Solanum diphyllum és una espècie de planta fanerògama pertanyent a la família de les solanàcies. És originària d'Amèrica Central.
Arbust que aconsegueix una grandària de fins a 2 m d'alt, glabros excepte per dispersos tricomes simples en els brots joves i protuberàncies glanduloses prop de les aixelles dels nervis de les fulles, inermes. Fulles solitàries o en parells desiguals, el·líptiques o obovades, les fulles majors fins a 12 cm de llarg, àpex majorment obtús, base aguda o acuminada, senceres, les fulles menors més petites i relativament més amples; pecíols 0.2–0.5 cm de llarg. Les inflorescències en raïms subumbelats amb 5–15 flors, oposades a les fulles, peduncle no ramificat, 0.1–0.7 cm de llarg, pedicels ca 5 mm de llarg; calze ca 2 mm de llarg, el tub lleugerament contret apical i basalment, lobat fins a la 1/2 de la seva longitud, llops deltòides; corol·la 8–10 mm de diàmetre, blanca, freqüentment groguenca quan seca, profundament lobada, llops oblongs; anteres 1.5 mm de llarg. Baya deprimit-globosa, ca 0.8 cm de diàmetre, ataronjat opaca, pedicels fructífers prims de 1–1.2 cm de llarg, erectes; llavors aplanades, de 3 mm de diàmetre.[1]
És una espècie poc comuna, es troba als boscos secs, de la zona pacífica; principalment per sota de 100 metres; fl i fr dic–jul; des de Mèxic a Costa Rica, en alguns països conreada com a cercat viu i naturalitzada.[2]
Solanum diphyllum va ser descrita per Carl von Linné i publicat a Species Plantarum 1: 184–185. 1753.[1][3]
Solanum: nom genèric que deriva del vocable llatí equivalent al grec στρνχνος (strychnos) per designar el Solanum nigrum (l'"Herba mora") —i probablement altres espècies del gènere, inclosa l'albergínia—, ja utilitzat per Plini el Vell en la seva Naturalis Historia (21, 177 i 27, 132) i, abans, per Aulus Cornelius Celsus a De Re Medica (II, 33).[4][5] Podria ser relacionat amb el Llatí sol. -is, "el sol", perquè la planta seria pròpia de llocs una mica assolellats.[6]
diphyllum: epítet llatí que significa "amb dues fulles".[7]
Solanum diphyllum és una espècie de planta fanerògama pertanyent a la família de les solanàcies. És originària d'Amèrica Central.
Solanum diphyllum, commonly known as the twoleaf nightshade,[1] is a species of nightshade native to the Americas. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its clusters of dark green round fruits that turn a bright yellow when ripe.
Twoleaf nightshade is classified under the subgenus Minon. It belongs to the tribe Solaneae, subfamily Solanoideae, under the very large and diverse nightshade family (Solanaceae). It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 book Species Plantarum.[2]
The forest nightshade (Solanum nudum), another species altogether, was originally illegitimately named Solanum diphyllum by the Spanish botanists Martín Sessé y Lacasta and José Mariano Mociño in 1894, despite the name already being used.[3]
Twoleaf nightshade may sometimes be confused with the Jerusalem cherry (Solanum pseudocapsicum), another nightshade grown for its brightly colored berries, and referred to by various synonyms, some of which were once classified as its cultivars. Within the genus, it most closely resembles a rare species in western Mexico, Solanum malacothrix.[4]
Twoleaf nightshade is also known as twinleaf nightshade, twin-leaved nightshade, two-leaf nightshade, and other variations of the name. The specific epithet 'diphyllum' means "two leaf", referring to the arrangement of its leaves. It is sometimes called by other names such as tomatillo (not to be confused with the edible Physalis philadelphica), amatillo, and 黄果龙葵 (Huang guo long kui).[4][5][6]
Twoleaf nightshade grows as a small shrub about 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) tall. The stems are smooth or sometimes slightly downy with a dark brown bark.[4]
A distinctive feature of twoleaf nightshade is that its leaves grow in pairs from a single bud, hence the name 'twoleaf'. Each pair is composed of a major and a minor leaf. Major leaves average around 6 cm (2.4 in) long by 2 cm (0.79 in) wide and are elliptic to oblong in shape. Minor leaves are smaller and more rounded; they are 2 cm (0.79 in) long by 1 cm (0.39 in) wide on average.[6] The leaves are a glossy dark green on the upper surface with a lighter green on the ventral side. The petioles are about 2 mm (0.079 in) in length.[4]
The inflorescences are borne opposite the leaves. Each bears about 5 to 20 closely spaced flowers. The flower buds are white and globular when young but become more lavender in color and elongated as they mature. They bloom into tiny white flowers with a lavender tinge about 1 cm (0.39 in) across.[4]
