Els lipàrids (Liparidae) són una família de peixos marins pertanyent a l'ordre dels escorpeniformes.
Del grec liparos (greix).[1][2]
L'espècie de més llargària fa al voltant de 50 cm. Cos allargat i gelatinós. Cap gros i ulls petits. Pell separada de la capa muscular per un teixit mucós força desenvolupat. Tenen un disc derivat de les aletes ventrals que, secundàriament, poden perdre. Absència de bufeta natatòria i, en general, d'escates. Línia lateral reduïda a la part cefàlica del cos. Part postcefàlica amb només 1 o 2 porus ben desenvolupats. Entre 5 i 6 radis branquiostegals. Tant l'aleta dorsal com l'anal són llargues i poden incloure la caudal. Aleta pectoral de base força ampla i, de vegades, dividida en un lòbul dorsal i un altre de ventral. Entre 38 i 86 vèrtebres.[3][1]
Algunes espècies es reprodueixen tot l'any, mentre que d'altres només ho fan durant una època determinada.[3]
Mengen bàsicament petits crustacis bentònics, mol·luscs, poliquets i d'altres invertebrats. Algunes espècies també es nodreixen de peixos.[4]
La major part de les seues espècies són bentòniques i algunes són capaces de viure a més de 7.000 m de fondària. Així, per exemple, l'octubre del 2008, un equip de científics de la Gran Bretanya i el Japó va descobrir exemplars de Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis a una profunditat de 7.700 m a la fossa del Japó.[3][1][4][5]
Es troba des de l'Àrtic fins a l'Antàrtic, l'Atlàntic (incloent-hi la Mediterrània, on viuen dues espècies del gènere Paraliparis: Paraliparis leptochirus i Paraliparis murielis) i el Pacífic.[3][1]
No en tenen cap.[4]
Els lipàrids (Liparidae) són una família de peixos marins pertanyent a l'ordre dels escorpeniformes.
Die Scheibenbäuche (Liparidae) sind eine Fischfamilie aus der Gruppe der Groppenverwandten (Cottales). Die 29 Gattungen und über 400 Arten leben in gemäßigten, kalten und arktischen Bereichen von Atlantik und Pazifik sowie in Gezeitentümpeln und Tiefseegräben. Über 60 Arten der Scheibenbäuche leben im Südpolarmeer, auf dem Schelf der Antarktis. Sie stellen dort fast ein Drittel der Fischarten.[1] Einzige Arten der Familie in der Nordsee sind der Große Scheibenbauch (Liparis liparis) und der Kleine Scheibenbauch (Liparis montagui).
Die Bauchflossen sind bei ihnen zu einer Saugscheibe umgebildet. Rücken- und Afterflosse bilden lange Säume. Die Haut ist schuppenlos und schleimig, im Englischen nennt man die Tiere “snailfish” (Schneckenfisch). Die meisten Scheibenbäuche sind sehr kleine Fische und ähneln damit in Form und Schwimmbewegungen einer großen Kaulquappe. Viele Arten erreichen gerade mal eine Länge von vier Zentimetern, die größte Art wird 70 Zentimeter lang. Ihre Farbe ist meist gelbbraun oder rötlich, pelagische Arten sind oft transparent.
Flossenformel: Dorsale 28–82, Anale 24–76
Die Scheibenbäuche galten bisher als recht schlechte Schwimmer. Für die Tiefseeformen nahm man an, dass sie sich ähnlich wie die Blobfische aus der verwandten Familie Psychrolutidae eher langsam fortbewegen, um Energie und Sauerstoff zu sparen. Neuere Forschungserkenntnisse scheinen den Ruf als langsame Fische jedoch zu widerlegen. Vielmehr sind die Tiere sehr aktiv und leben in Gruppen zusammen. Es gibt auch seit kurzem Filmaufnahmen eines japanischen Forschungsteams, die die Tiere direkt bei der Nahrungsaufnahme in knapp 8000 m Tiefe zeigen. Sie ernähren sich dort von Flohkrebsen. Auch einem britischen Forscherteam gelang es, Filmaufnahmen in einer Tiefe von ungefähr 7700 m von Scheibenbäuchen zu machen.[2]
Die gefilmte Sichtung der Scheibenbauchart Pseudoliparis swirei in 8178 Metern Tiefe im Marianengraben stellt den bisher tiefsten Fund eines lebenden Fisches überhaupt dar (Stand August 2017).[3] Damit kommt das beobachtete Exemplar der vermuteten maximalen für Fische erreichbaren Überlebenstiefe von 8200 m sehr nahe. Diese wird nach heutiger Erkenntnis vermutlich bedingt durch die zunehmende Konzentration von Trimethylamin-N-oxid zur Stabilisierung der Proteine, die bei einer Tiefe von 8200 m in den Zellen die Osmolalität von Meerwasser erreicht und bei höheren Konzentrationen ohne weitere Gegenmaßnahmen zu einem osmotischen Einströmen von Meerwasser in die Zellen führen würde.[4]
Die Scheibenbäuche gehören zur Teilordnung der Groppenverwandten (Cottales), sind die Schwestergruppe der Seehasen (Cyclopteridae) und werden mit ihnen in der Überfamilie Cyclopteroidea vereint.
