Polystichum

Known as Pillomen-lahuen in its native Patagonia and southern Andes. Photo from rocky shores of General Carerra Lake.

Orinda, California, United States

Cradley, Malvern, Worcs SO729470

Briantspuddle, England, United Kingdom

Briantspuddle, England, United Kingdom

Cradley, Malvern, Worcs SO729470

Briantspuddle, England, United Kingdom

Cradley, Malvern, Worcs SO729470

Cradley, Malvern, Worcs SO729470

Orinda, California, United States

California, United States

Orinda, California, United States

California, United States

Tualatin Nature Park, Beaverton Oregon. June 2010

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth, syn: Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) Chevall.Hard Shield-fern, DE: Gelappter SchildfarnSlo.: bodea podlesnicaDat.: Oct. 5. 2015Lat.: 46.37040 Long.: 13.73188Code: Bot_917/2015_DSC9210Habitat: riparian mixed forest, Salix eleagnos, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; moderately steep mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous, ground; in shade, high air humidity; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; elevation 560 m (1.850 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: forest soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, left bank of river Soa, between the Soa trail and the river, slightly downstream of Maselc farm house, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Polystichum aculeatum is mainly a montane fern and quite common in the Upper Soa river region. It grows in the whole Alpine belt and almost in all other European mountains. The plant is tolerant regarding nutrients and chemical properties of the soil. It only moderately prefers calcareous ground and humid environment. Its winter resistant, shiny leaves can be easily found during winter months. Characteristic trait are large and abundant brown scales on its stems, particularly at their baseRef.:(1) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 241.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 101. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 1,2,3., Haupt (2004), p 92.(4) B. Marbach, C.Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 24.

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth, syn: Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) Chevall.Hard Shield-fern, DE: Gelappter SchildfarnSlo.: bodea podlesnicaDat.: Oct. 5. 2015Lat.: 46.37040 Long.: 13.73188Code: Bot_917/2015_DSC9210Habitat: riparian mixed forest, Salix eleagnos, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; moderately steep mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous, ground; in shade, high air humidity; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; elevation 560 m (1.850 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: forest soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, left bank of river Soa, between the Soa trail and the river, slightly downstream of Maselc farm house, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Polystichum aculeatum is mainly a montane fern and quite common in the Upper Soa river region. It grows in the whole Alpine belt and almost in all other European mountains. The plant is tolerant regarding nutrients and chemical properties of the soil. It only moderately prefers calcareous ground and humid environment. Its winter resistant, shiny leaves can be easily found during winter months. Characteristic trait are large and abundant brown scales on its stems, particularly at their baseRef.:(1) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 241.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 101. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 1,2,3., Haupt (2004), p 92.(4) B. Marbach, C.Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 24.

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth, syn: Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) Chevall.Hard Shield-fern, DE: Gelappter SchildfarnSlo.: bodea podlesnicaDat.: Oct. 5. 2015Lat.: 46.37040 Long.: 13.73188Code: Bot_917/2015_DSC9210Habitat: riparian mixed forest, Salix eleagnos, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; moderately steep mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous, ground; in shade, high air humidity; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; elevation 560 m (1.850 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: forest soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, left bank of river Soa, between the Soa trail and the river, slightly downstream of Maselc farm house, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Polystichum aculeatum is mainly a montane fern and quite common in the Upper Soa river region. It grows in the whole Alpine belt and almost in all other European mountains. The plant is tolerant regarding nutrients and chemical properties of the soil. It only moderately prefers calcareous ground and humid environment. Its winter resistant, shiny leaves can be easily found during winter months. Characteristic trait are large and abundant brown scales on its stems, particularly at their baseRef.:(1) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 241.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 101. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 1,2,3., Haupt (2004), p 92.(4) B. Marbach, C.Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 24.

Album of Indian fernsLondon :W. Day, 1887.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/23150550

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth, syn: Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) Chevall.Hard Shield-fern, DE: Gelappter SchildfarnSlo.: bodea podlesnicaDat.: Oct. 5. 2015Lat.: 46.37040 Long.: 13.73188Code: Bot_917/2015_DSC9210Habitat: riparian mixed forest, Salix eleagnos, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; moderately steep mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous, ground; in shade, high air humidity; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; elevation 560 m (1.850 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: forest soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, left bank of river Soa, between the Soa trail and the river, slightly downstream of Maselc farm house, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Polystichum aculeatum is mainly a montane fern and quite common in the Upper Soa river region. It grows in the whole Alpine belt and almost in all other European mountains. The plant is tolerant regarding nutrients and chemical properties of the soil. It only moderately prefers calcareous ground and humid environment. Its winter resistant, shiny leaves can be easily found during winter months. Characteristic trait are large and abundant brown scales on its stems, particularly at their baseRef.:(1) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 241.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 101. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 1,2,3., Haupt (2004), p 92.(4) B. Marbach, C.Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 24.

