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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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The larval foodplants for clouded sulphurs are numerous, and most are members of the legume family. Species include milk vetch (Astralagus), clovers (Trifolium), wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), wild pea (Lathyrus leucanthus), trefoil (Lotus), lupine (Lupinus perinnis), alfalfa (Medicago), white sweet clover (Melilotus alba), and vetch (Vicia).

Nectar plants are varied and include alfalfa (Medicago sativa), clovers (Trifolium), milkweed (Asclepias), self-heal (Prunella vulgaris), and teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris).

Plant Foods: leaves; nectar

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Nectarivore )

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Life Cycle ( англиски )

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The last larvae of the year are reported to overwinter in the third stage (sometimes fourth). Other reports state that the clouded sulphurs overwinter as crysalis.

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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This species is common rangewide and receives no special protections.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

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Behavior ( англиски )

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Clouded sulphurs use visual cues and pheremones to communicate with each other.

Communication Channels: visual ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: pheromones

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

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Без наслов ( англиски )

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Clouded and orange sulphurs exhibit chromosome polymorphism - genes controlling female mate choice, male pheremones, male ultraviolet reflection (in orange sulphurs only), orange or yellow color, width of the black forewing border size, and the rate of development are all located on the X chromosome, termed a "supergene". It has been found that nearly all differences between the two species occurs on this X chromosome. Female hybrids preferably mate with males of their fathers' species (orange sulphurs), thus the X chromosome stays with the appropriate species.

The genus Colis is believed to be named after Kolias, the epithet of Venus (Greek mythology). The species may have been named after the sea nymph Phyllodoce.

Colias philodice philodice has had several common names, including clouded sulphur, bordered yellow butterfly, common sulphur, yellow clover butterfly, yellow sulphur, mud puddle butterfly and yellow butterfly. The subspecies C. philodice vitabunda is known as the lively clouded sulphur.

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Benefits ( англиски )

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This species is sometimes thought of as a pest species due to the larvae feeding on crop plants.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Benefits ( англиски )

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Clouded sulphurs provide aesthetic benefits to humans, and many people enjoy watching them.

Positive Impacts: ecotourism

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Associations ( англиски )

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Clouded sulphurs function as prey for a variety of species, and also serve as minor pollinators.

Ecosystem Impact: pollinates

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Distribution ( англиски )

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Clouded sulphurs are widespread across North America in the Nearctic region, occurring from the Arctic south to Guatamala. The subspecies Colias philodice vitabunda is found only in northern British Columbia to the Alaskan tundra.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Habitat ( англиски )

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Clouded sulphurs are best adapted to open areas such as moist meadows, lawns, and alfalfa and clover fields.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland

Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural

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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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In Colorado, clouded sulphurs lived an average of 2-3 days, with the longest surviving 2 weeks. In Colorado, females lived 17 days and males 24 days (average 2-7 days). In Virginia, males lived for 17 days.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
2 to 24 days.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
5 days.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
2 to 7 days.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
5 days.

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Morphology ( англиски )

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Adults are yellow, with submarginal dots on the undersides of the hindwings. There is one silver spot in the center of the hindwing with two red rings around it, and often there is a satellite spot. Females have a narrow black forewing border with light spots. The subspecies C. philodice vitabunda has mostly white females. The average wing measurement of female clouded sulphurs is 2.6 cm, and ranges from 2.2 cm - 3.1 cm; males range from 2.2 cm - 3.2 cm with an average of 2.4 cm. Clouded Sulphurs may hybridize with orange sulphurs (Colias eurydice).

Clouded sulphur eggs are cream colored when first deposited, then turn crimson in a day or two. The larvae are green, sometimes with pale yellow sides, with raised points and a faint green mid-dorsal line. There is a white lateral band on the larval body.

The pupa is green with yellowish white and black mottling and a yellow band.

Range wingspan: 2.2 to 3.2 cm.

Average wingspan: 2.5 cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently

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Associations ( англиски )

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Predators of all life stages of butterflies include a variety of insect parasatoids. These wasps or flies will consume the body fluids first, and then eat the internal organs, ultimately killing the butterfly. Those wasps that lay eggs inside the host body include species in many different groups: Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Pteromalidae, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Scelionidae, Trichogrammatidae, and others. Trichogrammatids live inside the eggs, and are smaller than a pinhead. Certain flies (Tachinidae, some Sarcophagidae, etc.) produce large eggs and glue them onto the outside of the host larva, where the hatching fly larvae then burrow into the butterfly larvae. Other flies will lays many small eggs directly on the larval hostplants, and these are ingested by the caterpillars as they feed.

