Danaus

Danaidlər (lat. Danaus) — Nymphalidae fəsiləsinə və Danainae alt fəsiləsinə daxil olan kəpənək cinsi.

Növləri

• Danaus cleophile (Godart, 1819) — Yamayka monarxı
• Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) — Danaida monarxı
• Danaus erippus (Cramer, 1780) — Cənub monarxı
• Danaus ismare (Cramer, 1775))
• Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779)
• Danaus affinis (Fabricius, 1775)
• Danaus melanippus (Cramer, 1777)
• Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790)
• Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Danaus dorippus Linnaeus, 1758)
• Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777) — Tropik kraliça
• Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1776)

Əvvəllər cins üç alt cinsə bölünürdü: Danaus, Salatura, və Anosia.

Ədəbiyyat

• Ackery, P. & Vane-Wright, R. (1984) Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. London: British Museum (Natural History).
• Jiggins, F. M.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Jiggins, C. D.; Schulenburg, J. H. G. v. D. & Majerus, M. E. N. (2000): The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected by a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium. Parasitology 120(5): 439—446.
• Lushai, G., Goulson, D., Allen, J. A., Maclean, N., Smith, D. A. S., & Gordon, I. J. (2003). Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) and the creation of a hybrid zone. Heredity, 90(3), 236—246.
• Smith, D. A. S., Gordon, I. J., Lushai, G., Goulson, D., Allen, J. A., & Maclean, N. (2002). Hybrid queen butterflies from the cross Danaus chrysippus (L.) x D. gilippus (Cramer): Confirmation of species status for the parents and further support for Haldane's Rule. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 76 (4), 535—544.
• Smith, D. A. S., Lushai, G., & Allen, J. A. A. (2005). A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144 (2), 191—212.

Danaus és un gènere de lepidòpters ditrisis de la família Nymphalidae coneguts vulgarment com a papallones tigre, monarca o reina. Les hi troba mundialment, incloent Amèrica del Nord, Sud-amèrica, Àfrica, Àsia, Indonèsia, Austràlia. Per altres papallones tigre veure el gènere Parantica.

Espècies

• Danaus affinis (Fabricius, 1775) - Tigre malai
• Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Tigre comú, o reina africana.
• Danaus cleophile (Godart, 1819) - Monarca de Jamaica.
• Danaus dorippus (Klug, 1845) – Tigre Dorippus, abans inclosa en D. chrysippus.
• Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777) – Papallona soldat, reina del tròpic, inclou a D. plexaure.
• Danaus erippus (Cramer, 1775) – Monarca del sud.
• Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779) – Tigre comú, monarca índia, tigre taronja.
• Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775) – Reina
• Danaus ismare (Cramer, 1780) – Tigre d'Ismare.
• Danaus melanippus (Cramer, 1777) – Tigre blanc, tigre comú, o tigre comú de l'est.
• Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790) –
• Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Papallona monarca

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Danaus

De Danaus binne in skaai yn de famylje fan de Danainae.

Klassifikaasje

• Famylje Aureliaflinters (Nymhalidae)
  • Underfamylje Danainae
    • Skaai Danus
      • Soarte Danaus affinis
      • Soarte Danaus chrysippus
      • Soarte Danaus cleophile
      • Soarte Danaus eresimus
      • Soarte Danaus erippus
      • Soarte Danaus genutia
      • Soarte Danaus gilippus
      • Soarte Danaus ismare
      • Soarte Danaus melanippus
      • Soarte Danaus plexaure
      • Soarte Danaus plexippus

Sjoch ek

• List fan flinters

Danaus, commonly called tigers, milkweeds, monarchs, wanderers, and queens, is a genus of butterflies in the tiger butterfly tribe. They are found worldwide, including North America, South America, Africa, Asia, Indonesia and Australia. For other tigers see the genus, Parantica.

Taxonomy

Following the review of Smith et al. (2005), 12 species are provisionally accepted based on morphological, mtDNA 12S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and nuclear DNA 18S rRNA and EF1 subunit α sequence data:

This genus was formerly split into the subgenera Danaus, Salatura, and Anosia, but this arrangement has been abolished. While the first (the 2–3 monarch butterflies) and Salatura (species ismare, genutia, affinis, and melanippus) do indeed seem to be clades, the relationship of these to the other species, especially the puzzling D. dorippus, is not clear.

Hybridization producing fertile offspring is known to occur between some species, confounding mtDNA data; this seems to be especially true in the case of D. dorippus (Smith et al. 2005). In addition, male-killing Spiroplasma infection has been shown in D. chrysippus and probably also occurs in other species (Jiggins et al. 2000); the consequences for speciation and evolution are probably similar to those observed in infection with male-killing strains of the better-researched Wolbachia bacteria.

