dcsimg

Associations ( англиски )

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
1-3 in rows, black, subepidermal pycnidium of Diplodina coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta graminea is saprobic on leaf of Cynodon dactylon
Remarks: season: 9-12

Foodplant / pathogen
sorus of Ustilago cynodontis infects and damages live infllorescence of Cynodon dactylon

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Análisis de riesgo ( шпански; кастиљски )

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6.1.4 Salud

Se han reportedo casos de intoxicación de ganado por contenido de ácido cianhídrico, es uno de los principales causantes de la fiebre del heno en el desierto sonorense (Bukart, 1969; Chambers. &Hawkins, 2004).

6.1.2 Ecológico

Es una aleza común en regiones templadas y subtropicales de todo el mundo. Es un colonizador notable, compite con especies nativas y agrícolas por espacio, humedad, nutrientes y el oxígeno que las plantas nativas necesitan para establecerse. Se considera un invasor sumamente exitoso en zonas ribereñas disturbadas (Chambers &Hawkins, 2004).

6.1.3 Económico

La producción de materia verde/corte/ha se ha reportado hasta de 38 toneladas. Se estima que bajo condiciones de riego puede soportar 4 animales/ha, en invierno y hasta 8 en verano, se recomienda efectuar el pastoreo 30 a 40 días en invierno y cada 20 días en verano (Villegas et al., 1998).
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CONABIO
библиографски навод
CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Cynodon dactylon. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
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Conabio

Comportamiento ( шпански; кастиљски )

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4.4 Conducta

Maleza, su floración durante todo el año y sus eficientes sistemas de propagación hacen de esta gramínea una maleza difícil de combatir y erradicar (Elizondo et al., 1990; Rzedowski &Rzedowski, 2004; Suárez et al., 2004; Villarreal-Quintanilla, 1983).

7.5 Plasticidad ambiental y tolerancia

Tolerante a la sombra, moderadamente tolerante a la sal o a las aguas salobres. Tolera la sequía mediante un mecanismos de latencia, pero prolifera cuando vuelve a tener humedad (Burkart, 1969; Chambers &Hawkins, 2004).
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CONABIO
библиографски навод
CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Cynodon dactylon. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
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Conabio

Descripción ( шпански; кастиљски )

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1.1 Descripción de la especie

Culmos de 10 a 30 cm de largo; delgados, glabros, erectos o decumbentes; con estolones y rizomas. Vainas de 1.5 a 7 cm de largo, generalmente más cortas que los entrenudos, vilosas en el ápice, las inferiores usualmente aquilladas, los bordes membranosos. Lígulas membranosas, ciliadas, de 0.2 a 0.3 mm de largo, a veces vilosas en el dorso. Láminas de 0.5 a 6.5 cm de largo por 1 a 3.5 mm de ancho, aplanadas, en ocasiones dobladas, escabriúsculas, generalmente vilosas detrás de la lígula y en los márgenes inferiores, ocasionalmente en ambas superficies. Inflorescencia una panícula con las ramificaciones primarias digitadas y/o espigadas, 4 a 6, de 1.5 a 6 cm de largo, distribuidas en un verticilo, usualmente radiadas. Espiguillas de 2 a 2.8 mm de largo, adpresas al raquis e imbricadas verde-violáceas. Glumas glumas de 1 a 2.3 mm de largo, glabras, la primera falcada, la segunda lanceolada. Lemas de 2 a 2.6 mm de largo, fuertemente doblada y aquillada, sin arista u ocasionalmente con un corto mucrón. Páleas glabra, tan larga o un poco más corta que la lema; raquilla prolongada, desnuda o llevando una segunda flor, masculina o rudimentaria.Cariópsis de 2 mm de largo por 0.8 mm de ancho de color café claro, seco, alargado, comprimido con dos pequeñas hojitas secas en su base . Flor estambres 3, con anteras de 1 a 1.6 mm, estigmas violáceos en vivo, dehiscentes en la madurez (Burkart, 1969; Correa, 1978; Rzedowski &Rzedowski, 2001; Suárez et al., 2004).
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CONABIO
библиографски навод
CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Cynodon dactylon. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
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Dispersión ( шпански; кастиљски )

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4.3 Forma de dispersión o propagación

Se propaga mediante semilla, rizomas y estolones. Estos dos últimos se establecen fácilmente. Son transportados por animales cosechas, vehículos y maquinaria, así como corrientes de agua. Su uso como forraje y césped contribuye todavía más a su dispersión (Cárdenas et al.,1972; Chambers &Hawkins, 2004; Villarreal-Quintanilla,1983).
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CONABIO
библиографски навод
CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Cynodon dactylon. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
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Esperanza de vida ( шпански; кастиљски )

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4.7 Longevidad

Especie perenne (Rzedowski &Rzedowski, 2001).
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CONABIO
библиографски навод
CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Cynodon dactylon. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
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Conabio

Hábitat ( шпански; кастиљски )

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3.4 Hábitat- SNIB - CONABIO, 2007

Habita en orillas de caminos, terrenos baldíos, jardines, muy frecuente también en parcelas de cultivo, en particular de alfalfa, maíz y garbanzo (Rzedowski &Rzedowski, 2004).
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CONABIO
библиографски навод
CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Cynodon dactylon. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
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Reproducción ( шпански; кастиљски )

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4.5 Reproducción

Se encuentra en floración durante casi todo el año (Rzedowski &Rzedowski, 2004).
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CONABIO
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CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Cynodon dactylon. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
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Usos ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Agropecuario

Esta especie presenta uso agropecuraio calificado de regular a excelente (Burkart, 1969; Cantú-Brito, 2006; Elizondo et al., 1990; Villegas et al., 1998).

1.8 Usos de la especie

En áreas donde se reporta como invasora es usado como césped en la producción de campos deportivos, jardines, parques y en la conservación y protección de suelo. Es recomendado en área con problemas de suelo y con gran tráfico de personas. Existen actualmente en el mercado muchas variedades de esta especie dependiendo de las características muy particulares de cada región (Herrera-Arrieta &Pámanes, 2006; Rosengurtt et al.,1970; Suárez et al., 2004).


Medicinal

Tambien es utilizado como medicinal antidiarreico, utilizan los rizomas como diurético y depurativo ().
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CONABIO
библиографски навод
CONABIO. 2012. Fichas de especie Cynodon dactylon. Sistema de información sobre especies invasoras en México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Basado en: Valdés Reyna, J. 2008. Gramíneas invasoras del noreste de México. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO proyecto EK002. México, D.F.
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Comments ( англиски )

добавил eFloras
This grass has an extremely wide distribution, being found in all warm countries and even persisting in colder climates.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
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Chang-Sheng Kuoh
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Comments ( англиски )

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This is the most widely used lawn grass in warm parts of the world, and it is also an important pasture grass (Bermuda Grass). It is extremely variable and it will readily hybridize with some other Cynodon species.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
библиографски навод
Flora of China Vol. 22: 492, 493 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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eFloras

Comments ( англиски )

добавил eFloras
Dog’s-tooth or Bermuda Grass is highly esteemed as a lawn-grass in India and Pakistan, but it suffers from trampling and overgrazing. It makes excellent hay and is considered a first-class fodder grass in Australia, Pakistan and India.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
библиографски навод
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 117 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
уредник
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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Description ( англиски )

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Spikelets usually 1-flowered, sessile, imbricate in 2 rows on one side of the axis, ovate-oblong, much compressed, about 2 mm long, breaking up at maturity above the glumes, purplish or green; glumes more or less persistent, equal or slightly unequal, narrow, pointed, keeled, 1-nerved, 1.5 mm long, membranous; lemma as long as the spikelet, boat-shaped, blunt, keeled, 3-nerved, firm, densely and minutely hairy on the keel; palea as long as the lemma, 2-keeled; anthers 3, up to 1 mm long. Caryopsis tightly enclosed between the hardened lemma and palea.
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авторски права
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
библиографски навод
Gramineae (Poaceae) in Flora of Taiwan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
извор
Poaceae in Flora of Taiwan @ eFloras.org
уредник
Chang-Sheng Kuoh
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eFloras.org
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eFloras

Description ( англиски )

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Perennial, stoloniferous, also with slender scaly rhizomes, sward forming. Culms slender, 10–40 cm tall. Leaf sheaths bearded at mouth, otherwise glabrous or thinly pilose; leaf blades linear, short and narrow, 1–12 cm, 1–4 mm wide, usually glabrous, apex subacute; ligule a line of hairs. Racemes digitate, (2–)3–6, 2–6 cm, straight or gently curved, rather stiff, spreading; spikelets overlapping by 1/2–2/3 their length. Spikelets 2–2.7 mm; rachilla extension ca. 1 mm, sometimes with minute rudimentary floret at apex; glumes linear-lanceolate, often purplish, usually more than half as long as floret, 1.5–2 mm, 1-veined, keel scabrous, thickened; lemma as long as spikelet, silky villous along keel, hairs straight, otherwise glabrous or lateral veins thinly villous, apex subacute; palea glabrous, keels scaberulous. Anthers more than 1 mm. Caryopsis subterete, scarcely laterally compressed. Fl. and fr. nearly all the year. 2n = 18, 36.
лиценца
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авторски права
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
библиографски навод
Flora of China Vol. 22: 492, 493 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
уредник
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Description ( англиски )

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Stoloniferous sward-forming perennial with slender underground rhizomes. Culms slender, up to 40 cm high. Leaf-blades often short and narrow, 2-12 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, glaucous, scaberulous, with or without scattered hairs, auricles and orifices bearded; ligule a short ciliolate rim about 0.3 mm long. Racemes usually 4-6, 2-7 cm long in a single whorl. Spikelets 2-2.5 (-3) mm long; glumes lanceolate, 1-nerved; lemma silky-pubescent on the keel with simple hairs, lateral nerves often glabrous; palea glabrous, scaberulous on the keels; anthers more than 1 mm long; caryopsis usually turgid or scarcely laterally compressed.
лиценца
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авторски права
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
библиографски навод
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 117 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
уредник
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Widely distributed in all warm countries.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
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K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Hainan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [tropical and warm-temperate regions of the world].
лиценца
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авторски права
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
библиографски навод
Flora of China Vol. 22: 492, 493 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
извор
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
уредник
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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eFloras.org
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Distribution: Pakistan (Sind, Baluchistan, Punjab, N.W.F.P. & Kashmir); tropical and warm temperate regions throughout the world.
лиценца
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
авторски права
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
библиографски навод
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 117 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
извор
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
уредник
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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eFloras

Elevation Range ( англиски )

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100-3000 m
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авторски права
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
библиографски навод
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
извор
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
автор
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
проект
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Flower/Fruit ( англиски )

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Fl. & Fr. Per.: All year round.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
библиографски навод
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 117 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
уредник
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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eFloras

Habitat ( англиски )

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Open disturbed situations, roadsides, field margins, cultivated as a lawn grass; sea level to 2500 m.
лиценца
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авторски права
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
библиографски навод
Flora of China Vol. 22: 492, 493 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
извор
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
уредник
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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eFloras.org
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Common Names ( англиски )

добавил Fire Effects Information System Plants
Bermuda grass
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библиографски навод
Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( англиски )

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Bermuda grass is an introduced, perennial, mat-forming, warm season
grass. It is both rhizomatous and stoloniferous. Erect or ascending
culms grow 0.3 to 1.3 feet (0.1-0.4 m) tall. The panicle has two to
seven digitate branches [40]. Rhizomes are hard, scaly, and 0.06 to
0.13 inch (1.5-3.3 mm) in diameter. Stolons are flattened and several
feet long, rooting at nodes [33]. Main root length per plant of four
cultivars ranged from 2.3 to 37.1 feet (0.7-11.3 m) while total root
length ranged from 43 to 4,854 feet (13.0-1,480 m). Root hairs
contributed 64 to 95 percent of the total root length [32].
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Effects Information System Plants

Distribution ( англиски )

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Bermuda grass, native to Africa, occurs throughout the world in tropical
to warm temperate climates between 45 degrees north and 45 degrees south
latitude [58]. In the United States Bermuda grass is most common in the
subtropical regions from southern California east to the Gulf Coast and
southeastern states. It is adventive north to Washington, Idaho, Utah,
Colorado, Iowa, Michigan, New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire
[25,28,31,41]. Populations occurring in cool temperate climates may be
winter hardy cultivars [5].
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: fire regime, grassland

In its native Africa, Bermuda grass occurs in grassland communities that
regularly experience fire [5]. In North America, Bermuda grass has
established in plant communities that experience fire such as grasslands
and pine and oak forests. Grassland fires tend to burn quickly,
consuming aboveground fuels but usually not heating the soil enough to
damage rootstocks [82]. The ability of Bermuda grass to reproduce from
rhizomes probably enables it to survive most fires [80].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
лиценца
cc-publicdomain
библиографски навод
Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: backfire, headfire

Early spring prescribed burning is regularly used in Bermuda grass
pastures to remove old stubble and manure, reduce insects and disease,
control woody sprouts, and reduce weeds [34,36,45,56,57,62]. Prescribed
burning of Bermuda grass may control leaf spot and stem blight caused by
Helminthosporium spiciferum and H. rostratum [36]. Hamilton [34]
recommended burning only in years with sufficient soil moisture to
promote rapid postfire growth. However, in areas with high rainfall (30
to 40 inches [760-1,020 mm]) or where irrigation is available, burning
can be done on an annual basis [34]. Pinkerton and Rice [62] reported
that some cultivars can be burned as often as needed with either
headfires or backfires. Burning should take place while plants are
still dormant. The recommended time is 1 week before the average date
of the last killing frost [34,56].

Average dry matter yield of Bermuda grass pasture burned March 1 in
Georgia was 832 pounds per acre (1,000 kg/ha) higher than yields of
unburned controls. Digestibility and crude protein content of the
Bermuda grass were not affected by burning. Because of an increase in
absorbed solar radiation, burning increased the soil temperatures at 1-,
2-, and 4-inch (2.5, 5, and 10 cm) depths for 2 to 3 weeks after
burning. Dry matter yields were positively related to soil
temperatures, but the relationship was subject to the modifying
influences of rainfall, air temperature, and soil fertility [56].

Morris [57] reported that burning Bermuda grass pastures had differing
effects on forage yields depending on fertilization levels. Yields
increased by 1,017 pounds per acre (1,140 kg/ha) after annual spring
burning followed by a high level of fertilization on a Georgia site, but
yields remained unchanged with medium and low levels of fertilization.
Burning reduced weeds regardless of fertilization level. Burning on
April 1 provided better weed control than burning on January 1 or March
1 [57].

The effects of fire on Bermuda grass yield vary among cultivars.
Pinkerton and Rice [62] investigated the effects of annual March
backfires and headfires on the yields of six Bermuda grass cultivars.
After 3 years of annual burning, yields of `Coastal,' `Common,'
`Brazos,' and `Tifton 44' were unaffected by either backfire or
headfire; `Tifton 78' was reduced by backfire only; and `Grazer' was
reduced by both backfire and headfire. Fire-related yield reductions
occurred during only the first two of the five yearly harvests. Yield
reductions appeared to be related to how stoloniferous the cultivar was,
with the more stoloniferous cultivars showing greater reductions,
particularly when burned with backfires which traveled more slowly than
headfires [62].

Spring burning prior to urea application may decrease the amount of
gaseous ammonia lost when urea reacts with organic matter. In a Georgia
study Bermuda grass yields from fields burned and fertilized with urea
did not differ significantly from fields fertilized with ammonium
nitrate fertilizer [45].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( англиски )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: geophyte, hemicryptophyte

Geophyte
Hemicryptophyte
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( англиски )

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Although adaptable to most soil types, Bermuda grass grows best on
fertile, sandy to silty soils or alluvium [75,81].

Bermuda grass occurs in regions that receive more than 16 inches (410
mm) of rainfall a year. In areas with less rainfall, it requires a
surface source of water or irrigation [75]. Bermuda grass is classified
as a facultative to facultative upland species [67]. In the
southwestern United States, Bermuda grass occurs in irrigated areas and
along streambanks [40,85]. Bermuda grass can expand a short distance
into the upland by transferring water via stolons. In a laboratory
study, Bermuda grass plants in separate moist and dry-soil compartments
transferred water from one compartment to the other [79]. In Organ Pipe
National Monument, Arizona, Bermuda grass occurs in damp areas but shows
no tendency to spread [6].

Bermuda grass has deep roots and is capable of extending roots during
drought stress. Ten cultivars distributed at least some roots 47 to 59
inches (120-150 cm) deep during a drought stress laboratory test. The
bulk of the root mass was within the top 24 inches (60 cm) [38].

Bermuda grass is susceptible to cold temperatures, especially those
occurring in the early winter. Anderson and others [2] studied the
freeze tolerance of six cultivars grown in containers and held
overnight at freezing temperatures. The temperature resulting in fifty
percent mortality ranged from 15 degrees Fahrenheit (-9.6 deg C) to 18
degrees Fahrenheit (-7.7 deg C) for the six cultivars [2]. A winter
hardy cultivar survived three winters in Morgantown, West Virginia, even
though temperatures reached as low as -8 degrees Fahrenheit (-22 deg C)
[53].

Bermuda grass is generally tolerant of low soil pH and high salt
concentration. Six strains collected from southern Africa survived at
soil pH of 2.7 [26]. Vogel [81] reported Bermuda grass growing in soil
with pH as low as 3.2. Bermuda grass dry matter yields were unaffected
by one growing season of irrigation with brackish water, but were
reduced in the second season [61]. Although tolerant of salty soils
[75,81], Bermuda grass does not appear to occur in saltwater wetlands.
It occurs only in the freshwater vegetation type in the Louisiana
coastal region [15]. Although common in the lower Sacramento River
valley, Bermuda grass does not occur in the tidal streambank community
[87].

In California Bermuda grass occurs below 2,950 feet (900 m) elevation
[40]. In Colorado it occurs from 4,200 to 5,300 feet (1,280-1,620 m)
elevation [20]. In Utah it occurs along waterways below 465 feet (1,525
m) [85].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( англиски )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

Bermuda grass probably occurs on suitable sites within most
SAF Cover Types that fall within its distribution.
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( англиски )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( англиски )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: forb, fresh, hardwood, marsh, woodland

201 Blue oak woodland
202 Coast live oak woodland
203 Riparian woodland
409 Tall forb
422 Riparian
717 Little bluestem-Indiangrass-Texas wintergrass
718 Mesquite-grama
719 Mesquite-liveoak-seacoast bluestem
727 Mesquite-buffalograss
728 Mesquite-granjeno-acacia
729 Mesquite
730 Sand shinnery oak
731 Cross timbers-Oklahoma
732 Cross timbers-Texas (little bluestem-post oak)
801 Savanna
804 Tall fescue
807 Gulf Coast fresh marsh
808 Sand pine scrub
809 Mixed hardwood and pine
810 Longleaf pine-turkey oak hills
811 South Florida flatwoods
812 North Florida flatwoods
813 Cutthroat seeps
815 Upland hardwood hammocks
819 Freshwater marsh and ponds
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: litter, seed

Fire top-kills Bermuda grass but rhizomes probably remain undamaged
except during severe fire that burns organic soil [80]. Cultivars that
are strongly stoloniferous may be more damaged by fire than those that
are predominantly rhizomatous [62]. Soil- or litter-stored Bermuda
grass seed did not germinate after litter was removed by fire; seeds may
have been destroyed by fire [29].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( англиски )

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Bermuda grass is eaten by livestock [74]. No information was found
discussing beneficial or detrimental effects of Bermuda grass on
wildlife.
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: association, forest, herbaceous, woodland

In the southeastern United States, Bermuda grass occurs in pastures and
fields and in the understory of open woods, forests, orchards, and pine
(Pinus spp.) plantations. In Georgia it occurs in a 15-year fallow
field with blackberry (Rubus spp.), American plum (Prunus americana),
sassafras (Sassafras albidum), smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), and numerous
herbaceous plants [48]. In South Carolina it occurs in an 8-year fallow
field dominated by broomsedge bluestem (Andropogon virginicus) and
paintbrush bluestem (A. ternarius) [30]. Bermuda grass occurs with
slender woodoats (Chasmanthium laxum var. sessiliflorum) and big
bluestem (Andropogon gerardi var. gerardi) in the herbaceous layer of a
pine-oak (Quercus spp.) forest in eastern Texas [88].

In the southwestern United States, Bermuda grass occurs in riparian
areas and in grasslands adjacent to streams and marshes. It is a
frequently encountered understory grass in velvet mesquite (Prosopis
velutina) bosques [11]. A mixed honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa
var. glandulosa)-saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima)-Bermuda grass
association has replaced some native associations in the Rio Grande
floodplain in Big Bend National Park, Texas [8]. On Santa Rosa Island,
California, Bermuda grass is a common understory plant in a riparian
woodland composed of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), arroyo
willow (Salix lasiolepis), and goosefoot (Chenopodium spp.) [16]. In
the Sacramento River valley, California, Bermuda grass occurs in a
gravel bar thicket community dominated by sandbar willow (Salix exigua)
where the willow canopy is not dense [18].
лиценца
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( англиски )

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More info for the term: graminoid

Graminoid
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: competition, litter, restoration

Bermuda grass is a widely planted turf, hay, and pasture grass in the
southern United States. Many cultivars have been developed for
increased drought resistance, cold hardiness, disease resistance, and
forage production. Quisenberry [64] reviewed the research conducted in
the southeastern United States relevant to the resistance of Bermuda
grass cultivars to insects and mites.

