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Striped Bass

Morone saxatilis (Walbaum 1792)

Catalan; Valencian
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Llobarro atlàntic ratllat ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Exemplar capturat a Nova Jersey
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Llobarros atlàntics a l'aquàrium de Baltimore
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Llobarro atlàntic comparat amb una llauna
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Exemplar del riu Coosa (Alabama, els Estats Units)

El llobarro atlàntic ratllat (Morone saxatilis) és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels morònids.[5]

Descripció

  • Pot arribar a fer 200 cm de llargària màxima[6] (normalment, en fa 120)[7] i 57 kg de pes.[8]
  • Cos comprimit lateralment.
  • Pot ésser de color verd clar, oliva, blau acerat, negre o marró al dors. Ventre blanc iridescent.
  • Boca terminal i grossa.
  • Dues aletes dorsals separades.
  • 9-11 espines i 10-13 radis tous a l'aleta dorsal i 3 espines i 7-13 radis tous a l'anal.
  • Té entre sis i nou franges contínues laterals a ambdós flancs.
  • La tercera espina de l'aleta anal és més llarga i prima que la segona.[9][10]

Reproducció

Té lloc quan la temperatura arriba als 18 °C als rius o estuaris on es realitzarà l'aparellament (com ara, el rius Hudson[11] i Roanoke o la badia de Chesapeake). La femella pot arribar a dipositar entre 500.000 i 3 milions d'ous però menys d'1% dels embrions arribaran a sobreviure més d'un parell de mesos després de l'eclosió.[12] Els pares no protegeixen ni els ous ni les larves i els embrions van a la deriva durant 1,5-3 dies. La maduresa sexual és assolida pels mascles en arribar als 2-4 anys d'edat i per les femelles entre els 5 i els 8.[10][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

Alimentació

Les larves mengen zooplàncton; els juvenils gambetes i d'altres crustacis, anèl·lids i insectes,[21][22] mentre que els adults es nodreixen d'una gran varietat de peixos[23] i invertebrats (calamars, crancs, cucs de mar i amfípodes), amb la particularitat que deixen d'alimentar-se poc abans de la fresa.[9][24][25][26][27][28]

Depredadors

És depredat per taurons,[29] pinnípedes, gàdids (Microgadus tomcod i Gadus morhua), el lluç platejat (Merluccius bilinearis), Morone saxatilis (el canibalisme hi és present), el tallahams (Pomatomus saltator), Cyclops bicuspidatus[30] i la llampresa de mar (Petromyzon marinus).[10][31][32]

Paràsits

Els seus paràsits inclouen Ergasilus labracid, Scolex pleuronectis, larves de cestodes, Colponema, Trichodina, Glossatella, Myxosoma morone, Philometra rubra i Pomphorhynchus rocci, entre d'altres.[10]

Hàbitat

És un peix d'aigua dolça (entra als rius a la primavera per fresar), salabrosa i marina, anàdrom,[33] demersal i de clima temperat (8 °C-25 °C;[34] 51°N-24°N, 94°W-44°W), el qual viu a les aigües costaneres i les badies. N'hi ha poblacions mancades de sortida al mar.[9][35][36]

Distribució geogràfica

És originari de l'Atlàntic occidental: des del riu Sant Llorenç[37] (el Canadà)[38][39] fins al riu St. John's River (el nord de Florida) i el nord del golf de Mèxic,[34] i, també, des de l'oest de Florida fins a Louisiana. Ha estat introduït a altres països i territoris[40] (com ara, l'Argentina,[41] l'Equador, les illes Hawaii,[42][43] l'Iran,[44] Mèxic,[45] Rússia, Sud-àfrica, Turquia[46] i Letònia).[9][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]

Observacions

És inofensiu per als humans i la seua esperança de vida és de 30 anys.[9][64][65][66]