Die Scheibenbäuche (Liparidae) sind eine Fischfamilie aus der Gruppe der Groppenverwandten (Cottales). Die 29 Gattungen und über 400 Arten leben in gemäßigten, kalten und arktischen Bereichen von Atlantik und Pazifik sowie in Gezeitentümpeln und Tiefseegräben. Über 60 Arten der Scheibenbäuche leben im Südpolarmeer, auf dem Schelf der Antarktis. Sie stellen dort fast ein Drittel der Fischarten. Einzige Arten der Familie in der Nordsee sind der Große Scheibenbauch (Liparis liparis) und der Kleine Scheibenbauch (Liparis montagui).
The snailfishes or sea snails are a family of marine ray-finned fishes. These fishes make up the Liparidae, which is classified within the order Scorpaeniformes.[1]
Widely distributed from the Arctic to Antarctic Oceans, including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species,[2] but there are also many undescribed species.[3] Snailfish species can be found in depths ranging from shallow surface waters to greater than 8,330 meters, and species of the Liparid family have been found in seven ocean trenches.[4]
The snailfish family, Liparidae, was first proposed by the American biologist Theodore Gill in 1861.[5] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within superfamily Cyclopteroidea, part of the suborder Cottoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes.[6] Other authorities do not recognise this superfamily and classify the two families within it, Cyclopteridae and Liparidae, within the infraorder Cottales alongside the sculpins, within the order Perciformes.[7] An osteological analysis found that the genus Bathylutichthys was intermediate between the Psychrolutidae and the two families making up the Cyclopteroidea, meaning that those two families would not be supported as a superfamily within the Cottoidei.[8]
Species of deep-sea snailfish have been studied and compared to other ray-finned fishes (also known as teleosts) to analyze their adaptions to deep-sea conditions. The genomes of both the Yap hadal Snailfish and Mariana hadal Snailfish have been found to contain an abundance of the fmo3 gene, which produces the trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) protein stabilizer.[4][9] Analysis of Yap hadal Snailfish reveals a loss of olfactory receptors and gain of taste receptors, possibly due to the fairly restricted availability of food in the deep-sea. Additionally, perhaps due to lack of light in the deep sea, the Yap genome includes fewer copies of crystallin genes, which encode proteins that sense light and assist in focused vision, in comparison to other teleosts.[9] Meanwhile, Mariana hadal Snailfish have lost several photoreceptor genes, decreasing their vision capabilities (especially in terms of color), and have completely lost the mc1r pigmentation gene, rendering them colorless. Mariana hadal Snailfish also have adjusted to pressure due to a mutation in bglap which prevents cartilage calcification, revealed in their skulls. Further, their genome includes increased amounts of genes encoding enzymes for beta oxidation and transport proteins, thereby increasing membrane fluidity.[4]
Snailfish have tadpole-like bodies and are similar in profile to the rattails. Their heads are large in comparison to their body and they have small eyes. Their bodies are slender but deep and they taper to very small tails. The extensive dorsal and anal fins may merge or nearly merge with the tail fin. Snailfish are scaleless with a thin, loose gelatinous skin which surrounds the spine and can vary in terms of size and shape between species. The gelatinous layer has a high water and low protein, lipid and carbohydrate content, therefore it can provide growth with low metabolic cost. This may aid species in avoiding predation and conserving energy, especially for deep sea snailfish who live in low energy conditions.[10] Some species, such as Acantholiparis opercularis, have prickly spines as well. Their teeth are small and simple with blunt cusps. The deep-sea species have prominent, well-developed sensory pores on the head, part of the animals' lateral line system.[11]
The pectoral fins are large and provide the snailfish with its primary means of locomotion, although they are fragile. In some species such as the antarctic Paraliparis devriesi, the pectoral fins have an expanded somatosensory system, including a taste bud.[12] The snailfish are benthic fish with pelvic fins modified to form an adhesive disc; this nearly circular disc is absent in Paraliparis and Nectoliparis species. Research has revealed that maximum depth of living can be a significant predictor for loss of the pelvic disk in certain species of snailfish. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this ancestral feature has been lost three separate times in Snailfish.[13]
Snailfish range in size from Paraliparis australis at 5 cm (2.0 in) to Polypera simushirae at some 77 cm (30 in) in length. The latter species may reach a weight of 11 kg (24 lb), but most species are smaller. Snailfish are of no interest to commercial fisheries.
It was difficult to initially study snailfish species that dwell at deeper levels because they would explode upon being brought to the surface, but researchers did manage to study the bones of the animal.
Snailfish habitats vary widely. They are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from shallow intertidal zones to depths of slightly more than 8,330 m (27,330 ft). This is a wider depth range than any other family of fish.[14] It has been found that they travel from the abyssal to the hadal zone over their lifetime.[15] They are strictly found in cold waters, meaning that species of tropical and subtropical regions strictly are deepwater.[3][14][16] They are common in most cold marine waters and are highly resilient, with some species, such as Liparis atlanticus and Liparus gibbus, having type-1 antifreeze proteins.[17] It is the most species-rich family of fish in the Antarctic region, generally found in relatively deep waters (shallower Antarctic waters are dominated by Antarctic icefish).[12]
The diminutive inquiline snailfish (Liparis inquilinus) of the northwestern Atlantic is known to live out its life inside the mantle cavity of the scallop Placopecten magellanicus. Liparis tunicatus lives amongst the kelp forests of the Bering Strait and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The single species in genus Rhodichthys is endemic to the Norwegian Sea.[18] Other species are found on muddy or silty bottoms of continental slopes.
In October 2008, a UK-Japan team discovered a shoal of Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis snailfish at a depth of approximately 7,700 m (25,300 ft) in the Japan Trench.[19] These were, at the time, the deepest living fish ever recorded on film. The record was surpassed by a snailfish that was filmed at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft) in December 2014 in the Mariana Trench,[20] and extended in May 2017 when another was filmed at a depth of 8,178 m (26,831 ft) in the Mariana Trench.[14][21] The species in these deepest records remain undescribed, but it has been referred to as the "ethereal snailfish". The deepest-living described species is Pseudoliparis swirei, also of the Mariana Trench, which has been recorded to 8,076 m (26,496 ft).[14][22] In general, snailfish (notably genera Notoliparis and Pseudoliparis) are the most common and dominant fish family in the hadal zone.[22] Through genomic analysis it was found that Pseudoliparis swirei possesses multiple molecular adaptions to survive the intense pressures of a deep sea environment, including pressure-tolerant cartilage, pressure-stable proteins, increased transport protein activity, higher cell membrane fluidity, and loss of eyesight and other visual characteristics such as color.[4] There are indications that the larvae of at least some hadal snailfish species spend time in open water at relatively shallow depths, less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[23]
Reproductive strategies vary extensively among snailfish species, though it is thought that many abyssal benthic snailfish spawn seasonally and for relatively long intervals.[24] Based on the literature, it appears that all species lay eggs that are relatively large in size (diameter up to 9.4 mm or 0.37 in) but the number of eggs is species dependent.[14] The larger size of eggs in hadal snailfish species indicates continuous spawning.[25] Some species deposit their egg masses among cold-water corals, kelp, stones, or xenophyophores and males will sometimes guard the egg mass.[3][24][26][27] At least one species, Careproctus ovigerus of the North Pacific, is known to practice mouth brooding where the male snailfish carries the developing eggs around in his mouth. Other species of the genus Careproctus, are parasitic, laying their eggs in the gill cavities of king crabs. The eggs put pressure on the crabs gills which can cause the gill tissue to be damaged or die altogether.[28] However, the survival of snailfish larvae has been shown to increase by the snailfish utilizing the crab host species as a way to care for and aerate their eggs.[3] The eggs themselves are self-adhesive and tend to form masses that replicate the shape of the internal branchial chambers of crabs. Additionally, at least one species of snailfish, Caraproctus pallidus, that utilize the golden king crab as a host, has larvae with a lower energy content that normal for most marine fish. A possible explanation for starting life with less energy, is due to the energy and safety provided by the king crabs and the adult snailfish not needed to expend as much energy producing a really energy-rich yolk sac.[29] A different species, Careproctus rhodomelas, was found to be a batch spawner, laying multiple batches of large eggs multiple times throughout its lifetime.[30]
After the eggs hatch, some species rapidly reach the adult size and only live for about one year,[26] but others have life spans of more than a decade.[31] They have extremely high growth rates, and their food selection changes throughout their lifespan.[32] Otolith analysis (the investigation of snailfish ear bone) gives an abundance of insight into longevity of life by seeing how it is broken into alternating translucent and opaque zones. This relays information about annual growth.[33] By further examining the morphology of the deep-sea snailfish, it may be evident that snailfish have adapted to their extreme environment by having a short life span compared to other organisms in the same hadal environment. Many species are located in hadal trenches, which are inherently high-disturbance areas, including lots of seismic activity which can trigger turbidity flows. Because of this, they live significantly shorter lifespans than shallower species.[34]
Very little is known about snailfish courtship behavior but males of Careproctus pallidus are believed to wiggle their bodies as attractive or aggressive display.[35] [36]It is thought that in an environment so dark, it is hard to find and win contests for a mate. Therefore, snailfish use hydrodynamic signals that are felt by the mechanosensory lateral line to communicate.
In a 2007 study of fish in the hadal zone, it was revealed that snailfish usually feed on amphipods, which were also attracted to the chum that the researchers left out.
Larval snailfish feed on a mix of plankton, small and large copepods, and amphipods. The diet of larval snailfish contains 28 food categories, mainly copepods and amphipods.[37]
Snailfish prey can be grouped into six main categories: gammarid, krill, natantian decapods, other crustaceans, fish, and others.[38] Size also affects snailfish diets; snailfish smaller than 50 mm primarily eat gammarids, while species larger than 100 mm primarily eat natantian decapods. Species larger than 150 mm have the highest proportion of fish in their diet. The largest snailfish species tend to be piscivorous.[38]
With the Okhotsk snailfish (Liparis ochotensis), the ratio between food intake and body weight changes as the organism grows; it is also highly seasonally variable. When the local environment experiences an increase in shrimp and crangonidae numbers, there is also a subsequent decrease in decapods.[39] There are also snailfish localized to the Terpeniya Bay that purely eat zooplankton, setting them apart from other snailfish.[39]
The snailfish that live in the northern hemisphere also display a higher starvation tolerance, and while it is still being studied, it is suggested that this is due to the triglycerol and cholesterol levels in this species. The snailfish have different lipid concentrations depending on their habitat, making some of them better-suited for longer periods without feeding than others.[40]
The ambush hunting methods employed by the Simushir snailfish (Polypera simushirae) are unique among snailfish. They have the ability to blend into the ground, waiting to surprise the next organism to wander into their path. The top prey for this species are fish, making up 97.7% of their overall food intake.[41]
This family contains these genera as of 2020:[2]
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Careproctus ovigerus (juvenile)
Liparis marmoratus 
Liparis catharus 
Liparis fabricii The snailfishes or sea snails are a family of marine ray-finned fishes. These fishes make up the Liparidae, which is classified within the order Scorpaeniformes.
Widely distributed from the Arctic to Antarctic Oceans, including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species, but there are also many undescribed species. Snailfish species can be found in depths ranging from shallow surface waters to greater than 8,330 meters, and species of the Liparid family have been found in seven ocean trenches.
Los llamados peces babosos son la familia Liparidae de peces marinos incluida en el orden Scorpaeniformes, se distribuyen desde el Ártico al Antártico, por todo el Atlántico y Pacífico.[1] Su nombre procede del griego liparos (grasa),[2] llamados así por el aspecto que presentan de masa de grasa.
Lo más característico de esta familia, de donde viene su nombre, es que tienen el cuerpo alargado y con la piel desnuda de aspecto gelatinoso sin escamas (pequeñas espinas en algunos).[1]
Las aletas dorsal y anal tienen multitud de radios blandos sin espinas, confluentes ambas o casi con la aleta caudal; la longitud máxima descrita es de unos 50 cm.[1]
Se encuentran especies a cualquier profundidad,[1] desde unas en charcas de marea hasta una especie descubierta recientemente a más de 7000 m de profundidad,[3] el triple que los peces abisales del fondo oceánico.
Los peces babosos son el principal depredador en el red alimentaria hadal y dominan la fauna de peces de la zona hadal.[4]
Existen unas 200 o 300 especies conocidas agrupadas en los siguientes géneros:[5]
Los llamados peces babosos son la familia Liparidae de peces marinos incluida en el orden Scorpaeniformes, se distribuyen desde el Ártico al Antártico, por todo el Atlántico y Pacífico. Su nombre procede del griego liparos (grasa), llamados así por el aspecto que presentan de masa de grasa.
Lo más característico de esta familia, de donde viene su nombre, es que tienen el cuerpo alargado y con la piel desnuda de aspecto gelatinoso sin escamas (pequeñas espinas en algunos).
Las aletas dorsal y anal tienen multitud de radios blandos sin espinas, confluentes ambas o casi con la aleta caudal; la longitud máxima descrita es de unos 50 cm.
Se encuentran especies a cualquier profundidad, desde unas en charcas de marea hasta una especie descubierta recientemente a más de 7000 m de profundidad, el triple que los peces abisales del fondo oceánico.
Los peces babosos son el principal depredador en el red alimentaria hadal y dominan la fauna de peces de la zona hadal.
Liparidae arrain eskorpeniformeen familia zabala da, mundu osoko itsasoetan bizi dena.[1]
FishBaseren arabera, familiak 405 espezie inguru ditu, 32 generotan banaturik.
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Liparidae arrain eskorpeniformeen familia zabala da, mundu osoko itsasoetan bizi dena.
Imukalat (Liparidae) on simppukalojen lahkoon kuuluva kalaheimo.
Heimosta tunnetaan yli 300 lajia noin 29 eri suvusta. Imukalat ovat tyypillisesti kylmien vesien kaloja. Suuri osa lajeista elää Atlantin ja Tyynenmeren pohjoisosissa, jotkut suurissa syvyyksissä. Eteläisissä merissä Antarktiksen mannerjalustalla elää kuutisenkymmentä lajia, jotka muodostavat noin kolmanneksen sen alueen kalalajistosta. Mariaanien haudassa elää Pseudoliparis swirei - Imukalalaji.
Ainoa Suomessa esiintyvä laji on imukala (Liparis liparis). Imukalan vatsaevät ovat muuntuneet imukupeiksi, joilla se voi lujasti kiinnittyä veden pohjakiviin.
Imukalojen lähimpiä sukulaisia ovat simput ja rasvakalat; aiemmin imukalat luettiinkin osaksi rasvakalojen Cyclopteridae-heimoa.
Imukalat (Liparidae) on simppukalojen lahkoon kuuluva kalaheimo.
Heimosta tunnetaan yli 300 lajia noin 29 eri suvusta. Imukalat ovat tyypillisesti kylmien vesien kaloja. Suuri osa lajeista elää Atlantin ja Tyynenmeren pohjoisosissa, jotkut suurissa syvyyksissä. Eteläisissä merissä Antarktiksen mannerjalustalla elää kuutisenkymmentä lajia, jotka muodostavat noin kolmanneksen sen alueen kalalajistosta. Mariaanien haudassa elää Pseudoliparis swirei - Imukalalaji.
Ainoa Suomessa esiintyvä laji on imukala (Liparis liparis). Imukalan vatsaevät ovat muuntuneet imukupeiksi, joilla se voi lujasti kiinnittyä veden pohjakiviin.
Imukalojen lähimpiä sukulaisia ovat simput ja rasvakalat; aiemmin imukalat luettiinkin osaksi rasvakalojen Cyclopteridae-heimoa.
Les Liparidae sont une famille de poissons marins dont beaucoup d'espèces vivent à grande profondeur (plusieurs milliers de mètres). On les appelle parfois « poissons-limaces » ou « limaces de mer », mais il ne faut pas les confondre avec les mollusques nudibranches qui partagent cette appellation.
La plupart des espèces sont abyssales, et le poisson vivant le plus profond au monde semble être Pseudoliparis swirei[1]. Il existe cependant des espèces côtières, comme Liparis liparis[2], Liparis montagui[3].
