Nephila pilipes ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Seidenspinnen (Nephila). Es werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden. Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Nominatform N. pilipes pilipes erstreckt sich von China über die Philippinen bis nach Australien. Die Unterart N. p. malagassa kommt ausschließlich endemisch auf Madagaskar vor.[1]
Die Art gehört zu den größten Seidenspinnen und wird auch von Menschen als Nutztier gebraucht. So werden die Netze als Fischernetze und ihr Fleisch als Lebensmittel verwendet.[2]
Diese Spinnenart gehört zu den größten nicht zu den Vogelspinnen gehörenden Spinnenarten der Welt. Die Weibchen werden vermutlich drei bis fünf Zentimeter lang. Die von Michael H. Robinson und Barbara Robinson dokumentierte Körperlänge eines ausgewachsenen Weibchens betrug 4,21 Zentimeter, wobei die Cephalothorax-Länge 1,41 Zentimeter betrug. Bei einem Bein des ersten Beinpaars wurde die Länge von 8,6 Zentimeter und bei einem Bein des vierten Beinpaares eine Länge von 7,05 Zentimeter ermittelt.[3] Die Männchen sind vergleichsweise winzig und durchschnittlich vermutlich 0,5 Zentimeter lang.[4] Die größte von Michael H. Robinson und Barbara Robinson dokumentiere Körperlänge eines Männchen betrug 0,76 Zentimeter.[3]
Weibchen haben einen lang gezogenen Hinterleib (Opisthosoma), welcher je nach Alter und Größe sehr unterschiedlich gefärbt ist. Dies ist möglicherweise auch Ursache dafür, dass für diese Spinnenart viele Synonyme existieren. Das Opisthosoma ist in einem jüngeren Alter schwarz bis olivfarben und trägt je nach Größe zwei oder vier gelbe Längsstreifen. Zuerst bilden sich die äußeren zwei Längsstreifen zurück und bei zunehmendem Alter die inneren zwei Längsstreifen. Mit zunehmendem Alter und Größe ist das Abdomen fast einheitlich graubraun bis olivfarben gefärbt; nur in der vorderen Hälfte nahe dem Vorderleib (Prosoma) hat das Opisthosoma einen schwarzen Querbalken, wo häufig auch Reste der gelben Längsstreifen als feiner gelber Querstreifen zu erkennen sind. Das Zurückbilden dieser Streifen kann je nach Individuum unterschiedlich schnell gehen. So findet man jüngere Tiere, die nur noch zwei gelbe Längsstreifen haben und ältere, die immer noch alle vier Längsstreifen besitzen.[4][3] Die Unterseite hat mehrere gelbe Punkte, nur die Region der Spinnwarzen ist rot gefärbt.[4]
Das Prosoma ist leuchtend weiß, silbern bis beigefarben. Die Taster sind auffällig orange bis rot gefärbt, nur der Metatarsus ist zweifarbig gelbschwarz und der Tarsus schwarz gefärbt. Die Farbe der Beine variiert je nach Fundort und Alter: Bei den sehr lang gestreckten Beine ist je nach Fundort die Coxa gelb und der Schenkelring (Trochanter) schwarz gefärbt. Das Femur ist schwarz mit je einer gelben Stelle auf der Unterseite am Anfang und Ende. Die Patellen sind schwarz gefärbt mit einer schmalen gelben Stelle auf der Unterseite beim Übergang zur Tibia. Die Tibia ist ebenfalls schwarz gefärbt und hat eine gelbe Stelle auf der Unterseite beim Übergang zum Metatarsus. Metatarsen und Tarsen sind einheitlich schwarz. Es gibt Exemplare mit rötlichen Beinen mit schwarzen Kniekehlen, wo diese gelben Partien fehlen. Das Sternum ist schwarz.[4][5]
Im Netz des Weibchens kommen sehr häufig mehrere Männchen vor, die gleichzeitig versuchen, sich mit dem Weibchen zu paaren. Die Männchen interagieren dabei miteinander, indem sie bei zu starker Annäherung mit den Beinen kämpfen und sich beißen. Nur das siegreiche Männchen paart sich mit dem Weibchen. Dazu klettert das Männchen auf die Unterseite des Abdomens des Weibchens und pumpt seinen Samen aus seinen Bulben in die Geschlechtsöffnung des Weibchens. Dieser Vorgang dauert relativ lange. Paarungszeiten von zehn bis siebzig Minuten wurden gemessen. Es wurde noch nie beobachtet, dass das Weibchen das Männchen nach einer Paarung frisst. Das Männchen verlässt nach der Paarung das Weibchen.[3]
Zur Eiablage baut das Weibchen einen ca. 5 Zentimeter langen Kokon. Gemessen wurde durchschnittlich zwischen 2000 und 3000 Eier mit einem durchschnittlichen Gewicht von insgesamt etwa 1,2 Gramm.[3]
Die weibliche Spinne baut Netze mit 0,6 bis 1,0 Meter Durchmesser.[4] Männliche Spinnen bauen keine Netze, sondern leben im Netz eines Weibchens. Sie ernähren sich von Insekten, die für das Weibchen zu klein sind und von den Überbleibseln seiner Beute.