Phylogeny

Tirumala septentrionis

Tirumala limniace

Danaus plexippus

Danaus erippus

Danaus genutia

Danaus melanippus

Danaus affinis

Danaus ismare

Danaus eresimus

Danaus gilippus

Danaus petilia

Danaus dorippus dorippus-2

Danaus d. bataviana

Danaus chrysippus chrysippus

Danaus c. orientis

Danaus c. alcippus

Danaus d. dorippus-1

Phylogeny of the genus (without D. cleophile).^[2]

Synonyms of Danaus species and subspecies

• Source: The higher classification of Nymphalidae, at Nymphalidae.net
• Note: Names preceded by an equal sign ( = ) are synonyms, homonyms, rejected names, or invalid names. Synonymy, given below in abbreviated form, is from Ackery & Vane-Wright (1984).

Tribe Danaini Boisduval, 1833

• Danaus Kluk, 1802 ( = Danaida Latreille, 1804; = Limnas Hübner, 1806; = Danais Latreille, 1807; = Danaus Latreille, 1809; = Anosia Hübner, 1816; = Festivus Crotch, 1872; = Salatura Moore, 1880; = Nasuma Moore, 1883; = Tasitia Moore, 1883; = Danaomorpha Kremky, 1925; = Panlymnas Bryk, 1937; = Diogas d'Almeida, 1938)
  • Danaus cleophile (Godart, 1819) ( original name = Danais cleophile Godart, 1819)
  • Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) ( original name = Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758; = misippiformis Meuschen, 1781; = archippus Fabricius, 1793; = menippe Hübner, 1816; = megalippe Hübner, 1826; = leucogyne Butler, 1884; = fumosus Hulstaert, 1886; = pulchra Strecker, 1900; = nigrippus Haensch, 1909; = americanus Gunder, 1927; = nivosus Gunder, 1927; = curassavicae Fabricius, 1938; = portoriciensis Clark, 1941; = tobagi Clark, 1941; = disjuncta Dufrane, 1948; = bipunctata Dufrane, 1948; = obliterata Dufrane, 1948)
  • Danaus erippus (Cramer, 1775) ( original name = Papilio erippus Cramer, 1775 ( = larensis Köhler, 1929; = asclepiadis Fabricius, 1938)
  • Danaus ismare (Cramer, 1780) ( original name = Papilio ismare Cramer, 1780; = ismareola Butler, 1866; = fulvus Ribbe, 1890; = celebensis Rothschild, 1892; = felicia Fruhstorfer, 1907; = goramica Fruhstorfer, 1907; = alba Morishita, 1981)
  • Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779) ( original name = Papilio genutia Cramer, 1779; = adnana Swinhoe, 1917; = albipars Talbot, 1943; = alexis Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = bandjira Martin, 1911; = bimana Martin, 1911; = connectens Moulton, 1921; = conspicua Butler, 1866; = grynion Fruhstorfer, 1907; = intensa Moore, 1883; = intermedia Moore, 1883; = kyllene Fruhstorfer, 1910; = laratensis Butler, 1883; = leucoglene Felder & Felder, 1865; = niasicus Fruhstorfer, 1899; = nipalensis Moore, 1877; = partita Fruhstorfer, 1897; = plexippus auctt. nec Linnaeus, 1758; = sumatrana Moore, 1883; = sumbana Talbot, 1943; = telmissus Fruhstorfer, 1910; = tuak Pryer & Cator, 1894; = tychius Fruhstorfer, 1910; = uniens Martin, 1911; = wetterensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = yuchingkini Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid chrysippus x genutia, Kurosawa, 1973)
  • Danaus affinis (Fabricius, 1775) ( original name = Papilio affinis Fabricius, 1775; = abigar Eschscholtz, 1821; = adustus Godman & Salvin, 1882; = affinoides Fruhstorfer, 1899; = albistriga Talbot, 1943; = albonotata Howarth, 1962; = artenice Cramer, 1781; = aruana Moore, 1883; = astakos Fruhstorfer, 1906; = batjana Fruhstorfer, 1899; = bipuncta Talbot, 1943; = biseriata Butler, 1882; = bonguensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = cecilia Bouganville, 1837; = chionippe Hübner, 1823; = cometho Godman & Salvin, 1888; = coriacea Fruhstorfer, 1906; = decentralis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = decipiens Butler, 1882; = decipientis Strand, 1914; = djampeana Van Eecke, 1915; = fergussonia Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ferruginea Butler, 1876; = fuliginosa Hagen, 1894; = fulgurata Butler, 1866; = fuscata Talbot, 1943; = galacterion Fruhstorfer, 1906; = gelanor Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = hegesippinus Röber, 1891; = insolata Butler, 1870; = jimiensis Miller & Miller, 1978; = jobiensis Grose-Smith, 1894; = kapaura Talbot, 1943; = kawiensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = kiriwina Fruhstorfer, 1907; = leucippis Röber, 1891; = litoralis Doherty, 1891; = luxurians Fruhstorfer, 1907; = malayana Fruhstorfer, 