dcsimg

Comments ( англиски )

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This is one of the first plants to colonize the seashore. It is an efficient sand binder and a common saltmarsh plant, where it may form pure stands. It is sometimes also found in inland saline marshes.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of China Vol. 22: 526, 528 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( англиски )

добавил eFloras
Annuals; culm long creeping, stoloniferous, flowering culm 6-60 cm tall, nodes glabrous. Blade 2.5-15 cm long, 3-8 mm wide; sheath longer than internode, often keeled, margins membranaceous; ligule membranaceous, truncate, 0.5-1 mm long. Racemes usually 2, conjugate or closely approximate; rachis 1-2 mm wide, 3-angular, often zigzag. Spikelet solitary, imbricate, elliptic, 3.5-4 mm long; lower glume absent; upper glume and lower lemma equal, thin, weakly 5-veined; lower lemma often transversely undulate; upper lemma 2.5-3 mm long, slightly concave-convex, with a tuft of short hairs at apex; upper palea ca. 2/3 as long as upper lemma; anther ca. 1.5 mm long.
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Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( англиски )

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Perennial with short rhizome and long stolons. Culms solitary or tufted, many-noded, 10–50 cm tall. Leaf sheaths imbricate, often keeled, margins membranous; leaf blades distichous, linear, rather stiffly ascending, 2.5–15 × 0.3–0.8 cm, apex acute; ligule 0.5–1 mm. Inflorescence of (1–)2(–3) racemes arising together at culm apex; racemes 2–5 cm, usually closely approximate when young, later spreading; spikelets single, in 2 rows; rachis 1–2 mm wide. Spikelets pale brownish green, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, strongly flattened, 3.5–4 mm, acute; lower glume absent or rarely a tiny vestige; upper glume thinly papery, weakly 5-veined, midvein often suppressed, glabrous; lower lemma resembling upper glume; upper lemma pale green, 2.5–3 mm, shorter than spikelet, cartilaginous, apex minutely pubescent. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.
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Flora of China Vol. 22: 526, 528 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Tropics and subtropics of the Old World. Taiwan, halophilous.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
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Chang-Sheng Kuoh
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Habitat & Distribution ( англиски )

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Sandy seashores, swamps, along the margins of slow-moving streams. Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Yunnan [tropics and subtropics throughout the world].
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Flora of China Vol. 22: 526, 528 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Synonym ( англиски )

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Digitaria vaginata (Swartz) Magnier ex Debeaux; Paspalum distichum subsp. vaginatum (Swartz) Maire; Paspalum distichum var. vaginatum (Swartz) Grisebach; Sanguinaria vaginata (Swartz) Bubani.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of China Vol. 22: 526, 528 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Distribution ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Chile Central
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Universidad de Santiago de Chile
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Distribution ( шпански; кастиљски )

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II, III, IV, V, RM, VII, X
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Comprehensive Description ( англиски )

добавил North American Flora
Paspalum vaginatum Sw. Prodr. 21. 1788
Digiiaria foliosa Lag. Gen. Sp. PI. 4. 1816.
Paspalum tristachyum Le Conte, Jour, de Phys. 91 : 285. 1820.
Digitaria tristachya Schultes, in R. & S. Syst. Veg. Mant. 2 : 261. 1824.
Paspalum foHosum Kunth, R^v. Gram. 25. 1829.
Paspalum injiaium. A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11 : 298. 1850.
Paspalum, distichum. vaginatumSw.; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 541. 1864.
Paspalum. reimarioides Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. ed. 2. 665. 1883.
A perennial with long stout branched rootstocks, flat or involute leaf-blades, and
glabrous spikelets. Stems 2-6 dm. tall; leaf -sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded
and overlapping, at least at the base and on the innovations, glabrous; blades 1.5
dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, folded or involute when dry, glabrous, or sparingly hairy
above at the very base; racemes terminal, usually in pairs at the apex of the stem, rarely
more or single, erect or ascending, 3-7 cm. long, the rachis about 1 mm. wide; spikelets singly
disposed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, the first scale wanting, or rarely present, the
second and third scales thin, usually more or less wrinkled when dry, the second scale usually
4-nerved by the suppression of the midnerve, the lateral nerves approximate at the margin,
the third scale 5-nerved, the lateral nerves rather near together, the fruiting scale sometimes
with a few hairs at the apex.
Type locality : Jamaica.
Distribution : Florida to Mexico ; Bermuda ; West Indies ; also in tropical South America.
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George Valentine Nash. 1912. (POALES); POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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North American Flora