Referències

  1. ↑ Mitchill S. L., 1814. Report, in part, of Samuel L. Mitchill, M. D., ... on the fishes of New-York. Nova York. Rept. Fish N. Y. 1-28.
  2. ↑ uBio (anglès)
  3. ↑ Walbaum, J. J., 1792. Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium. In quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Ichthyologiae pars III. Ant. Ferdin. Rose, Grypeswaldiae (Greifswald). Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium. In quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Pt. 3: [i-viii] + 1-723, Pls. 1-3.
  4. ↑ Catalogue of Life (anglès)
  5. ↑ The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  6. ↑ Page, L.M. i B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 432 p.
  7. ↑ Frimodt, C., 1995. Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, Anglaterra. 215 p.
  8. ↑ Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald i H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 336 p.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 FishBase (anglès)
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Animal Diversity Web (anglès)
  11. ↑ Dey, W.P., 1981. Mortality and growth of young-of-the-year striped bass in the Hudson River estuary. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110(1):151-157.
  12. ↑ Bailey, K.M. i E.D. Houde, 1989. Predation on eggs and larvae of marine fishes and the recruitment problem. Adv. Mar. Biol. 25:1-83.
  13. ↑ Breder, C.M. i D.E. Rosen, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, Nova Jersey, Estats Units. 941 p.
  14. ↑ Carmichael, J.T., S.L. Haeseker i J.E. Hightower, 1998. Spawning migration of telemetered striped bass in the Roanoke River, North Carolina. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 127(2):286-297.
  15. ↑ Chesney, E.J., 1986. Multiple environmental factors as determinants of survival and growth in larval striped bass, Morone saxatilis. ICES C.M. 1986/M:26. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhaguen.
  16. ↑ Eldridge, M.B., J.A. Whipple i M.J. Bowers, 1982. Bioenergetics and growth of striped bass, Morone saxatilis, embryos and larvae. Fish. Bull. 80:461-474.
  17. ↑ Eldridge, M.B., J.A. Whipple, D. Eng, M.J. Bowers i B.M. Jarvis, 1981. Effects of food and feeding factors on laboratory-reared striped bass larvae. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110(1):111-120.
  18. ↑ Mansueti, R., 1958. Eggs, larvae and young of the striped bass, Roccus saxatilis. Md. Dept. Res. Educ. Chesapeake Lab. Contrib. (112):1-35.
  19. ↑ Rogers, B.A. i D.T. Westin, 1981. Laboratory studies on effects of temperature and delayed initial development of striped bass larvae. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110(1):100-110.
  20. ↑ Scotton, L.N., R.E. Smith, N.S. Smith, K.S. Price i D.P. de Sylva, 1973. Pictorial guide to fish larvae of Delaware Bay: with information and bibliographies useful for the study of fish larvae. Delaware Bay Report Series. Vol. 7. College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware. 205 p.
  21. ↑ Etnier, D.A. i W.C. Starnes, 1993. The fishes of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville (Tennessee), Estats Units.
  22. ↑ Scott, W.B. i E.J. Crossman, 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184:1-966.
  23. ↑ Scott, W.B. i M.G. Scott, 1988. Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219: 731 p.
  24. ↑ Dew, C.B., 1988. Stomach contents of commercially caught Hudson River striped bass, Morone saxatilis, 1973-75. Fish. Bull. 86(2):397-401.
  25. ↑ Ozkizilcik, S. i F.-L.E. Chu, 1994. Evaluation of omega-3 fatty acid enrichment of Artemia nauplii as food for striped bass Morone saxatilis Walbaum larvae. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 25(1):147-154.
  26. ↑ Stevens, D.E., 1966. Food habits of striped bass, Roccus saxatilis in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. P. 68-96. A: J.L. Turner i D. W. Kelly (comp.). Ecological studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Part II Fishes of the Delta, Fish. Bull. 136.
  27. ↑ Tupper, M. i K.W. Able, 2000. Movements and food habits of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Delaware Bay (USA) salt marshes: comparison of a restored and a reference marsh. Mar. Biol. 137(5-6):1049-1058.
  28. ↑ Walter, J.F. III i H.M. Austin, 2003. Diet composition of large striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Chesapeake Bay. Fish Bull. 101(2):414-423.
  29. ↑ Ebert, D.A., 1991. Observations on the predatory behavior of the sevengill shark Notorhynchus cepedianus. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 11:455-465.
  30. ↑ Smith, R.E. i R.J. Kernehan, 1981. Predation by the free-living copepod, Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi on larvae of the striped bass and white perch. Estuaries 1981 21(4):32-38.
  31. ↑ Hardisty, M.W., 1986. Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus, 1758). P. 94-116. A: J. Holcík (ed.). The Freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 1, Part 1. Petromyzontiformes.
  32. ↑ FishBase (anglès)
  33. ↑ Riede, K., 2004. Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Alemanya. 329 p.
