco peitoral redondo e barbatanas pélvicas arredondadas, sem barbatanas dorsais na cauda curta e uma espinha venenosa recuada perto de sua pequena barbatana caudal (cauda). Eles preferem fundos arenosos e águas rasas no Golfo do México e áreas adjacentes do Atlântico ocidental. Eles podem ser encontrados em uma variedade de cores e padrões de marcações, ideais para camuflagem quando enterrados na areia para emboscar a presa. Eles são considerados inofensivos aos seres humanos, exceto durante interações acidentais, porque eles crescem apenas até 66 centímetros de comprimento, e sua coluna é usada apenas na defesa. Yellow stingray mote marine.jpg

Nomes comuns

Enquanto Urobatis jamaicensis é comumente chamada de "arraia amarela", também é conhecida como "arraia redonda", "arraia pintada de amarelo" e "raia de camareira". Existem muitos nomes comuns para esta raia, incluindo Jamaicaanse doornrog (holandês), pikkukeihäsrausku (finlandês), trygon jamajski (polonês), tembladera (espanhol), raya (espanhol) e raya pintada (espanhol).

Perigos para humanos

Como a maioria dos raios, a arraia amarela apresenta pouco perigo para os seres humanos. As arraias só usam a coluna venenosa como forma de defesa. Pisar em uma arraia é a maneira mais comum pelas quais as pessoas são feridas por esses peixes. Apesar de ser preso por uma coluna de arraia pode ser doloroso, raramente é uma ameaça à vida.

Distribuição geográfica e habitat

Esta arraia é encontrada nas águas costeiras do Atlântico ocidental, da Carolina do Norte à Flórida e ao longo do Golfo do México. É comum na costa da Flórida e é visto ocasionalmente nas Bahamas e no Caribe.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países e territórios: Antiga e Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Colômbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Estados Unidos, Granada, Guatemala, Guiana, Guiana Francesa, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, México, Nicarágua, Panamá, Porto Rico, República Dominicana, São Cristóvão e Neves, São Vicente e Granadinas, Suriname, Trindade e Tobago, Venezuela e possivelmente no Brasil.

A U. jamaicensis é mais comumente encontrada em águas rasas em habitats arenosos ou lamacentos, frequentemente enterrados no substrato. Ocorre em profundidades que variam de menos de um pé a 82 pés (25 m). Padrões de migração de arraia amarela e demografia não foram investigados.

Arraia com numerosos vermiculados finos e escuros sobre um fundo quase branco, misturando-se à areia sobre a qual repousa
A arraia amarela é capaz de ajustar sua coloração para melhor se misturar ao ambiente.

Biologia

Características distintas Como outros arraias da família Urolophidae, a arraia amarela é caracterizada por um corpo redondo. U. jamaicensis tem uma barbatana caudal bem desenvolvida que se estende em torno da ponta da cauda. A coluna vertebral está localizada logo antes da nadadeira caudal. A distância entre a ponta da cauda e a cloaca é menor que a distância entre a cloaca e o focinho. Além disso, a borda posterior das barbatanas pélvicas é arredondada. A arraia amarela não possui uma barbatana dorsal.

Existem várias papilas localizadas no assoalho da boca de U. jamaicensis. Tanto a mandíbula superior quanto a mandíbula têm aproximadamente trinta dentes, com espécimes masculinos femininos e imaturos que possuem dentes de formato oval, possuem cúspides baixas e estão bem dispostos. No entanto, os machos maduros possuem dentes superiores que são mais espaçados e têm cúspides cônicas altas que são ligeiramente cegas no final. Esse traço sexualmente dimórfico pode permitir que os machos maduros entendam melhor as fêmeas durante a cópula.

Recém-nascidos têm pele desprovida de dentículos. No entanto, logo após o nascimento, a região médio-dorsal começa a enrugar com tubérculos de baixa densidade. Espinhos recurvados também se desenvolvem ao longo da margem dorsal da nadadeira caudal em ambos os lados. Os indivíduos maiores possuem tubérculos dorsais médios que se estendem para a frente até a parte posterior das órbitas e na zona inter-orbital. Uma faixa lateral de espinhos eventualmente se desenvolve sobre cada ombro. O lado ventral do raio permanece suave.

Coloração

Embora os indivíduos variem amplamente em cor e padrão, o lado dorsal do disco de U. jamaicensis normalmente exibe um dos seguintes esquemas de cores: um padrão reticulado de verde-escuro ou marrom em um fundo claro, ou igualmente um padrão definido de minutos manchas brancas, amarelas ou douradas sobre um fundo verde escuro ou marrom. O lado ventral do disco é amarelado ou branco acastanhado na coloração.