Physical Description ( англиски )

добавил USDA PLANTS text
Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Rhizomes present, Stolons or runners present, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems mat or turf forming, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath hairy at summit, throat, or collar, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades more or less hairy, Leaf blades scabr ous, roughened, or wrinkled, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence with 2-10 branches, Inflorescence branches 1-sided, Inflorescence branches paired or digitate at a single node, Inflorescence branches paired racemes, V-shaped, Rachis dilated, flat, central axis to which spikelets are attached, Rachis angular, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelet with 1 fertile floret and 1-2 sterile florets, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets secund, in rows on one side of rachis, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes completely absent or reduced to cuplike structur e, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glume equal to or longer than spikelet, Glumes 3 nerved, Lemma similar in texture to glumes, Lemma 3 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma awnless, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea shorter than lemma, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.
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USDA PLANTS text

Paspalum vaginatum ( англиски )

добавил wikipedia EN

Paspalum vaginatum is a species of grass known by many names, including seashore paspalum, biscuit grass, saltwater couch, silt grass, and swamp couch.[1] It is native to the Americas, where it grows in tropical and subtropical regions.[2] It is found throughout the other tropical areas of the world, where it is an introduced species and sometimes an invasive weed.[1] It is also cultivated as a turfgrass in many places.[3]

Description

It is a perennial grass with rhizomes or stolons. The stems grow 10 to 79 centimetres (3.9 to 31.1 in) tall. The leaf blades are 10 to 19 centimetres (3.9 to 7.5 in) long and may be hairless to slightly hairy.[4] They are usually blue-green in color.[5] The panicle is usually a pair of branches up to 7.9 centimetres (3.1 in) long; there is sometimes a third branch below the pair. The branches are lined with oval to lance-shaped spikelets which grow pressed against the branches, making the panicle narrow.[4] This species is similar to bermudagrass.[5][6] It spreads by its rhizomes and stolons, forming a thick turf.[5][7] In the wild this species grows in salt marshes and brackish marshes.[4] The genome of Paspalum vaginatum was sequenced in 2022 and the species' haploid genome was determined to be approximately 590 megabases in size.[8]

Uses

This grass has been bred into cultivars which are used for golf course turf and other landscaping projects. It forms a higher quality turf than bermudagrass in poor conditions, such as wet soils and low light levels, and with fewer nitrogen soil amendments.[2][6] It can grow in lawns that receive rain on 250 days per year, and it can survive being waterlogged or submerged for several days at a time.[3] It tolerates foot traffic.[7] The main advantage of this grass is that it is very salt-tolerant. It can be irrigated with non-potable water, such as greywater, an important advantage in a time when there are increasing restrictions on water use.[6] The grass can even be irrigated with saltwater.[6][7] The grass will be lower in quality than that irrigated with potable water, but it survives.[6] This species has "filled a niche in America", being a better grass to use on turf next to the ocean in places that receive sea spray.[3] "It has the highest salt tolerance of all turfgrasses."[3] It is also more competitive against weeds than similar grasses.[3] Weeds can be controlled by the application of saltwater, in which weeds will die and the grass will survive.[9]

There are many cultivars bred for various uses. These cultivars are highly variable. For example, fine-textured types are used for golf courses, while coarser grass is selected for roadside revegetation.[6] The best-known and oldest cultivar may be 'Adalayd'[3] a grass with a similar texture and blue-green color to Kentucky bluegrass.[2] The cultivar 'Aloha' is a dark green grass used for golf courses and athletic fields. 'Salam', the most common cultivar in Hawaii, is another dark green type suitable for golf courses.[6] The leaves of 'Salam' are glossy on the undersides, giving the field a striped look when it is mowed.[7] 'Seadwarf' is a bright green type that is more resistant to a grass disease called dollar spot than other cultivars.[6]

There are other uses for the grass, including erosion control in sandy coastal areas, its native habitat. It can be used in phytoremediation when the soils are high in heavy metals.[5] It has been shown to survive pollution with crude oil.[10] It can be used to feed livestock and some wild herbivores will graze it.[7]

Wikispecies has information related to Paspalum vaginatum.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paspalum vaginatum.