Most predators of butterflies are other insects. Praying mantis, lacewings, ladybird beetles, assasin bugs, carabid beetles, spiders, ants, and wasps (Vespidae, Pompilidae, and others) prey upon the larvae. Adult butterflies are eaten by robber flies, ambush bugs, spiders, dragonflies, ants, wasps (Vespidae and Sphecidae), and tiger beetles. The sundew plant is known to catch some butterflies.

There are also many vertebrate predators including lizards, frogs, toads, birds, mice, and other rodents.

Known Predators:

  • ichneumon flies and ichneumon wasps (Ichneumonidae)
  • brachonid wasps (Braconidae)
  • pteromalid wasps (Pteromalidae)
  • chalcidoid wasps (Chalcidoidea)
  • encyrtid wasps (Encyrtidae)
  • eulophid wasps (Eulophidae)
  • scelionid wasps (Scelionidae)
  • trichogrammatid wasps (Trichogrammatidae)
  • Tachinid flies (Tachinidae)
  • praying mantises (Orthodera novaezealandiae)
  • lacewings and relatives (Neuroptera)
  • lady beetles and ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae)
  • assassin bugs (Reduviidae)
  • ground beetles (Carabidae)
  • spiders (Araneae)
  • ants (Formicidae)
  • "ants, bees, and wasps (Hymenoptera)"
  • robber flies (Asilidae)
  • ambush bugs (Phymatidae)
  • dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata)
  • social wasps (Vespidae)
  • "cicadakillers, mud daubers, sand wasps, and sphecid wasps (Sphecidae)"
  • beetles (Coleoptera)
  • lizards (Sauria)
  • frogs (Anura)
  • birds (Aves)
  • "mice, rats, and relatives (Muridae)"
  • rodents (Rodentia)
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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The mating system of clouded sulphurs has been well documented. As the male flies toward the female, she will land and the male will proceed to buffet his wings against her body, releasing pheremones that are produced in a gland in a patch on the upper surface of the hindwing. If the female detects the pheremone and it activates her responses, she will lower her abdomen and the pair will mate. Females will also approach males when they are ready to mate.

As a male clouded sulphur flies toward a female, she will land and the male will proceed to buffet his wings against her body, releasing special communication chemicals (pheromomes) that are produced in a gland in a patch on the upper surface of the hindwing. If the female detects the pheremone and it activates her responses, she will lower her abdomen and the pair will mate. Females will also approach males when they are ready to mate.

Females that are less than one hour old cannot differentiate between the pheremones of clouded and orange sulphurs. It is during this time that the most frequent hybridization occurs. Usually, only sterile females are produced. When there is a female clouded sulphur and a male orange sulphur, viable offspring are produced.

There are several broods of clouded sulphurs from spring until fall, the actual number depending on the latitude. Colias philodice vitabunda flies mainly from June until mid-July.

Breeding interval: Clouded suphurs are univoltine.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs from spring through fall, depending on the latitude.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous

Butterflies do not exhibit parental care.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement

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North American Ecology (US and Canada) ( англиски )

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Resident throughout North America (Scott 1986). Habitats are OPEN AREAS AT ALL ALTITUDES; COMMON IN ALFALFA FIELDS. Host plants are usually herbaceous and include many species, but mostly in one family, LEGUMINOSAE. Eggs are laid on the host plant singly. Individuals overwinter as 3rd or 4th instar larvae. There is a variable number of flights based on latitude (Scott 1986).
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Conservation Status

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Not of concern.
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Cyclicity

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There are usually two broods annually (likely only one in the far north), peaking in May and July.
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Distribution

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As currently defined, this species is distributed over much of North America, ranging from Alaska south to Florida and northern Mexico. There is also an isolated population in the highlands of Guatemala (Opler 1999).
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General Description

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This is our most common sulphur. The submarginal spots along the fore- and hindwing underside and lack of orange on the forewing upperside will generally distinguish this species. The underside discal spot is double-ringed, giving it a 'halo' effect. The spring generation tends to be smaller and darker. The subspecies status of our populations is unclear; they have been variously assigned to the nominate form (Layberry et al. 1998) or eriphyle (Guppy & Shepard 2001). It may be best not to assign a subspecies (Bird et al. 1995) until further study sheds light on this situation.
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Habitat