Die Spinne schützt sich ähnlich wie die Goldene Seidenspinne vor Überhitzung. Dazu streckt sie das Abdomen der Sonne entgegen, was den Einfallswinkel der Sonnenstrahlen erhöht. Ebenso wird Flüssigkeit in den Cheliceren bearbeitet, was ebenfalls für Kühlung sorgt.[3]
In den Netzen befinden sich häufig bis zu vierzig Diebsspinnen der Gattung Argyrodes. Es handelt sich hier um kleine Spinnen, die einen Teil der Beute von der Seidenspinne stehlen.[2]
Es wurde untersucht, warum die Spinnen in der Natur nicht von Vögeln gefressen werden; unter Laborbedingungen fraßen viele Vögel die Spinnen. Die Laborvögel versuchten aber nur einmal eine Spinne im Netz von Nephila zu fressen. Der Grund liegt in den klebrigen Netzen der Seidenspinnen, die gleichzeitig als Schutz vor Vögeln dienen. Sobald ein Vogel einmal in ein Netz geflogen ist, bleibt ein großes Netzstück am Vogelkörper hängen und der Vogel braucht eine lange Zeit, bis er sein Gefieder davon befreit hat. Vögel, die einmal diese Erfahrung gemacht haben, scheuen Seidenspinnennetze in Zukunft.[3]
Die Weibchen von Nephila pilipes werden im südpazifischen Raum als Fischnetzhersteller genutzt. Es werden Bambusrohre als Rahmen aufgestellt und die Spinne macht in diesem Rahmen ihr Netz, welches später für den Fischfang verwendet wird.[2]
Nephila pilipes zählt zu den essbaren Spinnen. Eine Verzehrshistorie ist für Thailand belegt.[6] Die Ureinwohner essen die weiblichen Spinnen als Eiweißquelle roh oder geröstet.[2][3]
Da diese Spinnenart je nach Fundort, Größe und Alter eine andere Körperfärbung aufweist, wurde sie mehrmals taxonomisch erfasst. Es kommen gemäß Platnick mehrere Synonyme vor. Das bekannteste Synonym ist Nephila maculata.[1]
Nephila pilipes ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Seidenspinnen (Nephila). Es werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden. Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Nominatform N. pilipes pilipes erstreckt sich von China über die Philippinen bis nach Australien. Die Unterart N. p. malagassa kommt ausschließlich endemisch auf Madagaskar vor.
Die Art gehört zu den größten Seidenspinnen und wird auch von Menschen als Nutztier gebraucht. So werden die Netze als Fischernetze und ihr Fleisch als Lebensmittel verwendet.
Nephila pilipes (northern golden orb weaver or giant golden orb weaver[2]) is a species of golden orb-web spider. It resides all over countries in East and Southeast Asia as well as Oceania. It is commonly found in primary and secondary forests and gardens. Females are large and grow to a body size of 30–50 mm (overall size up to 20 cm), with males growing to 5–6 mm. It is the second largest of the orb-weaving spiders apart from the recently discovered Nephila komaci. The first, second, and fourth pairs of legs of juvenile females have dense hairy brushes, but these brushes disappear as the spider matures.
