Distribution and Habitat
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Population and Distribution Litoria nannotis was found throughout the Wet Tropics Bioregion, North Qld, from Paluma to Cooktown (Hero & Fickling 1994) at altitudes between 180 and 1300 m (McDonald 1992). The area of occurrence of the species is approximately 9000 km2 (M. Cunningham pers. comm.). Litoria nannotis includes three deeply divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages, distributed from Paluma to Tully R., Tully R. to Lamb Range and Mt. Lewis to Big Tableland (Schneider et al. 1998). Litoria nannotis was first noted to have declined in 1990 (Richards et al. 1993). The species had apparently disappeared from most upland sites south of the Daintree R.. The species occurred at all lowland sites, and at upland sites north of the Daintree R. during summer surveys of 1991-1992. In 1994 it was sighted at several locations over 600m on Mt Father Clancy in February 1998 (Hero et al. in press). Lowland populations surveyed in Tully Gorge appeared to be relatively stable between 1995 and 1998 (Hero et al. in press). At the southern end of its range it was last observed in Mt Spec SF in 1991 (Richards et al. 1993) however adults occurred at a lower-elevation site in a different creek system (Crystal Creek Stone Bridge, 300m) from Jan. 1994 to Sep. 1995 (Hero unpublished data). This species is currently known to have stable populations at lowland sites (Hero et al. 1998, in press; McDonald & Alford 1999).Litoria nannotis is known from Cape Tribulation, Cedar Bay, Crater, Crater Lakes, Daintree, Lumholtz, Millstream, Paluma Range and Wooroonooran NP, Kirrama Range, Lamb Range, Maalan, Mt Baldy, Mt Lewis, Mt Spec, Tully and Windsor Tableland SF, Daintree Timber Reserve (165 Monkhouse) (Tyler 1997), Elizabeth Grant Falls, Millstream Falls, Mt Lee, Seaview Range NP (Wallaman Falls, Sword Ck., Garrawalt Falls), Cardwell Range, Ravenshoe SF (M. Cunningham pers. comm.).Habitat Litoria nannotis is a habitat specialist endemic to the W.T. Bioregion (Williams & Hero 1998; 2001), a stream dwelling/breeding species (Hodgkison and Hero 2001). Litoria nannotis is restricted to rocky stream habitats in rainforest or wet sclerophyll forest where there is fast flowing water, waterfalls and cascades (Liem 1974; McDonald 1992). Unlike most stream-breeding frog species that live in the adjacent forest and use the stream habitat for breeding, the stream is the primary habitat for both male and females throughout the year (Hodgkison & Hero 2001; in press). On several occasions the adults and juveniles were noted to form small aggregations (4 � 6 individuals) amongst large boulders behind waterfalls (Liem 1974; J-M. Hero pers. obs.). Tadpoles are predominantly found in fast flowing sections of stream, in riffles or torrents, adhering to rocks (Richards 1992).
- Berger, L., Speare, R. and Hyatt, A. (1999). ''Chytrid fungi and amphibian declines: overview, implications and future directions.'' Declines and Disappearances of Australian Frogs. A. Campbell, eds., Environment Australia, Canberra, 23-33.
- Hero, J.-M. and Fickling, S. (1996). ''Reproductive characteristics of female frogs from mesic habitats in Queensland.'' Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39, 306.
- Hodgkison, S. C. and Hero, J.-M. (2003). ''Seasonal, sexual and ontogenetic variations in the diet of the declining frogs, Litoria nannotis, L. rheocola and Nyctimystes dayi.'' Wildlife Research, 30, 345-354.
- Hodgkison, S.C. and Hero, J.-M. (2001). ''Daily behaviour and microhabitat use of the Waterfall Frog, Litoria nannotis in Tully Gorge, eastern Australia.'' Journal of Herpetology, 35(1), 166-120.
- Hodgkison, S.C. and Hero, J.-M. (2002). ''Seasonal behaviour of Litoria nannotis, Litoria rheocola and Nyctimystes dayi in Tully Gorge, north Queensland, Australia.'' Frogs in the Community – Proceedings of the Brisbane Conference 13-14 Feb 1999. A. E. O. Nattrass, eds., Queensland Frog Society, Incorporated, Brisbane.