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Found in open areas throughout the province, from prairie grasslands to alpine meadows.
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Life Cycle

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The eggs are elongate with tapered ends and longitudinal ribs, and are red in colour several days after being laid (Guppy & Shepard 2001). Mature larvae are dark green with a dense covering of short, fine hairs, and have a dark dorsal and white-and-pink lateral line (Guppy & Shepard 2001). Pupae are green with three red dashes on the abdomen (Guppy & Shepard 2001). In favourable years (with adequate moisture and warm spring weather), there may be three broods in southern Alberta, and occasionally at least as far north as Edmonton. Individuals of the third brood, flying in late September to early October, are smaller and darker than the summer (second) brood, and resemble the spring brood. Northern (and possibly mountain) populations likely only have one annual brood. Single-brooded populations in the Peace River region of BC (subspecies vitabunda) may be a species distinct from philodice (Guppy & Shepard 2001). This taxon should also occur throughout the Peace River region of Alberta.
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Trophic Strategy

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Many species of legumes are larval hosts, including native and cultivated species. In southern Alberta, larvae feed on clover (Trifolium sp.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Adults visit legume flowers and males will often congregate to mud-puddle.
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Colias philodice ( германски )

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 src=
Colias philodice, Männchen
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Colias philodice Weibchen
 src=
Colias philodice f. alba, Weibchen
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Verbreitungskarte für Nordamerika

Colias philodice ist ein Schmetterling aus der Familie der Weißlinge (Pieridae). Er ist in Nordamerika und isoliert in Mittelamerika verbreitet.

Merkmale

Falter

Die Falter werden zwischen 50 und 70 Millimeter große und haben eine weiße bis weißgelbe Grundfarbe, heller gefärbte Tiere sind meistens Weibchen. Beide Geschlechter besitzen schwarze Flügelaußenränder bei den Weibchen scheint hier die gelbe bis weiße Grundfärbung durch. Auf den Oberseiten der Vorder- sowie Hinterflügel findet sich je ein Augenfleck. Dieser ist auf dem Vorderflügel dunkel gefärbt und auf dem Hinterflügel silbern[1]. Er tritt oft paarweise auf und ist rötlich umrahmt.[2] Die Unterseiten der Flügel sind einheitlich gelb bis gelblichweiß, die Augenflecke treten hier deutlich hervor und sind auf dem Hinterflügel weiß mit schwarzer Umrandung. Bei der Unterart Colias philodice vitabunda sind die Weibchen meist reinweiß.[2] Im Frühjahr und Herbst sind die Falter kleiner und weniger auffällig gezeichnet.[1]

Ei

Die Eier sind cremefarben wenn sie gelegt werden, nach ein bis zwei Tagen verfärben sie sich leicht ins rötliche.[2] Sie sind länglich gerippt und zu den Enden hin verjüngt.[3] Sie werden einzeln an den Blättern der Futterpflanze abgelegt.[1]

Raupe

Die Raupen haben an beiden Seiten grün-weiße oder hellgelbe Streifen und leicht erhöhte, beharrte schwarze Punkte über dem Körper verteilt sowie zwei hellgrüne schmale Rückenlinien.[2] Im dritten Raupenstadium überwintert die Art,[1] gelegentlich auch im vierten.[2]

Puppe

Die Puppe ist hellgrün mit einer gelblich-weißen Marmorierung und rot abgesetzten Bereichen.[2][3]

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Verbreitet ist die Art in Nord- und Mittelamerika vom Süden Alaskas über Zentral und Südost Kanada die angrenzenden Vereinigten Staaten mit Ausnahme von Kalifornien den Süden von Texas und den größten Teil Floridas.[1] Sie fehlt im nördlichen Québec und Labrador.[4] Es wurden aber auch isolierte Populationen im Hochland von Guatemala gefunden.[3] Ihr Territorium, in dem sie sich bei ihren Flügen ausbreiten, ist zwischen 40 und 100 Hektar groß.[2] Die Falter sind weit verbreitet und häufig und bewohnen offene Felder, Wiesen, Wegränder und Ackerland.