The N. pilipes golden web is vertical with a fine irregular mesh. It is not symmetrical, with the hub usually nearer the top.[2] Rather than egg sacs being hung in the web, a pit is dug which is then covered with plant debris or soil.
N. pilipes display female gigantism and male dwarfism (see Sexual dimorphism section). In terrestrial animals, N. pilipes have the most size differences between males and females.[3] This can be explained by the evolutionary selection for females with better fecundity.[3] Female N. pilipes have huge parental investments to their progenies, including egg production and web construction (see Parental care section).
Females typically have a body size of 30–50 mm. The cephalothorax is about 15 mm long, 10 mm wide. The abdomen is about 30 mm long, 15 mm wide, mostly dark yellow-brown color with yellow stripes. The tergum is generally black or brown, covered with dense hairs. Both rows of eyes bulge towards the rear. The plastron is mostly black and brown. The legs span very long, and they are black and yellow. There are no apparent hairs on all legs. It has been reported that this sharp contrast between yellow and black color can increase foraging success towards visually-oriented prey.[4]
Males’ body size is typically 5 mm to 6.5 mm. The cephalothorax is about 2.5 mm long, 2 mm wide. The abdomen is about 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Front eyes are larger than rear eyes. Males have light brown legs, with some hairs. The carapace is yellow with very few hairs.
N. pilipes has a few different features which make it easy to distinguish from closely related species. Unlike Nephilia clavate, N. pilipes has a horn-like bulge on its tergum. Additionally, it has a pair of yellow stripes at its back of the abdomen unlike Nephilia laurinae.
N. pilipes display sexual dimorphism, the presence of distinct difference between the males and females of a species. In N. pilipes, female spiders are much larger than their male counterparts,[5] and males can be 4–10 times smaller than the females.[6]
The fecundity selection in Nephila pilipes causes females to continuously molt even after maturation. Although most spiders shed off all their exoskeleton during molting, Nephila pilipes do not shed off genitals during molting, so they can keep collecting sperms. The number of mating will affect the post mature molting. Also, females are more likely to exhibit post-maturity molting if copulations are short in time. After mating with one male, female Nephila pilipes will accumulate sperms until they collected enough. This can be explained by fecundity selection. In order to maximize the number of progenies, females have the incentive to continue their body growth after sexual maturation until they have a number of fertilized eggs above certain threshold. Females will use chemical signaling to attract more males to serve them after molting. This claim is supported by a study on N. pilipes' close relative Nephila clavata, in which males highly prefer females that molt recently.[3]
Sexual dimorphism appears to be a shared feature among N. pilipes spiders of different populations, as examinations of populations in Southeast Asia, Australia, and Papua New Guinea show similar patterns of size dimorphism.[7] Two hypotheses, female gigantism and male dwarfism, have been suggested as explanations for this observed sexual selection.
One explanation for the dimorphism observed in the N. pilipes species is sexual size dimorphism may have evolved due to selection favoring female gigantism. Gigantism may have evolved in response to reduce the effectiveness of male mating plugs.[8] With a mating plug, male spiders ensure that only the male who creates the plug post coitus will be the father of the resulting offspring.[8] Although in the species of N. pilipes, plugging does not seem to have an effect as females are still able to have successful matings even with multiple plugs.[8] The evolution of plugs occurred in earlier ancestral species and still persists. These traits were then passed down to one of its descendants, the living species N. pilipes.[9] In this ancestral species, female gigantism was selected as a positive adaptation. In female spiders with larger bodies, the "embolic plugs" inserted in the N. pilipes females' genitalia become too thin to effectively seal the genitalia.[10] Additionally, female gigantism would have been important to the ancestral species at the time when mating plugs were still effective, as body size has been shown to increase fecundity.[11] By laying more eggs at a time, the ancestral females could have produced more offspring before they were plugged by a male.[7]
Female N. pilipes spiders are able to achieve a large size because they can continue to molt and grow after maturity.[5] This contrasts with most spiders, where growth stops once sexual maturity is reached. Female N. pilipes spiders will stop molting, however, during times of high copulation where it may not be advantageous to continue to grow as sperm are fertilizing eggs.[5]