Bermuda grass requires regular fertilizing to maintain high yields and
turf quality. Bermuda grass pastures can be safely and adequately
fertilized with municipal sewage sludge [51].

Bermuda grass is considered a weed in corn, alfalfa, citrus, grape,
cotton, sugarcane, and other crops, as well as in landscaping and
nonBermuda grass lawns [33]. Bermuda grass is a troublesome weed in
native plant restoration projects [1,35]. In Everglades National Park
in Florida, Bermuda grass primarily colonizes disturbed sites and is not
considered a threat to native vegetation [86]. No information was found
concerning the ability of Bermuda grass to invade and outcompete
undisturbed native vegetation.

Bermuda grass is difficult to eradicate without herbicides. Numerous
herbicides have been tested on Bermuda grass and its various cultivars.
Herbicide application rates and effectiveness are described
[4,22,46,47,66]. Soil solarization is only partially effective at
killing Bermuda grass [3]. The phytotoxins of several fungi which
utilize Bermuda grass have been isolated. Investigations of their
possible use as a control are ongoing [72].

Bermuda grass is widely used in timber pastures. Timber pastures are
usually fertilized annually. Bermuda grass is tolerant of competition
from a periodically thinned pine overstory. However, pine litter
restricts Bermuda grass reproduction by stolons. Use of prescribed
burning to enhance Bermuda grass by removing litter without damaging
young pines is described [17]. Shade reduces Bermuda grass forage
yields, but as long as pines are small and spaced so that direct
sunlight reaches grass during a portion of each day, yields are
satisfactory [14].

Bermuda grass is suspected of having allelopathic qualities [54,84]. It
inhibited the growth of newly planted peach (Prunus persica) [84].
Bermuda grass produces cyanogenic compounds [59].
лиценца
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( англиски )

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Bermuda grass has good forage value for cattle [74], and is acceptable
for sheep [59]. Bermuda grass, sampled in September in Oklahoma,
contained 8.1 to 10.2 percent crude protein and was 41.6 to 44.4 percent
digestible [9].

Nutritional contents (% dry matter) of Bermuda grass stems and leaves
sampled from the Edwards Plateau region of Texas are as follows [44]:

phosphorus crude protein digestible organic matter

May 24 0.22% 12% 58%
June 28 0.21% 12% 56%

Crude protein was measured for four Bermuda grass cultivars in New
Mexico. Coastal Bermuda grass had the highest crude protein values:
5.5, 7.5, and 7.4 percent for July, August, and October, respectively.
[52].
лиценца
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( англиски )

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AL AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI
ID IL IN IA KS KY LA MD MA MI
MS MO NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC OH
OK OR PA RI SC TN TX UT VA WA
WV DC MEXICO VI PR GU
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( англиски )

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Bermuda grass is used as a turf grass for lawns, athletic fields, and
golf courses [64,75,81].
лиценца
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( англиски )

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Bermuda grass is highly preferred by cattle [23].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( англиски )

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More info on this topic.

Bermuda grass begins growth late in the spring, continues to grow during
the hot summer months, and becomes dormant when the weather cools in the
fall [76]. Near Bakersfield, California, Bermuda grass emerged when
soil temperatures at a depth of 2 inches (5 cm) reached 63 degrees
Fahrenheit (17 deg C) [49]. In Morgantown, West Virginia, growth did
not begin until mid- to late May [53]. Bermuda grass flowers from July
to October [25].
лиценца
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: cover, grassland, seed

Bermuda grass productivity and cover have both increased and decreased
after early spring fires. Bermuda grass response depends on postfire
moisture conditions and nutrient levels [34,56,57,63].

Four treatments (fertilized, burned in early April, burned and
fertilized, and control) were applied to an Oklahoma grassland of
prairie threeawn (Aristida oligantha), Bermuda grass, little bluestem
(Schizachyrium scoparium), and paintbrush bluestem. Bermuda grass cover
increased significantly (P less than 0.05) over control levels with fertilization
and the burning-fertilizing combination, but increased only slightly
with burning alone. The burning-fertilizing treatment resulted in
slightly higher cover than the fertilized treatment [63].

A March 5 fire on a Georgia old field resulted in a decrease in Bermuda
grass yield. The control produced 14.7 grams per square meter and the
burned area produced 0.24 gram per square meter in the summer after the
fire. Bermuda grass was a minor species on the site [60]. Postfire
moisture conditions were not reported.

No change was detected in Bermuda grass cover after a dormant season
fire in a mid-grass community in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania,
Africa [5].

Spring burning stimulates seed production of Bermuda grass. In Georgia
Bermuda grass burned on March 29 produced 46 pounds of seeds per acre
compared to 16 pounds per acre on the unburned control. The following
year the site was burned on April 15, and Bermuda grass produced 29
pounds per acre on the burn compared to 3 pounds per acre on the control
[13].
лиценца
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: herb, rhizome, secondary colonizer

Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Secondary colonizer - on-site seed
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: litter, perfect, rhizome, scarification, seed, stolon

Although Bermuda grass reproduces by seeds, it spreads most rapidly by
stolons and rhizomes. Both stolon and rhizome branching intensities
were reduced in response to lower light and lower nutrient levels.
Average stolon and rhizome internode and total lengths are reported
under differing light and nutrient conditions [21]. In a study of six
Bermuda grass variants present in southern Africa, vegetative
reproduction was greater by rhizomes than by stolons [26].

Seeds, eaten by animals, are widely dispersed. Bermuda grass seeds
present in domestic sheep dung germinated in "large numbers" [39].
Fernald [25] stated that seeds are rarely perfect. Seed viability of
the six variants from southern Africa ranged from 0 to 3.5 percent [26].
Germination of viable seeds is low unless scarification occurs. Seeds
treated with sulfuric acid for 10 minutes had 68 percent germination
after 4 days, but untreated seeds had only 4.5 percent germination after
10 days [12]. Prolonged exposure to acidic conditions decreases seed
germination. Bermuda grass seeds did not germinate in sulfuric acid
solutions of pH 3 or less. In pH 4 and 5 solutions, germination was
about 5 and 10 percent, respectively, after 12 days [68].

Bermuda grass seeds were present in intact soil/litter samples collected
for a germination study from an upland site in Arizona; seeds may have
come from an aerial seeding of an adjacent property. Equal amounts of
Bermuda grass seeds germinated in the control sample and in the
scarified soil surface treatment. No seeds germinated from soil samples
which had the litter manually removed or burned [29].
лиценца
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( англиски )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( англиски )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: cover, succession

Bermuda grass is an early successional species. Shade reduces Bermuda
grass vigor, and complete canopy closure may eliminate Bermuda grass
[14]. It inhabits open locations subject to frequent disturbances such
as grazing, flooding, and fire [21]. After a major flood in March on
the Hassayampa River in Arizona, Bermuda grass cover increased to near
preflood levels by September [73]. In a study of unreclaimed lignite
mines, Bermuda grass was most frequent on recently abandoned sites. It
was not present on sites 20 years old or older [70].

On the Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge in southern Texas,
Rooseveltweed (Baccharis neglecta), buffel grass (Pennisetum ciliare),
and Bermuda grass were the dominant species after 5 years of old-field
succession. The two grasses may have inhibited the establishment of
other species by successfully competing for moisture and light [83].

In central Utah, Bermuda grass was present in young saltcedar
communities (age 2 to 3.1 years) but was absent from older communities,
possibly because saltcedar lowers the water table [10]. Horton [42]
observed that spaces between individual saltcedar are usually dominated
by Bermuda grass or salt grass (Distichlis spicata) if the water table
is 5 feet (1.5 m) deep or less.
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Synonyms ( англиски )

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NO-ENTRY

NR
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( англиски )

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The currently accepted scientific name for Bermuda grass is Cynodon
dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae) [28,31,40,41]. Two varieties are
recognized [77]:

Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon (L.) Pers.
Cynodon dactylon var. aridus Harlan & de Wet

Numerous cultivars have been developed. Many of the studies cited in
this report were conducted using Bermuda grass cultivars. The specific
cultivar name is only mentioned here if it is compared to another
cultivar.
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( англиски )

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More info for the term: seed

Bermuda grass is commonly used to revegetate lignite surface mine spoils
in the southeastern and Gulf Coast states [37,69,81]. It provides good
initial erosion control as well as high forage quality. However, its
use is limited because optimal establishment requires planting by sprig
rather than by seed. Seeding rates and sprig spacings are described
[8]. Bermuda grass planted on uranium mine spoils should not be used
for forage because of potentially high plant selenium concentrations
[43].

Bermuda grass declines on mine spoils if not fertilized on a yearly
basis. It may be a good species for initial erosion control followed by
later replacement with lower maintenance plants [69,81]. Harris and
Zuberer [37] found that Bermuda grass production increased when grown
with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean) inoculated with
rhizobia (Rhizobium spp.). The clover grows during the winter months
and increases soil nitrogen which the Bermuda grass then utilizes during
the summer growing season [37].

Bermuda grass increases streambank substrate stability during floods; it
grows weel in sand and resists scouring [55]. In Arizona riparian areas,
Bermuda grass enhanced postflood development of aquatic macrophyte
communities [19].
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Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Cynodon dactylon. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( шпански; кастиљски )

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I, II, III, IV, V, RM, VI, VII, VIII, Isla de Pascua
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Comprehensive Description ( англиски )

добавил North American Flora
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Syn. PI. 1: 85. 1805
Panicum Dactylon L. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. (Type from Southern Europe.) Digitaria Dactylon Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 1: 53. 1772. (Based on Panicum Dactylon L.) Daclilon officinale Vill. Hist. PI. Dauph. 2: 69. 1787. (Based on Panicum Dactylon L.) ^Cynosurus unijlorus Walt. Fl. Car. 82. 1788. (Type from South Carolina.) Paspalum Dactylon Lam. Tab. Encyc. 1: 176. 1791. (Based on Panicum Dactylon I,.) Digitaria littoralis Salisb. Prodr. 19. 1796. (Based on Panicum Dactylon L.) Milium Dactylon Moench, Meth. Suppl. 67. 1802. (Based on Panicum Dactylon L.) Fibichia umbellata Koeler, Descr. Gram. 308. 1802. (Based on Panicum Dactylon L.) Digitaria stolonifera Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1: 165. 1806. (Based on Panicum Dactylon L.) Cynodon maritimus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 170. 1816. (Type from Peru, Humboldt &* Bonpland.) Cynodon tenuis Trin. in Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 2: 63. 1821. (Type from North America.) Ckloris cynodon Trin. Gram. Unifl. 229. 1824. (Based on Cynodon Dactylon Pers.) Digitaria maritima Spreng. Syst. I: 272. 1825. (Based on Cynodon maritimus H.B.K.) Cynodon erectus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 290. 1830. (Type from Mexico, Haenke.) Capriola Dactylon Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 764. 1891. (Based on Panicum Dactylon L.) Fibichia Dactylon G. Beck, Wiss. Mitt. Bosn. Herzeg. 9: 436. 1904. (Based on Panicum Dactylon
L.) Cynodon Dactylon var. maritimus Hack, in R. E. Fries, Ark. Bot. 88; 40. 1909. (Based on C
maritimus H.B.K.) Capriola Dactylon maritima Hitchc. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. 772: 179. 1920. (Based on Cynodon marititnus H.B.K.)
Rhizomatous, stoloniferous, widely creeping; culms wiry, compressed, 10-40 cm. tall; sheaths usually overlapping, keeled, glabrous or sparsely pilose at the throat ; ligule membranaceous, minutely erose, 0.2-0.3 mm. long; blades flat, 2-20 cm. long (usually 5-10 cm.), 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous, especially on the margins, sometimes sparsely pilose; spikes 4-7, slender, arcuate, 2-7 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long.
Type locality: Europe.
Distribution: A common weed in open ground throughout the warmer regions of the world.
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Albert Spear Hitchcock, Jason Richard Swallen, Agnes Chase. 1939. (POALES); POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(8). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Physical Description ( англиски )

добавил USDA PLANTS text
Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Rhizomes present, Rhizome elongate, creeping, stems distant, Stolons or runners present, Stems trailing, spreading or prostrate, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems geniculate, decumbent, or lax, sometimes rooting at nodes, Stems mat or turf forming, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem nodes bearded or hairy, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with infloresce nce less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath hairy, hispid or prickly, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades more or less hairy, Ligule present, Ligule a fringe of hairs, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence a panicle with digitately arranged spicate branches, Inflorescence with 2-10 branches, Inflorescence branches 1-sided, Lower panicle branches whorled, Inflorescence branches paired or digitate at a single node, Rachis dilated, flat, central axis to which spikelets are attached, Rachis angular, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets laterally compressed, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, glumes persistent, Spikelets secund, in rows on one side of rachis, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes shorter than adjacent lemma, Glumes keeled or winged, Glumes 1 nerved, Lemma coriaceous, firmer or thicker in texture than the glumes, Lemma 3 nerved, Lemma body or surface hairy, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea about equal to lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - cary opsis.
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Kweekgras ( африканс )

добавил wikipedia AF

Kweekgras (Cynodon dactylon) is 'n fyn grassoort wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom. Dit is 'n gras wat inheems is aan Noord- en Oos-Afrika, Asië, Australië en Suid-Europa. Alhoewel dit nie inheems is aan Bermuda nie, is dit 'n oorvloedige indringerspesies daar. Dit word vermoed dat dit versprei het vanaf Bermuda na Noord-Amerika. Die gras het etlike sinonieme benamings op verskillende plekke en wêrelddele.

Beskrywing

Die lemme is 'n grys-groen kleur en is kort, gewoonlik 2-15 cm lank met growwe kante. [1] Die regop stammetjies kan 1-30 cm lank word. Die stingels is effens afgeplat en gewoonlik pers in kleur. Die saadknoppies vorm in groepe van 2-6 saam aan uitlopers bokant van die stam, elke uitloper word 2-5 cm lank. [1] Dit het 'n diep wortelstelsel; in droogtetoestande met penetreerbare grond, kan die wortelstelsel tot meer as 2 m diep strek, hoewel die meeste van die wortelmassa minder as 60 cm onder die oppervlak vorm. Die gras kruip op die grond en skiet wortel waar 'n knoop aan die grond raak met die vorming van 'n digte mat. Kweekgras reproduseer deur saad, uitlopers en wortelstokke. Groei begin by temperature bokant 15°C (59°F) met optimale groei tussen 24 en 37°C (75 en 99°F), in die winter word die gras dormant en kleur vaalbruin. Groei word bevorder deur vol sonlig en vertraag deur vol skaduwee, bv. naby boomstamme.

Verbouing en gebruike

 src=
C. dactylon groei hier in Kaloko-Honokohau Nasionale Historiese Park op die Hawaii eiland.

C. dactylon word wyd verbou in warm klimate oor die hele wêreld tussen 30°S en 30°N breedtegraad, waar dit tussen 625 en 1 750 mm reënval per jaar ontvang (of minder as besproeiing beskikbaar is). Dit kom ook in die VSA voor, veral in die suidelike helfte van die land met warm klimaat. Dit groei vinnig en is gehard, wat dit nuttig en gewild maak vir sportvelde, omrede dat wanneer dit beskadig is, dit weer vinnig herstel. Dit is 'n hoogs gewensde grasperkgras in warm gematigde klimaat, veral in streke waar sy hitte en droogte verdraagsaamheid dit in staat stel om te oorleef waar min ander grasse sou kon. Dit het 'n relatief growwe lemvorm met talle kultivars waaruit gekies kan word vir verskillende grasperk-vereistes. Dit is ook hoogs aggressief en verdring die meeste ander grasse en indringers uit ander habitatte, en is 'n moeilike onkruid om uit te roei in sommige gebiede. Hierdie aggressiewe aard het daartoe gelei dat sommige tuiniers dit die naam "duiwelsgras" gee.

Bermudagras is op brakgronde in Kalifornië se Central Valley aangeplant wat te sout geraak het vir ander landbougewasse. Dit is suksesvol besproei met soutwater en word gebruik as veeweiding. [2][3]

Die basterverskeidenheid 'Tifton 85', soos 'n paar ander grasse (bv. sorghum), produseer sianied onder sekere omstandighede, [4] en was betrokke by verskeie veevrektes (let daarop dat op 'n paar geleenthede daar oor hierdie verskeidenheid verkeerdelik berig is as 'n geneties gemodifiseerde stam; [5] eintlik is dit 'n konvensioneel-geteelde F1 hibried [6]).

Die weidingskapasiteit is matig:

EIW SWIW LnregWIW Weidingsindekswaarde[7] 4 4.5 2.12

Bronne

Verwysings

  1. 1,0 1,1 Walker, Karen; Burrows, Geoff; McMahon, Lynne (2001). Bidgee bush: an identification guide to common native plant species of the south western slopes of New South Wales. Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory: Greening Australia. p. 82. ISBN 1-875345-61-2. Besoek op 21 Maart 2010.
  2. Kaffka, Stephen. “Can feedstock production for biofuels be sustainable in California?”. California Agriculture 63 (4): 202–207. doi:10.3733/ca.v063n04p202.
  3. Stephen Kaffka, Stephen Grattan, Dennis Corwi, Maximo Alonso, and George E. Brown Jr. "Bermuda Grass Yield and Quality in Response to Different Salinity and N, Se, Mo, and B Rates in West San Joaquin Valley" (PDF). UC Center for Water Resources. line feed character in |author= at position 66 (help)AS1-onderhoud: Veelvoudige name: authors list (link)
  4. Provin, T. L.; Pitt, J. L. "Nitrates and Prussic Acid in Forages" (PDF). Texas A&M University System. Besoek op 24 Junie 2012.
  5. CBS News (23 Junie 2012). "GM grass linked to Texas cattle deaths". CBS News. Besoek op 24 Junie 2012.
  6. Glenn W. Burton, Roger N. Gates, and Gary M. Hill. "TIFTON 85 BERMUDAGRASS". University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Besoek op 24 Junie 2012.AS1-onderhoud: Veelvoudige name: authors list (link)
  7. P C V du Toit Objektiewe weidingsindekswaardes van Nama-Karoo plantegroei: grasse en bossies van die Karoo.
Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
Hierdie artikel is in sy geheel of gedeeltelik vanuit die Engelse Wikipedia vertaal.
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Kweekgras: Brief Summary ( африканс )

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Kweekgras (Cynodon dactylon) is 'n fyn grassoort wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom. Dit is 'n gras wat inheems is aan Noord- en Oos-Afrika, Asië, Australië en Suid-Europa. Alhoewel dit nie inheems is aan Bermuda nie, is dit 'n oorvloedige indringerspesies daar. Dit word vermoed dat dit versprei het vanaf Bermuda na Noord-Amerika. Die gras het etlike sinonieme benamings op verskillende plekke en wêrelddele.

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Cynodon dactylon ( астурски )

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Cynodon dactylon, llamada comúnmente grama común, verde, agramen ente otros, ye una gramínea perenne de la familia Poaceae nativa del norte d'África y sur d'Europa. El nome n'inglés de "Bermuda Grass" deriva de la so bayura como maleza en Bermudes. Tamién ye conocida por ser la más abondosa en tol mundu. Ye una de les Diez Flores Sagraes de Kerala.

 src=
Aspeutu de la yerba.
 src=
Vista de la planta nel so hábitat
 src=
Ilustración
 src=
Granes

Descripción

Les fueyes son verde abuxaes (ensin estrés hídricu recuperen un verde intensu), curties, de 4 a 15 cm de llargor con cantos fuertes membranosos; vaines de 1,5 a 7 cm de llargu, xeneralmente más curties que los entrenudos, vilosas nel ápiz, les inferiores quillaes, lígulas membranoses, ciliolaes, de 0,2 a 0,3 mm de llargu, dacuando vilosas nel envés, llámines de 0,5 a 6,5 cm de llongura por 1 a 3,5 mm d'anchu, esplanaes, n'ocasiones doblaes, escabriúsculas (pocu aspres), xeneralmente vilosas detrás de la lígula y nos marxes inferiores, dacuando en dambes superficies.

Los tarmos erectos o decumbentes, pueden crecer de 1 a 30 cm (raramente hasta 9 dm) d'altor. Los tarmos son llixeramente esnachaos, dacuando con pintes púrpures.

Les inflorescencies tienen espigues (3) 4 a 6, de 1,5 a 6 cm de llargu, distribuyíes nun verticilu, usualmente radiaes. Les espiguilla/flores: espiguillas de 2 a 3 mm de llargu, preses del raquis ya inxeríes, verde violacees, glumas de 1 a 3 mm de llargu, glabres, la primera falcada (en forma de focete), la segunda llanceolada; lema de 2 a 3 mm de llargu, fuertemente doblada y aquillada, ensin aresta o dacuando con un curtiu mucrón, pálea glabra tan llarga o un pocu más curtia que la lema; raquilla enllargada, desnuda o llevando una segunda flor masculina o rudimentaria.

Tien un sistema radicular bien fondu; en seca con perfil de suelu penetrable, los raigaños pueden crecer a más de 2 m de fondura, anque la mayoría de la masa radicular ta a menos de 60 cm so la superficie. Los tarmos reptan pel suelu, y de los nódulos salen nuevos raigaños, formando trupos matos.

Esta especie reproducir por granes, estolones y rizomes. El rebrote y crecedera empiecen a temperatures percima de 15 °C, la óptima asitiar ente 24 a 37 °C; pel hibiernu la campera ensuga dafechu la parte aérea, entrando en dormancia y tórnase beige pardu.