Truist Park the home ballpark of the Atlanta Braves has Seashore Paspalum Platinum TE as its field surface.

References

  1. ^ a b Paspalum vaginatum. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk.
  2. ^ a b c Duble, R. L. Seashore Paspalum. Aggie Horticulture. Texas A&M System.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Ralish, G. Paspalum vaginatum: An alternative to bermudagrass. Archived 2011-09-07 at the Wayback Machine University of Florida Turf Science.
  4. ^ a b c Paspalum vaginatum. Archived 2012-12-11 at archive.today Grass Manual Treatment.
  5. ^ a b c d Paspalum vaginatum. USDA NRCS Plant Fact Sheet.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Brosnan, J. T. and J. Deputy. Seashore Paspalum. Cooperative Extension, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
  7. ^ a b c d e Paspalum vaginatum. USDA NRCS Plant Guide.
  8. ^ Sun, Guangchao; Wase, Nishikant; Shu, Shengqiang; Jenkins, Jerry; Zhou, Bangjun; Torres-Rodríguez, J. Vladimir; Chen, Cindy; Sandor, Laura; Plott, Chris; Yoshinga, Yuko; Daum, Christopher; Qi, Peng; Barry, Kerrie; Lipzen, Anna; Berry, Luke; Pedersen, Connor; Gottilla, Thomas; Foltz, Ashley; Yu, Huihui; O’Malley, Ronan; Zhang, Chi; Devos, Katrien M.; Sigmon, Brandi; Yu, Bin; Obata, Toshihiro; Schmutz, Jeremy; Schnable, James C. (2022-12-13). "Genome of Paspalum vaginatum and the role of trehalose mediated autophagy in increasing maize biomass". Nature Communications. 13 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35507-8. ISSN 2041-1723.
  9. ^ Zulkaliph, N. A., et al. (2011). Use of saline water for weed control in seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum). Australian Journal of Crop Science 5 523-30.
  10. ^ Bamidele, J. F. and A. Igiri. (2011). Growth of seashore paspalum, (Paspalum vaginatum L) in soil contaminated with crude petroleum oil. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 15(2) 303-306.

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Paspalum vaginatum: Brief Summary ( англиски )

добавил wikipedia EN

Paspalum vaginatum is a species of grass known by many names, including seashore paspalum, biscuit grass, saltwater couch, silt grass, and swamp couch. It is native to the Americas, where it grows in tropical and subtropical regions. It is found throughout the other tropical areas of the world, where it is an introduced species and sometimes an invasive weed. It is also cultivated as a turfgrass in many places.

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Paspalum vaginatum ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Paspalum vaginatum es una especie herbácea y perenne de la familia de las poáceas, originaria de Sudamérica y naturalizada en muchas partes del mundo.

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Vista de la planta
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En su hábitat
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Vista de la planta
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En su hábitat

Descripción

Es una planta cespitosa, de clima templado a cálido; perdiendo color por debajo de 0 ºC; es muy rústica, adaptándose bien al sol como a la sombra. Tolera calor, sequía, compactación del terreno, tránsito intenso, encharcamiento, inundaciones, sombra temporal.

Origen

Es una planta originaria del continente americano, en donde crece en regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Hoy se encuentra distribuida en otras áreas tropicales del mundo en donde ha sido introducida, considerándose incluso como una maleza invasora. También se cultiva como un césped en muchos lugares.

Ecología

Su hábitat son dunas arenosas y áreas salinas de la costa marítima donde, el agua salada y la inundación frecuente por tormentas predominan.

La variedad "Sea Spray" es muy resistente a salinidad y a sodio no soportables por ninguna otra especie. Es fitoacumulador de sales y de metales pesados. Crece muy agresivamente con rizomas y estolones pudiendo cerrar un césped súbitamente. Es menos necesitada de fertilizante que Cynodon ("pasto bermuda"), creciendo poco en altura.