Lebensweise und Verhalten

Die Falter können mit Colias eurytheme hybridisieren.[2] Im Norden ihres Verbreitungsgebiets werden drei Generationen pro Jahr von Mai bis Oktober ausgebildet, im Süden sind es 4 bis 5 Generationen von März bis November.[1] Die Unterart Colias philodice vitabunda, die im Norden des kanadischen Bundesstaates British Columbia und in Alaska vorkommt, fliegt nur von Juni bis Mitte Juli.[2] Die Lebensspanne der Falter schwankt zwischen 2 und 17 Tagen, wobei der Durchschnitt bei 2 bis 3 Tagen liegt. Die längste festgestellte Lebensspanne wurde bei einem Männchen mit 2 Wochen festgestellt und bei einem Weibchen mit 24 Tagen. Ihr Flug ist schnell und unberechenbar, meist nur etwa einen Meter über dem Boden. Sie nutzen visuelle Hinweise, z. B. die UV-Reflexion der Flügelschuppen sowie Pheromone, um miteinander zu kommunizieren.[2]

Ernährung

Nahrungspflanzen der Raupen sind verschiedene Schmetterlingsblütler wie Klee (Trifolium), Weißklee (Trifolium repens)[1], Steinklee (Melilotus alba), Falscher Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), Wicken (Vicia)[2] und Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) sowie Pflanzen aus der Familie der Erbsen (Fabaceae) und Erbse (Pisum sativum).[1][5] Da sich unter diesen Hülsenfrüchtlern viele Nutzpflanzen befinden, gelten die Raupen gebietsweise als Schädlinge, wenn sie in großer Zahl auftreten.[2]

Adulte Falter nehmen Nektar von verschiedenen blühenden Pflanzen auf[1] z. B. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Klee (Trifolium), aber auch Seidenpflanzen (Asclepias), Kleine Braunelle (Prunella vulgaris) und Wilde Karde (Dipsacus sylvestris).[2] Die Art ist bekannt dafür, dass sie sich in Gruppen von mehreren Faltern an feuchten Stellen und Schlamm sammelt.[5] Man nimmt an, dass die Schmetterlinge hier Salze und Mineralien zu sich nehmen.

Paarung

Das Paarungsverhalten ist recht gut dokumentiert. Männliche Falter fliegen die Weibchen an und beginnen mit heftigen Flügelschlägen, bei denen sie den Körper des Weibchens berühren. Gleichzeitig werden Pheromone aus einer Drüse auf der Oberseite der Hinterflügel der Männchen freigesetzt. Sobald das Weibchen diese Pheromone wahrnimmt, senkt sie ihren Hinterleib zur Paarung ab. Durch die Pheromone können weitere Weibchen angelockt werden, die sich den Männchen noch während der Paarung nähern.[5] Weibchen die jünger als eine Stunde sind, können nicht zwischen den Pheromonen ihrer eigenen Art und Colias eurytheme unterscheiden. Während dieser Zeit kommt es am häufigsten zu Hybridisierungen. Paart sich ein Weibchen mit einem Männchen von Colias eurytheme, werden lebensfähige Nachkommen produziert, die sich auch in der nächsten Generation weiter vermehren können. Kommt es zur Paarung zwischen einem Weibchen von Colias eurytheme und einem Männchen von Colias philodice werden nur sterile Weibchen produziert.[2]

Unterarten

Es werden vier Unterarten unterschieden: ITIS-Report.[6]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i Butterflies and Moth of North America, englisch, abgerufen am 18. September 2014
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Colias philodice im Animal Diversity Web, englisch, abgerufen am 18. September 2014
  3. a b c Entomology Collection, englisch, abgerufen am 3. Oktober 2014
  4. a b Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, englisch, abgerufen am 3. Oktober 2014
  5. a b c James A. Scott: The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide. Stanford University Press, Stanford 1992, S. 198–199 ISBN 978-0804720137
  6. ITIS Report, abgerufen am 6. September 2014
  7. Bernard D'Abrera: Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part 1 Papilionidae & Pieridae. Lansdowne Edition, Melbourne, 1981, ISBN 0-7018-1033-5, S. 104
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Colias philodice: Brief Summary ( германски )

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 src= Colias philodice, Männchen  src= Colias philodice Weibchen  src= Colias philodice f. alba, Weibchen  src= Verbreitungskarte für Nordamerika

Colias philodice ist ein Schmetterling aus der Familie der Weißlinge (Pieridae). Er ist in Nordamerika und isoliert in Mittelamerika verbreitet.