Fisiológicamente, tien un procesu de fixación del carbonu bien eficiente: la vía de 4 carbonos, como'l maíz, la caña d'azucre, el sorgo, el amaranto.

Cultivu y usos

Esta gramínea ta llargamente cultivada en climes templaos y templaos de tol mundu, ente 30° sur y 30° norte de llatitú, y ente 500 a 2800 mm d'agües añales (o muncho menos, si hai riego disponible). Espolleta dende'l nivel del mar hasta los 2200 msnm. Ye de crecedera rápida, siendo popular y usada en campos de deportes, al estropiase recupérase rápido. Ye bien deseyada en camperes de turf, en climes templaos y templaos, particularmente en rexones onde la so tolerancia al calor y a la seca facer preséu pa sobrevivir onde bien poques otres camperes espolleten. Esisten numberosos cultivares selectos pa distintos requerimientos del turf. Ye bien agresiva, esaniciando a munches otres especies y convirtiéndose en especie invasora en munches árees. Los xardineros llamar "campera del diañu" pol so poder colonizador.

Formes de control

Control cultural

Aguanta al fueu como la caña d'azucre y a la corte constante como l'alfalfa o los forraxes.

Control químicu
  • Glifosato 48 %: aguanta les dosis comunes d'hasta 4 L/hai. El combate perbién percima de 6 L/hai, nunca en subdosis nin fraccionada.
  • Glifosato 74,7 %: 3,5 kg/hai
  • PRILAN 10: yerbicida graminicida sistémico, selectivu en cultivos de fueya ancha como xirasol, maní, algodón, poroto y soya. Control postemergente de C. dactylon. Ye PROPAQUIZAFOP 10 %. Dosis: 1 L/hai + 2 L/hai aceite agrícola + 200 L/hai agua [1]

Propiedad

Principio activos: contién sales potásicos, fructosanes: triticina; inositol.[1]

Indicaciones: ye usáu como diuréticu, colagogo, hepatoprotector, antiinflamatoriu. Popularmente considérase depurativu, antihipertensivo y hipoglucemiante. Indicáu pa estaos nos que se riquir un aumentu de la diuresis: afecciones genitourinarias (cistitis, ureteritis, uretritis, oliguria, urolitiasis), hiperazotemia, hiperuricemia, gota, hipertensión arterial, edemes, sobrepesu acompañáu de retención de líquidos. Disquinesias biliares, colecistitis, hepatitis.[1]

Contraindicáu col usu de diuréticos en presencia d'hipertensión o cardiopatíes, namái tien de faese por prescripción y baxu control médicu, dada la posibilidá d'apaición d'una descompensación tensional o, si la eliminación de potasiu ye considerable, una potenciación del efeutu de los cardiotónicos. Obstrucción de les víes biliares. Embaranzu (popularmente considérase albortiva). Les partes aérees contienen heterósidos cianogénicos, responsables d'intoxicaciones en ganadería.[1]

Úsase'l rizoma en decocción: ferver mientres un minutu 20 g en 200 cc d'agua, refugala, esmagayar el rizoma y ferver de nuevu mientres 5 minutos con 1250 cc d'agua. Encamiéntase añedir menta, anís o regaliza p'ameyorar el sabor. Tomar 2 o 3 taces al día.[1]

Taxonomía

Cynodon dactylon describióse por (L.) Pers. y espublizóse en Synopsis Plantarum 1: 85. 1805.[2]

Etimoloxía

Cynodon: nome xenéricu que remanez del griegu kuon = (perru) y odous, odontos = (diente), seique n'alusión a les dures yemes basales cóniques y afilaes nos rizomas.[3]

dactylon: epítetu llatín que significa "deos"

Citoloxía

Númberu de cromosomes de Cynodon dactylon (Fam. Gramineae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=40[4]

Sinonimia

Nomes comunes

Agramem, agramen, brena, canaria, cañota, verde, diente de perru, escobuques blandes, gambre, grama, grama blanca, grama canaria, grama canina, grama común, grama de botica, grama d'España, grama de secanu, grama fina, grama nudosa, grama oficinal d'España, gramen, gramia, gramón, gromón, yerba gramera, yerba rastrero, medicina del perru, pan de perru, pata de pita, pata de gallu, pata de pollu, pie de pita, rizada.[6]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 «Cynodon dactylon». Plantes útiles: Linneo. Consultáu'l 30 d'avientu de 2009.
  2. «Cynodon dactylon». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 24 de mayu de 2012.
  3. (n'inglés) Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. (2008). «The grass xenera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references». The Grass Xenera of the World. Consultáu'l 26 de xineru de 2010.
  4. Contribution à la connaissance cytotaxinomique des spermatophyta du Portugal. I. Gramineae Fernandes, A. & M. Queirós (1969) Bol. Soc. Brot. ser. 2 43: 20-140
  5. Cynodon dactylon en PlantList
  6. «Cynodon dactylon». Real Xardín Botánicu: Proyeutu Anthos. Consultáu'l 30 d'avientu de 2009.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Cynodon dactylon: Brief Summary ( астурски )

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Cynodon dactylon

Cynodon dactylon, llamada comúnmente grama común, verde, agramen ente otros, ye una gramínea perenne de la familia Poaceae nativa del norte d'África y sur d'Europa. El nome n'inglés de "Bermuda Grass" deriva de la so bayura como maleza en Bermudes. Tamién ye conocida por ser la más abondosa en tol mundu. Ye una de les Diez Flores Sagraes de Kerala.

 src= Aspeutu de la yerba.  src= Vista de la planta nel so hábitat  src= Ilustración  src= Granes
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Barmaqvari çayır ( азерски )

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Barmaqvari çayır (lat. Cynodon dactylon)[1] - qırtıckimilər fəsiləsinin çayır cinsinə aid bitki növü.[2]

İstinadlar

  1. Nurəddin Əliyev. Azərbaycanın dərman bitkiləri və fitoterapiya. Bakı, Elm, 1998.
  2. Elşad Qurbanov. Ali bitkilərin sistematikası, Bakı, 2009.
Convallaria-oliv-r2.jpg Birləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
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Barmaqvari çayır: Brief Summary ( азерски )

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Barmaqvari çayır (lat. Cynodon dactylon) - qırtıckimilər fəsiləsinin çayır cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Grama ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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Grama, agram o gram (Cynodon dactylon) és una mala herba que també té molt ús com a component de la gespa.

Etimològicament Cynodon dactylon significa dent de gos (en francès chiendent) que és el nom dedicat al dia 23 del mes de pluviós del calendari revolucionari francès. Amb tot no és segur que chiendent correspongui exactament a l'agram o a una altra poàcia d'un altre gènere morfològicament similar.

En temps antics gram en llengua catalana era sinònim d'herbei, no necessàriament constituït per l'espècie Cynodon dactylon.

Descripció botànica

Planta que pertany a la família abans coneguda com a gramínies i actualment amb el nom de Poaceae. Pertany al gènere Cynodon.

És una herba perenne d'un pam d'alçada proveïda de rizoma. Fulles lanceolades i inflorescència formada per de 3 a 5 espigues disposades com els dits de la mà. Cada espigueta té una sola flor. Llavors petites.

Danys

Planta invasora que amb les llaurades encara s'estén més, ja que qualsevol petit tros d'arrel pot reproduir la planta sencera. És una mala herba comuna en plantacions de cítrics. Com que es tracta d'una planta de clima relativament càlid els seus danys es veuen territorialment limitats.

Control

Difícil si es fa amb llaurades, quan s'usen herbicides cal fer diversos tractaments del tipus sistèmic per eliminar-la.

Distribució

En les zones càlides de la conca mediterrània i en general en climes subtropicals de tot el món.

Altres usos

  • Planta medicinal: se li atribueixen propietats diürètiques i emol·lients
  • Com a gespa és coneguda comercialment com a Bermuda grass. Té l'inconvenient de tornar-se groga a l'hivern en climes amb glaçades, en canvi és molt resistent a la secada.
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Grama: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

добавил wikipedia CA

Grama, agram o gram (Cynodon dactylon) és una mala herba que també té molt ús com a component de la gespa.

Etimològicament Cynodon dactylon significa dent de gos (en francès chiendent) que és el nom dedicat al dia 23 del mes de pluviós del calendari revolucionari francès. Amb tot no és segur que chiendent correspongui exactament a l'agram o a una altra poàcia d'un altre gènere morfològicament similar.

En temps antics gram en llengua catalana era sinònim d'herbei, no necessàriament constituït per l'espècie Cynodon dactylon.

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Glaswellt Bermwda ( велшки )

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Planhigyn blodeuol Monocotaidd a math o wair yw Glaswellt Bermwda sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Poaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Cynodon dactylon a'r enw Saesneg yw Bermuda-grass.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Gwair Bermuda.

Gall dyfu bron mewn unrhyw fan gan gynnwys gwlyptiroedd, coedwigoedd a thwndra. Dofwyd ac addaswyd y planhigyn gan ffermwyr dros y milenia; chwiorydd i'r planhigyn hwn yw: india corn, gwenith, barlys, reis ac ŷd.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gerddi Kew; adalwyd 21 Ionawr 2015
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Glaswellt Bermwda: Brief Summary ( велшки )

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Planhigyn blodeuol Monocotaidd a math o wair yw Glaswellt Bermwda sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Poaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Cynodon dactylon a'r enw Saesneg yw Bermuda-grass. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Gwair Bermuda.

Gall dyfu bron mewn unrhyw fan gan gynnwys gwlyptiroedd, coedwigoedd a thwndra. Dofwyd ac addaswyd y planhigyn gan ffermwyr dros y milenia; chwiorydd i'r planhigyn hwn yw: india corn, gwenith, barlys, reis ac ŷd.

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Hundszahngras ( германски )

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Das Hundszahngras (Cynodon dactylon) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Hundszahngräser (Cynodon) und der Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae). Ursprünglich in den Tropen und Subtropen beheimatet, ist sie unter anderem in Mitteleuropa eingebürgert.

Merkmale

Die ganze Pflanze ist graugrün und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 10 bis 40 cm. Sie besitzt ein bis zu 1 Meter langes, verzweigtes Rhizom sowie lange, oberirdisch kriechende Triebe. Auf diese Weise bildet das Hundszahngras oft dichte Rasen. Die oberirdischen Triebe haben viele Knoten, an denen etliche Knospen von Erneuerungstrieben sitzen. Die Stängel sind aufrecht bis gekniet-aufsteigend, an der Basis vielknotig und haben kurze Internodien, so dass die Blattspreiten büschelig stehen. Im oberen Drittel befinden sich nur ein bis zwei Knoten mit langen Internodien. An den unteren Knoten verzweigt sich die Pflanze.

Die Blattscheiden sind gerieft und kahl bis oben behaart. An der Öffnung stehen an beiden Seiten 3 bis 4 mm lange Haarbüschel. Die Ligula ist ein 0,5 mm langer Wimpernkranz. Die Blattspreiten sind 2 bis 15 cm lang und 3 bis 4 mm breit, an beiden Seiten rau, an der Oberseite kahl und an der Unterseite kurzhaarig.

Die Ähren stehen zu dritt bis sechst, wobei sie von einem Punkt ausgehen. Sie sind 2 bis 6 cm lang und 1 bis 2 mm breit. Die Ährchen sind 2,4 bis 3,2 mm lang und haben einen 1,5 mm langen Achsenfortsatz. Die Hüllspelzen sind häutig, spitz und haben einen stachelhaarigen Kiel. Die untere Hüllspelze ist 1,8 bis 2,2 mm, die obere 2,4 bis 2,8 mm lang. Die Deckspelze ist 2 bis 2,4 mm lang, häutig und hat einen bewimperten Kiel. Die Staubbeutel sind rund 1,5 mm lang. Die Angaben über die Blütezeit reichen von Mai bis September.

Die Karyopsen sind rund 1 Millimeter lang.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 18, 36, auch 40 oder 54.[1]

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Hundszahngras (Cynodon dactylon)

Verbreitung und Standorte

Die ursprüngliche Heimat des Hundszahngrases dürfte Indien sein, es ist heute pantropisch verbreitet.[2]

Das Hundszahngras wächst in Mitteleuropa an sandigen Stellen, etwa an Wegrändern und auf Schuttplätzen. Es bevorzugt trockene, nährstoffreiche, meist humusarme Sand- und Lössböden. Die Art ist trittfest, trockenfest und etwas salztolerant,[3] ferner ist sie ein Licht- und Wärmezeiger.[4] Die optimale Wachstumstemperatur liegt bei 35 °C.[2] Hundszahngras kommt zerstreut in Weinbaugebieten vor, im pannonischen Gebiet Österreichs ist es häufig bis zerstreut. Im Winter sterben die Blätter ab, die Rhizome überdauern jedoch auch starke Fröste.[5] Das Hundszahngras wächst in Mitteleuropa in Gesellschaften der Verbände Polygonion avicularis, Cynosurion, Agropyro-Rumicion, im Armerio-Festucetum trachyphyllae aus dem Verband Armerion elongatae oder in Gesellschaften der Klasse Chenopodietea.[1]

Die ökologischen Zeigerwerte nach Landolt & al. 2010 sind in der Schweiz: Feuchtezahl F = 2 (mäßig trocken), Lichtzahl L = 4 (hell), Reaktionszahl R = 4 (neutral bis basisch), Temperaturzahl T = 5 (sehr warm-kollin), Nährstoffzahl N = 3 (mäßig nährstoffarm bis mäßig nährstoffreich), Kontinentalitätszahl K = 3 (subozeanisch bis subkontinental), Salztoleranz 1 (tolerant).[6]

Nördlich der Alpen ist es nicht ursprünglich und dürfte im Zuge der Ausbreitung des Weinbaus hier eingebürgert worden sein. Es kommt besonders entlang des Rheins nördlich bis Köln vor, weiterhin in Brandenburg und der Lausitz.[4]

Nutzung

In den USA wird das Hundszahngras als Rasen gesät, aber auch als Futtergras genutzt. In den südlichen Bundesstaaten zählt es zu den wichtigsten dürrefesten Weidegräsern und wird auch gemäht.[7] Es liefert gutes Heu mit hohem Nährwert.[2] Außerdem wird es häufig als Sportrasen in Stadien genutzt.

In Bangladesch wird das Hundszahngras jährlich während des Ganges-Hochwassers bis sechs Meter hoch überflutet und übersteht mehrere Wochen Überflutung. Danach werden die Bestände mit Lathyrus sativus übersät und als Kuhweiden genutzt.[2]

Trivialnamen

Für das Hundszahngras bestehen bzw. bestanden auch die weiteren deutschsprachigen Trivialnamen: Kriechend Ackergras, Bermudagras, Cedtgras (mittelniederdeutsch-holländisch), Cidtgras (mittelniederdeutsch-holländisch), Kriechender Hennich, Himmelsschweden, Zahmes Monnagras, Quecken (Mitteldeutschland, Süddeutschland), Queckenwurzel (Mitteldeutschland, Süddeutschland), Queckgras (Mitteldeutschland, Süddeutschland) und Quicha (Waldbröl).[8]

Bilder

Belege

  • Siegmund Seybold (Hrsg.): Schmeil-Fitschen interaktiv. CD-ROM, Version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5. Seite 239.
  2. a b c d FAO factsheet: Cynodon dactylon, abgerufen am 26. Juli 2008.
  3. Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol. 3., verbesserte Auflage. Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9.
  4. a b Hans Joachim Conert: Pareys Gräserbuch. Die Gräser Deutschlands erkennen und bestimmen. Parey, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3327-6.
  5. C. E. Hubbard: Grasses. A Guide to their Structure, Identification, Uses and Distribution in the British Isles. Penguin, London 1992, ISBN 0-14-013227-9, S. 361.
  6. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. In: Info Flora, dem nationalen Daten- und Informationszentrum der Schweizer Flora. Abgerufen am 17. März 2021.
  7. Ernst Klapp, Wilhelm Opitz von Boberfeld: Taschenbuch der Gräser. Erkennung und Bestimmung, Standort und Vergesellschaftung, Bewertung und Verwendung. 13. überarbeitete Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2006, ISBN 3-8001-4775-0, S. 161.
  8. Georg August Pritzel, Carl Jessen: Die deutschen Volksnamen der Pflanzen. Neuer Beitrag zum deutschen Sprachschatze. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, S. 124 (online).

Weblinks

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Hundszahngras: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Das Hundszahngras (Cynodon dactylon) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Hundszahngräser (Cynodon) und der Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae). Ursprünglich in den Tropen und Subtropen beheimatet, ist sie unter anderem in Mitteleuropa eingebürgert.

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Ajriq ( узбечки )

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Ajriq (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) – boshoqdoshlarga mansub ko‘p yillik ildizpoyali begona o‘t. Barglari lentasimon, dag‘al, chetlari o‘tkir-g‘idirish. 3–8 boshoqsimon shoxchalardan iborat to‘pguli poya uchida joylashgan. Mevasi – doncha. Iyundan to kech kuzgacha gullab meva tugadi. Asosan ildizpoyasi, qisman urug‘i yordamida (urug‘i ko‘pincha chang qorakuya kasalligi bilan zararlanadi) ko‘payadi. Yer osti ildizpoyalari gorizon-tal yoki qiyshiq joylashgan novdalar hosil qiladi. Bu novda bo‘g‘imlaridan yer ustiga o‘simtalar o‘sib chiqadi. Shuning-dek, yer ustiga chiqqan novda bo‘g‘imlarida iddiz rivojlanadi va barg qo‘ltig‘idan gul beruvchi poya o‘sadi. O‘zbekistonda A. hamma yerda tarqalgan. Juda ko‘p ekinzorlar orasida o‘sib, tuproqdagi oziq moddalarni kuchli so‘radi va yerni oriqlatadi. Kurash choralari: hosili yig‘ib olingan yerni haydash, maxsus taroqlagich yoki tishli borona yordamida ildizpoyalarni yig‘ib olish; dalalarga dalapon (40–50 kg/ga) sepish. Preparat purkalgandan so‘ng dala boronalanadi.

Adabiyotlar

  • OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil

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Ajriq: Brief Summary ( узбечки )

добавил wikipedia emerging languages

Ajriq (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) – boshoqdoshlarga mansub ko‘p yillik ildizpoyali begona o‘t. Barglari lentasimon, dag‘al, chetlari o‘tkir-g‘idirish. 3–8 boshoqsimon shoxchalardan iborat to‘pguli poya uchida joylashgan. Mevasi – doncha. Iyundan to kech kuzgacha gullab meva tugadi. Asosan ildizpoyasi, qisman urug‘i yordamida (urug‘i ko‘pincha chang qorakuya kasalligi bilan zararlanadi) ko‘payadi. Yer osti ildizpoyalari gorizon-tal yoki qiyshiq joylashgan novdalar hosil qiladi. Bu novda bo‘g‘imlaridan yer ustiga o‘simtalar o‘sib chiqadi. Shuning-dek, yer ustiga chiqqan novda bo‘g‘imlarida iddiz rivojlanadi va barg qo‘ltig‘idan gul beruvchi poya o‘sadi. O‘zbekistonda A. hamma yerda tarqalgan. Juda ko‘p ekinzorlar orasida o‘sib, tuproqdagi oziq moddalarni kuchli so‘radi va yerni oriqlatadi. Kurash choralari: hosili yig‘ib olingan yerni haydash, maxsus taroqlagich yoki tishli borona yordamida ildizpoyalarni yig‘ib olish; dalalarga dalapon (40–50 kg/ga) sepish. Preparat purkalgandan so‘ng dala boronalanadi.

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Chipika ( кечуански )

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Chipika[1] icha Kachu[2] (Cynodon dactylon) nisqaqa huk qachu yuram, anchata mast'arispa miraykuq rikch'am, Awya Yalapi musuq yuram, Asyamanta apamusqa.

Pukyukuna

  1. Herbario Digital - Ladyot-Iadiza. 2006: Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Chepica (mapudungun simimanta)
  2. Louis Girault: Kallawaya - guérisseurs itinérants des Andes. Recherches sur les pratiques médicinales et magiques. Paris 1984.

Hawa t'inkikuna

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Chipika: Brief Summary ( кечуански )

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Chipika icha Kachu (Cynodon dactylon) nisqaqa huk qachu yuram, anchata mast'arispa miraykuq rikch'am, Awya Yalapi musuq yuram, Asyamanta apamusqa.

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Cynodon dactylon ( ломбардски )

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La Gramègna róssa (ach: fenaröl; nom latì Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) l'è öna pianta erbàcea de la faméa di Poaceae (Graminacee) che la düra co 'n d'öna raìs che la stréssa féss tàt, ramificada e che a i grópp la gh 'à raìs e cassàdene ch ' i fa sö i borèi impé o bütàcc zó a i pé e che pó dopo i leà sö; chèsti, ramificàcc in bàss, i ria a tocà i 20 - 30 ghei.

Fòie

I fòie, öna sè e öna no 'dré al borèl, i è spartìde in dù: la guàina che la sara dét ol borèl e la làmina che la partìss de chèsto piö o meno bütada zó; chèsta l' è prope debù drìssa, piata e la se ristrens demenemà indela pónta gössa; öna fira de pìi la sègna la separassiù tra guàina e làmina, la banda de chèstaché l' è segnàda de pìi lóngh, specialmèt 'drè al pé.