- Martin, W.F. and McDonald, K.R. (1995). Draft Recovery Plan for the Threatened Stream-dwelling Frogs of the Wet Tropics. Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage, Brisbane.
- Richards, S.J. (1992). ''The tadpole of the Australian frog Litoria nyakalensis (Anura: Hylidae), and a key to the torrent tadpoles of northern Queensland.'' Alytes, 10(3), 99-103.
- Schneider, C.J., Cunningham, M., and Moritz, C. (1998). ''The comparative phylogeography and the history of endemic vertebrates in the Wet Tropics rainforests of Australia.'' Molecular Ecology, 7, 487-498.
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- J-M. Hero
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- M. Cunningham
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- R. Retallick
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- L. Shoo
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- C. Morrison
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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Reason for decline unknown. Richards et al. (1993) reject drought, floods, habitat destruction or pollution by pesticides, inorganic ions or heavy metals. The habitat of the species in the Wet Tropics has been protected since 1988, therefore habitat destruction is no longer a threat (McDonald & Alford 1999). Current research is examining the possibility that disease, such as a viral infection or chytrid fungus, may have contributed to the decline of this species (Berger et al. 1999).
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- J-M. Hero
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- M. Cunningham
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- R. Retallick
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- L. Shoo
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- C. Morrison
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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ReproductionGravid females and males with nuptial pads are encountered all year round (Martin & McDonald 1995). Unpigmented eggs 136-216 (1.98-3.4 mm diameter) are laid in gelatinous egg masses under rocks in water (Liem 1974; Hero & Fickling 1996). Liem (1974) described the tadpole and noted that it is one of the few species of tadpole known to exhibit adaptations to torrent environments of Australia, such as a streamlined body shape, large suctorial mouthparts and a muscular tail. Richards (1992) also provided information on the tadpoles of the L. nannotis group.FeedingAdults feed indiscriminately on both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates (Hodgkinson and Hero in press). Their principal diet includes: Dipteran and Odonate (adults and larvae), Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Blattodea, Hymenoptera and Diplopoda (Hodgkinson and Hero in review).Invasive speciesFeral pigs are a potential cause of riparian habitat damage and adult frog mortality (Richards et al. 1993). The activity of feral pigs has been recorded to have increased over the period 1989-1992 in an area previously inhabited by L. nannotis (Richards et al. 1993). There is very little research, however, into the impact of feral pigs on native frog populations (Richards et al. 1993).MovementsLiem (1974) observed large numbers of females residing near a stream and considered Litoria nannotis to be a true stream-dwelling anuran, unlikely to venture far from the stream. Hodgkison and Hero (2001) found that the species displayed distinctly different nocturnal and diurnal behaviour. During the day, nearly all frogs were restricted to the stream environment where they sheltered in small refuges behind waterfalls or wedged between rocks in the stream. On a small number of occasions individuals were located basking in splash zones beside waterfalls. At night frog activity increased substantially and frogs were located in exposed positions within the stream and some ventured away from the stream, amongst stream side vegetation. Frogs did not venture further than 15m from the stream and always returned before dawn.
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- J-M. Hero
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- M. Cunningham
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- L. Shoo
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- C. Morrison
Biology
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Unusually for frogs, the torrent tree frog is active during the day as well as at night. It does, however, remain close to the protective shelter of the stream during the day, only venturing into more exposed positions in the surrounding vegetation at night (8). In contrast to most stream-breeding frog species that live in adjacent forests, the stream is the primary habitat for both males and females throughout the year, with adults and juveniles noted on several occasions to form small aggregations (four to six individuals) amongst large boulders. Gravid females and males with nuptial pads are found all year round, and it is thought that breeding is possible at any time of the year. Un-pigmented eggs are laid in gelatinous egg masses under rocks in water (1). Adult torrent tree frogs are opportunists with a generalist diet, feeding on both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates (8).
Conservation
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A recovery plan for this species has been developed (10). As the cause of its decline is uncertain the recovery plan focuses on protection of remaining populations and their habitat, population monitoring, and research into its ecology and the disease. Indeed, unless the determinants of this decline are accurately identified and appropriately dealt with, the future of this species cannot be safeguarded.