Tamanho, idade e crescimento

Até o momento, nenhum estudo examinou a idade e o crescimento de U. jamaicensis. Dados observacionais indicam que a arraia amarela cresce até 26 polegadas (66 cm) de comprimento com uma largura máxima do disco de aproximadamente 14 polegadas (35 cm). O exame da condição dos claspers sugere que os machos são sexualmente maduros em uma largura de 15 a 16 cm.

Hábitos alimentares

Embora não haja literatura descrevendo os hábitos alimentares de U. jamaicensis, seu método de captura de presas pode ser semelhante ao da raia redonda, U. halleri. Observou-se que a arraia redonda retira grandes buracos no fundo lamacento ou arenoso, sacudindo as barbatanas peitorais. Esta ação serve para expor todos os vermes enterrados, caranguejos ou peixes pequenos. Também foi sugerido que a arraia amarela pode atrair presas, levantando seu focinho para criar uma área sombreada para os peixes pequenos se esconderem.

Reprodução

Atividade de acasalamento foi observada para U. jamaicensis. Arraias masculinas amarelas mordem uma barbatana peitoral feminina na metade da margem, permitindo que ele se incline e assuma uma orientação abdome-abdômen. Esta posição permite que o macho insira um clasper na cloaca feminina. Um evento de copulação foi observado para durar quatro minutos. O período de gestação não é conhecido atualmente para esta arraia. Um tamanho de ninhada de três a quatro foi relatado para a U. jamaicensis. Embriões foram observados para ter discos que são mais amplos em relação ao seu comprimento, que os adultos. Como outros raios da família Urolophidae, os embriões de U. jamaicensis possuem um lóbulo carnoso na margem interna de cada espiráculo. Este lóbulo esconde a maior parte da abertura do espiráculo. A ausência de tal estrutura em jovens de vida livre sugere que ela seja absorvida antes ou logo após o nascimento.

Predadores e parasitas

Qualquer grande peixe carnívoro, especialmente tubarões como o tubarão tigre, é um predador potencial da arraia-amarela.

Cestódeos como Acanthobothrium cartagenensis, Phyllobothrium kingae, Rhinebothrium magniphallum e Discobothrium caribbensis estão entre os endoparasitas associados à raia amarela.

Taxonomia

A arraia amarela é um membro da família dos Urolophidae (raias redondos). Esta arraia foi descrita pela primeira vez por Cuvier (1816) como Raja jamaicensis. A nomenclatura atual para a arraia amarela é Urobatus jamaicensis (Cuvier 1816), porém a maior parte da literatura referente a este raio pode ser encontrada sob o nome Urolophus jamaicensis (Cuvier 1816). Os sinônimos júnior incluem Trygonobatus torpedinus Desmarest 1823 e Urobatis sloani vermiculatus Garman 1913. O nome atualmente válido Urobatis jamaicensis obtém seu nome genérico das palavras gregas "oura" = cauda e "batis" = raio.

Referências

Preparado por: Andrew Piercy (https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fish/discover/species-profiles/urobatis-jamaicensis/)

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Urobatis jamaicensis: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Urobatis jamaicensis é uma espécie de peixe da família Urotrygonidae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Urobatis jamaicensis ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Urobatis jamaicensis; là một loài cá đuối trong họ Urotrygonidae, được tìm thấy ở vùng nhiệt đới miền tây Đại Tây Dương từ North Carolina đến Trinidad. Loài này sống ở tầng đáy và sống ở đáy có cỏ biển bùn cát ở các vùng nước nông, thường gần các rạn san hô. Nó có bề ngang hơn 36 cm (14 in). Nó ăn các loài động vật không xương sốngcá nhiều xương. Loài này phân bố khắp các vùng nước gần bờ của vịnh Mexicobiển Caribbean, bao gồm Florida, Bahamas, và GreaterLesser Antilles đến Trinidad. Đôi khi hiếm hoi nó có mặt xa đến tận phía bắc đến Cape LookoutNorth Carolina.[2][3]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Piercy, A.N., F.F. Snelson (Jr) and R.D. Grubbs (2006). Urobatis jamaicensis. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 21 tháng 3 năm 2010.
  2. ^ McEachran, J.D. and J.D. Fechhelm (1998). Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. University of Texas Press. tr. 184. ISBN 0292752067.
  3. ^ McClane, A. J. (1978). McClane's Field Guide to Saltwater Fishes of North America. Macmillan. tr. 45. ISBN 0805007334.

Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “basten et al” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “cas” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “casper and mann” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “fahy and spieler” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “fahy et al” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “ferrari and ferrari” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “hamlett and hysell” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “huber and schmidt” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “lovejoy” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “mccomb and kajiura” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “mceachran and carvalho” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “michael” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “mulvany and motta” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “parsons” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “piercy” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “ppg” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “pulido-flores and monks” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “sumich and morrisey” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.
Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “walker and sherman” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.

Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ có tên “young” được định nghĩa trong không được đoạn văn bản trên sử dụng.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Yellow stingray
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Urobatis jamaicensis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Urobatis jamaicensis; là một loài cá đuối trong họ Urotrygonidae, được tìm thấy ở vùng nhiệt đới miền tây Đại Tây Dương từ North Carolina đến Trinidad. Loài này sống ở tầng đáy và sống ở đáy có cỏ biển bùn cát ở các vùng nước nông, thường gần các rạn san hô. Nó có bề ngang hơn 36 cm (14 in). Nó ăn các loài động vật không xương sốngcá nhiều xương. Loài này phân bố khắp các vùng nước gần bờ của vịnh Mexicobiển Caribbean, bao gồm Florida, Bahamas, và GreaterLesser Antilles đến Trinidad. Đôi khi hiếm hoi nó có mặt xa đến tận phía bắc đến Cape LookoutNorth Carolina.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Urobatis jamaicensis ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Urobatis jamaicensis предпочитают дно, плотно покрытое ракушками.

Описание

Это небольшие скаты, ширина диска в поперечнике не превышает 36 см, а общая длина 70 см . Широкие грудные плавники Urobatis jamaicensis сливаются с головой и образуют почти круглый диск, длина которого слегка превышает ширину. Заострённое короткое рыло образует тупой угол. Непосредственно позади глаз расположены брызгальца. между ноздрями пролегает узкий кожный лоскут с мелкобахромчатой нижней кромкой[10]. Рот вытянут почти в прямую линию. На дне ротовой полости расположено 3—5 пальцевидных отростков, собранных в поперечный ряд. Во рту имеются по 30—34 верхних и нижних зубных рядов, выстроенных полосами. Зубы с широким основанием, у взрослых самок и неполовозрелых особей они низкие и притуплённые, а у самцов заострены и шире расставлены. Передний край закруглённых брюшных плавников образует почти прямую линию. На вентральной стороне диска расположено 5 пар жаберных щелей. Небольшие брюшные плавники закруглены[6][11].

 src=
Новорожденные Urobatis jamaicensis появляются на свет в зарослях водорослей.

Плотный и приплюснутый хвост составляет приблизительно половину и оканчивается низким листовидным хвостовым плавником, высота которого равна примерно 1/4 длины[6][10]. На дорсальной поверхности хвоста в центральной части расположен зазубренный шип[12]. Новорожденные появляются на свет лишёнными чешуи. Вскоре после рождения центр спины начинает покрываться небольшими бугорками, которые у крупных взрослых скатов распространяются на область между глаз, «плечи» и основание хвоста. Кроме того, по верхней границе хвостового плавника у них развиваются отогнутые назад колючки[11]. Окраска сильно варьируется, чаще всего встречаются два узора: светлый фон покрывает мелкая тёмно-зелёная или коричневая сетка или тёмно-зелёный или коричневый фон густо усеян белыми, жёлтыми или золотыми пятнышками. Вентральная поверхность зеленовато-, желтовато- или коричневато-белая, передний край диска и хвост покрыты маленькими тёмными пятнами[6]. Скаты этого вида способны быстро изменять оттенок и контрастность окраски, сливаясь с окружающей обстановкой[12].

Биология

Днём Urobatis jamaicensis чаще всего неподвижно лежат на дне под тонким слоем осадков или в зарослях водорослей[13]. Наблюдения за помеченными скатами показали, что индивидуальный участок обитанияruen у них ограничен, его площадь не превышает 20 000 м². Они предпочитают держаться на пограничных территориях, например, на стыке песчаного дна и рифов[9]. Перископические глаза этих скатов обеспечивают им панораму 360 °. Они покрыты тонкой оболочкой, позволяющей контролировать количество света, попадающего в зрачок[14]. Отдыхающие на дне скаты хорошо приспособлены к тому, чтобы засечь приближение хищника. На них охотятся крупные хищные рыбы, например, тигровые акулы[11]. Urobatis jamaicensis наиболее чувствительны к звукам в диапазоне 300—600 Герц, эта частота издаваемых звуков характерна для акул и скатов[15]. По сравнению с другими скатами у этого представителей этого вида довольно крупный мозг, вес которого составляет 1—2 % от веса тела[16].