Taxonomía

Paspalum vaginatum fue descrita por Peter Olof Swartz y publicado en Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 21. 1788.[1]

Etimología

El nombre del género deriva del griego paspalos (una especie de mijo).[2]

vaginatum: epíteto latíno que significa "con una vaina"[3]

Sinonimia
  • Digitaria foliosa Lag.
  • Digitaria paspalodes var. longipes (Lange) Willk. & Lange
  • Digitaria tristachya (Lecomte) Schult.
  • Digitaria vaginata (Sw.) Philippe
  • Panicum littorale (R.Br.) Kuntze
  • Panicum vaginatum (Sw.) Godr.
  • Paspalum boryanum J.Presl
  • Paspalum brachiatum Trin. ex Nees
  • Paspalum didactylum Salzm. ex Steud.
  • Paspalum distichum var. anpinense Hayata
  • Paspalum distichum var. littorale (R.Br.) F.M.Bailey
  • Paspalum distichum var. nanum (Döll) Stapf
  • Paspalum distichum var. tristachyum (Schult.) Alph.Wood
  • Paspalum distichum subsp. vaginatum (Sw.) Maire
  • Paspalum distichum var. vaginatum (Sw.) Griseb.
  • Paspalum fissifolium Nees ex Döll
  • Paspalum foliosum (Lag.) Kunth
  • Paspalum furcatum var. fissum Döll
  • Paspalum gayanum É.Desv.
  • Paspalum inflatum A.Rich.
  • Paspalum jaguaense León
  • Paspalum kleinianum J.Presl
  • Paspalum kora J.R.Forst. ex Spreng.
  • Paspalum littorale R.Br.
  • Paspalum moandaense Vanderyst
  • Paspalum reimarioides Chapm.
  • Paspalum reptans Poir. ex Döll
  • Paspalum squamatum Steud.
  • Paspalum tristachyum J.Le Conte
  • Paspalum vaginatum var. littorale (R.Br.) Trin.
  • Sanguinaria vaginata (Sw.) Bubani[4]

Nombre común

Grama de agua, césped del mar, gramilla blanca, grama, chépica, chépica blanca,chipica.

Véase también

Referencias

Bibliografía

  1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  2. Correa A., M.D., C. Galdames & M. Stapf. 2004. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1–599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá.
  3. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  4. Cowan, C. P. 1983. Flora de Tabasco. Listados Floríst. México 1: 1–123.
  5. Davidse, G., M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater. 1994. Alismataceae a Cyperaceae. 6: i–xvi, 1–543. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Fl. Mesoamer.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F.
  6. Döll, J.C. 1877. Gramineae I. Paniceae. 2(2B): 34–342, t. 12–49. In C. F. P. von Martius (ed.) Fl. Bras.. F. Fleischer, Monachii & Lipsiae. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
  7. Espejo Serna, A., A. R. López-Ferrari & J. Valdés-Reyna. 2000. Poaceae. Monocot. Mexic. Sinopsis Floríst. 10: 7–236 [and index].
  8. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2006. Flora of China (Poaceae). 22: 1–733. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
  9. Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil https://web.archive.org/web/20150906080403/http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Río de Janeiro.
  10. Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. View in Biodiversity Heritage Library
  11. Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).

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Paspalum vaginatum: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

добавил wikipedia ES

Paspalum vaginatum es una especie herbácea y perenne de la familia de las poáceas, originaria de Sudamérica y naturalizada en muchas partes del mundo.

 src= Vista de la planta  src= En su hábitat  src= Vista de la planta  src= En su hábitat
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Paspalum vaginatum ( португалски )

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Paspalum vaginatum é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Poaceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é Sw., tendo sido publicada em Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 21. 1788.[1]

Portugal

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental, no Arquipélago dos Açores e no Arquipélago da Madeira.

Em termos de naturalidade é introduzida nas três regiões atrás referidas.

Protecção

Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.

Referências

  1. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 7 de Outubro de 2014 http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25509847>

Bibliografia

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Paspalum vaginatum: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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Paspalum vaginatum é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Poaceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é Sw., tendo sido publicada em Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 21. 1788.

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Paspalum vaginatum ( виетнамски )

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Paspalum vaginatum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được Sw. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Paspalum vaginatum. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 6 năm 2013.