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth, syn: Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) Chevall.Hard Shield-fern, DE: Gelappter SchildfarnSlo.: bodea podlesnicaDat.: Oct. 5. 2015Lat.: 46.37040 Long.: 13.73188Code: Bot_917/2015_DSC9210Habitat: riparian mixed forest, Salix eleagnos, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; moderately steep mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous, ground; in shade, high air humidity; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; elevation 560 m (1.850 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: forest soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, left bank of river Soa, between the Soa trail and the river, slightly downstream of Maselc farm house, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Polystichum aculeatum is mainly a montane fern and quite common in the Upper Soa river region. It grows in the whole Alpine belt and almost in all other European mountains. The plant is tolerant regarding nutrients and chemical properties of the soil. It only moderately prefers calcareous ground and humid environment. Its winter resistant, shiny leaves can be easily found during winter months. Characteristic trait are large and abundant brown scales on its stems, particularly at their baseRef.:(1) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 241.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 101. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 1,2,3., Haupt (2004), p 92.(4) B. Marbach, C.Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 24.

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth, syn: Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) Chevall.Hard Shield-fern, DE: Gelappter SchildfarnSlo.: bodea podlesnicaDat.: Oct. 5. 2015Lat.: 46.37040 Long.: 13.73188Code: Bot_917/2015_DSC9210Habitat: riparian mixed forest, Salix eleagnos, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; moderately steep mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous, ground; in shade, high air humidity; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; elevation 560 m (1.850 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: forest soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, left bank of river Soa, between the Soa trail and the river, slightly downstream of Maselc farm house, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Polystichum aculeatum is mainly a montane fern and quite common in the Upper Soa river region. It grows in the whole Alpine belt and almost in all other European mountains. The plant is tolerant regarding nutrients and chemical properties of the soil. It only moderately prefers calcareous ground and humid environment. Its winter resistant, shiny leaves can be easily found during winter months. Characteristic trait are large and abundant brown scales on its stems, particularly at their baseRef.:(1) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 241.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 101. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 1,2,3., Haupt (2004), p 92.(4) B. Marbach, C.Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 24.

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth, syn: Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) Chevall.Hard Shield-fern, DE: Gelappter SchildfarnSlo.: bodea podlesnicaDat.: Oct. 5. 2015Lat.: 46.37040 Long.: 13.73188Code: Bot_917/2015_DSC9210Habitat: riparian mixed forest, Salix eleagnos, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; moderately steep mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous, ground; in shade, high air humidity; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; elevation 560 m (1.850 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: forest soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, left bank of river Soa, between the Soa trail and the river, slightly downstream of Maselc farm house, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Polystichum aculeatum is mainly a montane fern and quite common in the Upper Soa river region. It grows in the whole Alpine belt and almost in all other European mountains. The plant is tolerant regarding nutrients and chemical properties of the soil. It only moderately prefers calcareous ground and humid environment. Its winter resistant, shiny leaves can be easily found during winter months. Characteristic trait are large and abundant brown scales on its stems, particularly at their baseRef.:(1) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 241.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 101. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 1,2,3., Haupt (2004), p 92.(4) B. Marbach, C.Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 24.

Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth, syn: Polystichum lobatum (Huds.) Chevall.Hard Shield-fern, DE: Gelappter SchildfarnSlo.: bodea podlesnicaDat.: Oct. 5. 2015Lat.: 46.37040 Long.: 13.73188Code: Bot_917/2015_DSC9210Habitat: riparian mixed forest, Salix eleagnos, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; moderately steep mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous, ground; in shade, high air humidity; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; elevation 560 m (1.850 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: forest soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, left bank of river Soa, between the Soa trail and the river, slightly downstream of Maselc farm house, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Polystichum aculeatum is mainly a montane fern and quite common in the Upper Soa river region. It grows in the whole Alpine belt and almost in all other European mountains. The plant is tolerant regarding nutrients and chemical properties of the soil. It only moderately prefers calcareous ground and humid environment. Its winter resistant, shiny leaves can be easily found during winter months. Characteristic trait are large and abundant brown scales on its stems, particularly at their baseRef.:(1) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 241.(2) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 101. (3) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 1,2,3., Haupt (2004), p 92.(4) B. Marbach, C.Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 24.

The main plant with the upright central fronds is Polystichum dudleyi. Above this across the top of the image are fronds of Polystichum munitum, and at the lower right (and also near the top just below the P. munitum) are fronds of Polystichum californicum. These fronds are less divided than those of P. dudleyi, reflecting that P. californicum is a hybrid species formed from P. dudleyi and P. munitum. In forest west of Lake Lagunitas, north side of Mount Tamalpais, Marin County, California. Image I09-5418, Dec 20th 2009.