Yellow stingray mote marine.jpg

Urobatis jamaicensis охотятся в основном на креветок, червей, двустворчатых моллюсков и мелких костистых рыб[17]. Обычно скаты накрывают жертву -диском и блокируют её на дне, а затем волнообразными движениями диска направляют в рот[18]. Подобно схожими с ними Urobatis halleri эти скаты способны рыть ямы и выкапывать зарывшуюся в грунт добычу[5][11]. Иногда они приподнимают передний край диска, образуя «пещеру», в которую забираются животные, ищущие укрытие[17]. На скатах этого вида паразитируют ленточные черви Acanthobothrium cartagenensis, Phyllobothrium kingae, Discobothrium caribbensis, Rhinebothrium magniphallum[11] и R. biorchidum[19] и моногенеи Dendromonocotyle octodiscus[20].

Жизненный цикл и размножение

Подобно прочим хвостоколообразным Urobatis jamaicensis размножаются яйцеживорождением, эмбрионы питаются желтком, а позднее гистотрофом[1]. У взрослых самок имеется два функциональных матки, левая матка используется чаще. За исключением некоторых особей у самок функционирует только левый яичник. Самки приносят потомство два раза в год. Беременность длится 5—6 месяцев. Первый цикл овуляции длится с января по апрель. Пик приходится на конец февраля и начало марта. Новорожденные появляются на свет с июня по сентябрь, массовые роды происходят в конце июля и начале августа. Второй цикл овуляции длится с августа по сентябрь. Новорожденные появляются на свет с ноября по январь. Циклы перекрывают друг друга благодаря тому, что вителлогенезruen (формирование желтка), начинается, когда самки ещё беременны[21].

В ходе брачного ритуала и совокупления один или несколько самцов Urobatis jamaicensis плотно следуют за самкой, стараясь схватить её за край диска своими длинными и заострёнными зубами. Схватив самку, самец подплывает под неё так, чтобы оказаться брюхом к брюху и вставляет один из птеригоподиев в её клоаку. Соперничающие самцы кусаются и толкаются, стараясь помешать паре. За спаривающейся парой этого вида наблюдали у Белизского Барьерного рифа на глубине 2,5 м. Преследование продолжалось 30—60 секунд, а совокупление длилось 4 минуты[13][17].

Главным источником питательных веществ эмбриону служит гистотроф, который обеспечивает увеличение массы тела в 46 раз от овуляции до поздней стадии развития[21]. Когда зародыш достигает 4,7 см в поперечнике, желточный мешок пустеет, внешние жабры у него исчезают[22]. В помёте от 1 до 7 новорожденных. Первый в году помёт (весенне-летний) более многочисленный по сравнению со вторым (осенне-зимним), а количество новорожденных в нём напрямую зависит от размеров самки, чего не наблюдается во время вторых родов. С другой стороны новорожденные из первого помёта в целом мельче, их длина составляет около 14,7 см против 15 см. Вероятно меньшее количество и больший размер новорожденных связаны с пониженной температурой, при которой протекает осенне-зимний цикл, обуславливающей их замедленный рост[21]. Роды происходят в зарослях водорослей[1]. Новорожденные появляются на свет хвостом вперёд, их окраска похожа на окраску взрослых скатов, а диск сравнительно шире. Кроме того их брызгальца покрыты шишечками, которые исчезают вскоре после рождения[10][11]. Самцы и самки достигают половой зрелости при ширине диска 15—16 и 20 см соответственно[1]. Максимальная продолжительность жизни оценивается в 15—25 лет[23].

Взаимодействие с человеком

В целом Urobatis jamaicensis обращают мало внимания на аквалангистов, поэтому к ним можно подплыть на довольно близкое расстояние[12]. Если на их наступить или спровоцировать иным способом, они будут защищаться и могут нанести человеку болезненный укол шипом, покрытым сильным ядом, который, однако, не представляет угрозы для жизни[5][11]. Благодаря маленькому размеру и довольно спокойному нраву Urobatis jamaicensis хорошо уживаются и размножаются в неволе. Однако им необходим аквариум большого объёма (не менее 684 л) и мелкозернистый светлый грунт[17].