Alternatively, sexual size dimorphism may have evolved due to selection favoring male dwarfism instead of female giganticism. An explanation of how dwarfism was selected for is due to scramble competition in which smaller male size is advantageous for reproduction. In N. pilipes spiders specifically, male spiders that were able to find female spiders first often fertilize a greater percentage of their eggs than other males.[12] Also, because female N. pilipes spiders often do not remain on their webs during sexual maturity, the smaller and more agile male spiders were able to reach them first, compared to the slower, larger males which often waited at the web of the female in advantageous spots.[12] This explanation means that smaller males had a greater fitness due to the behavior of the female spider to move around in maturity as compared to that of larger males who did not move as much and often copulated with females in their webs after smaller males had already done so.[12]
N. pilipes prefers moist habitats with no direct sunlight. It can be found in Japan, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, Laos, Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, and Australia. In Australia, most N. pilipes are found in rainforest habitats in northern and eastern Australia, where climate is humid and vegetation offers shade against direct sunlight. In general, N. pilipes are distributed along coastal lines, where precipitation is ample. However, reports show that N. pilipes can be found in dry sclerophyll and low shrublands, hundred miles away from the coast. N. pilipes can survive in many climate types, including temperate coastal, Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical savannah climates. They construct webs in bushes and trees, near surface water, and against buildings and other terrain structures. To reduce heat from the sun, like other spiders, Nephila spp. has a thermoregulatory behavior. Experiments show that when the temperature reaches 32 °C, Nephila spp. will adjust the angle between its body and the incoming sunlight, orienting its abdomen towards the sun but keeping the cephalothorax parallel to the web. When temperature further rises, it will align the full body along the sunlight direction, further reducing the area that is receiving heat from the sun. At temperature above 40 °C, Nephila spp. will abandon the web. Unlike other relatives, the distribution of N. pilipes doesn't depend on seasons. Adult females are active throughout four seasons and continuously lay eggs. Adult males are present in the population for longer times than females.[6]
Nephila spp. prey upon only a few species. Nephila spp. will remove some specific insects from their webs. They avoid vespid wasps, alate ants, and other insects that secrete distasteful compounds. Due to Nephila’s large body size, it can prey on insects with a broad size range, from 2 mm to even larger size than themselves. They adopt different strategies for different sizes of preys. Small preys are directly caught and removed from the web. For larger ones, they inject venom and wait for the decease of their prey. However, Nephila spp. have a dramatic change in predation style from the spiderling to adulthood. During the spiderling stage, they feed collectively on a common web. Upon reaching adulthood, they construct their own webs. Nephila spp. also reserve food caches to deal with periods of food shortage. They wrap surplus prey in silk and store them in the hub of the web. The silk covering can significantly reduce water loss due to evaporation. Food cache can reduce weight loss during periods with limited preys.[6]
It has been reported that some N. pilipes can adjust the ultraviolet radiation reflected by stripes on their body to attract preys that are UV light oriented.[4][13] The bands on the legs and body of N. pilipes can reflect UV radiation, so they are more visible to flying insects.[4] The contrast of colors makes them look like food sources for insects, rather than a predator spider.[13]
Generally, Nephila spp.'s web is not symmetric.[14] Their silk appears to be yellow, hence the name golden orb-weavers.[14] For adult Nephila spp., their webs are typically 0.5–1.0 m in diameter.[14] However, when females aggregate together, their webs can be even larger.[14] The hub of the web is usually at the top.[14] Preys will mostly be trapped on the lower web.[14]
The web constructed by N. pilipes has elastic silk at the center to absorb the kinetic energy of moving insects.[14] Around the elastic part, some stiff structures fix the web to trees or other terrain structures.[14] It has been reported that N. pilipes can adjust their silk composition, responding to different diet and environmental conditions.[15] One study investigated the relationship between silk construction and prey types.[15] When N. pilipes are fed with flies, small and airborne prey, the silk becomes more elastic, and the mesh size becomes smaller.[15] When N. pilipes are fed crickets, large and powerful prey, the silk becomes stiff.[15] Moreover, researchers also found that N. pilipes can change the silk's amino acid composition to fit their needs.[15] The silk has excellent mechanical properties, more robust than most human-made materials, so the silk of Nephila spp. draws much attention in the field of materials science.[16] However, when silks are artificially spun in the lab, they often have inferior quality.[16]