Description
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The torrent tree frog is a moderately large, robust species of Australian frog, which at first glance possesses only the typical olive-green skin characteristic of many frog species. On closer inspection, however, it can be distinguished by the extensive dark mottling found across the back and an attractive metallic blue sheen spanning the sides of the body. Additionally, the underbelly is white or cream, the armpits and the groin flesh coloured, and the throat brown. The skin on the back and underbelly has a granular surface; certain individuals possessing small warts scattered across their back. Finger and toe discs are large, with fully webbed toes but only basal webbing on the fingers (4). Males have well developed nuptial pads with small spines on their thumbs and chests so they can cling to females during breeding and avoid being swept off by the turbulent waters of their habitat. Males lack a vocal sac, and the mating call has been described as a slow growl-like sound that is difficult to hear above the sound of flowing water (5).
Habitat
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The torrent tree frog is a stream dwelling species, inhabiting areas of rainforest where there is fast-flowing water, cascades and waterfalls at altitudes of between 180 – 1,300 m above sea level (6). Normally found on boulders near waterfalls, the torrent tree frog is occasionally seen amongst vegetation next to streams (7).
Range
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Litoria nannotis was formerly found throughout the Wet Tropics Bioregion of north Queensland, from Paluma to Cooktown, but is now absent from most upland sites (4).
Status
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Classified as Endangered (EN A2ae) on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1), and as Endangered on both the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992 and the Commonwealth Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (3).
Threats
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The reason for the decline of this frog is most likely due to the disease caused by the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) (9). Habitat destruction poses no threat, as the Wet Tropics Heritage Area of Queensland that the torrent tree frog inhabits has been protected and undisturbed since 1988 (1) (7). The effects of drought, floods, and pollution have also been ruled out as contributors to the decline (1).
Waterfall frog
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The Australian waterfall frog or torrent treefrog (Ranoidea nannotis) is a species of tree frog native to Far North Queensland, Australia. The common name "waterfall frog" is indicative of its habitat of moist, rocky streams, and is often found along waterfalls within its range.
Taxonomy
The waterfall frog is one of the four species of Australian torrent treefrogs that comprise the Ranoidea nannotis species group. The other species are the mountain mist frog, common mist frog, and the armoured mist frog.[1]
Description
The waterfall frog is large in size, reaching 5.5 cm in length. The dorsal surface is mottled with puck brown. The patterning on the back is similar to its habitat, allowing for effective camouflage against granite. The ventral surface is bright orange, green, and pink in colour, and granular. The posterior ventral surface is translucent, showing internal parts.
The toe pads of R. nannotis are very large in comparison to toe width, to aid in gripping to rocks in the rapids. The nuptial pads of breeding males are also large, covering the entire inner surface of the thumb, with spines also present on the arms and chest. The tympanum is not visible, the fingers are partially webbed, and the toes are completely webbed.
Like the stoney creek frog (Litoria wilcoxi), and many other stream-dwelling frogs, waterfall frogs lack vocal sacs. This may be because the sound of a running stream drowns out any calls, and it becomes a waste of energy.
Ecology and behavior
The waterfall frog is a stream-dwelling frog native to tropical north Queensland, from Paluma to Cooktown, notable in the Mt. Carbine uplands. It is found at altitudes between 180 and 3,000 m (590 and 9,840 ft). It has undergone large declines in high-altitude areas (likely from chytridiomycosis), with many populations completely extinct. It is, however, stable in lowland areas.
Conservation status
It is listed as Least concern under both the IUCN Red List.
References
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Waterfall frog: Brief Summary
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The Australian waterfall frog or torrent treefrog (Ranoidea nannotis) is a species of tree frog native to Far North Queensland, Australia. The common name "waterfall frog" is indicative of its habitat of moist, rocky streams, and is often found along waterfalls within its range.