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Colias philodice ( англиски )

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Colias philodice, the common sulphur or clouded sulphur, is a North American butterfly in the family Pieridae, subfamily Coliadinae.

Description

This species is a typical member of the genus. Both genders typically have pale yellow wings above with no traces of orange, unlike its close cousin the orange sulphur which may also be yellowish. Males have clean borders, while females have yellow dots within this region. Females sometimes exhibit a white form known as alba.

The underside of the male's wings is yellow while the female's is yellow or greenish white, and both have a doubled hindwing spot trimmed in brownish red. The hindwings show a series of four small red spots along the outer third portion, a trait that distinguishes the other North America species such as Colias interior, with exception of the orange sulphur which also shows them. Its wingspan is 32 to 54 mm.[2]

White form female
Form alba

This species has white form alba which can be very common in some populations, while rare in others. It can be confused with other white forms of Colias particularly that of Colias eurytheme. It can often be distinguished by the border pattern of both wings, though some individuals are impossible to separate without the presence of other "normal" specimens. Though they differ in flight style, the white forms of Colias may be confused with other pierids such as Pieris rapae and Pontia protodice.[3]

White form males are also known, but they are exceedingly rare in this species.[4]

Habitat

This butterfly may be encountered in fields, lawns, alfalfa or clover fields, meadows, and roadsides. Swarms of these butterflies will congregate at mud puddles. They range over most of North America with the exception of Labrador, Nunavut, and northern Quebec.[2] They migrate every year.[5]

Nectar plants

Clouded sulphurs nectar at flowers such as milkweed (Asclepias species), butterfly bush (Buddleja species), coneflower (Dracopis, Echinacea, and Rudbeckia), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), dandelion (Taraxacum species), clover (Trifolium species), and tall verbena (Verbena bonariensis) and many more.

Host plants

Ground-plum (Astragalus crassicarpus), Platte River milk-vetch (Astragalus plattensis), soybean (Glycine max), deer vetch (Lotus species), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), white sweet clover (Melilotus albus), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (Trifolium pratense), vetch (Vicia species)

Life cycle

The pale yellow eggs are laid singly on the host plants. The eggs turn red after a few days, then turn gray just before they hatch. The young larvae will eat one another. The larva is green with a white stripe running along each side of the body. The white stripes may contain bars or lines of pink or orange. The green chrysalis hangs up right by a silken girdle. Just before eclosion, the chrysalis turns yellow with a pink "zipper".

Gallery

Similar species

References

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Colias philodice: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Colias philodice, the common sulphur or clouded sulphur, is a North American butterfly in the family Pieridae, subfamily Coliadinae.

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Coliade du trèfle ( француски )

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Colias philodice

Le Coliade du trèfle (Colias philodice) est une espèce d'insecte lépidoptère de la famille des Pieridae, de la sous-famille des Coliadinae et du genre Colias qui réside en Amérique du Nord où il est commun d'où son nom en anglais de Common Sulphur ou Clouded Sulphur.

Dénomination

Colias philodice a été nommé par Jean-Baptiste Godart en 1819

Synonyme : Eurymus philodice ; Dyar, 1903[1].

Noms vernaculaires

Le Coliade du trèfle se nomme Common Sulphur ou Clouded Sulphur en anglais.

Sous-espèces

 src=
revers d'un mâle
 src=
femelle (forme blanche)

Description

Le Coliade du trèfle est un papillon de taille moyenne (son envergure varie de 32 à 70 mm) aux ailes de couleur jaune clair bordées de noir chez le mâle, de noir taché de jaune chez la femelle. Les femelles de Colias philodice vitabunda sont souvent blanches

Le revers présente une ligne de points submarginaux marron et les ailes postérieures deux poins argentés cernés de rose[2].

Chenille

La chenille, de couleur verte, est ornée d'une bande dorsale foncée et de bandes claires sur les flancs[2].

Biologie

Période de vol et hivernation

Le Coliade du trèfle vole en deux générations de mai à octobre mais uniquement en juillet août à Terre-Neuve[2].

Il hiberne au troisième stade de chenille[3].