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Van Den Avyle, M.J. i J.W. Evans, 1990. Temperature selection by striped bass in a Gulf of Mexico coastal river system. N. Amer. J. Fish. Manage. 10:58-66.
  35. ↑ Robins, C.R. i G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 354 p.
  36. ↑ Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald i H. Hammann, 1983.
  37. ↑ Robichaud-LeBlanc, K.A., S.C. Courtenay i T.J. Benfey, 1998. Distribution and growth of young-of-the-year striped bass in the Miramichi River Estuary, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 127(1):56-69.
  38. ↑ Scott, W.B. i E.J. Crossman, 1969. Checklist of Canadian freshwater fishes with keys for identification. Life Sci. Misc. Publ. Roy. Ont. Mus. 104 p.
  39. ↑ Coker, G.A., C.B. Portt i C.K. Minns, 2001. Morphological and ecological characteristics of Canadian freshwater fishes. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Núm. 2554. 89 p.
  40. ↑ Chiba, K., Y. Taki, K. Sakai i Y. Oozeki, 1989. Present status of aquatic organisms introduced into Japan. P. 63-70. A: S.S. De Silva (ed.). Exotic aquatic organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Spec. Publ. Asian Fish. Soc. 3, 154 p.
  41. ↑ Vigliano, P.H. i G. Darrigran, 2002. Argentina's Freshwater Systems, Aliens in Wonderland. P. 25-44. A: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species.
  42. ↑ Randall, J.E., 1987. Introductions of marine fishes to the Hawaiian Islands. Bull. Mar. Sci. 41(2):490-502.
  43. ↑ Maciolek, J.A., 1984. Exotic fishes in Hawaii and other islands of Oceania. P. 131-161. A: W.R. Courtenay, Jr. i J.R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.). Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  44. ↑ Coad, B.W., 1995. Freshwater fishes of Iran. Acta Sci. Nat. Acad. Sci. Brno. 29(1):1-64.
  45. ↑ Contreras-Balderas, S. i M.A. Escalante-C., 1984. Distribution and known impacts of exotic fishes in Mexico. P. 102-130. A: W.R. Courtenay, Jr. i J.R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.). Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  46. ↑ Innal, D. i F. Erk'akan, 2006. Effects of exotic and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Turkey. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 16:39-50.
  47. ↑ FishBase (anglès)
  48. ↑ Bigelow, H.B. i W.C. Schroeder, 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 53:1-577.
  49. ↑ Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels i M.D. Grosslein, 2000. Food of northwest Atlantic fishes and two common species of squid. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE 155, 138 p.
  50. ↑ Collins, B.W., 1982. Growth of adult striped bass in the Sacramento-San Joaquin estuary. Calif. Fish Game 68:39-51.
  51. ↑ Hassan-Williams, C. i T.H. Bonner, 2007. Texas freshwater fishes. Texas State University- San Marcos: Biology Department/ Aquatic Station.
  52. ↑ Holcík, J., 1991. Fish introductions in Europe with particular reference to its central and eastern part. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (Suppl. 1):13-23.
  53. ↑ Ma, X., X. Bangxi, W. Yindong i W. Mingxue, 2003. Intentionally introduced and transferred fishes in China's inland waters. Asian Fish. Sci. 16(3&4):279-290.
  54. ↑ Missouri Department of Conservation, 2008. Fish of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation.
  55. ↑ Perley, M.H., 1852. Reports of the sea and river fisheries of New Brunswick. Fredericton, N.B. 294 p.
  56. ↑ Scofield, E.C., 1931. The striped bass of California (Roccus lineatus). Div. Fish. Games Calif. Fish. Bull. 29:82 p.
  57. ↑ Scofield, N.B. i H.C. Bryant, 1926. The striped bass in California. Calif. Fish Game 12(2):55-74.
  58. ↑ Vasil'eva, E.D., 2003. Main alterations in ichthyofauna of the largest rivers of the northern coast of the Black Sea in the last 50 years: A review. Folia Zool. 52(4):337-358.
  59. ↑ Vladykov, V.D. i D.H. Wallace, 1952. Studies of the striped bass, Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum), with special reference to the Chesapeake Bay region during 1936-1938. Bull. Bingham Ocean. Col. 14(1):132-177.
  60. ↑ Welcomme, R.L., 1988. International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 294. 318 p.
  61. ↑ Wilber, D.H., D.G. Clarke, M.H. Burlas, H. Ruben i R.J. Will, 2003. Spatial and temporal variability in surf zone fish assemblages on the coast of northern New Jersey. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 56(2):291-304.
  62. ↑ Wirgin, I.I., C. Grunwald, S.J. Garte i C. Mesing, 1991. Use of DNA fingerprinting in the identification and management of a striped bass population in the southeastern United States. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 120(3):273-282.
  63. ↑ Xie, Y., Z. Lin, W.P. Gregg i D. Li, 2001. Invasive species in China - an overview. Biodivers. Conserv. 10:1317-1341.
  64. ↑ Fiedler, K., 1991. Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie. Band II: Wirbeltiere. 2. Teil: Fische. D. Starck (ed.). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. 498 p.
  65. ↑ Flower, M.S.S., 1925. Contributions to our knowledge of the duration of life in vertebrate animals - I. Fishes. Proc. of the Zool. Soc. of London 1925(1):247-267.
  66. ↑ Robinson, J.B., 1960. The age and growth of striped bass (Roccus saxatilis) in California. Calif. Fish Game 46:279-290.


Bibliografia

  • Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
  • Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
  • Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.), 1998. Catalog of fishes. Publicació especial de la California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p.
  • Freadman, M.A., 1979. Swimming energetics of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and bluefish (Pomatomous saltatrix): gill ventilation and swimming metabolism. J. Exp. Biol. 83:217-230.
  • Freadman, M.A., 1981. Swimming energetics of stiped bass (Morone saxatilis) and bluefish (Pomatomous saltatrix): hydrodynamic correlates of locomotion and gill ventilation. J. Exp. Biol. 90:253-265.
  • Garibaldi, L., 1996. List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p.
  • Gray, I.E., 1954. Comparative study of the gill area of marine fishes. Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole 107:219-225.
  • Hinegardner, R. i D.E. Rosen, 1972. Cellular DNA content and the evolution of teleostean fishes. Am. Nat. 106(951): 621-644.
  • Jelks, H.L., S.J. Walsh, N.M. Burkhead, S. Contreras-Balderas, E. Díaz-Pardo, D.A. Hendrickson, J. Lyons, N.E. Mandrak, F. McCormick, J.S. Nelson, S.P> Platania, B.A. Porter, C.B. Renaud, J.J. Schmitter-Soto, E.B. Taylor i M.L. Warren, Jr., 2008. Conservation status of imperiled North American freshwater and diadromous fishes. Fisheries 33(8): 372-407.
  • Kruger, R.L. i R.W. Brocksen, 1978. Respiratory metabolism of striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), in relation to temperature. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 31:55-66.
  • Laughlin, T.F. i B.J. Turner, 1996. Hypervariable DNA markers reveal high genetic variability within striped bass populations of the lower Chesapeake Bay. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 125(1):49-55.
  • Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea i J.D. Williams, 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland, Estats Units.
  • Neumann, D.A., J.M. O'Connor i J.A. Sherk, Jr., 1981. Oxygen consumption of white perch (Morone americana), striped bass (M. saxatilis) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 69A:467-478.
  • Pauly, D., 1978. A preliminary compilation of fish length growth parameters. Ber. Inst. Meereskd. Christian-Albrechts-Univ. Kiel (55):1-200.
  • Rachlin, J.W., A.P. Beck i J.M. O'Connor, 1978. Karyotypic analysis of Hudson river striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Copeia (2):343-345.
  • Raney, E.C., 1952. The life history of the striped bass, Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum). Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Collect. 14(1):5-97.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.
  • Setler, E.M., W.R. Boynton, K.V. Wood, H.H. Zion, L. Lubbers, N.K. Mountford, P. Frere, L. Tucker i J.A. Mihursky, 1980. Synopsis of biological data on striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum). NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circular 433, FAO Synopsis Núm. 121.
  • Wirgin, I.I. i L. Maceda, 1991. Development and use of striped bass-specific RFLP probes. J. Fish Biol. 39 (Suppl. A):159-167.
  • Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.


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Llobarro atlàntic ratllat: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA
src= Exemplar capturat a Nova Jersey src= Llobarros atlàntics a l'aquàrium de Baltimore src= Llobarro atlàntic comparat amb una llauna src= Exemplar del riu Coosa (Alabama, els Estats Units)

El llobarro atlàntic ratllat (Morone saxatilis) és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels morònids.

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