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Paspalum vaginatum: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Paspalum vaginatum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được Sw. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.

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海雀稗 ( кинески )

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二名法 Paspalum vaginatum
Sw.

海雀稗学名Paspalum vaginatum)为禾本科雀稗属下的一个种。

参考文献

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海雀稗: Brief Summary ( кинески )

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海雀稗(学名:Paspalum vaginatum)为禾本科雀稗属下的一个种。

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サワスズメノヒエ ( јапонски )

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サワスズメノヒエ Paspalum vaginatum 分類APG III : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 Angiosperms 階級なし : 単子葉類 Monocots 階級なし : ツユクサ類 Commelinids : イネ目 Poales : イネ科 Poaceae 亜科 : キビ亜科 Panicoideae : キビ連 Paniceae : スズメノヒエ属 Paspalum : サワスズメノヒエ
P. vaginatum 学名 Paspalum vaginatum Swartz. 和名 サワスズメノヒエ 英名 Seashore paspalum

サワスズメノヒエ Paspalum vaginatum Swartz. は、イネ科植物の一つ。熱帯を中心に海岸に生える。近年は芝生として利用される。

概説[編集]

匍匐性で、この属では小型種である。よく匍匐枝を伸ばし、短い花茎の上に穂が2本出てV字を描く点など、全体にキシュウスズメノヒエに似て、区別が難しい場合もある。

この種は耐塩性が高く、塩性湿地など様々な海岸に生え、沖縄では海岸植生の代表的なものの一つである。他方、近年はその性質を利用し、シーショアパスパルムの名で芝生として利用される。

特徴[編集]

匍匐性の多年生草本[1]。水平に走る根茎と匍匐枝を持ち、大きな集団を作る[2]。草丈は高さ50-80cmに達することもある。茎の基部は長く、横に伸びて節から根を出して匍匐する。葉身は長さ4-10cm、幅は2-4mmあるが、その縁が内側に巻いて幅2mm以下に見えることが多い。葉鞘の口部には長い毛があるが、それ以外には全体にほぼ無毛。

花期は7-8月。立ち上がった花茎の先端から2本、時に3本(希に5本まで[3])の総(小穂の並ぶ枝)を出す。総はV字状に斜めに立つが、後に大きく左右に広がり、また反対に曲がる[4]。総の下面に小穂を2列につける。小穂は長卵形で先端が尖り、長さ3.5-4mmで緑色。第一包穎はなく、第二包穎は花軸側で、小穂と同大で無毛、第一小花は不稔でその護穎は外側にあって、平坦で5脈を持つが、中脈は弱い。稔性のある第二小花の護穎は革質で光沢があり、両縁が巻き込んで内穎を抱く。

分布[編集]

世界の熱帯・亜熱帯に広く分布する。これには原産地は新熱帯であり、それ以外の分布地はここから広がったとする説もある[5]。日本では屋久島以南、奄美から琉球列島に分布する。

生育環境[編集]

主に海岸沿い、特に塩性湿地に生育する。沖縄ではマングローブ林の周辺部にサワスズメノヒエ群集が成立する。マングローブ林中流域の縁に沿って発達するもので、本種の他にメヒルギオヒルギなどの実生苗が見られ、また場所によってはハイキビタイワンカモノハシが混じる。さらにマングローブに土砂が流入して陸化したところにも他種に混じって出現する[6]。また数は多くないが砂浜岩礁海岸でも隙間に溜まった砂地に出現する。

実験的には低濃度であれば塩分が多い方が生長量が増加することが確かめられており、これは双子葉類の真性の塩性植物にも見られる特徴である[7]

ただし国外では必ずしも海岸線に生育するとは限らず、タイでは標高1200mまで生育するとのこと[8]

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    生育状況・岩礁上(沖縄)

  •  src=

    同:泥地水路脇(沖縄)

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    同(オアフ島)

類似種[編集]

日本産の同属ではキシュウスズメノヒエが非常によく似ている。草姿も花穂もよく似ているが、本種では葉の縁が巻き込むこと、キシュウの方が淡水性であるのに対して本種は海水の影響のある所に生えることでほぼ区別できる。より厳密には本種では小穂の長さが幅のほぼ3倍であること(キシュウでは約2倍)、第二包穎が無毛(キシュウでは微毛がある)、第一小花の護穎の中脈が細くて明瞭でないこと(キシュウでは明瞭)などで区別される。