Their webs, like other spiders, are subject to potential damage by birds and small mammals. When their webs are partially damaged, it usually takes N. pilipes 10–60 minutes to repair the web. However, if the damage is critical, the spider will consume the web and construct a new web in another nearby location.[6]
Upon reaching adulthood, males leave their webs and begin the search for females. They look for the correct web chemical compositions and web characteristics. It is reported that N. pilipes do not have an airborne pheromone-based signaling system for mating.[6]
In nature, sexual conflicts between males and females are very frequent because males and females have very different reproduction purposes. Males have relatively less parental investment than females, so their goal is to fertilize as many females as possible. Females, on the other hand, tend to be reluctant to mate repeatedly and only select those males with good genes. Female spiders can display aggressiveness in a variety of ways: shake the web and chase the male when approaching; kick the male when the male makes contact with the female's leg; violently shake body when the male climbs up the female's dorsum; abruptly interrupt mating by kick the male off.[17] Unlike other close relatives, N. pilipes have a less aggressive mating ritual, and sexual cannibalism is very rare.[6] Males have evolved a mechanism called mate binding to avoid females' resistance and cannibalism.[17] Males can deposit silks soaked with sexual hormones onto the female's body to calm the tactile and chemical receptors.[17] In this way, males can reduce cannibalism and maximize the number of females they fertilize.[17]
Other Nephila spp. lay eggs near their webs and cover the eggmass with a thick layer of silk. Then the eggmass is firmly tied to leaves and tree branches around it. The eggs are always found beneath leaves or other shades, which prevent direct UV light from the sun. However, N. pilipes is different from all other Nephila spp. Female N. pilipes lay eggs in small pits on the ground to avoid predation and parasitism.[6]
Few studies have been conducted to investigate the enemies of N. pilipes. The primary enemy of N. pilipes in nature is the bird, which evolves to fly by and take them without being entangled by the web. It is rarely reported that N. pilipes are attacked and killed by parasites like Hymenoptera. To avoid predation by birds, female Nephila often construct an aggregated web system with other females or other orb-weavers, so their web system can shield them from birds.[6]
The bite of N. pilipes to humans is rarely reported. Its bites are likely similar to other orb-weaving spiders, which are reported to cause acute symptoms, including muscle pain, feeling of tightness, and reflexes exaggeration.[18] Treatment with calcium gluconate can relieve victims from acute pains. Antiserum treatment can speed the victim's recovery.[18]
Ballooning is a common behavior among spiders.[19] Spiderlings can disperse via wind to larger areas after birth to avoid overcrowded habitat and competition for resources.[19] Research conducted in lab has found that N. pilipes will display ballooning behavior when the wind speed reaches a threshold of 3.17 m/s.[19] However, ballooning is subject to many influences in wild habitats, such as wind angles, humidity, temperature, and pressure.[19] Ballooning is also a social behavior.[19] When the majority of spiderlings balloons, some spiderlings will sense the decline of the population and stay in the original place.[19] Ballooning behavior explains the wide spread of N. pilipes, and sometimes colonization of islands.[19]
Raglai people in Vietnamese Bình Thuận Province consume N. pilipes after roasting them, and consider them to be a healthy food source. Notably, N. pilipes can save local people from hunger if they would otherwise run out of food.[20]
Mating pair in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand
Northern Queensland, Australia
In Noosa Heads, Queensland Australia
Juvenile
Portrait of female in Bantul, Indonesia
Kitulgala, Sri Lanka
Nephila pilipes (northern golden orb weaver or giant golden orb weaver) is a species of golden orb-web spider. It resides all over countries in East and Southeast Asia as well as Oceania. It is commonly found in primary and secondary forests and gardens. Females are large and grow to a body size of 30–50 mm (overall size up to 20 cm), with males growing to 5–6 mm. It is the second largest of the orb-weaving spiders apart from the recently discovered Nephila komaci. The first, second, and fourth pairs of legs of juvenile females have dense hairy brushes, but these brushes disappear as the spider matures.
