செந்தேள் (Hottentotta tamulus) என்பது சிலந்திதேள் வகுப்பை சேர்ந்த ஒரு தேளாகும். உலகின் மூன்று நஞ்சுள்ள தேள்களில் இத்தேள் முதலாவதாக உள்ளது.[1] இதை இந்தியச்செந்தேள் என்றும் அழைப்பர். இவை இந்தியா,[2] கிழக்கு பாக்கித்தான்[3] நேபாளின் கிழக்கு தாழ்நிலங்களில் காணப்படுகின்றன.,[4] 21ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் இருந்து இவை ஈழத்தின் யாழ்ப்பாண வளைகுடா பகுதிகளிலும் காணப்படுகின்றன.[5]
இதன் அறிவியல் பெயர் இசுக்கார்ப்பியோ தமுலசு () ஆகும். தமிழர்கள் வாழும் பகுதியில் காணப்பட்டதால் தமுலசு என்று பெயரிடப்பட்டது.
இது மிகவும் நஞ்சுள்ள தேளாக இருப்பதால் இந்தியா, நேபாளத்தின் மக்கள் நெருக்கம் மிகுந்த பகுதிகளில் மனிதர்களின் உயிரழப்புக்குக் காரணமாக உள்ளன. இறப்பு விகிதம் 8 முதல் 40 சதவீதமுள்ளது. இறப்பவர்களில் பெரும்பாலோனோர் குழந்தைகளே.[6]
செந்தேள் (Hottentotta tamulus) என்பது சிலந்திதேள் வகுப்பை சேர்ந்த ஒரு தேளாகும். உலகின் மூன்று நஞ்சுள்ள தேள்களில் இத்தேள் முதலாவதாக உள்ளது. இதை இந்தியச்செந்தேள் என்றும் அழைப்பர். இவை இந்தியா, கிழக்கு பாக்கித்தான் நேபாளின் கிழக்கு தாழ்நிலங்களில் காணப்படுகின்றன., 21ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் இருந்து இவை ஈழத்தின் யாழ்ப்பாண வளைகுடா பகுதிகளிலும் காணப்படுகின்றன.
Hottentotta tamulus, the Indian red scorpion, also known as the eastern Indian scorpion, is a species of scorpion of the family Buthidae. It occurs in most of India,[2] eastern Pakistan[1] and the eastern lowlands of Nepal,[3] and recently from Sri Lanka.[4]
This species was named Scorpio tamulus by J.C. Fabricius in 1798.[5] The species name was apparently derived from the occurrence in the state/province of the Tamil people of southeastern India. It was later often referred to the genera Buthus or Mesobuthus, although it was already correctly placed in Hottentotta by A. A. Birula in 1914,[6] a referral that was confirmed again by F. Kovařík in 2007.[1] Nevertheless, the binomen Mesobuthus tamulus is traditionally widespread in the popular and scientific literature. R.I. Pocock (1900)[7] distinguished five subspecies according to coloration and distribution, but these are color-morphs (individuals with varying color) rather than subspecies.[1]
Total body length is about 50 to 90 mm. Males with flexed proximal margins of pedipalp fingers. Manus of pedipalps is also wider than female. There are 30 to 39 pectinal teeth in males, and 27 to 34 in females. Chelicerae are yellow and reticulated. Pedipalps are densely hirsute, whereas legs and metasoma are sparsely hirsute. Patella of pedipalps covered with short setae. Mesosoma is darker than rest of the body. Ventral carinae on metasomal segments are black. Chela without carinae. Dorsum densely and very finely granulated. Dorsum bears two short, inconspicuous marginal carinae. Telson is granulated.[8]
The walking legs and the tip of the pedipalp pincers are bright orange-yellow to light reddish-brown in color. The mesosomal tergites always bear three distinct carinae. Their habitus is typical of buthid scorpions, with rather small pedipalp pincers, moderately thickened metasomal segments and a rather bulbous telson with large stinger. The base of the pedipalp pincers (manus) is slightly more inflated in males than in females.[1]
This species is of great medical significance in densely populated areas of India and Nepal and occasionally causes human fatalities.[3][9][10] Fatality rates of 8–40% have been reported in clinical studies; most victims are children.[9][11]
Symptoms of envenomation by this species include:[3][9][10][12]
The venom mainly affects the cardiovascular and pulmonary system, eventually leading to a pulmonary oedema, which may cause death.[9][10] Scorpion antivenom has little effect in clinical treatment but application of prazosin reduces the mortality rate to less than 4%.[10][13] As in other scorpions, the venom of H. tamulus consists of a complex mixture of proteins. Some major components have been isolated, including the toxin tamapin. Scorpion envenomation with high morbidity and mortality is usually due to either excessive autonomic activity and cardiovascular toxic effects or neuromuscular toxic effects. Antivenin is the specific treatment for scorpion envenomation combined with supportive measures including vasodilators in patients with cardiovascular toxic effects and benzodiazepines when there is neuromuscular involvement. Although rare, severe hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis to scorpion antivenin (SAV) are possible.[14]