Эти скаты не являются объектом целевого лова. В качестве прилова они изредка попадаются при коммерческом промысле. Иногда их отлавливают на продажу для содержания в аквариумах. Учитывая многочисленность и высокий уровень воспроизводства Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду статус сохранности «Вызывающий наименьшие опасения»[1].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Urobatis jamaicensis (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Urobatis jamaicensis (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  3. Cuivier, G.L.C.F.D. (1816) Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annélides. Deterville, Paris, 532 pp
  4. Lovejoy, N.R. Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs: with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae: Rajiformes). — 1996. — Vol. 117, № 3. — P. 207—257. — DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb02189.x.
  5. 1 2 3 Parsons GR. Sharks, skates, and rays of the Gulf of Mexico: a field guide. — University Press of Mississippi, 2006. — P. 132. — ISBN 978-1-57806-827-4.
  6. 1 2 3 4 McEachran, J.D.; Fechhelm, J.D. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Myxinformes to Gasterosteiformes. — University of Texas Press, 1998. — P. 184. — ISBN 0-292-75206-7.
  7. McClane, A. J. McClane's Field Guide to Saltwater Fishes of North America. — Macmillan, 1978. — P. 45. — ISBN 0-8050-0733-4.
  8. Sumich, J.L. and Morrissey, J.F. Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life. — 8. — Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2004. — P. 103. — ISBN 0-7637-3313-X.
  9. 1 2 Fahy, D.P. and R.E. Spieler. Activity patterns, distribution and population structure of the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis in Southeast Florida (abstract) (неопр.). American Elasmobranch Society 2005 Annual Meeting, Tampa, Florida. Проверено 18 октября 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 McEachran, J.D. and M.R. de Carvalho. Dasyatidae = In Carpenter, K.E. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic (Volume 1). — Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2002. — P. 562—571. — ISBN 92-5-104825-8.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Piercy, A. Biological Profiles: Yellow Stingray (неопр.). Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Проверено 19 октября 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 Ferrari, A. и A. Ferrari. Sharks. — Firefly Books, 2002. — P. 227. — ISBN 1-55209-629-7.
  13. 1 2 Young, R.F. Observation of the mating behavior of the yellow stingray, Urolophus jamaicensis // Copeia. — 1993. — Vol. 3, № 3. — P. 879—880.
  14. McComb, D.M. and S.M. Kajiura. Visual fields of four batoid fishes: a comparative study // Journal of Experimental Biology. — 2008. — Vol. 211, № 4. — P. 482—490.
  15. Casper, B.M. and D.A. Mann. Evoked potential audiograms of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) and the yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis) // Environmental Biology of Fishes. — 2006. — Vol. 76, № 1. — P. 101—108. — DOI:10.1007/s10641-006-9012-9.
  16. Walker, B.K. and R.L. Sherman. Gross brain morphology in the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis // Florida Scientist. — 2001. — Vol. 64, № 4. — P. 246—249. Архивировано 9 июня 2011 года.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Michael, S.W. Aquarium Sharks & Rays.. — T.F.H. Publications, (2001). — P. 151—152. — ISBN 1-890087-57-2.
  18. Mulvany, S.L. and P.J. Motta. Feeding kinematics of the Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina) and yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis) // Integrative and Comparative Biology. — 2009. — Vol. 49, № E279.
  19. Huber, P.M. and G.D. Schmidt. Rhinebothrium biorchidum n. sp., a tetraphyllidean cestode from a yellow-spotted stingray, Urolophus jamaicensis, in Jamaica // Journal of Parasitology. — 1985. — Vol. 71, № 1. — P. 1—3. — DOI:10.2307/3281968. — PMID 3981333.
  20. Pulido-Flores, G. and S. Monks. Monogenean parasites of some Elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico // Comparative Parasitology. — 2005. — Vol. 72, № 1. — P. 69—74. — DOI:10.1654/4049.
  21. 1 2 3 Fahy, D.P., R.E. Spieler and W.C. Hamlett. Preliminary observations of the reproductive cycle and uterine fecundity of the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae) in Southeast Florida, U.S.A. // The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. — 2007. — Vol. Supplement 14. — P. 131—139. Архивировано 24 октября 2014 года.
  22. Basten, B.L., R.L. Sherman, A. Lametschwandtner and R.E. Spieler. Development of embryonic gill vasculature in the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis // Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. — 2009. — Vol. 153A, № 2. — P. 69. — DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.021.
  23. Animals: Yellow Stingray (неопр.). Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium. Проверено 22 октября 2014.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Urobatis jamaicensis: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Urobatis jamaicensis предпочитают дно, плотно покрытое ракушками.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии