Die Zenarchopteridae sind eine Familie hornhechtartiger (Beloniformes) Fische aus Süßgewässern und Brackwasser von Südostasien. Es sind kleine, 3,6 bis 19 Zentimeter lange, langgestreckte Fische, deren Unterkiefer stark verlängert ist. Die Flossen sind klein, Rücken- und Afterflosse sitzen wie bei vielen Stoßräubern weit hinten am Körper. Sie fressen hauptsächlich Insekten und deren Larven von der Oberfläche ihrer Wohngewässer.
Die Fische haben wie die Lebendgebärenden Zahnkarpfen (Poeciliinae) eine innere Befruchtung. Die Afterflosse der Männchen ist zu einem Andropodium genannten Begattungsorgan umgebildet. Drei Gattungen (Dermogenys, Hemirhamphodon und Nomorhamphus) sind lebendgebärend, die anderen legen befruchtete Eier.
Die Zenarchopteridae wurden früher als Unterfamilie zu den Halbschnäblern (Hemiramphidae) gerechnet. Eine phylogenetische Studie aus dem Jahre 2004 verwirft jedoch die Monophylie der Hemiramphidae. Die Zenarchopteridae gewinnen Familienstatus und sind die Schwestergruppe der Hornhechte (Belonidae). Die übrigen Halbschnäbler (bis auf Arrhamphus und Hyporhamphus) stehen den Fliegenden Fischen (Exocoetidae) näher.[1]
Die Zenarchopteridae sind eine Familie hornhechtartiger (Beloniformes) Fische aus Süßgewässern und Brackwasser von Südostasien. Es sind kleine, 3,6 bis 19 Zentimeter lange, langgestreckte Fische, deren Unterkiefer stark verlängert ist. Die Flossen sind klein, Rücken- und Afterflosse sitzen wie bei vielen Stoßräubern weit hinten am Körper. Sie fressen hauptsächlich Insekten und deren Larven von der Oberfläche ihrer Wohngewässer.
Zenarchopteridae, the viviparous halfbeaks, is a family in the order Beloniformes. The Zenarchopteridae exhibit strong sexual dimorphism, practicing internal fertilisation, and in some cases ovoviviparous or viviparous (the family also includes oviparous species).[2][3] The members in the family are mainly found in fresh and brackish water of tropical Asia and New Guinea, but the genus Zenarchopterus also includes marine species from the Indo-Pacific. Several, such as the wrestling halfbeak, have become commonly traded aquarium fish.[4]
The following genera are classified within the family Zenarchopteridae[5]
Viviparous halfbeaks vary in social behavior from open water schooling fish similar to the marine halfbeaks (family Hemiramphidae), as with species of Zenarchopterus,[6] through to much more aggressive and combative fishes, as is best known from the "wrestling" halfbeaks of genus Dermogenys.[7] These non-schoolers prefer to lurk among aquatic plants such as reeds, dead trees, and artificial structures of various types; from where they wait for small prey animals to drift by or alight on the surface, before darting from their hiding place to hunt.[8] Notably, they feed extensively on female mosquitoes that are laying their eggs in the water, making them much better at mosquito control that species like guppies and mosquitofish that only take mosquito larvae.[8]
Viviparous halfbeaks are more predatory than the marine species, and typically orient themselves into the current and take aquatic insect larvae, such as midge larvae, and small insects, such as flies that have fallen on the surface of the water, particularly mosquitoes and spiders.[8][9][10]
Members of the genus Zenarchopterus and presumably the poorly-known Tondanichthys are oviparous.[2]
The fresh and brackish water halfbeaks of the genera Dermogenys, Hemirhamphodon, and Nomorhamphus are all livebearers (with the exception of the oviparous H. tengah[3]), that is, they produce well-developed free-swimming young. However, there is a great deal of variation in the details. Meisner and Burns identified no fewer than five distinct modes of viviparity and ovoviviparity in fresh and brackish water halfbeaks:[11]
As with other livebearing fish, fresh and brackish water halfbeaks produce small broods of large offspring compared with egg-laying species of similar size, with broods of around ten to twenty, typically 10–15 millimeters (0.39–0.59 in) long.[12]
Sexual dimorphism is apparent in some species. Males of the ovoviviparous and viviparous species all have a modified anal fin, the andropodium, similar to the gonopodium of poecilid livebearers, used to deliver sperm to the females.[8] Although most egg laying species mate by shedding the milt externally, as is typical for bony fish, at least some practice internal fertilization: male Zenarchopterus use a modified anal fin to direct sperm into the genital opening of the female prior to spawning.[13]
Besides modifications to the anal fin, other differences include size, coloration, and the beak's length or shape. Female Normorhamphus are much larger than males but aren't as brightly colored and have shorter beaks.[14] By contrast, male Hemirhamphodon are larger than females, and some species, such as Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus, also have a long beard-like tassel on the end of the beak.[15] Small colored patches, particularly among males, are only found on the fins and the tip of the beak.[14]
They are small and generally peaceful towards other species, although males can be aggressive to one another.[12] Dermogenys pusillius, the wrestling halfbeak, in particular fight vigorously. Battles may end in injuries. In some Asian countries gamblers bet on the outcomes, as they do with Siamese fighting fish.[7][16]
Some of the fresh and brackish water species are kept as ornamental aquarium fish,[17] particularly genera Dermogenys and Nomorhamphus, but also Hemirhamphodon and Zenarchopterus, less commonly.[6][15][18][19]
To be kept successfully, halfbeaks require an aquarium with plenty of space at the surface. Depth is not critical, so a wide tank is better than a deep one. They are sensitive to low oxygen levels but are otherwise relatively hardy, except that they are intolerant of sudden changes in salinity, pH, hardness, or temperature. Consequently, they must be introduced to a new aquarium gently, and small but frequent water changes are best, so the water chemistry does not change suddenly.[20] A few species, most notably Dermogenys pusillius, have traditionally been kept in slightly brackish water, though some authors aver that those found in brackish water are estuarine juveniles.[6][17] Most traded species of Nomorhamphus and Hemirhamphodon prefer soft, neutral to slightly acidic, fresh water conditions.[12][21]
Halfbeaks are sensitive and shocks like sudden changes in illumination can evoke frantic swimming activity. They may crash into the glass, injuring their beaks, or jump out of the tank. Such beak injuries usually heal within a few weeks. They will eat insect larvae such as bloodworms readily, as well as crustacean eggs, shrimp, fruit flies, and small pieces of chopped white fish. Halfbeaks sometimes eat flake foods as well. Some aquarists also offer them tiny pieces of algae wafer on the basis that most species are omnivorous in the wild, and so plant food probably suits them.[22]
Halfbeaks breed in captivity, but despite being livebearers not easily.[12] Miscarriages are common, particularly if the females are stressed (for example, by being moved to another aquarium). Once the fry have been born, the large babies eat newly hatched brine shrimp, small live foods such as daphnia, and powdered flake.[23]
A number of fresh water halfbeaks are listed in various categories on the IUCN Red List assessing their risk of extinction. None of these species are traded as aquarium fish. Most are simply rare in the wild, and consequently at particular risk from habitat destruction. Several species are listed as Data Deficient (and many have not been rated at all), meaning that their present status is unclear based on available information.
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{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Zenarchopteridae, the viviparous halfbeaks, is a family in the order Beloniformes. The Zenarchopteridae exhibit strong sexual dimorphism, practicing internal fertilisation, and in some cases ovoviviparous or viviparous (the family also includes oviparous species). The members in the family are mainly found in fresh and brackish water of tropical Asia and New Guinea, but the genus Zenarchopterus also includes marine species from the Indo-Pacific. Several, such as the wrestling halfbeak, have become commonly traded aquarium fish.
Los pajaritos asiáticos o mediopicos asiáticos (familia Zenarchopteridae) es una familia de peces incluida en el orden Beloniformes, distribuida por mares, ríos y lagos del sudeste asiático e Indonesia. Antes considerada una subfamilia dentro de la familia Hemiramphidae, se han separado en una familia aparte recientemente.[1] —ver en Wikiespecies—
La mandíbula inferior es más larga que la superior, con el premaxilar terminado en punta,[2] lo que los diferencia de las familias Belonidae y Scomberesocidae que tienen ambas mandíbulas similares. Suelen ser de pequeño tamaño.
Algunas de las especies más pequeñas y vistosas de agua dulce son utilizados en acuariología por su bella ornamentación o ser translúcidos.[3] Especies del género Dermogenys y Nomorhamphus se usan comúnmente para este fin, siendo los géneros Hemirhamphodon y Zenarchopterus algo menos usados.[4]
Existen 5 géneros con unas 58 especies:[1]
Los pajaritos asiáticos o mediopicos asiáticos (familia Zenarchopteridae) es una familia de peces incluida en el orden Beloniformes, distribuida por mares, ríos y lagos del sudeste asiático e Indonesia. Antes considerada una subfamilia dentro de la familia Hemiramphidae, se han separado en una familia aparte recientemente. —ver en Wikiespecies—
La mandíbula inferior es más larga que la superior, con el premaxilar terminado en punta, lo que los diferencia de las familias Belonidae y Scomberesocidae que tienen ambas mandíbulas similares. Suelen ser de pequeño tamaño.
Zenarchopteridae arrain beloniformeen familia da.[1] Sexu dimorfismo handia duten arrain hauek hego-ekialdeko Asiako eta Indonesiako uretan bizi dira.
FishBasek onartzen dituen 58 espezieak bost generotan banaturik daude:
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Zenarchopteridae arrain beloniformeen familia da. Sexu dimorfismo handia duten arrain hauek hego-ekialdeko Asiako eta Indonesiako uretan bizi dira.
Les Zenarchopteridae (Zénarchoptéridés en français) sont une famille de poissons de l'ordre des Beloniformes.
Selon World Register of Marine Species (21 novembre 2021)[1] :
Les Zenarchopteridae (Zénarchoptéridés en français) sont une famille de poissons de l'ordre des Beloniformes.
Gli Zenarchopteridae sono una famiglia di pesci ossei d'acqua dolce, salmastra e marina appartenenti all'ordine Beloniformes.
Gli Zenarchopteridae vivono nell'Indo-Pacifico tropicale e nelle acque dolci e salmastre del Sud-est asiatico e dell'Oceania tropicale. Sono pesci eurialini e anche le specie marine hanno in genere stretti rapporti con le foci o le lagune[1].
L'aspetto di questi pesci è molto simile a quello degli Hemiramphidae a cui sono strettamente affini[1].
Sono pesci di piccola taglia che solo eccezionalmente raggiungono i 20 cm[2].
Alcune specie, soprattutto del genere Dermogenys, vengono allevate negli acquari.
Gli Zenarchopteridae sono una famiglia di pesci ossei d'acqua dolce, salmastra e marina appartenenti all'ordine Beloniformes.
Zenarchopteridae – rodzina żyworodnych ryb belonokształtnych (Beloniformes), wcześniej klasyfikowana jako podrodzina Zenarchopterinae w rodzinie półdziobcowatych (Hemiramphidae).
Ryby z tej rodziny występują w wodach słodkich i słonawych (estuaria) w regionie Oceanu Indyjskiego i zachodniego Pacyfiku.
Samce Zenarchopteridae mają zmodyfikowaną płetwę odbytową (andropodium), podobnie jak gonopodium karpieńcokształtnych pełniące funkcję narządu kopulacyjnego przy zapłodnieniu wewnętrznym. Z wyjątkiem zaliczonego do tej rodziny Tondanichthys kottelati wszystkie gatunki są żyworodne. W odróżnieniu od roślinożernych Hemiramphidae, do których były wcześniej zaliczane Zenarchopteridae prowadzą drapieżniczy tryb życia. Różni je również budowa szczęk oraz struktura spermy[2].
Zenarchopteridae – rodzina żyworodnych ryb belonokształtnych (Beloniformes), wcześniej klasyfikowana jako podrodzina Zenarchopterinae w rodzinie półdziobcowatych (Hemiramphidae).
Họ Cá lìm kìm, danh pháp khoa học Zenarchopteridae, là một họ trong bộ Beloniformes. Zenarchopteridae phô bày dị hình lưỡng tính mạnh, thường thụ tinh trong, và trong một số trường hợp thì đẻ trứng thai hay đẻ con. Trong khi chúng có thể được tìm thấy trong nước ngọt, nước lợ và biển, bốn chi (Dermogenys, Hemirhamphodon, Nomorhamphus, và Tondanichthys) được chỉ sống nước ngọt và một số, chẳng hạn như cá lìm kìm đấu vật, đã trở thành phổ biến loài cá cảnh phổ biến.[1]
|month= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
Bài viết Lớp Cá vây tia này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Họ Cá lìm kìm, danh pháp khoa học Zenarchopteridae, là một họ trong bộ Beloniformes. Zenarchopteridae phô bày dị hình lưỡng tính mạnh, thường thụ tinh trong, và trong một số trường hợp thì đẻ trứng thai hay đẻ con. Trong khi chúng có thể được tìm thấy trong nước ngọt, nước lợ và biển, bốn chi (Dermogenys, Hemirhamphodon, Nomorhamphus, và Tondanichthys) được chỉ sống nước ngọt và một số, chẳng hạn như cá lìm kìm đấu vật, đã trở thành phổ biến loài cá cảnh phổ biến.
제나르콥테루스과(Zenarchopteridae)는 동갈치목에 속하는 조기어류 과이다.[1] 체내 수정을 하는 강한 성적 이형성을 보여주며, 일부 경우에는 난태생(卵胎生)과 태생(胎生)을 한다(난생(卵生) 종도 포함하고 있다.).[2][3] 열대 아시아와 뉴기니섬의 민물과 기수 수역에서 주로 발견되지만, 해양 종을 포함하고 있는 제니르콥테루스속(Zenarchopterus)은 인도-태평양에서 발견된다. 데르모게니스 푸실라(Dermogenys pusilla, 레슬링하프빅)과 같은 몇몇 종은 수족관용으로도 거래된다.[4]
다음은 러브조이(Lovejoy) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[5]
동갈치목 송사리아목 동갈치아목학공치과 (Euleptorhamphus, Hemiramphus, Oxyporhamphus)
학공치과 (Arrhamphus, Hyporhamphus)
제나르콥테루스과(Zenarchopteridae)는 동갈치목에 속하는 조기어류 과이다. 체내 수정을 하는 강한 성적 이형성을 보여주며, 일부 경우에는 난태생(卵胎生)과 태생(胎生)을 한다(난생(卵生) 종도 포함하고 있다.). 열대 아시아와 뉴기니섬의 민물과 기수 수역에서 주로 발견되지만, 해양 종을 포함하고 있는 제니르콥테루스속(Zenarchopterus)은 인도-태평양에서 발견된다. 데르모게니스 푸실라(Dermogenys pusilla, 레슬링하프빅)과 같은 몇몇 종은 수족관용으로도 거래된다.