Selon World Register of Marine Species (14 juin 2015)[4] :
Careproctus ovigerum (juvenile)
Les Liparidae sont une famille de poissons marins dont beaucoup d'espèces vivent à grande profondeur (plusieurs milliers de mètres). On les appelle parfois « poissons-limaces » ou « limaces de mer », mais il ne faut pas les confondre avec les mollusques nudibranches qui partagent cette appellation.
La plupart des espèces sont abyssales, et le poisson vivant le plus profond au monde semble être Pseudoliparis swirei. Il existe cependant des espèces côtières, comme Liparis liparis, Liparis montagui.
Liparidae, porodica riba iz reda Scorpaeniformes. Žive u morima na velikim dubinama. Izgledom podsječaju na punoglavce. Hrane se mnogočetinašima i manjim rakovima.
Obuhvaća rodove Acantholiparis, Allocareproctus, Careproctus (111 vrsta), Crystallias, Crystallichthys, Edentoliparis, Eknomoliparis, Elassodiscus, Eutelichthys, Genioliparis, Gyrinichthys, Liparis, Lipariscus, Lopholiparis, Menziesichthys, Nectoliparis, Notoliparis, Osteodiscus, Palmoliparis, Paraliparis (116), Polypera, Praematoliparis, Prognatholiparis, Psednos, Pseudoliparis, Pseudonotoliparis, Rhinoliparis, Rhodichthys, Squaloliparis, Temnocora[1].
Temnocora candida
Rhodichthys regina
Paraliparis copei
Nectoliparis pelagicus
Liparis greeni
Elassodiscus tremebundus
Crystallichthys cyclospilus
Crystallichthys cyclospilus
Crystallichthys cyclospilus
Careproctus mollis
Acantholiparis opercularis
Careproctus attenuatus
Liparidae, porodica riba iz reda Scorpaeniformes. Žive u morima na velikim dubinama. Izgledom podsječaju na punoglavce. Hrane se mnogočetinašima i manjim rakovima.
Obuhvaća rodove Acantholiparis, Allocareproctus, Careproctus (111 vrsta), Crystallias, Crystallichthys, Edentoliparis, Eknomoliparis, Elassodiscus, Eutelichthys, Genioliparis, Gyrinichthys, Liparis, Lipariscus, Lopholiparis, Menziesichthys, Nectoliparis, Notoliparis, Osteodiscus, Palmoliparis, Paraliparis (116), Polypera, Praematoliparis, Prognatholiparis, Psednos, Pseudoliparis, Pseudonotoliparis, Rhinoliparis, Rhodichthys, Squaloliparis, Temnocora.
I Liparidi (Liparidae Gill, 1861) sono una famiglia di pesci ossei marini appartenenti all'ordine Scorpaeniformes.
Questa famiglia, sebbene sia molto più rappresentata nei mari freddi e polari, è presente in tutti gli oceani del pianeta. Nel mar Mediterraneo è presente solo una specie, l'endemico Eutelichthys leptochirus.
Popolano una varietà di habitat sorprendente, molte specie di mari freddi come Liparis liparis, comune nel nord Atlantico europeo, si ritrovano anche nelle pozze di marea mentre altre sono state catturate a più di 7000 metri di profondità.
Questi pesci meritano il nome inglese di snailfish, pesci lumaca, a causa della loro pelle dall'aspetto gelatinoso. Le scaglie sono sempre assenti ma alcune specie possiedono piccoli tubercoli cutanei. Di solito la testa è abbastanza grande, alcune specie hanno un aspetto quasi da girino. La pinna dorsale e la pinna anale sono lunghe e spesso unite alla pinna caudale.
La misura massima è attorno al mezzo metro ma molte specie sono lunghe solo pochi centimetri.
La maggioranza delle specie sono pesci abissali la cui biologia è quasi ignota. La grande maggioranza dei liparidi fa vita bentonica ma alcuni hanno adottato uno stile di vita pelagico.
Per lungo tempo sono stati considerati come una sottofamiglia dei Cyclopteridae.
La famiglia comprende i seguenti generi:
Occasionale. Sono animali di esclusivo interesse scientifico.
I Liparidi (Liparidae Gill, 1861) sono una famiglia di pesci ossei marini appartenenti all'ordine Scorpaeniformes.
Gleiviažuvinės (Liparidae) – skorpenžuvių (Scorpaeniformes) šeima.
Lietuvoje neaptikta, tačiau greitimuose kraštuose Baltijos jūroje gyvena:
Šeimoje 23 gentys, 195 rūšys.
Careproctus ranula
Paraliparis copei
Paraliparis edwardsi
Paraliparis liparinus
Gyslotasis gleivys (Rhodichthys regina)
Gleiviažuvinės (Liparidae) – skorpenžuvių (Scorpaeniformes) šeima.
Lietuvoje neaptikta, tačiau greitimuose kraštuose Baltijos jūroje gyvena:
Europinis gleivys, arba tiesiog gleivys (Liparis liparis)Šeimoje 23 gentys, 195 rūšys.
De slakdolven (soms ook kringbuiken) (Liparidae) zijn een familie van vissen in de orde der schorpioenvisachtigen (Scorpaeniformes).