Despite its medical importance, little is known about the ecology and habitat preferences of this species.[10] It is widespread across vegetated lowlands with subtropical to tropical, humid climate and often lives close to or in human settlements, especially in rural areas. A study[15] from Saswad-Jejuri, Pune (western India) has found H. tamulus in a wide range of microhabitats, including scrubland and veld with stones, red and black soil in cropland, loamy, grassy and stony hillslopes and -tops, black soil in mango orchards, Eucalyptus plantations, and under tree bark. With an abundance of 48.43% it was by far the most abundant of the six scorpion species recorded in this study. It occurs rather seldom under tree bark, a habitat dominated by its sister species Hottentotta pachyurus (8.9% versus 91.1% abundance). As all other scorpions, H. tamulus is nocturnal, preying upon small invertebrates and even small vertebrates like lizards.[16] Encounters with humans mainly occur during the night or early morning, when the scorpions accidentally crawl into beds or fall from ceilings.[10]
Originally, H. tamulus was not found in Sri Lanka. But from 2010 to 2013, experiments and other medical reports suggest that the species is also present in Sri Lanka.[4] Few deaths were recorded from Jaffna peninsula in recent times. After observing medical reports and patients, a research team found three dead scorpion specimens and five live specimens as well. After series of observations from research team and other international scientists, it was revealed that the scorpion specimens belong to the species H. tamulus.
Deaths from H. tamulus were recorded in 2006, 2007 and 2009 as one patient per year. No cases were recorded in 2010. In 2011, 12 children in Jaffna died due to H. tamulus stings. In 2012, 80 patients were recorded. Out of them, 52% were female, 48% were male. 30% from them were children between the age 3 and 12.[4]
In 2013, many H. tamulus stings were recorded, as many as four each week, again mostly in women and children. Usually, the drug Prazosin is recommended for H. tamulus stings. The drug can reduce the increasing blood pressure.
Hottentotta tamulus, the Indian red scorpion, also known as the eastern Indian scorpion, is a species of scorpion of the family Buthidae. It occurs in most of India, eastern Pakistan and the eastern lowlands of Nepal, and recently from Sri Lanka.
Hottentotta tamulus, el escorpión rojo indio (Tamil: செந்தேள்; también conocido como el escorpión de la India oriental), es una especie de escorpión perteneciente a la familia Buthidae que se encuentra en la mayor parte de la India,[3] este de Pakistán[2] y las tierras bajas del este de Nepal,[4] y recientemente de Sri Lanka.[5]
Esta especie fue nombrada Scorpio tamulus por J. C. Fabricio en 1798.[6] El nombre de la especie aparentemente deriva de la presencia en el estado / provincia de los tamiles del sudeste de la India. Más tarde, a menudo era remitido a los géneros Buthus o Mesobuthus, aunque ya estaba correctamente ubicado en Hottentotta por A. A. Birula en 1914,[7] una referencia que fue confirmada nuevamente por F. Kovařík en 2007.[2] Sin embargo, el nombre binomial Mesobuthus tamulus está tradicionalmente extendido en la literatura popular y científica. R.I. Pocock (1900)[8] distinguió cinco subespecies según la coloración y distribución, pero estas son morfologías de color (individuos con colores variables) en lugar de subespecies.[2]
Los especímenes de H. tamulus varían en tamaño desde 50 a 90 mm. La coloración varía desde naranja oscuro o marrón rojizo brillante hasta marrón oscuro con carinas grises más oscuras (crestas) y granulación. Las manchas grises se pueden distribuir de manera irregular a través del cefalotórax y el mesosoma. Las patas para caminar y la punta de las pinzas pedipalpos son de color más brillante (naranja-amarillo a marrón rojizo claro). Los tergitos mesosómicos siempre llevan tres carinas distintas. Su hábito es típico de los escorpiones bútidos, con pinzas pedipalpos bastante pequeñas, segmentos metasómicos moderadamente engrosados y un telson más bien bulboso con aguijón grande. La base de las pinzas pedipalpos (manus) está ligeramente más inflada en los machos que en las hembras.[2]
Esta especie es de gran importancia médica en áreas densamente pobladas de India y Nepal y ocasionalmente causa muertes humanas.[4][9][10] Está clasificada como la especie de escorpión más letal del mundo.[11] Se han informado tasas de mortalidad de 8 a 40% en estudios clínicos; la mayoría de las víctimas son niños.[9][12]
Los síntomas de envenenamiento por esta especie incluyen:[4][9][10][13]
dolor local severo, vómito, transpiración, priapismo, cianosis, inconsciencia, convulsiones musculares, disnea, esputo rosa espumoso, arritmia cardíaca, taquicardia o bradicardia, hipotensión o hipertensión, miocarditis aguda, choque.