The fruits are spherical berries with a slight division around the middle, especially when unripe. They are green and hard when young, around 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter. They mature into bright yellow to orange fleshy and juicy berries about 1.2 cm (0.47 in) in diameter. They are mounted on the flower calyces on long and thin pedicels. Each berry contains numerous seeds.[4]
The seeds are flattened and kidney-shaped (resembling bell pepper seeds), each about 3 mm (0.12 in) long and 2.5 mm (0.098 in) wide. They have pale margins and are minutely pitted.[4]
Twoleaf nightshade is native to Northern and Central America in Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.[2] It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in subtropical and tropical parts of the world like Southern France, Italy, and Taiwan.[4][6] It has escaped cultivation in some areas and become naturalized in Florida and Texas, United States;[5] Java, Indonesia; the Philippines; and the West Indies.[7][8]
Twoleaf nightshade is a ruderal species, colonizing newly disturbed lands.[9] It also grows in mangrove forests.[10]
Twoleaf nightshade is grown for its attractive clusters of green and yellow berries. The plants are spread very easily. Fruits are eaten by birds and bats, both of which help disperse the seeds. The seeds are especially hardy, able to survive being buried in an inch of soil for up to two years. Seventy five to eighty five percent of the seeds will sprout.[5]
The plant is poisonous to humans.[5]
Methods of controlling it in areas where it is unwanted mostly involve being familiar with its growing habits and appearance and uprooting the plants before they bear fruits.[5]
Twoleaf nightshade belongs to the Geminata clade, section Holophylla, along with Solanum pseudocapsicum and Solanum pseudoquina.[11]
Solanum diphyllum, commonly known as the twoleaf nightshade, is a species of nightshade native to the Americas. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its clusters of dark green round fruits that turn a bright yellow when ripe.
Solanum diphyllum es una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la familia de las solanáceas. Es originaria de América Central.
Son arbustos que alcanza un tamaño de hasta 2 m de alto, glabros excepto por dispersos tricomas simples en los brotes jóvenes y protuberancias glandulosas cerca de las axilas de los nervios de las hojas, inermes. Hojas solitarias o en pares desiguales, elípticas u obovadas, las hojas mayores hasta 12 cm de largo, ápice mayormente obtuso, base aguda o acuminada, enteras, las hojas menores más pequeñas y relativamente más anchas; pecíolos 0.2–0.5 cm de largo. Las inflorescencias en racimos subumbelados con 5–15 flores, opuestas a las hojas, pedúnculo no ramificado, 0.1–0.7 cm de largo, pedicelos ca 5 mm de largo; cáliz ca 2 mm de largo, el tubo ligeramente contraído apical y basalmente, lobado hasta la 1/2 de su longitud, lobos deltoides; corola 8–10 mm de diámetro, blanca, frecuentemente amarillenta cuando seca, profundamente lobada, lobos oblongos; anteras 1.5 mm de largo. Baya deprimido-globosa, ca 0.8 cm de diámetro, anaranjado opaca, pedicelos fructíferos delgados de 1–1.2 cm de largo, erectos; semillas aplanadas, de 3 mm de diámetro.[1]
Es una especie poco común, se encuentra en los bosques secos, de la zona pacífica; principalmente por debajo de 100 metros; fl y fr dic–jul;[2] desde México a Costa Rica, en algunos países cultivada como cerca viva y naturalizada.
Solanum diphyllum fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 184–185. 1753.[1][3]
Solanum: nombre genérico que deriva del vocablo Latíno equivalente al Griego στρνχνος (strychnos) para designar el Solanum nigrum (la "Hierba mora") —y probablemente otras especies del género, incluida la berenjena[4]—, ya empleado por Plinio el Viejo en su Historia naturalis (21, 177 y 27, 132) y, antes, por Aulus Cornelius Celsus en De Re Medica (II, 33).[5] Podría ser relacionado con el Latín sol. -is, "el sol", debido a que la planta sería propia de sitios algo soleados.[6]
diphyllum: epíteto latino que significa "con dos hojas".[7]
Solanum diphyllum es una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la familia de las solanáceas. Es originaria de América Central.
Solanum diphyllum là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cà. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]
Solanum diphyllum là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cà. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
玛瑙珠（学名：Solanum diphyllum），又名黄果龙葵，为茄科茄属下的一个种。
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