Fiùr

Ol fiùr l' è fà de 3/7 spighe, francàde a la pönta d' ol borèl, ognöna formàda de tàte spighète; chèssce i gh' à al pé comè dù fòietene modificàde ciamàde glüme e i è formàde de ü pér de fiùr che però ne crèss sö domà ü, ol fiùr l' è seràt dét in dú de chèle fòietene modificàde lè, öna co la pansa che la arda in fò e chèl' ótra co la pansa che la arda in dét, che i ciàpa ol nóm de glümete.

Fröcc

Ol fröt l'è öna baléna sèca che gnàch quànd che l'è bèl marüt a'l se dervìss per lassà borlà fó i gré de sömessa. l' è seràt dét tra di glümete margnöche.

Indoe l' è

Impö de per töt del mar a la culéna in di prà pié de èrba, in campagna e in di löch lassàcc indà.

La dróga

La raìs

Quànd la se cata

La raìs 's pöl catàla töt l' an (mèi, però, in setèmber-utùer o in mars-avrìl), la se nèta de la tèra e i se trà vià i raìsine de banda.

Come la se té lé

I raìs a i se fà secà in pià sitìl al sùl o i se teca sö a fassècc mia tròp strècc. Pò dopo se ras'-cia vià la pelesina per tö zó la rösca sberlüsenta che la quarcia e i se fà zó i raìs a tochèi. I se mèt via in sachèi de carta o tila.

Propietà

diüreteghe, depüratìe, antifiamatòrie, refrescàcc, disetàcc

Prensépe atìv: möcilagìni, söchèr, amìdi, sostàsse co 'l fà de saù, ü glücosìde de la anilìna. La gramègna róssa la vé dövrada, di erborare, comè dróga al post d' ol Dèt Canì (gramègna), üsàt de sèmper per i sò vertü diüreteghe e südurifere.

L' infüsiù de gramègna róssa l' è ü ècc reméde tradissionàl per pörgàss in primavéra. L' è bùna per cürà i 'nfiamassiù di reni e de la sgiunfèrla, per la góta artètica e i reümatismi, e pò a per sircà de eliminà di calcói pissenì de la cistifelèa e del sistéma ürinare.

Ün üs curiùs de la gramègna róssa l' è chèl de fà öna bira a bù mercàt e refrescàt.

I raìs tostàde i è ü bù sostitüt d' ol cafè sensa i sò magagne.

Per migliurà ol saùr d' infüsiù de gramègna róssa se sögeréss de scogà i raìs per ü menüt, pó dopo cambià l' aqua, e dövrà chèst' öltema infüsiù.

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Cynodon dactylon: Brief Summary ( ломбардски )

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La Gramègna róssa (ach: fenaröl; nom latì Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) l'è öna pianta erbàcea de la faméa di Poaceae (Graminacee) che la düra co 'n d'öna raìs che la stréssa féss tàt, ramificada e che a i grópp la gh 'à raìs e cassàdene ch ' i fa sö i borèi impé o bütàcc zó a i pé e che pó dopo i leà sö; chèsti, ramificàcc in bàss, i ria a tocà i 20 - 30 ghei.

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Kakawatan ( сундански )

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Kakawatan (Cynodon dactylon) nyaéta jukut liar anu gancang pisan ngarekahan jeung hésé dibasmina. Kulantran ieu jukut kakawatan kagolongkeun hama pikeun pepelakan (gulma), jukut kakawatan asup kana kulawarga Poaceae (suku rumput-rumputan) bisa hirup dina taneuh anu angar (henteu subur) sanajan dina mangsa usum halodo ogé. Jukut kakawatan, katelah ogé jukut raket, gigirinting, girintingan (Sunda); suket grinting (Jawa); garinteng, gerinteng, rebha core koko (Madura); padang kawat, padang lepas (Bali); hu maneek, piku (Timor) jeung réa-réa deui.

Ciri mandiri

Jukut kakawatan utamana ngaganggu kana pepelakan kebon saperti kebon jagong, tiwu, sampeu, jeung sajabana. Sanajan geus dikoréd jeung dicabut ieu jukut tetep bisa hirup deui lamun seug akarna napel kénéh dina taneuh sok padahal ngan saeutik.[2]

Tangkalna leutik, teuas, ngampar luhureun taneuh jangkung kurang leuwih 10–40 cm, mangrupa jukut anu kuat ku halodo. Akarna bijil dina handapeun tangkal nyeceb kana jero taneuh kurang lewih aya kana saméterna, palapah daun panjang, bijil dina tangkal beulah kéca jeung katuhu, tungtung daun maréncos.

Kembangna loba bijil tina tungtung tangkal mangrupa gagang. Cupatna aya opat pasanghareup sanghareup kenca kalawan katuhu unggal cupat dipinuhan ku siki buah anu ngajejer rapih nyinggareup kahandap kelirna héjo semu paul, unggal siki dibungkus kucangkang samodeh huut.

Jukut kakawatan biasana kapanggih dina lahan anu mibanda suhu kurang leuwih 24 derajat Celsius ogé tempatna 1 -2.100 méter Luhureun cai laut (dpl) kalawan usum halodo anu leuwih panjang sarta cukup ku cahaya panonpoé.[3]

Asal muasal

Jukut kakawatan (Cynodon dactylon) dipercaya mimitina ti daérah afrika wétan, Asia, Australia jeung Eropa beulah kidul, ogé ti India. Malahan di wewengkon India ieu jukut mangrupa masalah anu kacida daria pikeun kalumangsungan tatanén ku lantaran gancang pisan ngarekahan.[4]

Mangpaat

Jukut kakawatan teu saeutik mibanda mangpaat pikeun kahirupan, contona di Indonésia ieu jukut di kawinkeun jeung jukut séjéna. Hasilna jukut anyar anu dimangpaatkeun pieun dipelak di lapangan golf atawa dijual pikeun jukut hiasa di buruan.

Di India jukut kakawatan dimangpaatkeun pikeun ubar nyeuri panon jeung gangguan panon séjéna, carana ku jalan unggal isuk dinamangsa ieu jukut masih dipinuhan ku reumis tuluy waé pasen leuleumpangan dina luhureun amparan tangkal jukut ieu barijeung nyeker atawa henteu maké sendal.

Mangpaat séjéna numutkeun panalungtikan anu dilaksanakeun di Universitas Allahabad di India, ieu jukut mibanda sifat antimikrobial jeung antivirus tur geus jadi bahan pangwawadi pikeun ngubaran infeksi saluran kemih, prostatitis, sifilis, dan disentri panalungtikan séjéna ngeunaan jukut kakawatan ieu dilaksanakeun ku Glycemic potensial, hasilna nétélakeun ieu jukut mibanda anti-Diabetic nyaéta bisa nurunkeun kadar glucose dina getih kalawan dosis anu geus ditangtukeun, ku alatan Ieu jukut kakawatan Cynodondactylon mangrupa pilihan ubar pikeun kasakit diabetes.[5][6]).

Tempo ogé

Dicutat tina

Wong Grinting.Filosofi Grinting,http;//wonkgrinting.blogspot.com/2009/06/filosofi-gr...diunduh 31/05/11 08:35 Zuhud, E.A.M., Siswoyo, E. Sandra, A.Hikmat dan E.Adhiyanto. 2013. Buku Acuan Umum Tumbuhan Obat Indonésia Jilid X. Dian Rakyat. Jakarta. http://wiki.bugwood.org/Cynodon_dactylon

  1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
  2. Farsani TM, Etemadi N, Sayed-tabatabaei BE, Talebi M. Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Using ISSR Markers. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(1):383-92.
  3. Walker, Karen; Burrows, Geoff; McMahon, Lynne (2001). Bidgee bush : an identification guide to common native plant species of the south western slopes of New South Wales. Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory: Greening Australia. p. 82. ISBN 1-875345-61-2. Diakses tanggal 21 March 2010.
  4. Jujukutan di India
  5. [1]
  6. Glenn W. Burton, Roger N. Gates, and Gary M. Hill. "TIFTON 85 BERMUDAGRASS". University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Diakses tanggal June 24, 2012.

Tutumbu Kaluar

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Kakawatan: Brief Summary ( сундански )

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Kakawatan (Cynodon dactylon) nyaéta jukut liar anu gancang pisan ngarekahan jeung hésé dibasmina. Kulantran ieu jukut kakawatan kagolongkeun hama pikeun pepelakan (gulma), jukut kakawatan asup kana kulawarga Poaceae (suku rumput-rumputan) bisa hirup dina taneuh anu angar (henteu subur) sanajan dina mangsa usum halodo ogé. Jukut kakawatan, katelah ogé jukut raket, gigirinting, girintingan (Sunda); suket grinting (Jawa); garinteng, gerinteng, rebha core koko (Madura); padang kawat, padang lepas (Bali); hu maneek, piku (Timor) jeung réa-réa deui.

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Musie ( тонгански )

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Ko e musie ko e faʻahinga mohuku ia, ngāueʻaki maʻa e musie (ko e feituʻu ʻi he ngoue). Kā ʻoku ʻi ai lahi faʻahinga musie kehe maʻa e funga musie.

Ngaahi faʻahinga kehekehe

  • musie liku; vakai ki he kefukefu
  • musie matala pulū = mohuku vai
  • musie vailima, Paspalum conjugatum (POACEAE)
  • musie vai = mohukuʻapōpoa, Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. (POACEAE); ʻoku pehē ʻe HEAR pē, mahalo pē ko e hala
  • musie Tonga = salapona
  • sipilini

Hingoa ʻi he ngaahi lea kehe

Tataku

Ko e kupu ʻeni ko e potuʻi ia (stub). ʻIo, ko koe, kātaki tokoni mai ʻi hono .
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Musie: Brief Summary ( тонгански )

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Ko e musie ko e faʻahinga mohuku ia, ngāueʻaki maʻa e musie (ko e feituʻu ʻi he ngoue). Kā ʻoku ʻi ai lahi faʻahinga musie kehe maʻa e funga musie.

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Ramegna ( неаполски )

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 src=
Ramegna

La ramegna (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Panicum dactylon L.) è faštima la mmala èrva (gl cundadin la mmalëdícënë, ca pë la cavà cë vò la man ë Ddíë!) ë la famiglia ë lë ramënacëë (Poaceae) cchiù chënësciuta a gl munn. Mmec pë gl spëzial è na bbënëdëzzion pëbbía ë lë prëpriëtà mmëdëcënal chë tè.

Dëscrëzzion

È n'èrva prènn chë tè cèrt rádëchë chë pònn arrëvià fin a ddu mètr sott tèrra e chë zë spánnënë štrëscènn tòrn tòrn. Štríchënë quasc tutt l'ávëtë èrv chë vònn cresc vëcin a essa. È ávëta fin a 40–50 cm. Lë frunn suó fin, ritt e cort (2–15 cm), dë në chëlor verd-azzurr, e chë na pëlama fina fina a gl luat pë ngima.

Andó zë tròva

Zë tròva dappëttutt men ca dend a gl tërren silicëë.

Us

Cucina

Gl cicc chë créscënë ngim'a lë rádëchë z'alléssënë e puó zë fríjënë chë l'uogl ë gliv.

Chë lë rádëchë cë së fa:

  • (òpp sëccat e macëniat) na farina pë fà lë pan o ciert bbëscuott ddoc o salat, macar ammëšchiènnëla chë la farina ë ruan.
  • na bbirra: zë mbónnënë në ccon 3 chil ë rádëchë e zë míttënë dend a në vuas chë në chëpierchië o dend a në varil. Zë lássënë a na part ne calla ne fredda fin a quann gl cicc zë fav luongh quasc 1 cm. Ndann zë scionna l'acqua e zë jètta ngim'a lë rádëchë cëcciat: 500 g ë cicënipr pëštiat, 1200 g ë zúcchërë, 100 g ë liévëtë ë bbirra e 5 letra ë acqua calla. Zë sëllazza bbuon bbuon. Gl juorn òpp e pur gl juorn appriess cë së jèttanë ngòppa 5 letra ë acqua calla ogn vòta e zë sëllazza sèmb bbuon bbuon. Zë chiud gl varil lassènn në bbëchitt pë fà rësciatà gl líquëdë e zë lassa rëpësà na sëmmana sana. Ndann zë tramuta dend a n'ávëta còccia e zë chëmènza a vev òpp 2–3 juorn.

Ávëtë us

Rësišt a la secca e a la pëštiatura, tand è ca vè addëprata pë crià priat chë nën tiev bbësògn ë në muar attënzion.

Piac në muar a gl puorc, chë zë pòrtënë a rëmuà andó la ramegna è fota fota.

Së në pò dà 2-3 chil, fresca o secca, mmatina e sera, a gl cavagl (a gl pòšt ë la biava). Gl fa lëccëcà gl pir.

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Ramegna: Brief Summary ( неаполски )

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 src= Ramegna

La ramegna (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Panicum dactylon L.) è faštima la mmala èrva (gl cundadin la mmalëdícënë, ca pë la cavà cë vò la man ë Ddíë!) ë la famiglia ë lë ramënacëë (Poaceae) cchiù chënësciuta a gl munn. Mmec pë gl spëzial è na bbënëdëzzion pëbbía ë lë prëpriëtà mmëdëcënal chë tè.

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Ажырык ( киргиски )

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 src=
Ажырык (Cynodon dactylon).

Ажырык (лат. Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers) – дан өсүмдүктөр тукумунун уруусу. Көп жылдык чөп. Тамыр сабагы абдан узун, бутактуу, катуу. Сабагы жерге төшөлүп өсөт. Жалбырагы узун, ичке, кыйгак. Топ гүл бутакчалары топтолушуп, сабагынын учундагы бир жерден манжадай чачырап чыгат. Машакчалары 1-2 гүлдүү. А. – тамыр сабагынан жакшы көбөйүүчү, кеңири тараган отоо чөп. Мал жакшы жейт. Кургакчылыкка чыдамдуу. Жакшы алысындайт. Кыргызстанда бир гана түрү – манжа сымал А. өсөт. А-тын 10 түрү бар, алар негизинен Түш. Африкада, Австралияда тропик, субтропик алкактарында таралган. Стадион аянтчалары дың жана жашыл болушу үчүн А-ты өстүрсө болот. Уругу көбүнчө анын жапайы өскөн жеринен жыйналып алынат. Көчүрүп отургузса, тамыр сабагы аркылуу да жакшы көбөйөт.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Ажырык: Brief Summary ( киргиски )

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 src= Ажырык (Cynodon dactylon).

Ажырык (лат. Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers) – дан өсүмдүктөр тукумунун уруусу. Көп жылдык чөп. Тамыр сабагы абдан узун, бутактуу, катуу. Сабагы жерге төшөлүп өсөт. Жалбырагы узун, ичке, кыйгак. Топ гүл бутакчалары топтолушуп, сабагынын учундагы бир жерден манжадай чачырап чыгат. Машакчалары 1-2 гүлдүү. А. – тамыр сабагынан жакшы көбөйүүчү, кеңири тараган отоо чөп. Мал жакшы жейт. Кургакчылыкка чыдамдуу. Жакшы алысындайт. Кыргызстанда бир гана түрү – манжа сымал А. өсөт. А-тын 10 түрү бар, алар негизинен Түш. Африкада, Австралияда тропик, субтропик алкактарында таралган. Стадион аянтчалары дың жана жашыл болушу үчүн А-ты өстүрсө болот. Уругу көбүнчө анын жапайы өскөн жеринен жыйналып алынат. Көчүрүп отургузса, тамыр сабагы аркылуу да жакшы көбөйөт.

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Аҷириқ ( таџички )

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Аҷириқ, ажириқ, «алафи бермудӣ» (лот. Cýnodon dáctylon, синонимҳоPanicum dactylon, Capriola dactylon) — гиёҳест бисёрсолаи худрӯй.

Тавсифоти гиёҳшиносӣ

 src=
Аҷириқ

Решапояи аҷириқ сахт ва бандбанд буда, дар ҳар банди он решаҳои иловагӣ ва муғҷаҳо месабзанд. Решапояи нав сафеди сермағз ва кӯҳнааш зард (дарозиаш то 1 м) мешавад. Ҳар сол миқдори решапоя 25 маротиба афзун мегардад, қисми куҳнааш мемирад (минбаъд мепӯсад); қисми зиёди решапоя дар қабати то 10 см ҷойгир мешавад. Баҳорон дар замини бекорхобида 10-18%-и муғҷаҳо месабзанд, боқимонда (то 90 %) дар давраи нашв (давоми сол) нумӯ меёбанд. Дар сурати мусоидии шароит суръати рушди решапоя мумкин аст 18-40 маротиба (махсусан моҳҳои июн-августи) афзояд. Пояи аҷириқ банд-банд, сершох (10-80 см қад мекашад) — сербарг аст; баргаш нештаршакл, сахт. Хӯшагулаш панҷамонанд (ҳар кадом 3-8 шохчаи саракмонанд дорад); хӯшачаҳояш бедумчаи 1-2-гула (аз моҳи июн то тирамоҳ гул мекунад). Донааш майда (дарозиаш тақрибан 1,5 мм) — байзашакли сеқирра, сиёҳтоб, ҳар бехаш 1-2 ҳазор тухм мебандад. Тухми аҷириқ дар ҳарорати 25-30°С (дар умқи то 2 см) хуб месабзад. Аҷириқ дар шароити табиӣ асосан аз решапояаш зиёд мешавад. Аҷириқ монанди ғумой ба киштзор зарари калон мерасонад; дар тамоми ноҳияҳои пахтакор мерӯяд, заминро камқувват ва киштукорро душвор мегардонад.

Таҷрибаи кишоварзии Тоҷикистон нишон дод, ки шудгори тирамоҳӣ (35-40 см) дар давоми 2-3 сол аҷириқро нест мекунад; решапоя дар вақти бо плуг (П-5-35 М) чаппагардон кардани қабати хок ба зер афтода, дар давоми тобистону зимистон аз беҳавоӣ мепӯсад.

Хосияти шифоӣ

Аҷириқ гиёҳи доруист. Табибони мардумӣ ҷӯшоби решапояашро барои табобати дарди санги гурда, талхадон ва масона, инчунин чун доруи пешоброн ва исҳоловар истифода мебаранд.

Корбурд дар хоҷагӣ

Аҷириқ чун рустании хӯроки чорво («алафи бермудӣ») низ маъмул аст. Онро чорво (махсусан моли майда) ва паранда нағз мехӯрад. Аҷириқ алалхусус дар чарогоҳ алафи пурқимат аст. Аз 1 га аҷириқзор зиёда аз 2,25 т хошоки хушсифат мегиранд. Хошоки аҷириқ монанди арзанак серғизост. Решапояи аҷириқро ба асп медиҳанд. Аҷириқ гиёҳи ба беобӣ тобовар буда, дар ҳама ҷо (ҳатто дар шӯрзамин) мерӯяд. Бо решаҳои тӯрмонандаш регзору нишебҳоро мустаҳкам мекунад ва аз обшӯй шудан эмин медорад. Онро барои сабзапӯш кардани майдонҳои мухталиф низ истифода мебаранд.

Эзоҳ

Адабиёт

  • Сидоренко С. Т. Энсиклопедияи советии тоҷик. Ҷ. 1. Д., 1978;
  • Гладкий М. Ф. Свинорой, его распространение, биология и меры борьбы. Л., 1938;
  • Котт С. А. Сорные растении и борьба с ними. М., 1969;
  • Энциклопедия хлопководства. Т. 2. Ташкент, 1985.

Сарчашма

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Аҷириқ: Brief Summary ( таџички )

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Аҷириқ, ажириқ, «алафи бермудӣ» (лот. Cýnodon dáctylon, синонимҳо — Panicum dactylon, Capriola dactylon) — гиёҳест бисёрсолаи худрӯй.