El veneno afecta principalmente al sistema cardiovascular y pulmonar, lo que finalmente lleva a un edema pulmonar que puede causar la muerte.[9][10] El antídoto tiene poco efecto en el tratamiento clínico, pero la aplicación de prazosina reduce la tasa de mortalidad a menos del 4%.[10][14] Como en otros escorpiones, el veneno de H. tamulus consiste en una mezcla compleja de proteínas. Se han aislado algunos componentes principales, incluida las toxinas iberiotoxina y tamapina. El envenenamiento por escorpión con alta morbilidad y mortalidad generalmente se debe a una actividad autonómica excesiva y efectos tóxicos cardiovasculares o efectos tóxicos neuromusculares. El antiveneno es el tratamiento específico para el envenenamiento por escorpión combinado con medidas de apoyo que incluyen vasodilatadores en pacientes con efectos tóxicos cardiovasculares y benzodiazepinas cuando existe compromiso neuromuscular. Aunque son poco frecuentes, es posible que se presenten reacciones de hipersensibilidad severas, incluida la anafilaxia al antídoto contra escorpión (SAV).[15]
Datos: Q3141216
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Hottentotta tamulus, el escorpión rojo indio (Tamil: செந்தேள்; también conocido como el escorpión de la India oriental), es una especie de escorpión perteneciente a la familia Buthidae que se encuentra en la mayor parte de la India, este de Pakistán y las tierras bajas del este de Nepal, y recientemente de Sri Lanka.
Hottentotta tamulus est une espèce de scorpions de la famille des Buthidae.
Cette espèce se rencontre en Inde et au Pakistan[1].
Hottentotta tamulus mesure de 50 à 90 mm[2].
Sa piqûre est dangereuse, voire mortelle pour l'être humain, à cause de la présence d'ibériotoxine dans le venin[3].
Cette espèce a été décrite sous le protonyme Scorpio tamulus par Fabricius en 1798. Elle est placée dans le genre Buthus par Pocock en 1900[4], dans le genre Buthotus par Vachon en 1949[5], dans le genre Mesobuthus par Tikader et Bastawade en 1983[6] puis dans le genre Hottentotta par Kovařík en 1998[7].
Hottentotta tamulus, znan tudi kot indijski rdeči škorpijon ali vzhodni indijski škorpijon, je vrsta škorpijona, ki spada v družino debelorepov (Buthidae). Prebiva v večjem delu Indije,[2] vzhodnem Pakistanu[1] in vzhodnih nižinah Nepala[3].