Het zijn meestal kleine zoutwatervissen die worden aangetroffen in koudere wateren van de Noordelijke IJszee, noordelijke en zuidelijke delen van de Atlantische Oceaan en noordelijke en zuidelijke delen van de Grote Oceaan. Enkele soorten leven op extreme diepte; in de Marianentrog werden op 8.000 meter diepte nog slakdolven ontdekt. Vanwege de grote moeilijkheden bij het bestuderen van de diepzee zijn ettelijke soorten pas na 2000 beschreven; veel andere soorten wachten vermoedelijk nog op beschrijving.
Er zijn 23 geslachten en 195 soorten:
De slakdolven (soms ook kringbuiken) (Liparidae) zijn een familie van vissen in de orde der schorpioenvisachtigen (Scorpaeniformes).
Ringbuker er en gruppe av ulkefisker. De regnes her som en egen familie, Liparidae, men blir ofte plassert sammen med de nært beslektede rognkjeksene i en utvidet familie Cyclopteridae.
Kroppen er avlangt dråpeformet med et stort hode og liten bakkropp. Den geleaktige huden mangler skjell. Bukfinnene er omdannet til en sugeskive, men noen arter som har gått over til et pelagisk levevis, har sekundært mistet sugeskiva. Ryggfinnen og gattfinnen er lange og når til halefinnen, eller henger sammen med den. Maksimal lengde er omtrent 50 cm.
Ringbuker gyter forholdsvis få egg, omtrent 300. De har utviklet ulike strategier for å beskytte eggene. Dypvannsarten Careproctus ovigerum er sannsynligvis en munnruger. Noen arter i slekten Careproctus legger egg i gjelleåpningene til kongekrabbe.
De lever i kalde og tempererte hav fra fjæresonen ned til dyphavsgroper på 7700 m dyp. I tropiske hav finnes de bare på svært dypt vann. I mai 2017 filmet et japansk forskerteam noe som de antar var en slags ringbuker på 8187 m dyp, det dypeste man noensinne har observert fisk.[1] De fleste artene er bunnlevende, men det finnes også noen som lever pelagisk. De eter havbørsteormer, krepsdyr og bløtdyr.
En trodde tidligere at utbredelsen stort sett var begrenset til Nordishavet og nordlige deler av Atlanterhavet og Stillehavet. I tillegg var det gjort noen spredte funn på den sørlige halvkule. Etter hvert som nye områder er blitt undersøkt, har det vist seg at ringbukene kanskje har den største utbredelsen av alle fiskefamilier. Et stort antall nye arter er beskrevet, for eksempel 30 nye arter fra Australia i 2001 og 16 nye arter fra New Zealand i 2012.
Det drives ikke fiske etter etter ringbuker, og de har ingen økonomisk betydning.
Ringbuker er en gruppe av ulkefisker. De regnes her som en egen familie, Liparidae, men blir ofte plassert sammen med de nært beslektede rognkjeksene i en utvidet familie Cyclopteridae.
Kroppen er avlangt dråpeformet med et stort hode og liten bakkropp. Den geleaktige huden mangler skjell. Bukfinnene er omdannet til en sugeskive, men noen arter som har gått over til et pelagisk levevis, har sekundært mistet sugeskiva. Ryggfinnen og gattfinnen er lange og når til halefinnen, eller henger sammen med den. Maksimal lengde er omtrent 50 cm.
Ringbuker gyter forholdsvis få egg, omtrent 300. De har utviklet ulike strategier for å beskytte eggene. Dypvannsarten Careproctus ovigerum er sannsynligvis en munnruger. Noen arter i slekten Careproctus legger egg i gjelleåpningene til kongekrabbe.
De lever i kalde og tempererte hav fra fjæresonen ned til dyphavsgroper på 7700 m dyp. I tropiske hav finnes de bare på svært dypt vann. I mai 2017 filmet et japansk forskerteam noe som de antar var en slags ringbuker på 8187 m dyp, det dypeste man noensinne har observert fisk. De fleste artene er bunnlevende, men det finnes også noen som lever pelagisk. De eter havbørsteormer, krepsdyr og bløtdyr.
En trodde tidligere at utbredelsen stort sett var begrenset til Nordishavet og nordlige deler av Atlanterhavet og Stillehavet. I tillegg var det gjort noen spredte funn på den sørlige halvkule. Etter hvert som nye områder er blitt undersøkt, har det vist seg at ringbukene kanskje har den største utbredelsen av alle fiskefamilier. Et stort antall nye arter er beskrevet, for eksempel 30 nye arter fra Australia i 2001 og 16 nye arter fra New Zealand i 2012.
Det drives ikke fiske etter etter ringbuker, og de har ingen økonomisk betydning.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Dennikowate[2] (Liparidae) – rodzina morskich ryb skorpenokształtnych (Scorpaeniformes).
Wody oceaniczne całego świata, od Oceanu Arktycznego po Antarktydę, na różnych głębokościach, nawet do 7000 m. W Bałtyku występuje – w Polsce objęty ścisłą ochroną – dennik (Liparis liparis).
Wstęgowaty kształt ciała, u większości gatunków bez łusek. Głowa duża, małe oczy. Długie płetwy: grzbietowa i odbytowa, często połączone z płetwą ogonową. Najmniejszy gatunek Paraliparis australis dorasta do 5 cm, a największe Polypera simushirae do ponad 70 cm długości.