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Litoria nannotis
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La rana de las cascadadas australiana o rana arborícola de torrentes (Litoria nannotis) es una especie de anfibio anuro del género Litoria, familia Hylidae originaria de Australia.[1][2]
La rana adulta macho mide 3.2 a 5.2 cm de largo y la hembra 4.8 a 5.9 cm de largo. Esta rana vive en arroyos con agua rápida en bosques. La rana adulta es de color gris o oliva en la espalda con un patrón moteado. Tiene un vientre blanco. La hembra puede poner huevos en cualquier época del año. Ella pone sus huevos debajo de las rocas. Los renacuajos tienen colas fuertes para nadar y bocas debajo de sus cuerpos para que puedan agarrarse a las rocas. A diferencia de otras ranas, no solo pone sus huevos en el arroyo. Pasa la mayor parte del tiempo allí. La rana se esconde dentro o cerca del arroyo durante el día y busca comida por la noche. Rara vez viaja a más de 35 metros del agua.[1][3]
Esta rana come casi cualquier invertebrado que puede poner en su boca. Come moscas, anisópteros, coleópteros, hemípteros, acais, himenópteros, larva de insectos, y diplópodos.[1]
Esta rana está en peligro de extinción, pero los científicos no están seguros de por qué. Los científicos han examinado los pesticidas y la pérdida de hábitat y no creen que sea por eso. Es posible que los jabalíes pongan en peligro a la rana cuando atraviesan sus arroyos. También es posible que la enfermedad micótica quitridiomicosis esté matando a estas ranas.[1]
Referencias
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Litoria nannotis: Brief Summary
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La rana de las cascadadas australiana o rana arborícola de torrentes (Litoria nannotis) es una especie de anfibio anuro del género Litoria, familia Hylidae originaria de Australia.
La rana adulta macho mide 3.2 a 5.2 cm de largo y la hembra 4.8 a 5.9 cm de largo. Esta rana vive en arroyos con agua rápida en bosques. La rana adulta es de color gris o oliva en la espalda con un patrón moteado. Tiene un vientre blanco. La hembra puede poner huevos en cualquier época del año. Ella pone sus huevos debajo de las rocas. Los renacuajos tienen colas fuertes para nadar y bocas debajo de sus cuerpos para que puedan agarrarse a las rocas. A diferencia de otras ranas, no solo pone sus huevos en el arroyo. Pasa la mayor parte del tiempo allí. La rana se esconde dentro o cerca del arroyo durante el día y busca comida por la noche. Rara vez viaja a más de 35 metros del agua.
Esta rana come casi cualquier invertebrado que puede poner en su boca. Come moscas, anisópteros, coleópteros, hemípteros, acais, himenópteros, larva de insectos, y diplópodos.
Esta rana está en peligro de extinción, pero los científicos no están seguros de por qué. Los científicos han examinado los pesticidas y la pérdida de hábitat y no creen que sea por eso. Es posible que los jabalíes pongan en peligro a la rana cuando atraviesan sus arroyos. También es posible que la enfermedad micótica quitridiomicosis esté matando a estas ranas.
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Litoria nannotis
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(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Litoria nannotis: Brief Summary
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Litoria nannotis Litoria generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Hylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
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Dryopsophus nannotis
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Dryopsophus nannotis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Pelodryadidae[1].
Répartition
Cette espèce est endémique du Queensland en Australie[1]. Elle se rencontre de Paluma à Cooktown dans la région biogéographique des Tropiques humides du Queensland entre 180 et 1 300 m d'altitude, ce qui représente 9 000 km2[2].
Description
![src=]()
Têtard de
Litoria nannotis
Le mâle holotype mesure 45 mm[3].
Les mâles mesurent de 40 à 48 mm et les femelles de 49 à 65 mm[4].
Publication originale
- Andersson, 1916 : Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergs Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910-1913. 9. Batrachians from Queensland. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, vol. 52, p. 1-20 (texte intégral).
Notes et références
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↑ a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
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↑ AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
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↑ Andersson, 1916 : Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergs Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910-1913. 9. Batrachians from Queensland. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, vol. 52, p. 1-20 (texte intégral).
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↑ Tyler & Knight, 2011 : Field Guide to the Frogs of Australia: Revised Edition. Csiro Publishing, p. 1-188.
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Dryopsophus nannotis: Brief Summary
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Dryopsophus nannotis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Pelodryadidae.
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