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दूब घास ( хинди )

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 src=
जमीन पर पसरी दूब घास
 src=
हरी भरी दूब घास

दूब या दुर्वा (वानस्पतिक नाम : Cynodon dactylon) एक घास है जो जमीन पर पसरती है। हिन्दू संस्कारों एवं कर्मकाण्डों में इसका उपयोग किया जाता है। मारवाडी भाषा में इसे ध्रो कहा जाता हैँ।

शायद ही कोई ऐसा इंसान होगा जो दूब को नहीं जानता होगा। हाँ यह अलग बात है कि हर क्षेत्रों में तथा भाषाओँ में यह अलग अलग नामों से जाना जाता है। हिंदी में इसे दूब, दुबडा, संस्कृत में दुर्वा, सहस्त्रवीर्य, अनंत, भार्गवी, शतपर्वा, शतवल्ली, मराठी में पाढरी दूर्वा, काली दूर्वा, गुजराती में धोलाध्रो, नीलाध्रो, अंग्रेजी में कोचग्रास, क्रिपिंग साइनोडन, बंगाली में नील दुर्वा, सादा दुर्वा आदि नामों से जाना जाता है। इसके आध्यात्मिक महत्वानुसार प्रत्येक पूजा में दूब को अनिवार्य रूप से प्रयोग में लाया जाता है।

इसके औषधीय गुणों के अनुसार दूब त्रिदोष को हरने वाली एक ऐसी औषधि है जो वात कफ पित्त के समस्त विकारों को नष्ट करते हुए वात-कफ और पित्त को सम करती है। दूब सेवन के साथ यदि कपाल भाति की क्रिया का नियमित यौगिक अभ्यास किया जाये तो शरीर के भीतर के त्रिदोष को नियंत्रित कर देता है, यह दाह शामक, रक्तदोष, मूर्छा, अतिसार, अर्श, रक्त पित्त, प्रदर, गर्भस्राव, गर्भपात, यौन रोगों, मूत्रकृच्छ इत्यादि में विशेष लाभकारी है। यह कान्तिवर्धक, रक्त स्तंभक, उदर रोग, पीलिया इत्यादि में अपना चमत्कारी प्रभाव दिखाता है। श्वेत दूर्वा विशेषतः वमन, कफ, पित्त, दाह, आमातिसार, रक्त पित्त, एवं कास आदि विकारों में विशेष रूप से प्रयोजनीय है। सेवन की दृष्टि से दूब की जड़ का 2 चम्मच पेस्ट एक कप पानी में मिलाकर पीना चाहिए। लान (Lawn) के रूप में भी दूब घास का प्रयोग किया जाता है। घर के आगे खाली जगह में इसे लगा कर सुंदरता देखी जा सकती है।

बाहरी कड़ियाँ

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दूब घास: Brief Summary ( хинди )

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 src= जमीन पर पसरी दूब घास  src= हरी भरी दूब घास

दूब या दुर्वा (वानस्पतिक नाम : Cynodon dactylon) एक घास है जो जमीन पर पसरती है। हिन्दू संस्कारों एवं कर्मकाण्डों में इसका उपयोग किया जाता है। मारवाडी भाषा में इसे ध्रो कहा जाता हैँ।

शायद ही कोई ऐसा इंसान होगा जो दूब को नहीं जानता होगा। हाँ यह अलग बात है कि हर क्षेत्रों में तथा भाषाओँ में यह अलग अलग नामों से जाना जाता है। हिंदी में इसे दूब, दुबडा, संस्कृत में दुर्वा, सहस्त्रवीर्य, अनंत, भार्गवी, शतपर्वा, शतवल्ली, मराठी में पाढरी दूर्वा, काली दूर्वा, गुजराती में धोलाध्रो, नीलाध्रो, अंग्रेजी में कोचग्रास, क्रिपिंग साइनोडन, बंगाली में नील दुर्वा, सादा दुर्वा आदि नामों से जाना जाता है। इसके आध्यात्मिक महत्वानुसार प्रत्येक पूजा में दूब को अनिवार्य रूप से प्रयोग में लाया जाता है।

इसके औषधीय गुणों के अनुसार दूब त्रिदोष को हरने वाली एक ऐसी औषधि है जो वात कफ पित्त के समस्त विकारों को नष्ट करते हुए वात-कफ और पित्त को सम करती है। दूब सेवन के साथ यदि कपाल भाति की क्रिया का नियमित यौगिक अभ्यास किया जाये तो शरीर के भीतर के त्रिदोष को नियंत्रित कर देता है, यह दाह शामक, रक्तदोष, मूर्छा, अतिसार, अर्श, रक्त पित्त, प्रदर, गर्भस्राव, गर्भपात, यौन रोगों, मूत्रकृच्छ इत्यादि में विशेष लाभकारी है। यह कान्तिवर्धक, रक्त स्तंभक, उदर रोग, पीलिया इत्यादि में अपना चमत्कारी प्रभाव दिखाता है। श्वेत दूर्वा विशेषतः वमन, कफ, पित्त, दाह, आमातिसार, रक्त पित्त, एवं कास आदि विकारों में विशेष रूप से प्रयोजनीय है। सेवन की दृष्टि से दूब की जड़ का 2 चम्मच पेस्ट एक कप पानी में मिलाकर पीना चाहिए। लान (Lawn) के रूप में भी दूब घास का प्रयोग किया जाता है। घर के आगे खाली जगह में इसे लगा कर सुंदरता देखी जा सकती है।

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দুবৰি বন ( асамски )

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দুবৰি বন (বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Cynodon dactylon[2] এবিধ ঘাঁহ জাতীয় ঔষধি উদ্ভিদ। ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতিত দুবৰি বনৰ বিশেষ মহত্ত্ব আছে। বিভিন্ন ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠানত দুবৰি বন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। আফ্ৰিকা মহাদেশৰ স্থানীয় ঘাঁহবিধ বৰ্তমান গোটেই বিশ্বতে পোৱা যায়।[3] আয়ুৰ্বেদত দুবৰিক বাত, পিত্ত আৰু কফৰ মহৌষধ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। সাধাৰণ কটা-ছিঙাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি বিভিন্ন গুৰুতৰ ৰোগত দুবৰি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। সৌন্দৰ্য বৰ্ধনৰ বাবেও দুবৰিক উদ্যান ঘাঁহ হিচাপে ব্যবহাৰ কৰা হয়।

কিছুমান ঠাইত ইয়াক বিদেশী প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে অপতৃণ বুলিও গণ্য কৰা হয়।

বৰ্ণনা

দুবৰিৰ পাত সেউজীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গুৰিৰ প্ৰায় ২-১৫ ছেঃমিঃ দীঘল হয়। ইয়াৰ বুঢ়া পাতবোৰ অলপ খহটা।[4] ইয়াৰ থিয় ঠাৰিডাল অলপ চেপেটা আৰু ১-৩০ ছেঃমিঃ ওখ হয়। গুটিবোৰ সৰু যদিও গা-গছৰ ধাৱকেৰে বংশবৃদ্ধি বেছিকৈ হয়।

ইয়াৰ মূল শিপা প্ৰণালী মাটিক খামুচি মাৰি ধৰে আৰু খৰাং পৰিস্থিতিত ২ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত দীঘল হ'ব পাৰে। ধাৱক গা গছৰ গাঁঠিৰ পৰাও সৰু সৰু শিপা ওলায়। এই শিপা খুব বেছি ৬০ ছেঃমিঃ দীঘল হয় আৰু মাটিৰ ওপৰত ডাঠকৈ বিয়পি পৰে। উচ্চ উষ্ণতাত ইয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি ভাল হয়। শীতকালত ইয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি আটাইতকৈ কম হয়।

ব্যৱহাৰ

সংস্কৃতিক ব্যৱহাৰ

ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতিত কল্যাণৰ প্রতীক হিচাপে দূবৰি বনক গণ্য কৰা হয়। পূজা-পাৰ্বনত শান্তিজল ছটিয়াবলৈ দুবৰি বন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। পূজাত দেৱ-দেৱীলৈ দুবৰি আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। বিবাহ অনুষ্ঠানত দুবৰিৰে নতুন বোৱাৰী ঘৰলৈ বৰণ কৰি অনা হয়। বিভিন্ন গীত, কবিতা আৰু সাহিত্যত দুবৰিৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।

ঔষধি গুণ

আয়ুৰ্বেদত দুবৰিক বাত, পিত্ত আৰু কফৰ মহৌষধ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। দুবৰি বন সন্তান গৰ্ভধাৰণত অসমর্থ হলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। আমাশয় আৰু উদৰাময়েত দুবৰি বনৰ ৰস ঔষধ। আয়ুর্বেদিক শাস্ত্ৰমতে ৰক্তপিত্ত ৰোগত দুবৰি বন মহৌষধ। এই ৰোগত মুখ, নাকৰ বাহিৰেও শৰীৰৰ বিভিন্ন অংশৰে ৰক্ত নিঃসৰণ হলে দুবৰি ৰস খালে আৰু নাকৰ ফুটাত দিলে উপশম হয়। চুলি সৰা ৰোগটো দুবৰি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। পায়োৰিয়া ৰোগত দুবৰি বনৰ পাতেৰে দাঁত মাজিলে ভাল। কটা-ছিঙাত ইয়াৰ পাত থেতালি আক্রান্ত স্থানত প্রলেপ দিলে ৰক্তক্ষৰণ বন্ধ হৈ যায়।

সৌন্দৰ্য বৰ্ধন

উদ্যানৰ ঘাঁহ হিচাপে দুবৰি বন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিয়ৰত তিতা কোমল দুবৰি বনৰ ওপৰত খোজ কাঢ়িবলৈ ভাল।

 src=
দুবৰি বন

অন্যান্য নাম

তথ্য উৎস

  1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-406339.
  2. "Vilfa stellata (Willd.) P. Beauv". Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100389014?tab=acceptednames। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 5 December 2015.
  3. "CABI Invasive Species Compendium". https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/17463.
  4. Walker, Karen; Burrows, Geoff; McMahon, Lynne (2001). Bidgee bush: an identification guide to common native plant species of the south western slopes of New South Wales. প্ৰকাশক Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory: Greening Australia. পৃষ্ঠা. 82. ISBN 978-1-875345-61-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=6J1VAQAACAAJ। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 21 March 2010.

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দুবৰি বন: Brief Summary ( асамски )

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দুবৰি বন (বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Cynodon dactylon এবিধ ঘাঁহ জাতীয় ঔষধি উদ্ভিদ। ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতিত দুবৰি বনৰ বিশেষ মহত্ত্ব আছে। বিভিন্ন ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠানত দুবৰি বন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। আফ্ৰিকা মহাদেশৰ স্থানীয় ঘাঁহবিধ বৰ্তমান গোটেই বিশ্বতে পোৱা যায়। আয়ুৰ্বেদত দুবৰিক বাত, পিত্ত আৰু কফৰ মহৌষধ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। সাধাৰণ কটা-ছিঙাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি বিভিন্ন গুৰুতৰ ৰোগত দুবৰি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। সৌন্দৰ্য বৰ্ধনৰ বাবেও দুবৰিক উদ্যান ঘাঁহ হিচাপে ব্যবহাৰ কৰা হয়।

কিছুমান ঠাইত ইয়াক বিদেশী প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে অপতৃণ বুলিও গণ্য কৰা হয়।

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ધરો ( гуџаратски )

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ધરો, ધ્રો, ધ્રોખડ અથવા દૂર્વા એક પ્રકારની વનસ્પતિ અને ઘાસનો પ્રકાર છે. તેનું વૈજ્ઞાનિક નામ Cynodon dactylon છે. વનસ્પતિશાસ્ત્રના વર્ગીકરણ પ્રમાણે તે પોએસી કુળનું સભ્ય છે.

ભારતીય સંસ્કૃતિમાં ગણપતિ પૂજન[૨] અને અન્ય પૂજનોમાં ધરો વપરાય છે. આને પવિત્ર અને માંગલિક માનવામાં આવે છે.[૩] ઘાસના રૂપમાં તેની અનેક વિશેષતાઓ છે. જેમકે- પાણીના અભાવે એક વાર સુકાઈ જવાનો વારો આવે, તો પણ પાણીની પ્રાપ્તિ થતાં તે ફરી લીલીછમ થઈ જાય છે. મૂળમાંથી ખેંચી કાઢવામાં આવે, અને બીજે રોપવામાં આવે, તો બીજા સ્થળમાં પણ તે જામી જાય છે. પોતે ટૂકડાઓમાં વહેંચાઈને પોતાના પરિવારની વૃદ્ધિ કરતી રહે છે. ધરોના આ પ્રકારના જીવન ઉપરથી પ્રેરણા મેળવવા માટે તેનો પૂજાના કાર્યમાં પ્રયોગ કરાયો છે. વ્યાપારીઓ ચોપડા પૂજન વખતે ચોપડામાં નાગરવેલના પાનની સાથે ફૂલ અને ધરોને પણ ચોપડામાં પધરાવે છે. એની પાછળની ભાવના એવી હોય છે કે અમારું વ્યાપારનું કાર્ય પણ ક્યારેક ધનના અભાવે કે મંદીના કારણે ઓછું થઈને સુકાવા લાગે, તો પણ ફરી પાછું ધનની સગવડ થતાં કે તેજીની સ્થિતિ આવતાં વ્યાપાર પાછો, લીલોછમ થઈ જાય.

ચિત્ર ઝલક

આ પણ જુઓ

સંદર્ભ

  1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
  2. "તાજગી અને પ્રફુલ્લતાનું પ્રતિક છે દુર્વા". દિવ્ય ભાસ્કર. ૧૦ સપ્ટેમ્બર ૨૦૧૦. Retrieved ૨૫ ફેબ્રુઆરી ૨૦૧૬. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (મદદ)
  3. "પાટણ-સિદ્ધપુર સહિત જિલ્લામાં ધરો આઠમ શ્રદ્ધાપૂર્વક ઊજવાઇ". દિવ્ય ભાસ્કર. ૧૬ સપ્ટેમ્બર ૨૦૧૦. Retrieved ૨૫ ફેબ્રુઆરી ૨૦૧૬. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (મદદ)
лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
વિકિપીડિયા લેખકો અને સંપાદકો
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia emerging languages

ધરો: Brief Summary ( гуџаратски )

добавил wikipedia emerging languages

ધરો, ધ્રો, ધ્રોખડ અથવા દૂર્વા એક પ્રકારની વનસ્પતિ અને ઘાસનો પ્રકાર છે. તેનું વૈજ્ઞાનિક નામ Cynodon dactylon છે. વનસ્પતિશાસ્ત્રના વર્ગીકરણ પ્રમાણે તે પોએસી કુળનું સભ્ય છે.

ભારતીય સંસ્કૃતિમાં ગણપતિ પૂજન અને અન્ય પૂજનોમાં ધરો વપરાય છે. આને પવિત્ર અને માંગલિક માનવામાં આવે છે. ઘાસના રૂપમાં તેની અનેક વિશેષતાઓ છે. જેમકે- પાણીના અભાવે એક વાર સુકાઈ જવાનો વારો આવે, તો પણ પાણીની પ્રાપ્તિ થતાં તે ફરી લીલીછમ થઈ જાય છે. મૂળમાંથી ખેંચી કાઢવામાં આવે, અને બીજે રોપવામાં આવે, તો બીજા સ્થળમાં પણ તે જામી જાય છે. પોતે ટૂકડાઓમાં વહેંચાઈને પોતાના પરિવારની વૃદ્ધિ કરતી રહે છે. ધરોના આ પ્રકારના જીવન ઉપરથી પ્રેરણા મેળવવા માટે તેનો પૂજાના કાર્યમાં પ્રયોગ કરાયો છે. વ્યાપારીઓ ચોપડા પૂજન વખતે ચોપડામાં નાગરવેલના પાનની સાથે ફૂલ અને ધરોને પણ ચોપડામાં પધરાવે છે. એની પાછળની ભાવના એવી હોય છે કે અમારું વ્યાપારનું કાર્ય પણ ક્યારેક ધનના અભાવે કે મંદીના કારણે ઓછું થઈને સુકાવા લાગે, તો પણ ફરી પાછું ધનની સગવડ થતાં કે તેજીની સ્થિતિ આવતાં વ્યાપાર પાછો, લીલોછમ થઈ જાય.

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
વિકિપીડિયા લેખકો અને સંપાદકો
изворно
посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia emerging languages

ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲು ( канадски )

добавил wikipedia emerging languages

ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲು/ ದೂರ್ವ ಪೋಯೇಸೀ (ಗ್ರಾಮಿನೀ) ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಸೈನೊಡಾನ್ ಡ್ಯಾಕ್ಟಿಲಾನ್ ಎಂಬ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಹೆಸರಿನ ಒಂದು ಬಹುವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಗಿಡ. ಕುಡಿಗರಿಕೆ. ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ನಾಮ. ಬರ್ಮ್ಯುಡ ಹುಲ್ಲು, ಬಹಾಮ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಎಂಬ ಹೆಸರುಗಳೂ ಇವೆ. ಇದನ್ನೆ ಬಹುವಾಗಿ ಹೋಲುವ ಇನ್ನಿತರ ಸುಮಾರು 10 ಬಗೆಯ ಹುಲ್ಲುಗಳಿವೆ. ಇವಕ್ಕೂ ರೂಢಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಗರಿಕೆ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಎಂದೇ ಹೆಸರು. ಇವೆಲ್ಲ ಹಬ್ಬಿ ಹರಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಬಹುವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು. ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲ ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲು ದನಕರುಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಹು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ ಆಹಾರವೆನಿಸಿದೆ.

ಇತರೆ ಹೆಸರುಗಳು

ಬರ್ಮುಡಾ ಹುಲ್ಲು, ಧೂಬ್, ದೂರ್ವಾ ಹುಲ್ಲು, ಡಬೊ, ನಾಯಿಗಳ ಹುಲ್ಲು, ಬಹಾಮಾ ಹುಲ್ಲು, ದೆವ್ವದ ಹುಲ್ಲು, ಹಾಸಿಗೆಯ ಹುಲ್ಲು, ಭಾರತೀಯ ದೋಬ್, ಅರುಗಾಂಪುಲ್, ಗ್ರಾಮ, ವೈಗ್ರಾಸ್, ಸ್ಕಚ್ ಹುಲ್ಲು.

ವ್ಯವಸಾಯ

ಯೂರೇಷ್ಯದ ಮೂಲ ನಿವಾಸಿಯಾದ ಇದು ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಉಷ್ಣ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಶೀತೋಷ್ಣವಲಯಗಳಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮುದ್ರಮಟ್ಟದಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿದು 2500 ಮೀ ಎತ್ತರದ ವರೆಗಿನ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನು ಕಾಣಬಹುದು. ರಸ್ತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಲುದಾರಿಗಳ ಅಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮೃದ್ಧಿಯಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆದಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಬಂಜರು ಬಿಟ್ಟಿರುವ ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ಈ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಬಹುಬೇಗ ಆವರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು. ಇದು ಎಲ್ಲ ಬಗೆಯ ಮಣ್ಣುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳೆಯಬಲ್ಲದಾದರೂ ಗಟ್ಟಿ ಮಣ್ಣಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ವರ್ಷದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಕಾಲಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಹೂ ಬಿಡುವುದು ಇದರ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳಲ್ಲೊಂದು. ಗರಿಕೆ ಹುಲ್ಲನ್ನು ಕಾಂಡ ಅಥವಾ ಬೇರು ಭಾಗಗಳನ್ನು ಕತ್ತರಿಸಿ ನೆಟ್ಟು ಬೆಳೆಸಬಹುದು. ಬೀಜಗಳಿಂದಲೂ ಬೆಳೆಸಬಹುದು. ರೆಂಬೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಗೆಣ್ಣುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬೇರು ಬಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡು ಹಬ್ಬಿ ಹರಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತವೆ. ಕಾಂಡದ ಕವಲುಗಳು ಬಳ್ಳಿಯಂತೆ 1-1.2 ಮೀ ಉದ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತವೆ. ಮಳೆಗಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ 5-7 ಮೀ ವರೆಗೂ ವರ್ಧಿಸಿರುವುದುಂಟು. ಹೂಗಳು ಸ್ಪೈಕ್ ಮಾದರಿಯ ಗೊಂಚಲಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಾವೇಶಗೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಒಂದೊಂದು ಗೊಂಚಲಲ್ಲೂ 3-6 ಕವಲು ಗೊಂಚಲುಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ.

ಪೌಷ್ಟಿಕಾಂಶಗಳು

ಬಲು ಪುಷ್ಟಿದಾಯಕವೆಂದು ಹೆಸರಾಗಿರುವ ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಚ್ಚಾಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್ ಶೇ. 10.47, ನಾರು ಶೇ. 28.17, ಸಾರಜನಕಮುಕ್ತವಸ್ತುಗಳು ಶೇ. 47.8, ಈಥರ್ ಅಂಶ ಶೇ. 1.80 ಮತ್ತು ವಿವಿಧ ಖನಿಜಾಂಶಗಳು ಶೇ. 11.75, ಇರುವುದು ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿದೆ.

ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು

ಬೇರಾವ ಹುಲ್ಲಿಗಿಂತಲೂ ದನಕರುಗಳಿಗೆ, ಅದರಲ್ಲೂ ಕುದುರೆಗಳಿಗೆ, ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಉಪಯುಕ್ತವಾದ ಮೇವೆಂದರೆ ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲು. ಇದನ್ನು ಹಸಿಯಾಗಿ ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಒಣಗಿಸಿ ತಿನ್ನಿಸಬಹುದು. ಕಾಕಂಬಿ ಜೊತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆರೆಸಿ ಕೆಡದಂತೆ ಅನೇಕ ವರ್ಷಗಳವರೆಗೆ ಇದನ್ನು ಕಾದಿಟ್ಟ ಹುಲ್ಲಾಗಿ ಅಥವಾ ಹಗೇವು ಮೇವಾಗಿ ಇಡಬಹುದು. ತೆನೆ ಬಿಟ್ಟಾಗ ಇದನ್ನು ಕತ್ತರಿಸಿ ಒಣಗಿಸುವುದು ರೂಢಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕ್ರಮ. ಒಂದು ಎಕರೆಗೆ 15-20 ಮಣದಷ್ಟು ಹುಲ್ಲು ದೊರೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಸರಿಯಾಗಿ ಗೊಬ್ಬರ ಮತ್ತು ನೀರನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸಿ ಇಳುವರಿಯನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸಬಹುದು. ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ಕೊನೆಯ ಪಕ್ಷ 4 ಬಾರಿ ಕಟಾಯಿಸಬಹುದು. ಇದರ ಗುಪ್ತಕಾಂಡಗಳನ್ನು ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಣ್ಣ ತುಂಡುಗಳಾಗಿ ಕತ್ತರಿಸಿ, ಸಗಣಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬೆರೆಸಿ ಕೆತ್ತಿದ ಭೂಮಿಯ ಮೇಲೆ, ಮಳೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗುವ ಮುನ್ನ ಹಾಕಿದರೆ, ಮಳೆಗಾಲದ ಕೊನೆಗೆ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆದು ಹರಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ.

ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲು ಇಷ್ಟು ಉಪಯುಕ್ತವಾದರೂ ಇದು ಒಂದು ಕಡೆ ಬೇರೂರಿದ ಮೇಲೆ ಇದನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಮೂಲ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಕಷ್ಟ. ವ್ಯವಸಾಯದ ಭೂಮಿಗಳನ್ನು ಇದು ಒಂದು ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿ ಕಳೆಯಾಗಿ ಬಹುಬೇಗ ಆವರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು. ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಳೆದಿರುವ ಪೈರುಗಳನ್ನು ಹಾಳು ಮಾಡುವುದಲ್ಲದೆ ಕೆಲವೇ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಸಾರವನ್ನೆಲ್ಲ ಹೀರಿ ನೆಲವನ್ನು ವ್ಯವಸಾಯಕ್ಕೆ ಅನುಪಯುಕ್ತವಾಗಿ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೇಸಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ಆಳವಾಗಿ ಉತ್ತು ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲಿನ ಬೇರುಗಳನ್ನು ಬಿಸಿಲಿಗೆ ಬಿಡುವುದರ ಮೂಲಕ ಇದನ್ನು ಸ್ವಲ್ಪಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು. ಇಂಥ ಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಗೋದಿಯ ಬೆಳೆಯನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಸುವುದರಿಂದ ಹುಲ್ಲಿನ ಕಳೆ ಬಹುಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ನಿರ್ಮೂಲವಾಗುವುದೆಂಬ ಅಂಶ ಈಚೆಗೆ ಗೊತ್ತಾಗಿದೆ. ಬಹುಶಃ ಗೋದಿ ಬೆಳೆಗೆ ಮಾಡುವ ವ್ಯವಸಾಯ ಕ್ರಮ ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಮಾರಕವೆನಿಸಬಹುದು.

ಔಷಧವಾಗಿ

ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲಿನ ಕಷಾಯ ಮೂತ್ರಸ್ರಾವವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಜಲೋದರ ರೋಗಕ್ಕೆ ಔಷಧವಾಗಿಯೂ ಇದರ ಬಳಕೆ ಉಂಟು. ಬೇರು ಮತ್ತು ಗುಪ್ತಕಾಂಡಗಳಿಂದ ಮೂತ್ರಜನಕಾಂಗ ಮತ್ತು ಜನನಾಂಗಗಳ ಕೆಲವು ರೋಗಗಳ ನಿವಾರಣೆಗೆ ಔಷಧಿಯನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ರಕ್ತಸ್ರಾವವನ್ನು ತಡೆಯಲು ಕೂಡ ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸುವುದುಂಟು.

ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು

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ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲು: Brief Summary ( канадски )

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ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲು/ ದೂರ್ವ ಪೋಯೇಸೀ (ಗ್ರಾಮಿನೀ) ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಸೈನೊಡಾನ್ ಡ್ಯಾಕ್ಟಿಲಾನ್ ಎಂಬ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಹೆಸರಿನ ಒಂದು ಬಹುವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಗಿಡ. ಕುಡಿಗರಿಕೆ. ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ನಾಮ. ಬರ್ಮ್ಯುಡ ಹುಲ್ಲು, ಬಹಾಮ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಎಂಬ ಹೆಸರುಗಳೂ ಇವೆ. ಇದನ್ನೆ ಬಹುವಾಗಿ ಹೋಲುವ ಇನ್ನಿತರ ಸುಮಾರು 10 ಬಗೆಯ ಹುಲ್ಲುಗಳಿವೆ. ಇವಕ್ಕೂ ರೂಢಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಗರಿಕೆ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಎಂದೇ ಹೆಸರು. ಇವೆಲ್ಲ ಹಬ್ಬಿ ಹರಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಬಹುವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು. ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲ ಗರಿಕೆಹುಲ್ಲು ದನಕರುಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಹು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ ಆಹಾರವೆನಿಸಿದೆ.

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ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿ ( Tcy )

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ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿ
ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿ
ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿ

ಒಂಜಿ ಜಾತಿತ ಪಂತಿ

ವಿಸೆಸೊ

ಗಣಪತಿ ಪೂಜೆಗ್ ಅಗತ್ಯವಾದ್ ಬೋಡಾಯಿನ ಒಂಜಿ ವಸ್ತ್ ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿ. ಶುಭ ಕಾರ್ಯೊಗು ದುಂಬು ಗಣಪತಿನ್ ಪೂಜಿಸವುನ ಪದ್ಧತಿ. ಅಪಗ ಗಣಪತಿನ ಮೂರ್ತಿದ ಬದಲ್‌ಗ್ ಅಂಬಿಡ್ ಪಿಳ್ಳಾರತಿ ಮಲ್ತ್‌ದ್ ಅಯಿಕ್ ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿನ್ ಕುತ್ತ್‌ದ್ ದೀದ್ ಪೂಜೆ ಮಲ್ಪುನ ವಾಡಿಕೆ. ಪೂಜೆಗ್ ಬೋಡಾಯಿನ ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿ ಮರ್ದ್‌ದ ಉಪಯೋಗೊಡುಲ ಪುದರ್ ಪಡೆಯಿನ ದಯಿಯಾದುಂಡು. ಉಂದು ಪೊಯೇಸೀ ಜಾತಿಗ್ ಸೇರ್‌ನ ದಯಿ.

ಬೇತೆ ಬೇತೆ ಪುದರುಲು

  • ಸಸ್ಯ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಪುದರ್ - ಸೈನೊಡಾನ್ ಡ್ಯಾಕ್ಟಿಲಾನ್
  • ಕನ್ನಡ - ಗರಿಕೆ, ಕಾಡು ಗರಿಕೆ, ಕುಡಿಗರಿಕೆ,ದೂಬ್,ಕರ್ಕೆರಿ ಹುಲ್ಲು,ಕರಿಕೆ ಹುಲ್ಲು,ಹರಿಯಾಳಿ
  • ತಮಿಳ್ - ಅರುಗಂ ಪುಲ್ಲು
  • ತೆಲುಗು - ಗರಿಕೆ,ಹರಿವಾಳಿ
  • ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ - ವೈರ್ ಗ್ರಾಸ್,ಕೌಚ್ ಗ್ರಾಸ್, ಕ್ರೀಪಿಂಗ್ ಗ್ರಾಸ್,ಬಹಾಮಗ್ರಾಸ್,ಡನ್ ಗ್ರಾಸ್,ದೂಬ್ ಗ್ರಾಸ್,ಬೆರ್ಮುಡಾ ಗ್ರಾಸ್
  • ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ - ದೂರ್ವ,ಹರಿತಾಳಿ
  • ಹಿಂದಿ - ಧುಬ್, ಹರಿಯಾಳಿ
  • ತುಲು - ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿ

ಬುಳೆಚ್ಚಿಲ್ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಪೊಲಬು

ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾದ್ ಮಾತ ರೀತಿದ ಮಣ್ಣ್‌ಡ್ ಬುಳೆಪುನಂಚಿನ ದಯಿ. ಉಂದು ಬಲ್ಲ್‌ದ ಲೆಕ್ಕ್ ಇತ್ತ್‌ದ್ ನೆಲಟೆ ಪದ್‌ರಾ ಗಂಟ್ ಗಂಟ್‍ಡ್ದ್ ಬೇರ್‌ನ್ ನೆಲಕ್ ಕೊರೊಂದು ಪೊಪುಂಡು. ಅಂಚನೆ ಮಿತ್ತ್‌ಗ್ ಎಗ್ಗೆ ಬುಡುದು ಸಪೂರವಾದ್ ಉದ್ದ ಇರೆಕುಲು ಬೊಕ್ಕ ತೆಗ್‌ರ್ ಉಪ್ಪುಂಡು.

ಮರ್ದ್‌ದ ಉಪಯೋಗ

  • ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿದ ಬೇರ್‌ದ ರಸ ೪-೬ ಬಿಂದ್‌ದಾತ್ ಮೂಂಕುಗು ಪಾಡ್ಂಡ ಮೂಂಕುಡ್ದು ನೆತ್ತೆರ್ ಬರ್ಪುನ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಆಪುಂಡು.ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿದ ಬೇರ್‌ದ ರಸೊನು ಕೆಲವು ದಿನೊ ಮುಟ್ಟ ಪರ್ಂಡ ಮೂಂಕುಡ್ದು ನೆತ್ತೆರ್ ಬರ್ಪುನ ಶಾಶ್ವತವಾದ್ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಆಪುಂಡು.
  • ಒಂಜಿ ಮುಷ್ಠಿ ಕದಿಕೆ ಪಂತಿನ್ ಬೇರ್‌ ಸಮೇತ ದೆತೊಂದು ಪೊರ್ಲು ದೆಕ್ಕ್‌ದ್ ೨ ಲೀಟರ್ ನೀರ್‌ಡ್ ಪಾಡ್‍ದ್ ಕೊದಿಪಾದ್ ಕಾಲ್ ಲೀಟರ್ ಆಯಿ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಅಯಿಕ್ ಬೋಡಾಯಿನಾತ್ ಪೇರ್ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಕಲಿ ಬೆಲ್ಲ ಪಾಡ್‍ದ್ ಬೊಲ್ಪುಗು, ಬಯ್ಯಗ್ ರಡ್ಡ್ ಫೊರ್ತು ಕೆಲವು ದಿನೊ ಮುಟ್ಟ ಪರ್ಂಡ ಪಟಿಗೆದ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಕಮ್ಮಿ ಆಪುಂಡು. ಉಂದುವೆ ಕಷಾಯೊನು ೧೪-೧೫ ದಿನೊ ಮುಟ್ಟ ಪರ್ಂಡ ಆಂಜೊಲೆನ ವೀರ್ಯಾಣು ವೃದ್ದಿ ಆಪುಂಡು.

ಉಲ್ಲೇಕೊ

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Cynodon dactylon ( англиски )

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Cynodon dactylon, commonly known as Bermuda grass, is a grass found worldwide. It is native to Europe, Africa, Australia and much of Asia. It has been introduced to the Americas.[2][3] Contrary to its common name, it is not native to Bermuda and is in fact an abundant invasive species there. In Bermuda it has been known as "crab grass" (also a name for Digitaria sanguinalis). Other names are Dhoob, dūrvā grass, ethana grass, dubo, dog grass, dog's tooth grass,[4] Bahama grass, crab grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, arugampul, grama, wiregrass and scutch grass.

Description

The blades are a grey-green colour and are short, usually 2–15 cm (0.79–5.91 in) long with rough edges.[5] The erect stems can grow 1–30 cm (0.39–11.81 in) tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often tinged purple in colour.

The seed heads are produced in a cluster of two to six spikes together at the top of the stem, each spike 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) long.[5]

It has a deep root system; in drought situations with penetrable soil, the root system can grow to over 2 metres (6.6 ft) deep, though most of the root mass is less than 60 centimetres (24 in) under the surface. The grass creeps along the ground with its stolons, and roots wherever a node touches the ground, forming a dense mat. C. dactylon reproduces through seeds, stolons, and rhizomes. Growth begins at temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F) with optimum growth between 24 and 37 °C (75 and 99 °F); in winter, the grass becomes dormant and turns brown. Growth is promoted by full sun and retarded by full shade, e.g., close to tree trunks.

Cultivation

Cynodon dactylon is widely cultivated in warm climates all over the world between about 30° S and 30° N latitude, and that get between 625 and 1,750 mm (24.6 and 68.9 in) of rainfall a year (or less, if irrigation is available). For example, it is grown in the U.S. mostly in the southern half of the country.

Cultivars

Hundreds of cultivars have been created specifically for environmental tolerance and stakeholder requirements. New cultivars are released yearly.[6][7]

Uses

Religious

Commonly known as "durva" or dūrvāyugma in India, this grass is used in the Ayurveda system of medicine.[8] Performing Puranokta Rudrabhisheka while offering durva 11 times bestows long life. In Hinduism, it is considered important in the worship of Lord Ganesha. A clump of 21 shoots of this grass is usually offered during puja (worship). It has been a part of Hindu rituals since Vedic times. A unique festival called Durva Ashtami, dedicated to this grass, is celebrated on the 8th day of Shukla Paksha of Bhadra month of the Hindu calendar.[9]

It is known as "Arugampul" in Tamil and "Karuka" in Malayalam and is part of the Dashapushpam (Ten sacred flowers) in Kerala.[10]

Groom tying a dubo garland on his bride's neck, in a Nepalese Khas Hindu wedding.
Groom tying a dubo garland around the bride's neck in a Nepalese Hindu wedding

In Nepal, the grass is known as "dubo" and is used by the Hindus. According to Nepalese Hindus, the grass symbolises long life. The grass is an essential item for the Naga Panchami festival as well as the Gaura festival.[11][12][13] In a Nepalese Hindu wedding, a garland made of this grass is worn by both bride and groom.[14]

This grass is a Yoruba herb used for Esu or Elegba in the Ifá system of orishas.

Medicinal value

The rhizomes are reported to act as a diuretic in humans and the grass juice can act as an astringent.[8]

It has been observed that Cynodon dactylon may be selectively eaten by dogs to swiftly induce vomiting when they have gastrointestinal problems. The effect may be due to irritation caused by bristles on the leaf margin.[8]

Other

It is fast-growing and tough, making it popular and useful for sports fields, as when damaged it will recover quickly. It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate climates, particularly for those regions where its tolerance to heat and drought enable it to survive where few other grasses do. This combination makes it a frequent choice for golf courses in the southern, southeastern U.S and South Africa. It has a relatively coarse-bladed form with numerous cultivars selected for different turf requirements.

Bermuda grass has been cultivated in saline soils in California's Central Valley, which are too salt-damaged to support agricultural crops; it was successfully irrigated with saline water and used to graze cattle.[15][16]

Professional sports

National Football League

The following National Football League teams use it as the playing surface in their home stadiums:

Major League Baseball

The following Major League Baseball teams use it as the playing surface in their home stadiums:

Ecology

Cynodon dactylon (foreground, the background grass is a separate species) at Peradeniya Royal Botanical Garden
Invasive nature of cynodon dactylon as it grows out of a small hole in a concrete curb

Invasive species

It is a highly aggressive invasive species, crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitats, and has become a hard-to-eradicate weed in some areas (it can be controlled somewhat with Triclopyr, Mesotrione, Fluazifop-P-butyl, and Glyphosate).[17][18] This weedy nature leads some gardeners to give it the name of "devil grass". Bermuda grass is incredibly difficult to control in flower beds and most herbicides do not work. However, Ornamec, Ornamec 170, Turflon ester (tricyclopyr), and Imazapyr have shown some effectiveness. All of these items are difficult to find in retail stores, as they are primarily marketed to professional landscapers.[19]

The hybrid variety Tifton 85, like some other grasses (e.g. sorghum), produces cyanide under certain conditions,[20] and has been implicated in several livestock deaths.

References

  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
  2. ^ "Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".
  3. ^ "CABI Invasive Species Compendium".
  4. ^ "Iraq". lntreasures.com. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  5. ^ a b Walker, Karen; Burrows, Geoff; McMahon, Lynne (2001). Bidgee bush: an identification guide to common native plant species of the south western slopes of New South Wales. Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory: Greening Australia. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-875345-61-8. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
  6. ^ Shi H, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Ye T, Chan Z. Analysis of natural variation in bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) reveals physiological responses underlying drought tolerance. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12):e53422.
  7. ^ "Warm-Season Grass Breeding". www.uga.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-13.
  8. ^ a b c Kandwal, Manish K.; Sharma, M. L. (2011). "Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers. : a self-treatment grass for dogs". Current Science. 101 (5): 619–621. JSTOR 24078622. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  9. ^ Majupuria, Trilok Chandra (2009). Religious & useful plants of Nepal & India: (medicinal plants and flowers as mentioned in religious myths and legends of Hinduism and Buddhism). Rohit Kumar (Majupuria). ISBN 978-9937-2-0473-6.
  10. ^ Vijayan Namboothiri, Mini. 'Dashapushpam'- through the looking glasses of Science and Religion. ISBN 978-620-0-31860-2. OCLC 1197284682.
  11. ^ "आज नागपञ्चमी पर्व मनाइँदै , यस्तो छ धार्मिक मान्यता". Nepalipatra. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  12. ^ "सुदूरपश्चिममा गौरा पर्व सुरु". Online Khabar (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  13. ^ "किन नागलाई दूध र दुबो चढाइन्छ ?". किन नागलाई दूध र दुबो चढाइन्छ ? (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  14. ^ "Love and Marriage in Nepal". Vogue. 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2022-10-27. nd a garland of flowers and dubo or durva grass, a symbol of long life.
  15. ^ Kaffka, Stephen (2009). "Can feedstock production for biofuels be sustainable in California?" (PDF). California Agriculture. 63 (4): 202–207. doi:10.3733/ca.v063n04p202. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
  16. ^ Stephen Kaffka; Stephen Grattan; Dennis Corwi; Maximo Alonso; George E. Brown Jr. "Bermuda Grass Yield and Quality in Response to Different Salinity and N, Se, Mo, and B Rates in West San Joaquin Valley" (PDF). UC Center for Water Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2015.
  17. ^ "Tenacity and Bermuda Control - LawnSite.com™ - Lawn Care & Landscaping Business Forum". Lawnsite.com. 2011. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  18. ^ Teuton T.C.; J.B. Unruh; B.J. Brecke; G.L. Miller (2005). "Hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) Control with Glyphosate and Fluazifop-p-butyl". Applied Turfgrass Science. doi:10.1094/ATS-2005-0119-01-RS. S2CID 221234330. Archived from the original on 2011-03-21.
  19. ^ John Boyd; Brian N. Rodgers. "BERMUDAGRASS CONTROL WITH ARSENAL" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2010.
  20. ^ Provin, T. L.; Pitt, J. L. "Nitrates and Prussic Acid in Forages" (PDF). Texas A&M University System. Retrieved June 24, 2012.

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Cynodon dactylon: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Cynodon dactylon, commonly known as Bermuda grass, is a grass found worldwide. It is native to Europe, Africa, Australia and much of Asia. It has been introduced to the Americas. Contrary to its common name, it is not native to Bermuda and is in fact an abundant invasive species there. In Bermuda it has been known as "crab grass" (also a name for Digitaria sanguinalis). Other names are Dhoob, dūrvā grass, ethana grass, dubo, dog grass, dog's tooth grass, Bahama grass, crab grass, devil's grass, couch grass, Indian doab, arugampul, grama, wiregrass and scutch grass.

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Cynodon dactylon ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Cynodon dactylon,[1]​ la grama común, también conocida como césped, agramen o gramón, entre otros nombres, es una planta de la familia Poaceae nativa del norte de África y sur de Europa. El nombre en inglés de "Bermuda Grass" deriva de su abundancia como maleza en Bermudas. También es conocida por ser la más abundante en todo el mundo. Es una de las Diez Flores Sagradas de Kerala. Se utiliza en muchos países como pasto para ganadería, ornamental, en jardines o para controlar la erosión del suelo. Se considera una de las malezas más dañinas para la agricultura y los ecosistemas.[2]

 src=
Porte de la planta vista en su hábitat
 src=
Inflorescencia durante la antesis

Descripción

Las hojas son verde grisáceas (sin estrés hídrico recuperan un verde intenso), cortas, de 4 a 15 cm de longitud con bordes fuertes membranosos; vainas de 1,5 a 7 cm de largo, generalmente más cortas que los entrenudos, vilosas en el ápice, las inferiores quilladas, lígulas membranosas, cilioladas, de 0,2 a 0,3 mm de largo, a veces vilosas en el dorso, láminas de 0,5 a 6,5 cm de largo por 1 a 3,5 mm de ancho, aplanadas, en ocasiones dobladas, escabriúsculas (poco ásperas), generalmente vilosas detrás de la lígula y en los márgenes inferiores, ocasionalmente en ambas superficies. En invierno pierden clorofila hasta volverse blanquecinas.
Los tallos erectos o decumbentes, pueden crecer de 1 a 30 cm (raramente hasta 90 cm) de altura. Los tallos son ligeramente achatados, a veces con pintas púrpuras.
Las inflorescencias tienen espigas (3) 4 a 6, de 1,5 a 6 cm de largo, distribuidas en un verticilo, usualmente radiadas. Las espiguilla/flores: espiguillas de 2 a 3 mm de largo, presas del raquis e imbricadas, verde violáceas, glumas de 1 a 3 mm de largo, glabras, la primera falcada (en forma de hoz), la segunda lanceolada; lema de 2 a 3 mm de largo, fuertemente doblada y aquillada, sin arista u ocasionalmente con un corto mucrón, pálea glabra tan larga o un poco más corta que la lema; raquilla prolongada, desnuda o llevando una segunda flor masculina o rudimentaria.
Tiene un sistema radicular muy profundo; en sequía con perfil de suelo penetrable, las raíces pueden crecer a más de 2 m de profundidad, aunque la mayoría de la masa radicular está a menos de 60 cm bajo la superficie. Los tallos reptan por el suelo, y de los nódulos salen nuevas raíces, formando densas matas.
Esta especie se reproduce por semillas, estolones y rizomas. El rebrote y crecimiento comienzan a temperaturas por encima de 15 °C, la óptima se sitúa entre 24 a 37 °C; en invierno el pasto seca completamente la parte aérea, entrando en dormancia y se torna beige pardo.
Fisiológicamente, tiene un proceso de fijación del carbono muy eficiente: la vía de 4 carbonos, como el maíz, la caña de azúcar, el sorgo, el amaranto.[2]

Cultivo y usos

Esta gramínea está ampliamente cultivada en climas cálidos y templados de todo el mundo, entre 30° sur y 30° norte de latitud, y entre 500 a 2800 mm de lluvias anuales (o mucho menos, si hay riego disponible). Prospera desde el nivel del mar hasta los 2200 msnm. Es de crecimiento rápido, siendo popular y usada en campos de deportes, al dañarse se recupera rápidamente. Es muy deseada en pastos de turf, en climas templados y cálidos, particularmente en regiones donde su tolerancia al calor y a la sequía la hace útil para sobrevivir donde muy pocos otros pastos prosperan. Existen numerosos cultivares selectos para diferentes requerimientos del turf. Es muy agresiva, eliminando a muchas otras especies y convirtiéndose en especie invasora en muchas áreas. Los jardineros la llaman "pasto del diablo" por su poder colonizador.