Rodzaje zaliczane do tej rodziny[3]:
Acantholiparis — Allocareproctus — Bathyphasma — Careproctus — Crystallias — Crystallichthys — Eknomoliparis — Elassodiscus — Eutelichthys — Genioliparis — Gyrinichthys — Liparis — Lipariscus — Lopholiparis — Nectoliparis — Notoliparis — Osteodiscus — Palmoliparis — Paraliparis — Polypera — Praematoliparis — Prognatholiparis — Psednos — Pseudoliparis — Rhinoliparis — Rhodichthys — Squaloliparis — Temnocora — Volodichthys
Dennikowate (Liparidae) – rodzina morskich ryb skorpenokształtnych (Scorpaeniformes).
Liparidae é uma família de peixes marinhos actinopterígeos escorpeniformes, maioritariamente das águas profundas e frias, que agrupa um conjunto diversificado de espécies conhecidas pelo nome comum de peixe-caracol (do inglês: snailfish ou seasnails).[1] Com 30 géneros e cerca de 360 espécies,[2] a família apresenta uma extensa área de distribuição natural que se estende do Árctico ao Antárctico, incluindo o norte do Pacífico, área onde apresenta a máxima diversidade. A família tem relações filogenéticas próximas com as famílias Cottidae e Cyclopteridae, sendo os seus membros por vezes incluídos nesta última família.
A família Liparidae é pouco estudada e são poucos detalhes sobre a sua biologia e etologia. As espécies que a compõem apresentam uma morfologia característica, com corpos alongados, em forma de girino, com um perfil semelhante aos peixes gadiformes da família Macrouridae, com corpos delgados, grosseiramente triangulares, terminando numa cauda muito estreita e pequena. As cabeças são grandes, com olhos pequenos. Os dentes são pequenos e simples, com cúspides contundentes. Sendo espécies cujo habitat é o fundo do mar, apresentam poros sensoriais proeminentes na cabeça e ao longo da linha lateral.
Os peixes-caracol não apresentam escamas, tendo uma pele fina e gelatinosa, característica que deu origem ao seu nome comum. Algumas espécies, como Acantholiparis opercularis, apresentam protuberâncias espinhosas.
As extensas barbatanas dorsal e anal podem fundir-se, ou quase fundir-se, com a barbatana caudal. As barbatanas peitorais são grandes, constituindo o principal meio de locomoção dos peixes desta família. Embora esta adaptação esteja ausenta nos géneros Paraliparis e Nectoliparis, por serem espécies bentónicas a maioria das espécies desta família apresenta as barbatanas pélvicas modificadas para formar um disco adesivo, quase circular.
O comprimento corporal dos peixes desta família varia entre os 5 cm da espécie Paraliparis australis e os 77 cm da espécie Polypera simushirae. Esta última espécie pode atingir um peso de 11 kg, mas a maioria das espécies são de baixo peso, o que associado ao aspecto pouco atractivo destes peixes os torna pouco interessantes para a pesca comercial.
As espécies da família Liparidae ocupam uma gama alargada de habitats bentónicos, em águas frias e em águas subtropicais, distribuindo-se desde o fundo das pequenas calhetas da zona entremarés às regiões abissais situadas a profundidades superiores a 7 500 m.
O diminutivo Liparis inquilinus (conhecido por peixe-inquilino) do noroeste do Atlântico é conhecida por viver no interior da cavidade do manto da vieira Placopecten magellanicus. A espécie Liparis tunicatus habita entre as macroalgas das florestas de algas do Estreito de Bering e do estuário do Rio São Lourenço. A única espécie do género Rhodichthys é endémica no Mar da Noruega.[3] Outras espécies são encontradas em fundos lodosos ou siltosos dos taludes continentais. Com espécies extremamente resilientes, a família apresenta a sua máxima diversidade e abundância nas águas profundas das regiões polares.
Em Outubro de 2008, uma expedição científica conjunta do Reino Unido e do Japão descobriu um cardume de Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis a uma profundidade de 7,7 km na Fossa do Japão.[4]
A dieta dos peixes-caracol consiste principalmente de pequeno crustáceos bentónicos, moluscos, vermes, poliquetas e outros pequenos invertebrados. Algumas espécies são também piscívoras. Existem também espécies especializadas na predação de determinados grupos taxonómicos, tais como Paraliparis rosaceus que se alimenta exclusivamente de pepinos-do-mar.
As estratégias reprodutivas dos peixes desta família são pouco conhecidas, mas são claramente variáveis entre as espécies. Pelo menos uma espécie, Careproctus ovigerum, do Pacífico Norte, é conhecido por praticar a incubação bucal, isto é, o macho da espécie carrega os ovos em desenvolvimento ao redor de sua boca. Todas as espécies cuja reprodução é conhecida apresentam posturas com um pequeno número de ovos (c. 300) com dimensões relativamente grandes (4,5-8,0 mm de diâmetro. Algumas espécies do género Careproctus depositam os seus ovos na cavidades das guelras de caranguejos da família Lithodidae (os caranguejos-reais).
Esta família inclui os seguintes géneros:[5][6][7]
Entre outras, a família inclui as seguintes espécies:
Liparidae é uma família de peixes marinhos actinopterígeos escorpeniformes, maioritariamente das águas profundas e frias, que agrupa um conjunto diversificado de espécies conhecidas pelo nome comum de peixe-caracol (do inglês: snailfish ou seasnails). Com 30 géneros e cerca de 360 espécies, a família apresenta uma extensa área de distribuição natural que se estende do Árctico ao Antárctico, incluindo o norte do Pacífico, área onde apresenta a máxima diversidade. A família tem relações filogenéticas próximas com as famílias Cottidae e Cyclopteridae, sendo os seus membros por vezes incluídos nesta última família.