V dolžino zraste od 5-9 cm. Obarvanost telesa se razlikuje od temno oranžne preko svetlo rdeče-rjave do temno rjave barve, na glavoprsju in mezosomi pa so lahko posejane sive pike. Noge in vrhovi pedipalpov so svetlo obarvani (oranžno-rumeno do svetlo rdeče-rjavo). Kot je značilno za škorpijone iz družine Buthidae, ima dokaj majhna klešča na pedipalpih, zmerno zadebeljene členke na repnem delu (metasomi) in razmeroma okrogel (bulbozen) strupni mehurček z dokaj veliko strupeno bodico.[1]
Indijski rdeči škorpijon je razširjen po poraslih nižinah s subtropskim oz. tropskim vlažnim podnebjem in pogosto prebiva v bližini človeških naselij ali v njih, še posebej na podeželju.[4] Ugajajo mu različne površine, kot so grmičevje, travniki, žitna polja, drevesno lubje, nasadi mangov in plantaže evkaliptov.[5]
Kot vsi drugi škorpijoni je nočno aktivna (nokturnalna) žival, ki se prehranjuje z majhnimi nevretenčarji, pa tudi z vretenčarji, kot so kuščarji.[5] Do stika s človekom običajno pride ponoči ali zgodaj zjutraj, kot škorpijon pomotoma zaide v spalnico ali pade s stropa.[6]
Indijski rdeči škorpijon je po nekaterih podatkih najbolj strupeni škorpijon na svetu[7] in predstavlja resen javno zdravstveni problem v gosto naseljenih območjih v Indiji in Nepalu[3][8][6]. Raziskave so pokazale, da znaša stopnja smrtnosti od 8-40 %, med žrtvami pa prevladujejo otroci.[8][9]
Zastrupitev se kaže kot močna krajevna bolečina, bruhanje, potenje, priapizem (boleča erekcija) ter pomodrelost kože in sluznic (cianoza), v hujših primerih pa še kot mišični krči, nizek ali visok krvni tlak (hipo- ali hipertenzija), počasen ali pospešen srčni utrip (bradi- ali tahikardija), nezavest in šok.[3][8][6][10]
Strup vpliva torej predvsem na srčnožilni in dihalni sistem, kar velikokrat privede do pljučnega edema, zaradi česar se žrtev zaduši, ali do večorganske odpovedi.[8][6] Najučinkovitejše zdravljenje je kombinacija protistrupa oz. antivenina in prazosina (antihipertenziv), kar zmanjša stopnjo smrtnosti na manj kot 4 %.[6][11]
Kot pri vseh drugih škorpijonih je strup zapletena mešanica beljakovin; nekatere sestavine, kot je toksin tamapin, so bile v zadnjem času uspešno izolirane.
Hottentotta tamulus, znan tudi kot indijski rdeči škorpijon ali vzhodni indijski škorpijon, je vrsta škorpijona, ki spada v družino debelorepov (Buthidae). Prebiva v večjem delu Indije, vzhodnem Pakistanu in vzhodnih nižinah Nepala.
Bọ cạp đỏ Ấn Độ (tiếng Tamil: செந்தேள்; Danh pháp khoa học: Hottentotta tamulus) hay còn gọi là bọ cạp đỏ miền Đông Ấn Độ là một loài bọ cạp trong họ Buthidae, đây là một loài bọ cạp nhỏ và có nọc độc mạnh do đó rất nguy hiểm và thường được coi là loài bọ cạp nguy hiểm nhất thế giới[2].
Bọ cạp đỏ Ấn Độ được xem là một trong những loài bọ cạp nguy hiểm nhất thế giới do chúng có độc tố mạnh. Bọ cạp đỏ Ấn Độ là một trong những loài bọ cạp nguy hiểm nhất trên thế giới vì sinh vật này chỉ phát triển kích thước đến khoảng 50–90 mm, nên rất khó phát hiện[3].
Có khoảng 86 loài bò cạp khác nhau được phát hiện ở Ấn Độ, trong đó có 50 loài có thể gây nguy hiểm cho con người. Loài bò cạp Ấn Độ đỏ thông thường giết chết khoảng 50 -80 người hàng năm mặc dù chúng chỉ có kích thước khoảng 50–90 mm. Nếu đang đi du lịch ở Ấn Độ, Pakistan, Nepal hay Sri Lanka, hãy kiểm tra giày trước khi đi vì chúng có thể ẩn ấp trong đó.
Bọ cạp đỏ Ấn Độ (tiếng Tamil: செந்தேள்; Danh pháp khoa học: Hottentotta tamulus) hay còn gọi là bọ cạp đỏ miền Đông Ấn Độ là một loài bọ cạp trong họ Buthidae, đây là một loài bọ cạp nhỏ và có nọc độc mạnh do đó rất nguy hiểm và thường được coi là loài bọ cạp nguy hiểm nhất thế giới.
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