Formas de control

Control cultural

Resiste al fuego como la caña de azúcar y al corte constante como la alfalfa o los forrajes.

Control químico
  • Glifosato 48 %: resiste las dosis comunes de hasta 4 L/ha. La combate muy bien por encima de 6 L/ha, nunca en subdosis ni fraccionada.
  • Glifosato 74,7 %: 3,5 kg/ha
  • PRILAN 10: herbicida graminicida sistémico, selectivo en cultivos de hoja ancha como girasol, maní, algodón, poroto y soja. Control postemergente de C. dactylon. Es PROPAQUIZAFOP 10 %. Dosis: 1 L/ha + 2 L/ha aceite agrícola + 200 L/ha agua [1]

Propiedades

Principios activos: contiene sales potásicas, fructosanas: triticina; inositol.[3]

Indicaciones: es usado como diurético, colagogo, hepatoprotector, antiinflamatorio. Popularmente se considera depurativo, antihipertensivo e hipoglucemiante. Indicado para estados en los que se requiera un aumento de la diuresis: afecciones genitourinarias (cistitis, ureteritis, uretritis, oliguria, urolitiasis), hiperazotemia, hiperuricemia, gota, hipertensión arterial, edemas, sobrepeso acompañado de retención de líquidos. Disquinesias biliares, colecistitis, hepatitis.[3]

Contraindicado con el uso de diuréticos en presencia de hipertensión o cardiopatías, sólo debe hacerse por prescripción y bajo control médico, dada la posibilidad de aparición de una descompensación tensional o, si la eliminación de potasio es considerable, una potenciación del efecto de los cardiotónicos. Obstrucción de las vías biliares. Embarazo (popularmente se considera abortiva). Las partes aéreas contienen heterósidos cianogénicos, responsables de intoxicaciones en ganadería.[3]

Se usa el rizoma en decocción.[3]

Taxonomía

C. dactylon fue descrita por (L.) Pers. y publicado en Synopsis Plantarum 1: 85. 1805.[4]

Etimología

Cynodon: nombre genérico que deriva del griego kuon = (perro) y odous, odontos = (diente), tal vez en alusión a las duras yemas basales cónicas y afiladas en los rizomas.[5]

dactylon: epíteto latino que significa "dedos"

Citología

Número de cromosomas de Cynodon dactylon (Fam. Gramineae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=40[6]

Sinonimia

Nombres comunes

Agramem, agramen, brena, canaria, cañota, césped, chépica, diente de perro, escobillas blandas, gambre, grama, grama blanca, grama canaria, grama canina, grama común, grama de botica, grama de España, grama de secano, grama fina, grama nudosa, grama oficinal de España, gramen, gramia, gramón, gromón, hierba gramera, hierba rastrera, medicina del perro, pan de perro, pata de gallina, pata de gallo, pata de pollo, pasto, pie de gallina, rizada.[8]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. «Cynodon dactylon». Consultado el 11 de marzo de 2020.
  2. a b «Cynodon dactylon(Bermuda grass)». CABI. Consultado el 15 de julio de 2021.
  3. a b c d «Cynodon dactylon». Plantas útiles: Linneo. Archivado desde el original el 1 de diciembre de 2009. Consultado el 30 de diciembre de 2009.
  4. «Cynodon dactylon». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2012.
  5. (en inglés) Watson L, Dallwitz MJ. (2008). «The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references». The Grass Genera of the World. Consultado el 26 de enero de 2010.
  6. Contribution à la connaissance cytotaxinomique des spermatophyta du Portugal. I. Gramineae Fernandes, A. & M. Queirós (1969) Bol. Soc. Brot. ser. 2 43: 20-140
  7. Cynodon dactylon en PlantList
  8. «Cynodon dactylon». Real Jardín Botánico: Proyecto Anthos (requiere búsqueda interna). Consultado el 30 de diciembre de 2009.

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Cynodon dactylon: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

добавил wikipedia ES

Cynodon dactylon,​ la grama común, también conocida como césped, agramen o gramón, entre otros nombres, es una planta de la familia Poaceae nativa del norte de África y sur de Europa. El nombre en inglés de "Bermuda Grass" deriva de su abundancia como maleza en Bermudas. También es conocida por ser la más abundante en todo el mundo. Es una de las Diez Flores Sagradas de Kerala. Se utiliza en muchos países como pasto para ganadería, ornamental, en jardines o para controlar la erosión del suelo. Se considera una de las malezas más dañinas para la agricultura y los ecosistemas.​

 src= Porte de la planta vista en su hábitat  src= Inflorescencia durante la antesis
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Askimotz ( баскиски )

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Askimotz, arrosario-belar, aski, brena edo otsatz (Cynodon dactylon) Poaceae familiako landare belarkara da. Gariaren familiakoa, zuztar etzan korapilatsua eta hosto luze eta zorrotzak dituena; hiru edo bost buruxka ematen ditu lasto motz baten muturrean.[1]

Erreferentziak


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
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Askimotz: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Askimotz, arrosario-belar, aski, brena edo otsatz (Cynodon dactylon) Poaceae familiako landare belarkara da. Gariaren familiakoa, zuztar etzan korapilatsua eta hosto luze eta zorrotzak dituena; hiru edo bost buruxka ematen ditu lasto motz baten muturrean.

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Sormiheinä ( фински )

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Sormiheinä[1] eli varvasheinä[2] (Cynodon dactylon) on alkuperältään eteläeurooppalainen monivuotinen heinälaji. Nurmikasvina siitä on käytetty myös nimeä bermudaruoho.[3]

Sormiheinä muodostaa rönsyileviä kasvustoja. Se kasvaa 5–20 senttimetriä korkeaksi. Sormiheinän korsi on koheneva. Lehdet ovat 2–4 millimetriä leveät, litteät ja harmaanvihertävät. Kukinto on kerrannaistähkä, jossa on 3–6 sormimaista, 2–5 cm pitkää tähkää. Yksikukkaiset tähkylät ovat tähkässä kahdessa rivissä.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b Mossberg, B. & Stenberg, L.: Suuri Pohjolan kasvio. 2. painos. Suomentanut Vuokko, S. & Väre, H. Tammi, 2005. ISBN 951-31-2924-1.
  2. Lampinen, R. & Lahti, T.: Kasviatlas 2010: Levinneisyyskartat (Varvasheinä, Cynodon dactylon) 2011. Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo.
  3. Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön asetus 46/05 (pdf)
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Sormiheinä: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Sormiheinä eli varvasheinä (Cynodon dactylon) on alkuperältään eteläeurooppalainen monivuotinen heinälaji. Nurmikasvina siitä on käytetty myös nimeä bermudaruoho.

Sormiheinä muodostaa rönsyileviä kasvustoja. Se kasvaa 5–20 senttimetriä korkeaksi. Sormiheinän korsi on koheneva. Lehdet ovat 2–4 millimetriä leveät, litteät ja harmaanvihertävät. Kukinto on kerrannaistähkä, jossa on 3–6 sormimaista, 2–5 cm pitkää tähkää. Yksikukkaiset tähkylät ovat tähkässä kahdessa rivissä.

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Chiendent pied-de-poule ( француски )

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Cynodon dactylon

Cynodon dactylon ou Chiendent pied de poule est une espèce de plantes herbacées de la famille des Poaceae (Graminées).

 src=
Comparaison de Cynodon dactylon avec d'autres graminées

Cette espèce est parfois appelée simplement « Cynodon », improprement, car Cynodon est son nom de genre, un genre composé de plusieurs espèces.

Ce chiendent, dit pied-de-poule, est sans doute d'origine européenne mais sa répartition est maintenant mondiale.

Utilisation

Cette espèce est utilisée pour la confection de gazon assez rustique, demandant moins d'entretien que d'autres espèces. Sa tendance à être couvre-sol est également appréciée dans ce cas.

À la demande de l'USGA (association américaine de clubs de golf), une étude a porté sur la capacité de cette plante à retenir les nitrates lixiviés par les pluies ou arrosage. Elle s'est avérée mauvaise en début de croissance du gazon, et meilleure après quelques mois[1]. On trouve également ce type de gazon sur certains stades de football, par exemple à Rome ou à Rodilhan[2].

Cynodon dactylon est toutefois une espèce considérée comme potentiellement toxique pour les mammifères[3]. Elle est utilisée en médecine traditionnelle.

Notes et références

  1. Snyder, G.H., E.O. Burt, and J.M. Davidson. 1980. Nitrogen leaching in bermudagrass turf. 2. Effect of nitrogen sources and rates. Proc. Int. Turfgrass Res. Conf. 4:313-324.
  2. Maupin 2016.
  3. D'après la FDA Poisonous Plant Database via la (en) Référence GRIN : espèce Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Annexes

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Chiendent pied-de-poule: Brief Summary ( француски )

добавил wikipedia FR

Cynodon dactylon

Cynodon dactylon ou Chiendent pied de poule est une espèce de plantes herbacées de la famille des Poaceae (Graminées).

 src= Comparaison de Cynodon dactylon avec d'autres graminées

Cette espèce est parfois appelée simplement « Cynodon », improprement, car Cynodon est son nom de genre, un genre composé de plusieurs espèces.

Ce chiendent, dit pied-de-poule, est sans doute d'origine européenne mais sa répartition est maintenant mondiale.

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Cynodon dactylon ( италијански )

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La gramigna rossa[1] (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., 1805) è una pianta erbacea e perenne, appartenente alla famiglia delle graminacee e al genere Cynodon. È molto competitiva, presenta un esteso apparato radicale. Viene anche utilizzata in tappeti erbosi con clima caldo, vista la sua elevata resistenza al calpestamento, ed è considerata una pianta infestante di prati e campi. Volgarmente è anche conosciuta con il nome di erba canina. Nonostante sia una graminacea, le proprietà allergeniche dei suoi pollini si distinguono dalle altre piante della famiglia.

Descrizione

 src=
Cynodon dactylon

Le foglie sono di colore verdognolo e sono corte, solitamente tra 2 e 15 cm, con margini ruvidi[2]. I fusti eretti possono crescere da 1 a 30 cm di altezza; essi sono leggermente appiattiti e spesso hanno sfumature violacee.

I semi sono prodotti in gruppi di spighe (da 3 a 6) poste insieme alla sommità del fusto; ogni spiga è lunga da 2 a 5 cm[2]. la gramigna rossa possiede un profondo apparato radicale. In condizioni di siccità con suolo penetrabile, l'apparato radicale può crescere ad oltre 2 m di profondità, sebbene la maggior parte della massa delle radici si trovi a meno di 60 cm dalla superficie. si sviluppa strisciando lungo il suolo e sviluppa radici dovunque un nodo tocchi il suolo, formando un denso groviglio. Cynodon dactylon si riproduce mediante semi, radici da nuovi nodi e rizomi.

La crescita inizia a temperature superiori ai 15 °C e diviene ottimale tra 24 e 37 °C; in inverno, la gramigna diviene dormiente, assumendo una colorazione bruna. La crescita è promossa dal pieno sole e ritardata dalla piena ombra, come ad esempio vicino ai tronchi degli alberi.

Distribuzione e habitat

Cynodon dactylon è probabilmente originaria dell'India, da dove si è diffusa sino a divenire presente in tutto il mondo[3].

Predilige climi temperati caldi e tropicali, essendo la sua temperatura ottimale di crescita pari a circa 35 °C[3]. Vive dal livello del mare fino a circa 2200 m s.l.m. Cynodon dactylon predilige terreni secchi, ricchi di sostanze nutritive, poveri di humus e per lo più sabbiosi. Essa è leggermente tollerante alla salinità[4] e anche molto resistente al freddo.

A nord delle Alpi non è originariamente presente, ma potrebbe essersi diffusa assieme alla diffusione della viticoltura. La gramigna rossa è molto diffusa in Italia in campi e orti. In Europa centrale, questa erba cresce in aree sabbiose, come ad esempio ai bordi delle strade e nelle discariche.

Utilizzo

Usi terapeutici

Sono note le sue proprietà diuretiche[5]. La gramigna rossa è un'erba officinale e un'erba medicinale, anche se poco conosciuta.

Usi gastronomici

Usata nell'antichità come ingrediente per la panificazione e per la preparazione della birra, le foglie tenere si possono mangiare in insalata. I germogli, biancastri e teneri, si possono bollire e condire e sono una pietanza nutriente.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b Gramigna rossa (Cynodon dactylon) Archiviato il 30 maggio 2011 in Internet Archive., altavaltrebbia.net
  2. ^ a b Karen Walker, Burrows, Geoff; McMahon, Lynne, Bidgee bush : an identification guide to common native plant species of the south western slopes of New South Wales, Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory, Greening Australia, 2001, p. 82, ISBN 1-875345-61-2. accesso richiede url (aiuto)
  3. ^ a b FAO factsheet: Cynodon dactylon Archiviato il 30 agosto 2010 in Internet Archive., abgerufen 26. Juli 2008.
  4. ^ M.A. Fischer, K. Oswald, W. Adler: Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol. Dritte Auflage, Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der OÖ Landesmuseen, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9
  5. ^ Gramigna, in Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.

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Cynodon dactylon: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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La gramigna rossa (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., 1805) è una pianta erbacea e perenne, appartenente alla famiglia delle graminacee e al genere Cynodon. È molto competitiva, presenta un esteso apparato radicale. Viene anche utilizzata in tappeti erbosi con clima caldo, vista la sua elevata resistenza al calpestamento, ed è considerata una pianta infestante di prati e campi. Volgarmente è anche conosciuta con il nome di erba canina. Nonostante sia una graminacea, le proprietà allergeniche dei suoi pollini si distinguono dalle altre piante della famiglia.

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Cynodon dactylon ( латински )

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Cynodon dactylon, antique agrostis (ex Graeco ἄγρωστις), est planta graminibus similis Europae meridionalis Africaeque Septentrionalis et ibi ut mala herba a multis rusticis e terris suis expulsum. Anseres minime licet agroste pascere, quia provocat apepsiam.[1] In nonnullis regionibus, species damnosissime diffusa est, ut in insulis Bermuda et Bahamensibus (unde nomina Anglica habet Bermuda grass, Bahama grass). Alibi autem in climatibus calidioribus agrostis hodie utilis est in viridariis, quia rapidissime diffunditur siccitatemque et calorem tolerat. Etiam Hinduismus ea utitur.

Notae

  1. Geoponica 14.22.2.

Nexus externi

Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Cynodon dactylon" apud Vicispecies.
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Cynodon dactylon: Brief Summary ( латински )

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Cynodon dactylon, antique agrostis (ex Graeco ἄγρωστις), est planta graminibus similis Europae meridionalis Africaeque Septentrionalis et ibi ut mala herba a multis rusticis e terris suis expulsum. Anseres minime licet agroste pascere, quia provocat apepsiam. In nonnullis regionibus, species damnosissime diffusa est, ut in insulis Bermuda et Bahamensibus (unde nomina Anglica habet Bermuda grass, Bahama grass). Alibi autem in climatibus calidioribus agrostis hodie utilis est in viridariis, quia rapidissime diffunditur siccitatemque et calorem tolerat. Etiam Hinduismus ea utitur.

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Handjesgras ( холандски; фламански )

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Handjesgras of Bermudagras (Cynodon dactylon) is een sterk zodevormende, overblijvende plant uit de grassenfamilie (Poaceae) met een sterke zouttolerantie. De soort kwam oorspronkelijk in de tropen en subtropen voor, maar heeft zich van daaruit ook in Midden-Europa gevestigd. De bladeren sterven 's winters af.

Beschrijving

De grauwgroene plant wordt 10-40 cm hoog en heeft een tot een meter lang, vertakte rizoom. Bovengronds worden lange kruipende spruiten met veel knopen gevormd. Op de knopen worden wortelende stolonen gevormd. Op een knoop zitten meerdere knoppen waar weer nieuwe spruiten uit kunnen ontstaan. De stengel staat rechtop of aan het begin eerst liggend en daarna opstijgend. Op het bovenste, derde gedeelte van de stengel zitten slechts 1-2 knopen met lange internodiën. Aan de basis van de plant zitten veel gedrongen internodiën met veel knoppen, waardoor de bladschijven bossig bij elkaar staan.

De geribde bladscheden zijn kaal tot bovenop behaard. Bij de overgang van de bladschede naar de bladschijf zitten 3-4 mm lange bosjes haren. Het tongetje bestaat uit 0,5 mm lange wimpers. De aan beide zijden ruwe bladschijf is 2-15 cm lang en 3-4 mm breed en aan de onderkant bezet met korte haartjes.

Handjesgras bloeit van mei tot september. Aan de bloeistengel zitten bovenaan in een handvormige krans 2-9 aren met aan één kant van de aarspil twee rijen aartjes. De aren zijn 2-6 cm lang en 1-2 mm breed. De bijna zittende, elkaar dakpansgewijs bedekkende, roodbruine aartjes zijn 2,4-3,2 mm lang en hebben een 1,5 mm lang steeltje. Het onderste kelkkafje is 1,8-2,2 mm lang en het bovenste 2,4-2,8 mm. Het onderste kroonkafje is 2-2,4mm lang en heeft een bewimperde kiel. Het bovenste kroonkafje is ongeveer 2,2 mm lang. De ronde, vuilpurperen meeldraden zijn 1,5 mm lang.

De ronde graanvruchten (zaden) zijn één mm groot. 1700 zaden wegen ongeveer 1 gram.

Handjesgras komt voor op droge, grazige dijkhellingen en op droge, grazige rivierduinen. In Nederland komt de soort voor langs het IJsselmeer en in het fluviatiel district.

Literatuur

  • (de) Siegmund Seybold (Hrsg.): Schmeil-Fitschen interaktiv (cd-rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6

Externe links

Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Handjesgras op Wikimedia Commons.
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Handjesgras: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

добавил wikipedia NL

Handjesgras of Bermudagras (Cynodon dactylon) is een sterk zodevormende, overblijvende plant uit de grassenfamilie (Poaceae) met een sterke zouttolerantie. De soort kwam oorspronkelijk in de tropen en subtropen voor, maar heeft zich van daaruit ook in Midden-Europa gevestigd. De bladeren sterven 's winters af.

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Cynodon palczasty ( полски )

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 src=
Cynodon palczasty

Cynodon palczasty, trawa bermudzka, psi ząb palczasty (Cynodon dactylon L.) — gatunek rośliny z rodziny wiechlinowatych. Występuje na terenach piaszczystych. W USA, w jej południowych rejonach jest rośliną pastewną, odporną na suszę. Jest gatunkiem obcym zadomowionym we florze Polski. Trawa osiąga do 30 cm wysokości. Kwiatostan złożony jest z palczasto ułożonych kłosów. Poszczególne kłoski są jednokwiatowe.

Znaczenie w hinduizmie

  • Cynodon palczasty (trl. dūrvā) używany jest w rytuałach hinduistycznych. Źródła podają stosowanie jej w kulcie bengalskiej bogini Mangalaćandi[2].
  • Ten gatunek trawy wykorzystywany jest w kulcie słoniogłowego boga Ganeśi[3]. Mitologia indyjska opisuje użycie trawy gatunku durva podczas walki boga z demonem[4].

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-12-21].
  2. 12.1. Bogini Mangalaćandi. W: Barbara Grabowska: Ćandi, Sati, Parwati. Z dziejów literatury indyjskiej. Wyd. 1. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2012, s. 189. ISBN 978-83-235-0846-5.
  3. hindupad.com: Durva Ganapati Poojan 2010 – Durva Ganapati Vrata in 2010 (ang.). [dostęp 2011-06-25].
  4. Jeronimus: Images of Lord Ganesha / Durva Grass (2011. 02.11) (ang.). [dostęp 2011-06-25].

Bibliografia

  1. Zbigniew Podbielkowski: Słownik roślin użytkowych. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne. ISBN 83-09-00256-4.
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Cynodon palczasty: Brief Summary ( полски )

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 src= Cynodon palczasty

Cynodon palczasty, trawa bermudzka, psi ząb palczasty (Cynodon dactylon L.) — gatunek rośliny z rodziny wiechlinowatych. Występuje na terenach piaszczystych. W USA, w jej południowych rejonach jest rośliną pastewną, odporną na suszę. Jest gatunkiem obcym zadomowionym we florze Polski. Trawa osiąga do 30 cm wysokości. Kwiatostan złożony jest z palczasto ułożonych kłosów. Poszczególne kłoski są jednokwiatowe.

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Cynodon dactylon ( португалски )

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Cynodon dactylon é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Poaceae.