Ліпа́рисові (Liparidae), також відомі як ри́би-слимаки́, або морські́ слимаки́[1] — родина морських риб ряду скорпеноподібних (Scorpaeniformes). Широко поширені у Арктиці та Антарктиці, північну Пацифіку включно. Родина містить 30 родів і 361 видів.[2] Є близькими до бабців (Cottidae) і до пінагорів (Cyclopteridae).
Родина містить такі роди:[3][4][5]
Ліпа́рисові (Liparidae), також відомі як ри́би-слимаки́, або морські́ слимаки́ — родина морських риб ряду скорпеноподібних (Scorpaeniformes). Широко поширені у Арктиці та Антарктиці, північну Пацифіку включно. Родина містить 30 родів і 361 видів. Є близькими до бабців (Cottidae) і до пінагорів (Cyclopteridae).
Liparidae là một họ cá biển thuộc bộ Cá mù làn.
Phân bố rộng rãi trên mọi đại dương, họ Liparidae bao gồm hơn 30 chi và chừng 410 loài đã được mô tả,[1] cùng nhiều loài chưa được mô tả.[2] Họ này có quan hệ gần với Cottidae và Cyclopteridae.
Các chi của họ này gồm:[3][4][5]
Careproctus ovigerus (non)
Liparidae là một họ cá biển thuộc bộ Cá mù làn.
Phân bố rộng rãi trên mọi đại dương, họ Liparidae bao gồm hơn 30 chi và chừng 410 loài đã được mô tả, cùng nhiều loài chưa được mô tả. Họ này có quan hệ gần với Cottidae và Cyclopteridae.
Представители данного семейства рыб широко распространены во всех океанах. Представители семейства — рекордсмены среди рыб по глубине, на которой их обнаруживали:
В семейство включают около 30 родов и 334 вида[1]:
Представители данного семейства рыб широко распространены во всех океанах. Представители семейства — рекордсмены среди рыб по глубине, на которой их обнаруживали:
в октябре 2008 года британско-японская команда исследователей обнаружила группу рыб вида Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis в Японском жёлобе на глубине 7,7 км (рекордной на тот момент). в декабре 2014 года неизвестный ранее вид был обнаружен в образцах, поднятых из Марианского жёлоба, с глубины 8143 м (рекордной на тот момент).獅子魚科下分19個屬，如下：
クサウオ科（学名：Liparidae）は、カサゴ目に所属する魚類の分類群の一つ。クサウオ・サケビクニンなど、寒冷な海あるいは深海に生息する種類を中心に29 属334種が記載される[1]。科名の由来は、ギリシア語の「liparos（脂肪）」から[2]。
クサウオ科の魚類はすべて海水魚で、太平洋・大西洋から北極海・南極海にかけての海域に幅広く分布する[1][2]。地理的・環境的分布範囲は極めて広く、ごく浅い沿岸のタイドプールから7,000mを超える深海に至るまで、その生息域は多岐にわたる[1]。本科は南氷洋・北太平洋および北極海において、もっとも魚種の豊富な科の一つとなっている[1]。インド洋には比較的少なく、深海から数種が知られているのみである[1]。
一般に底生性で、吸盤状に変形した腹鰭を使って海底に腹這いになっていることが多い。インキウオ属とコンニャクウオ属の2属に本科魚類の約2/3にあたる種が含まれ、その大半が水深1,000-2,000mの範囲から知られる深海魚である[3]。
クサウオ科の仲間は細長くやや側扁した体型をもち、最大種では全長80cmに達する[1]。鱗をもたず、皮膚はゼリー状で軟らかい[1]。鼻孔は1対か、クサウオ属の多くでは2対である[1]。
背鰭と臀鰭の基底は長く、それぞれ28-82本・24-76本の軟条で構成され、しばしば尾鰭と連続する[1]。近縁のダンゴウオ科と共通し、両側の腹鰭が互いに癒合し、吸盤状となっている種類も多い[4]。一方で、インキウオ属およびカンテンウオ属の多くは腹鰭をもたない[1]。椎骨は38-86個[1]。
クサウオ科にはNelson（2006）の体系において29属334種が認められている一方[1]、FishBaseには31属364種（2亜種を含む）が記載される[2]。
本科にはさまざまな亜科の設置が提案されているが、Nelson（2006）の体系ではいずれも支持するための情報が不足しているとして採用されていない[1]。
クサウオ科（学名：Liparidae）は、カサゴ目に所属する魚類の分類群の一つ。クサウオ・サケビクニンなど、寒冷な海あるいは深海に生息する種類を中心に29 属334種が記載される。科名の由来は、ギリシア語の「liparos（脂肪）」から。
꼼치과(Liparidae)는 페르카목에 속하는 조기어류 물고기 과의 하나이며[1] 쏨뱅이목으로 분류하기도 한다.[2] 북태평양, 북대서양을 포함하여 북극해부터 남극해까지 전세계적으로 널리 분포하며 북태평양에서 가장 많은 종이 서식한다. 30속 361종으로 이루어져 있다.[3] 물미거지, 잉크꼼치, 아가씨물메기, 미거지, 꼼치, 물메기, 원두꼼치, 분홍꼼치, 노랑물메기, 보라물메기 등을 포함하고 있다.
다음은 베탕쿠르(Betancur) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[4][5]
둑중개아목 은대구하목 자니올레피스하목 쥐노래미하목 둑중개하목 도치상과 둑중개상과
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