The N. pilipes golden web is vertical with a fine irregular mesh. It is not symmetrical, with the hub usually nearer the top. Rather than egg sacs being hung in the web, a pit is dug which is then covered with plant debris or soil.
Nephila pilipes est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Araneidae[1].
Cette espèce se rencontre[1],[2],[3] :
Le mâle mesure 4,10 mm et la femelle 37,50 mm[2].
Dans cette espèce le dimorphisme sexuel est extrêmement prononcé. La femelle, de couleur noire et jaune, mesure jusqu’à 20 cm (avec un corps de 30 à 50 mm), tandis que le mâle, de couleur brun-rouge, mesure jusqu’à 20 mm (avec un corps de 5 à 6 mm). C'est l'une des plus grandes araignées au monde.
Sa livrée jaune très vif éclatant et noir attire ses proies de jour comme de nuit[4].
C'est une araignée capable de tisser des toiles de 2 m de largeur sur 6 de haut, soit 12 m2. Cette toile est capable de s'étirer sans casser, et peut aussi stopper un petit oiseau en plein vol[5], performance égalée seulement par les meilleures fibres artificielles comme le Kevlar.
Les fils de soie de l'araignée femelle ont été utilisés avec succès par Shigeyoshi Osaki de la Nara Medical University (Japon) pour former des cordes de violon [6].
Harvey, Austin et Adams en 2007[2] ont placé en synonymie les sous-espèces.
Nephila pilipes malagassa[7] est un nomen dubium[1].
Cette espèce admet de nombreux synonymes :
Nephila pilipes est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Araneidae.
Nephila pilipes is een spinnensoort in de taxonomische indeling van de zijdespinnen (Nephilidae).[1]
Het dier behoort tot het geslacht Nephila. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1793 door Fabricius.
De spin komt voor van Japan en China in het noorden tot Australië en Vanuatu in het zuidoosten en India en Sri Lanka in het westen. Verder leeft de ondersoort Nephila pilipes malagassa op het eiland Madagaskar.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Nephila pilipes is een spinnensoort in de taxonomische indeling van de zijdespinnen (Nephilidae).
Het dier behoort tot het geslacht Nephila. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1793 door Fabricius.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Prządka olbrzymia (Nephila pilipes) – gatunek dużego pająka z rodziny prządkowatych (Nephilidae; dawniej zaliczany do krzyżakowatych, Araneidae) występującego w rejonach tropikalnych i subtropikalnych.
Duży pająk o silnie wydłużonym ciele. Duże samice osiągają 33,9 cm długości, samce są jednak znacznie mniejsze – dorastają do około 6,4 cm. Według Kuntnera i Coddingtona jest to już przykład skrajnego dymorfizmu płciowego przejawiającego się rozmiarami (extreme sexual size dimorphism) – samice są ponad pięciokrotnie większe od samców[1]. Mimo pokaźnych rozmiarów prządki nie są niebezpieczne dla człowieka[2].
Pająk ten licznie występuje w lasach deszczowych i otwartych tropikalnych sawannach w Azji południowej oraz Australii[2]. Populacje zasiedlające Indie, północną Australię i północno-wschodnią Azję różnią się genetycznie od prządek południowoazjatyckich – prawdopodobnie w okresie czwartorzędowych zlodowaceń były one odizolowane w refugiach[3].
Pająki te tkają sieci o powierzchni często powyżej metra kwadratowego. Są one tak solidne, że w niektórych krajach używa się ich do łowienia ryb. Nierzadko w sieci tych pająków złapane zostają ptaki lub inne małe kręgowce – nie są one jednak właściwym ich pożywieniem, na które składają się owady i inne bezkręgowce[2].
Prządka olbrzymia (Nephila pilipes) – gatunek dużego pająka z rodziny prządkowatych (Nephilidae; dawniej zaliczany do krzyżakowatych, Araneidae) występującego w rejonach tropikalnych i subtropikalnych.
Nephila pilipes este o specie de păianjeni țesători aurii din familia Nephilidae.