Também é conhecida pelo nome popular de grama bermudas

A grama-bermudas é um tipo de gramínea cultivada em pastos, fenações, na formação de gramados e em barrancos para a cobertura do solo. Apesar dessas utilizações é uma erva daninha em plantações de café, amendoim, canaviais e muitas outras diminuindo 80% da produção. É uma planta que compete espaço com outras que são nativas, invade terrenos baldios e elimina do solo a humidade, os nutrientes e o oxigénio. Causa também impactos na saúde: seu pólen causa alergias e a febre do feno.

Possui tolerância ao calor, à seca, ao tráfego intenso de pedestres e a solos com baixo teor de nutrientes. Em áreas tropicais mais quentes, a grama Bermudas permanecerá verde o ano todo.[1]

Portugal

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental, no Arquipélago dos Açores e no Arquipélago da Madeira.

Em termos de naturalidade é nativa de Portugal Continental e no Arquipélago da Madeira e introduzida no Arquipélago dos Açores.

Protecção

Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.

Referências

  1. «Grama Bermudas - Cynodon dactylon SP». Projeto Jardinando. 7 de junho de 2020. Consultado em 29 de junho de 2020

Bibliografia

 title=
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Cynodon dactylon: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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Cynodon dactylon é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Poaceae.

Também é conhecida pelo nome popular de grama bermudas

A grama-bermudas é um tipo de gramínea cultivada em pastos, fenações, na formação de gramados e em barrancos para a cobertura do solo. Apesar dessas utilizações é uma erva daninha em plantações de café, amendoim, canaviais e muitas outras diminuindo 80% da produção. É uma planta que compete espaço com outras que são nativas, invade terrenos baldios e elimina do solo a humidade, os nutrientes e o oxigénio. Causa também impactos na saúde: seu pólen causa alergias e a febre do feno.

Possui tolerância ao calor, à seca, ao tráfego intenso de pedestres e a solos com baixo teor de nutrientes. Em áreas tropicais mais quentes, a grama Bermudas permanecerá verde o ano todo.

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Свинорий пальчастий ( украински )

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Опис

Це багаторічна сіро-зеленого кольору рослина, що досягає висоти зростання від 10 до 40 см. Має до 1 метра завдовжки розгалужене кореневище й довгі повзучі надземні пагони, які мають багато вузлів. Таким чином, утворює щільний газон. Листові пластини від 2 до 15 см в довжину і в ширину від 3 до 4 мм, грубі на обох сторонах. Колоски 2–6 см і шириною 1–2 мм. Колосочки довжиною від 2,4 до 3,2 мм. Квітне з травня по вересень. Зернівки приблизно 1 мм завдовжки.

Поширення

Походження: Старий Світ. Широко натуралізований бур'ян. Ця трава широко культивується в теплих і помірних кліматичних умовах по всьому світу, де є від 500 до 2800 мм річних опадів (або набагато менше, якщо є зрошення). Процвітає від рівня моря до 2200 метрів. Як і раніше вид популярний у використанні на спортивних майданчиках. Є численні сорти, відібрані для різних вимог дерну. Дуже агресивний, усуває багато інших видів, стаючи інвазивним видом у багатьох областях.

Використання

У народній медицині кореневища застосовують при хворобах дихальних шляхів і нирок, як кровоочисний засіб, при нічному нетриманні сечі, при частковій втраті зору, при туберкульозі легень, жовтяниці, порушенні менструального циклу, ревматизмі і ломотах, при венеричних хворобах, водянці, каменях в сечових і жовчних шляхах, рахіті, фурункулах запаленнях сечового міхура та геморої.

Свинорий використовують у гомеопатії.

Галерея

Див. також

Література

Посилання

Примітки

  1. Довідник назв рослин України
  2. а б в Cynodon dactylon // Ю. Кобів. Словник українських наукових і народних назв судинних рослин (Серія «Словники України»). — Київ : Наукова думка, 2004. — 800 с. — ISBN 966-00-0355-2.
  3. О. А. Дакі. Фразотворення як спосіб номінації дикорослих рослин в українських південнобессарабських говірках // Page 1 Вісник Житомирського державного університету. — 2011. — Вип. 58. — С. 28–31.
  4. В. И. Чопик, Л. Г. Дудченко, А. Н. Краснова; «Дикорастущие полезные растения Украины» Справочник; Киев, Наукова думка, 1983. (рос.)
Starr 001026-8001 Poa pratensis.jpg Це незавершена стаття про Тонконогові.
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Cỏ gà ( виетнамски )

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Cỏ gà hay còn gọi là cỏ chỉ, cỏ ống, cỏ Bermuda..., danh pháp hai phần: Cynodon dactylon ((L.) Pers.), là một loài thực vật lưu niên thuộc họ Hòa thảo, mọc hoang dã hoặc được trồng tại những vùng có khí hậu ấm ở nhiều nơi trên thế giới. Cỏ gà được cho là có nguồn gốc từ châu Phi hoặc châu Á [1]. Cỏ gà có thể được dùng trong chăn nuôi gia súc, làm mặt cỏ cho sân vận động, công viên, sân chơi... và cả trong y học cổ truyền.

Tên gọi ở một số nơi trên thế giới

  • Australia: cỏ giường (green couch).
  • Mỹ: cỏ Bermuda.
  • Fiji: kabuta.
  • Bangladesh: cỏ "dhoub".
  • Nam Phi: cỏ Bahama.
  • Peru: chepica brave, came de niño, pate de perdiz, gramilla blanca.
  • Cuba: hierba-fina.
  • Suriname: cỏ dữ (griming), tigriston.

Phân bố

 src=
Cụm hoa cỏ gà.

Cỏ gà hiện diện ở khắp các miền nhiệt đới, cận nhiệt đới và ven biển vùng ôn đới trên thế giới từ 30° vĩ Bắc đến 31,4° + 7,5° vĩ Nam. Nó có thể sống ở độ cao từ mực nước biển cho đến độ cao 2.300 m. Ở Việt Nam, cỏ gà thường mọc ở bờ sông, sườn đê, bãi cỏ tự nhiên trên khắp các vùng.

Mô tả

Thân rễ bò dài ở gốc, thẳng đứng ở ngọn, cứng, có từ 8 đến 40 cọng, có khi cao tới 90 cm. Cỏ gà bò chằng chịt vào nhau thành thảm cỏ dày đặc. Lá phẳng hình dài hẹp, nhọn đầu, màu vàng lục, mềm, nhẵn hoặc có lông, mép hơi ráp. Lá có thể thay đổi màu sắc từ xanh đậm sang xanh nhạt, trắng khi thời tiết biến đổi. Cụm hoa thường dài từ 3 đến 6 cm gồm từ 3 đến 7 bông con (hiếm gặp hơn là 2 bông) dài khoảng 2-3 mm xếp hình ngón, đơn, mảnh. Các ngón hoa thường tạo thành một vòng nhưng cá biệt có thể thành 2 vòng với 10 cụm hoa.

Đặc tính sinh học và môi trường sống

 src=
Cây cỏ gà - bẹ lá cuốn thành nốt sần do tác động của sâu ký sinh

Cỏ gà ưa nóng nên sinh trưởng kém về mùa đông. Nhiệt độ lý tưởng cho cỏ gà sinh trưởng là khoảng 35 °C cho đến 37,5 °C. Nhiệt độ tối thiểu cho cỏ gà sinh trưởng là trên 10 °C vào ban ngày, nó phát triển rất chậm khi nhiệt độ xuống đến mức 15 °C.

Cỏ gà thường sinh trưởng ở những vùng có lượng mưa hàng năm từ 650 đến 1.750 mm. Cỏ gà chịu úng ngập tốt, ở Bangladesh, nó có thể sống sót khi bị ngập nước tới 6 m trong vài tuần, đồng thời cũng có khả năng chịu hạn cao nhờ thân rễ như ở Gruzia, Mỹ. Cỏ gà thích hợp với nhiều loại đất và ưa đất ráo nước, nó cũng thích ứng tốt với đất mặn nhưng sinh trưởng chậm. Cây con có khả năng bén rễ rất nhanh và sau đó phát triển mạnh. Cỏ gà là loài ưa ánh sáng và thường chết khi bị che bởi bóng râm. Tuy nhiên sự ra hoa ở cỏ gà không phụ thuộc vào độ dài của ngày. Cỏ gà cũng có khả năng chịu đựng rất tốt trước các tác nhân bên ngoài như sự giẫm đạp và ngắt lá cũng như vẫn có khả năng sinh tồn khi bị lửa to nhờ thân rễ rộng.

Cỏ gà thường có một loại sâu ăn lá ký sinh là "fall armyworm" (Spodoptera frugiperda)[2]. Do tác động của sâu ký sinh, những bẹ lá cuộn xếp lên nhau làm nhiều lớp khiến cho đầu cọng cỏ tạo thành một nốt sần cỡ như hạt lạc có hình giống như con .

Trồng trọt

Cỏ gà thường được trồng bằng thân do tỷ lệ hạt nảy mầm không cao. Nếu trồng bằng thân thì đất chỉ cần xới sơ là đủ còn nếu trồng theo phương pháp gieo hạt thì đòi hỏi cày bừa kỹ hơn. Hạt được rắc lên bề mặt đất trồng rồi xới đều với mật độ 9-11 kg/ha, mùa gieo hạt là mùa hè. Mỗi kg hạt cỏ gà có khoảng 4.489.000 hạt[1]. Ở một số vùng, cỏ gà có thể bị bệnh đốm lá do nấm Helminthosporium gây ra.

Cỏ gà với phân bón thích hợp có thể đạt năng suất 6 tấn cỏ phơi khô ngoài trời với 4 đợt cắt ở Gruzia; tại Mỹ, các tài liệu ghi nhận năng suất mỗi tháng là 1.000 đến 3.000 kg vào mùa hè và 100 đến 1.200 kg cỏ khô vào mùa đông.[1] Ở Việt Nam, vào thập niên 1970, người ta đã nhập giống cỏ gà năng suất cao từ Cuba để làm bãi chăn thả trâu, .

Sử dụng

Cỏ gà sinh trưởng mạnh, chịu giẫm đạp, ngắt lá tốt nên thích hợp cho các bãi chăn thả súc vật, mặt sân vận động, thảm cỏ công viên....Cỏ gà được chăm bón tốt có giá trị dinh dưỡng cao và cỏ khô cũng có thể là thức ăn dự trữ tốt đối với gia súc. Cỏ thu hoạch sau 8 tuần có năng suất cỏ khô cao hơn nhưng thành phần protein thô thấp hơn so với cỏ thu hoạch sau 4 tuần. Tại Zimbabwe, một hecta cỏ gà bón 270 kg phân đạm và 38 kg phân lân và chăn thả bê với mật độ khoảng 12,4 con/ha có thể cho 480 cân thịt hơi.

Trong y học cổ truyền Việt Nam, rễ cỏ gà được coi là có vị ngọt, tính bình, có tác dụng giải nhiệt, lợi tiểu, giảm ho, dùng dưới hình thức thuốc sắc hoặc cao lỏng hay kết hợp với những vị thuốc khác[3].

Văn hóa

Chọi cỏ gà

 src=
Chọi cỏ gà.

Trẻ em Việt Nam, đặc biệt là ở nông thôn có trò chơi đơn giản từ cỏ gà gọi là "chọi cỏ gà" hay "đá cỏ gà". Chúng tìm những cọng cỏ có nốt sần do những bẹ lá tạo thành dưới tác động của sâu ký sinh để làm "gà". Những cọng cỏ được "chọi" nốt sần vào nhau, nốt sần nào bị đứt rời ra thì coi như "gà" thua. Trò chơi có thể chỉ gồm hai đứa trẻ "chọi" tay đôi hoặc nếu có nhiều người chơi hơn thì thi đấu luân phiên, bên thắng được quyền chơi tiếp. Sau khi chơi, những nốt sần được bóc ra và nếu cọng cỏ đủ già thì có thể thấy con sâu do ấu trùng đã kịp phát triển thành.

Cọng hoa cỏ gà vươn dài cũng được trẻ em dùng để chơi theo cách gập đôi lại rồi móc vào nhau và giật, cọng của ai đứt thì coi như bị thua. Để gia tăng độ bền của cọng cỏ, chúng thường dùng miệng nhai cho chỗ gập đôi khô nước, chỉ còn lại những sợi xơ nhỏ thì bện lại như một sợi thừng con.

Văn học

Mùa hè đang nắng, cỏ gà trắng thì mưa.
Cỏ gà mọc lang, cả làng được nước.
Nước trong leo lẻo một dòng thông.
Cỏ gà lún phún leo quanh mép,
Cá diếc le te lách giữa dòng.
(Vịnh cái giếng – Hồ Xuân Hương)

Lá khô
Gió cuốn
Bụi bay cuồn cuộn
Cỏ gà rung tai nghe
Bụi tre tần ngần gỡ tóc
(Mưa – Trần Đăng Khoa)

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă â FAO data base
  2. ^ JSTOR Organization
  3. ^ Báo Bình Thuận chuyên đề xuân 2005 truy cập ngày 3 tháng 9 năm 2008.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

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Cỏ gà: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Cỏ gà hay còn gọi là cỏ chỉ, cỏ ống, cỏ Bermuda..., danh pháp hai phần: Cynodon dactylon ((L.) Pers.), là một loài thực vật lưu niên thuộc họ Hòa thảo, mọc hoang dã hoặc được trồng tại những vùng có khí hậu ấm ở nhiều nơi trên thế giới. Cỏ gà được cho là có nguồn gốc từ châu Phi hoặc châu Á . Cỏ gà có thể được dùng trong chăn nuôi gia súc, làm mặt cỏ cho sân vận động, công viên, sân chơi... và cả trong y học cổ truyền.

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Свинорой пальчатый ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

wikispecies:
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ITIS 41619 NCBI 28909

Свиноро́й па́льчатый, пальча́тник (лат. Cýnodon dáctylon, синонимыPanicum dactylon, Capriola dactylon) — травянистое растение; вид рода Свинорой семейства Злаки (Poaceae).

Известно также под названием «Бермудская трава» (Bermuda Grass, Bahama Grass и др.). Такое название связано с тем, что растение было занесено на Бермудские острова и широко там распространилось[источник не указан 2169 дней].

Ботаническое описание

 src=
Свинорой пальчатый

Многолетнее травянистое растение высотой 15—50 см. Имеет толстые длинные хрупкие корневища, лежачие восходящие стебли с узкими жёсткими листьями.

Распространение

Родина пальчатника — южная Европа, северная Африка, Азия и Австралия.

Применение

Кормовое растение

Светолюбивое солестойкое и засухоустойчивое растение. В пустынных и полупустынных зонах, в частности, в зоне овцеводства, используется как кормовое растение.

Лекарственное растение

Корневища с корнями используются в народной медицине разных стран. Имеет мочегонное, слабительное, слабое гипотензивное действие. Экстракты растения в исследованиях продемонстрировали выраженные анальгезирующие и противовоспалительные свойства[1]

Примечания

  1. Ali Esmail Al-Snafi et al. Medicinal plants possessed anti-inflammatory antipyretic and analgesic activities (part 2) — plant based review. // Sch. Acad. J. Pharm. — 2016. — № 5(5). — P. 142—158.
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Свинорой пальчатый: Brief Summary ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию

Свиноро́й па́льчатый, пальча́тник (лат. Cýnodon dáctylon, синонимы — Panicum dactylon, Capriola dactylon) — травянистое растение; вид рода Свинорой семейства Злаки (Poaceae).

Известно также под названием «Бермудская трава» (Bermuda Grass, Bahama Grass и др.). Такое название связано с тем, что растение было занесено на Бермудские острова и широко там распространилось[источник не указан 2169 дней].

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狗牙根 ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

狗牙根學名Cynodon dactylon),亦称绊根草植物名实图考)、铁线草爬根草咸沙草多年生草本植物[1]

形态

狗牙根秆常匍匐地面上,节着土易生根,初夏抽花穗时,秆始上伸,顶生3-6枚穗状花序排成指状,夏秋开花。

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分布

狗牙根多生于路边或草地上。广布于温带地区,中国黄河以南各地都有分布。

用途

狗牙根为家畜的优良饲料,根状茎供药用,可清血。因其根状茎蔓延力强,常用以铺建草坪,或栽于堤岸上保土固堤。

参考文献

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:狗牙根  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:狗牙根

外部链接

中国数字植物标本馆中的相关内容:狗牙根

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狗牙根: Brief Summary ( кинески )

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狗牙根(學名:Cynodon dactylon),亦称绊根草(植物名实图考)、铁线草、爬根草、咸沙草,多年生草本植物

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ギョウギシバ ( јапонски )

добавил wikipedia 日本語
ギョウギシバ Cynodom dactylon HC-1950.jpg
ギョウギシバ
分類 : 植物界 Plantae : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta : 単子葉植物綱 Liliopsida : イネ目 Poales : イネ科 Poaceae : ギョウギシバ属 Cynodon : ギョウギシバ C. dactylon 学名 Cynodon dactylon
L. 和名 ギョウギシバ 英名 Bermuda Grass

ギョウギシバ(行儀芝、:Bermuda Grass、学名Cynodon dactylon)は、単子葉植物イネ科ギョウギシバ属の多年草

概説[編集]

ごく背の低い草で、芝生状に生えることが多い。シバ属とよく似ており、混同されることも多いが、以下のようにさまざまな点で異なっている。

  • 匍匐茎は地表を這う。シバでは匍匐茎は地中を這うことが多い。
  • 葉は匍匐茎につく。シバでは、匍匐茎には葉を生じず、所々から垂直に出る短い茎に葉が密生する。
  • 花穂は先端で四本くらいに分かれて、放射状に広がる。シバでは穂は一本の棒状。

ギョウギシバの名の由来は不明である。一説には、茎に対して左右交互に行儀よく葉が並ぶことから、行儀芝となったのではないかとも言われる。また、弘法大師(空海)に名をとったコウボウムギに似ることから、別の高僧である行基の名を付けたという説もある[1]

特徴[編集]

ほぼ完全に地表をはい回るだけの植物である[要説明]

茎は地表を這い、節ごとに葉をつける。茎は非常に丈夫で硬く、断面はやや楕円形をしている。節々から根を出してしっかりと地表に固定し、あちこちで枝を出して広く地表を覆う。茎の表面にはつやがあり、赤みを帯びる。少々踏まれてもつぶれることはない。節ごとに短い枝を出し、やや立ち上がることもある。

葉は節毎に出て、少し葉鞘になって茎を抱え、先端は葉となって細く伸びる。葉の部分は緑色でつやがなく、ほぼ地表と水平に広がるか、少し斜め上に向く。

花茎は匍匐茎から出て直立し、高さは10-30cm、その先端に大体四本(3-7)の花軸をつける。花軸はほぼ水平に放射状に伸び、下面に小穂を一面につける。

小穂には柄がなく、軸に密着する。小穂は卵状楕円形で左右に偏平、緑色で時には紫を帯びる。小花は一つだけを含む。第一、第二苞穎は細く、ほとんど小穂を包まない。護穎は小穂の大部分を包んでいて、竜骨には毛がはえる。

生育環境[編集]

グラウンドや学校の校庭など、草の少ない乾燥した裸地に出ることが多い。海岸にもよく出現する。非常に踏み付けに強く、人通りの多い場所にも生える。芝生にも使うことがあり、家畜飼料として用いられる場合もある。しかし、不要な場所では雑草となり、その場合には、節ごとに根を下ろしているため、端を持って引っ張っても、必ず茎のどこかが残ってしまい、駆除が難しい。特に踏み付けの多い場所では芝を圧倒する。

日本全土に普通に産し、世界中の暖地に広く分布する。なお、むやみに大きいものがあり、変種オオギョウギシバ(var. nipponicus Ohwi)と呼ばれることがある。

シバなどと同様に緑化に用いられるほか、牧草としても用いられる。これらの用途では、英語のバミューダグラスの名で呼ばれることが多い。

近似種[編集]

地表を這う姿はシバにも似る。区別点は先述の通り。穂の形はメヒシバ類、オヒゲシバ類なども似ているが、メヒシバとは小穂が腹背に扁平であること、オヒゲシバは小穂に芒があるので区別できる。また、どちらもギョウギシバほど広く這い回らない。ギョウギシバ属は世界で10種ほど知られているが、日本に棲息するのはこの1種のみ。

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ 金田一春彦「植物とことば」8(清濁の違い)、『週刊朝日百科植物の世界』8、1994年6月6日発行。

参考文献[編集]

  • 長田武正、『日本のイネ科植物図譜(増補版)』(1993)(平凡社)
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ギョウギシバ: Brief Summary ( јапонски )

добавил wikipedia 日本語

ギョウギシバ(行儀芝、:Bermuda Grass、学名Cynodon dactylon)は、単子葉植物イネ科ギョウギシバ属の多年草

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우산잔디 ( корејски )

добавил wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

우산잔디(Cynodon dactylon)는 벼과의 여러해살이풀이다. 온지형 잔디에 속한다. 한반도 동해안을 따라 강원 낙산사까지 자생하고 있다. 5 ~ 9월의 약 5개월간 푸르다. 불완전 기는줄기로 잔디 중 기는줄기의 생장이 가장 빠르나 내한성이 약하다. 높이는 15 ~ 50cm 로 자라므로 자주 깎아 주어야 한다. 재생력이 강하고 병충해가 적다.

외부 링크

  •  src= 위키미디어 공용에 관련 미디어 분류가 있습니다.
  •  src= 위키생물종에 Cynodon dactylon 관련 자료가 있습니다.
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