利害[編集]

元来は海岸性の野生植物であり、特に利害に関係のない植物であった。だが、近年になってその耐塩性の強さを利用し、暖地の海岸沿いでの芝生として用いられるようになった。その方面での商品名はシーショアパスパルム(あるいは-パスパラム)Seashore paspalum である。そのため熱帯から亜熱帯域におけるスポーツ施設や住宅での芝生として普及しつつある[9]

耐塩性が強いことは、塩害に耐性があることを意味する。また、海岸に近い地域では得られる水に塩分を含むことが多く、真水を芝生の維持に利用するのは大きなエネルギーの浪費となる。そのため清浄な水は飲用などに限定し、再利用の水や塩分を含んだ水をそれ以外の用途に用いようとの方向性がある。この種を芝生に使えば、塩分を含んだ水を、さらには海水そのものをも灌漑に利用できる。1980年代にハワイゴルフ場に最初に導入され、広く使用されるに至った。ゴルフ場の芝生としては他にカリフォルニア、テキサス、中東、南アフリカ、アルゼンチン、中国、タイ、インドネシア、フィリピンなどで使われている。ポロの試合場に使われた例もある。また、1970年代から砂地にこの種を植栽して安定させ、緑化するためにも用いられている。そのほか、飼料としての利用もアフリカ、オーストラリア、南北アメリカから報告されている[10]

Duncan et al. (2000) では環境適合型の芝生として、様々な成長を制限する要因への耐性や病害虫への耐性、人間による攪乱への抵抗性などを挙げ、それらによく適合する種として本種を示している。それによるとこの種は系統にもよるが海水並みの塩分にも耐性を示し、pHでは3.6-10.2まで、干ばつに対してもムカデシバcentipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) に並ぶほどで、バミューダグラスギョウギシバ属 Cynodon spp.)より強い。また雨期やドームでの光不足にも耐性がある[11]

  •  src=

    芝生に仕立てたもの

  •  src=

    植物の様子

  •  src=

    解説板の拡大

出典[編集]

  1. ^ 記載は主として長田 (1993), p.584
  2. ^ 初島 (1975), p.689
  3. ^ 初島 (1975), p.689
  4. ^ 初島 (1975), p.689
  5. ^ Duncan et al. (2000), p.18
  6. ^ 新城 (1984), p.168
  7. ^ Shonubi & Okusanya (2007)
  8. ^ Norsaengsri & Chantaranothai (2008), p.119
  9. ^ Nuessly et al. (2008), p.586
  10. ^ Duncan et al. (2000), p.24
  11. ^ Duncan et al. (2000), p.4

参考文献[編集]

  • 長田武正、『日本のイネ科植物図譜(増補版)』(1993)(平凡社)
  • 初島住彦『琉球植物誌(追加・訂正版)』, (1975), 沖縄生物教育研究会
  • 新城和治ほか、「沖縄県の植物」、『沖縄の生物』(1984)、日本生物教育学会沖縄大会「沖縄の生物」編集委員会、p.167-189
  • Norsaengsri M. & P. Chantaranothai, 2008 A Revised Taxonomic Account of Paspalum L. (Poaceae) in Thailand. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkon University 8(2):p.99-119.
  • Nuessly G. S. et al. 2008. Biology and Biotype Determination of Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on Seashore Paspalum Turfgrass (Paspalum vaginatum). Environmental Entomology Vol.37(2):p.586-591.
  • Olusola O. Shonubi & O. T. Okusanya 2007. The Growth and Physiological Responce of Paspalum vaginatum S. W. and Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn. in Relation to Salinity. Asian J. Plant Sci., 6(6):pp.949-956.
  • R. R. Duncan et al., 2000, Seashore Paspalum: The Environmental Turfgrass. John Wiley & Sons,[1]
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サワスズメノヒエ: Brief Summary ( јапонски )

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サワスズメノヒエ Paspalum vaginatum Swartz. は、イネ科植物の一つ。熱帯を中心に海岸に生える。近年は芝生として利用される。

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