Dimorfismul sexual este foarte pronunțat. Femela ajunge până la 30 - 50 mm, iar masculul are numai 5 - 6 mm lungime. Prosoma este de culoare argintie pe partea dorsală, iar cea ventrală - neagră. Opistosoma este neagră, cu câteva fâșii albe laterale, pete neregulate ventral și 2 fâșii galbene dorsal. Uneori, prosoma este în totalmente gri. Chelicerele și pedipalpii sunt negri, însă uneori pedipalpii au nuanțe de roșu sau galben. Picioarele la fel sunt negre, dar coxele și articulațiile sunt galbene. La femelele tinere, a doua și a patra perechi de picioare au perișori, care dispar la maturitate.
Este frecvent întâlnit în păduri cu vegetație rară și grădini. Pânza este verticală, asimetrică, cu ochiuri neregulate. Ea are un diametru de 2 metri cu o suprafață totală de 12 m². Firele sunt foarte elastice, capabile să susțină greutatea unei păsări mici[1]. Locul de retragere este situat în partea superioară a pânzei. Coconul cu ouă este fixat de pânză și acoperit cu diferite resturi vegetale.
Acestă specie este răsândită în Japonia, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Myanmar, Filipine, Sri Lanka, India, Papua Noua Guinee și Australia[2].
Nephila pilipes este o specie de păianjeni țesători aurii din familia Nephilidae.
大木林蜘蛛（學名：Nephila pilipes），又稱斑絡新婦，人面蜘蛛、毛络新妇，是大木林蛛屬下的一種。其中屬名 Nephila 源自古希臘文，意思指「喜歡紡織的」。分佈於日本，中國，臺灣，越南，馬來西亞，新加坡，緬甸，泰國，菲律賓，斯里蘭卡，印度，巴布亞新幾內亞和澳大利亞北部等地。通常存在於原生林，次生林和花園。
雌性大木林蜘蛛的身體比雄性大得多，腳與腳之間闊15厘米，而體長有 5 厘米。牠們居住於森林與紅樹林裏面。雌性蜘蛛會結一個直徑約1公尺～3公尺大小的網用來捉昆蟲，香港甚至有捕食雀及蝙蝠的記錄，在台灣也有捕食百步蛇的紀錄。與其他圓網蜘蛛一樣有毒，但對人體影響不大。雄蜘蛛較為細小，橙色，大約只有雌蜘蛛的五分之一。幼蛛身體細小呈楬色。
大木林蜘蛛（學名：Nephila pilipes），又稱斑絡新婦，人面蜘蛛、毛络新妇，是大木林蛛屬下的一種。其中屬名 Nephila 源自古希臘文，意思指「喜歡紡織的」。分佈於日本，中國，臺灣，越南，馬來西亞，新加坡，緬甸，泰國，菲律賓，斯里蘭卡，印度，巴布亞新幾內亞和澳大利亞北部等地。通常存在於原生林，次生林和花園。
雌性大木林蜘蛛的身體比雄性大得多，腳與腳之間闊15厘米，而體長有 5 厘米。牠們居住於森林與紅樹林裏面。雌性蜘蛛會結一個直徑約1公尺～3公尺大小的網用來捉昆蟲，香港甚至有捕食雀及蝙蝠的記錄，在台灣也有捕食百步蛇的紀錄。與其他圓網蜘蛛一樣有毒，但對人體影響不大。雄蜘蛛較為細小，橙色，大約只有雌蜘蛛的五分之一。幼蛛身體細小呈楬色。
황금무당거미(학명: Nephila pilipes, giant golden orb weaver)는 무당거미과 무당거미속의 거미이다. 세계에서 큰 거미 중 하나로도 알려져 있으며, 암컷의 크기는 30~50 mm이며, 수컷의 크기는 5~6 mm이다. 숲이나 정원 등에서 발견되며 황금빛 거미줄을 생산하는 거미로도 잘 알려져 있다. 일본, 중국, 대만, 베트남, 캄보디아, 말레이시아, 인도네시아, 싱가포르, 미얀마, 태국, 라오스, 필리핀, 인도, 파푸아뉴기니, 네팔, 호주 등 동남아시아와 동아시아 대부분, 오세아니아 등지에서 서식한다.
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