Plantes hôtes

Les plantes hôtes de sa chenille sont nombreuses, des Astragalus (dont Astragalus miser, Astragalus adsurgens, Astragalus decumbens,Astragalus crassicarpus, Astragalus plattensis), des Trifolium (Trifolium repens, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium agrarium, Trifolium hybridum, Trifolium longipes), Vicia cracca et Vicia americana, Baptisia tinctoria, Hedysarum boreale, Lathyrus leucanthus, Lotus, Lupinus perennis, Medicago sativa, Medicago hispida, Melilotus alba, Pisum sativum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Thermopsis divaricarpa, des Caragana, des Cytisus[1].

Écologie et distribution

Colias philodice est présent en Amérique du Nord, dans le nord, l'est et l'ouest de la Colombie-Britannique au Guatemala[1]. Il est donc présent au Canada, en Colombie-Britannique, dans le Yukon et dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, aux USA en Alaska, au Montana, Colorado, Californie, Virginie, Géorgie, Massachusetts, Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvanie, État de New-York, Utah, Colorado et Wyoming, au Mexique et au Guatemala.

 src=
carte de répartition

Biotope

Il réside dans les champs, le long des routes et près des mares.

Protection

Pas de statut de protection particulier[4].

Notes et références

Annexes

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Coliade du trèfle: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Colias philodice

Le Coliade du trèfle (Colias philodice) est une espèce d'insecte lépidoptère de la famille des Pieridae, de la sous-famille des Coliadinae et du genre Colias qui réside en Amérique du Nord où il est commun d'où son nom en anglais de Common Sulphur ou Clouded Sulphur.

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Colias philodice ( холандски; фламански )

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Insecten

Colias philodice is een vlindersoort uit de familie van de Pieridae (witjes), onderfamilie Coliadinae.

De soort komt voor in Noord-Amerika.

Colias philodice werd in 1819 beschreven door Godart.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Geplaatst op:
10-10-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Colias philodice ( виетнамски )

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Common hay Clouded Sulphur (Colias philodice) là một loài bướm ngày Bắc Mỹ thuộc họ Pieridae, phân họ Coliadinae.

Image gallery

Xem thêm

Orange Sulphur

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Colias philodice Mã hiệu định danh bên ngoài cho Colias philodice Bách khoa toàn thư sự sống 176000 Còn có ở: Wikispecies


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến họ bướm Pieridae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.


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Colias philodice: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Common hay Clouded Sulphur (Colias philodice) là một loài bướm ngày Bắc Mỹ thuộc họ Pieridae, phân họ Coliadinae.

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Colias philodice ( руски )

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 src=
Ареал

Ареал вида охватывает практически всю Северную Америку, на севере за исключением Лабрадора, Нунавута и северного Квебека. Встречается на лугах, полях клевера и люцерны, обочинах дорог, подальпиские долины, прерии. Встречается в антропогенных ландшафтах, пригородах и сельскохозяйственных районах.

Подвиды

Биология

Самцы часто образуют скопления около влажных мест на земле, на грязи, по краям луж и т. п. Время лёта с мая по конец октября, в Ньюфаундленде — июль—август.

Самки откладывают яйца (удлиненной формы, с суженными концами и продольными ребрами) одиночно у основания листьев кормовых растений гусениц из семейства бобовых: Asclepias sp., Buddleja sp., Dracopis, Echinacea, Rudbeckia, Medicago sativa, Taraxacum sp., Trifolium sp., Verbena bonariensis и другие. Сперва яйца сливочного цвета, через пару дней краснеют, а затем приобретают серый цвет. Гусеница тёмно-зелёного цвета с белой боковой линией. Среди гусениц первых возрастов развит каннибализм. Куколка зелёного цвета с тремя тонкими красными полосками.

Литература

  • Bernard D’Abrera. Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part 1 Papilionidae & Pieridae. — Melbourne: Lansdowne Edition, 1981. — С. 104. — ISBN 0-7018-1033-5.
  • Paul A. Opler. The Complete Book of North American Butterflies. — Thunder Bay Press, 2011. — ISBN 1607102765.
  • James A. Scott. The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide. — Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992. — С. 198—199. — ISBN 978-0804720137.

Примечания

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Colias philodice: Brief Summary ( руски )

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 src= Ареал

Ареал вида охватывает практически всю Северную Америку, на севере за исключением Лабрадора, Нунавута и северного Квебека. Встречается на лугах, полях клевера и люцерны, обочинах дорог, подальпиские долины, прерии. Встречается в антропогенных ландшафтах, пригородах и сельскохозяйственных районах.

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