1899; = molyssa Fruhstorfer, 1907; = mysolica Moore, 1883; = mytilene Felder & Felder, 1860; = nigrita Moore, 1883; = nore Swinhoe, 1917; = nubila Butler, 1866; = obscura Capronnier, 1886; = oesypera Talbot, 1943; = olga Swinhoe, 1917; = oros Fruhstorfer, 1907; = paradoxa Röber, 1939; = philene Stoll 1782; = piepersi Kalis, 1933; = pittakus Fruhstorfer, 1907; = pleistarchus Fruhstorfer, 1912; = pseudophilene Fruhstorfer, 1907; = pullata Butler, 1866; = rubrica Fruhstorfer, 1906; = sabrona Talbot, 1943; = sangira Fruhstorfer, 1899; = signata Talbot, 1943; = snelleni Kalis, 1933; = strephon Fruhstorfer, 1907; = subnigra Joicey & Talbot, 1922; = subnubila Fruhstorfer, 1907; = tambora Fruhstorfer, 1899; = taroena Van Eecke, 1915; = taruna Fruhstorfer, 1899; = transfuga Fruhstorfer, 1907; = tualana Talbot, 1943; = vandeldeni Kalis, 1933; = vorkeinus Röber, 1866; = wentholti Martin, 1914; = woodlarkiana Fruhstorfer, 1907)
  • Danaus melanippus (Cramer, 1777) ( original name = Papilio melanippus Cramer, 1777; = hegesippus Cramer, 1777; = lotis Cramer, 1779; = thoe Hübner, 1816; = edmondii Bougainville, 1837; = nesippus C. Felder, 1862; = eurydice Butler, 1884; = celebensis Staudinger, 1889; = erebus, Röber, 1891 ; = haruhasa Doherty, 1891; = pietersii Doherty, 1891; = taimanu Doherty, 1891; = fruhstorferi Röber, 1897; = keteus Hagen, 1898; = indicus Fruhstorfer, 1899; = malossona Fruhstorfer, 1899; = lotina Fruhstorfer, 1904; = umbrosus Fruhstorfer, 1906; = philozigetes Fruhstorfer, 1907; = mezentius Fruhstorfer, 1910; = meridionigra Martin, 1913; = edwardi Van Eecke, 1914; = insularis Moulton, 1921; = albescens Röber, 1927; = kotoshonis Matsumara, 1929; = camorta Evans, 1932)
  • Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777) ( original name = Papilio eresimus Cramer, 1777; = ares d'Almeida, 1944; = asclepidea Fabricius, 1938; = dilucida Forbes, 1939; = erginus Godman & Salvin, 1897; = estevana Talbot, 1943; = icensis Fuchs, 1954; = montezuma Talbot, 1943; = tethys Forbes, 1943)
  • Danaus plexaure (Godart, 1819) ( original name = Danais plexaure Godart, 1819; = brasiliensis Capronnier, 1874)
  • Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775) ( original name = Papilio gilippus Cramer, 1775; = berenice Cramer, 1779; = vincedoxici Hübner, 1816; = vincetoxici Hübner, 1816; = cleothera Godart, 1819; = manuja Eschscholtz, 1821; = xanthippus Felder & Felder, 1860; = thersippus Bates, 1863; = jamaicensis Bates, 1864; = strigosa Bates, 1864; = hermippus Felder & Felder, 1865; = nivosus Godman & Salvin, 1897; = esperanza Hoffman, 1924; = centralis Joicey & Talbot, 1925; = kempfferi Hall, 1925; = kerri Comstock, 1925; = vincetoxici Fabricius, 1938; = candidus Clark, 1941; = gilippina Hoffman, 1940; = wheeleri Talbot, 1943; = roedingeri Fuchs, 1954)
  • Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) ( original name = Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758; = albinus Lanz, 1896; = amplifascia Talbot, 1943; = anomala Dufrane, 1948; = asclepiadis Gagliardi, 1811; = auriflava Van Eecke, 1914; = axantha Hayward, 1922; = bataviana Moore, 1883; = bipunctata Dufrane, 1948; = bowringi Moore, 1883; = candidata Hayward, 1922; = chrysipellus Strand, 1910; = clarippus Weymer, 1884; = completa Dufrane, 1948; = cratippus Felder, 1860; = deficiens Dufrane, 1948; = duplicata Dufrane, 1948; = duponti Dufrane, 1948; = evanescens Storace, 1949; = fuscippus Van Eecke, 1915; = gelderi Snellen, 1891; = hanoiensis Dufrane, 1948; = hypermnestra Stoneham, 1958; = impunctata Dufrane, 1948; = infumata Aurivillius, 1898; = joannisi Dufrane, 1948; = kanariensis Fruhstorfer, 1898; = lemeemagdalenae Lemeé, 1950; = limbata Matsumura, 1929; = luxurians Dufrane, 1948; = margarita Röber, 1926; = orientis Aurivillius, 1909; = ornata Dufrane, 1948; = petilia Stoll, 1790; = praealbata Froreich, 1928; = pseudopetilea Kalis, 1933; = radiata Dufrane, 1948; = reducta Dufrane, 1948; = rubra Van Eecke, 1915; = semialbinus Strand, 1910; = subpurpurea Matsumura, 1929; = subreducta Dufrane, 1948; = vigelii Heylaerts, 1884; = witteellus Overlaet, 1955; = yuchingkini Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid D. chrysippus x D. genutia)
    • Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Danaus chrysippus aegyptius (Schreber, 1759) ( original name = Papilio aegyptius Schreber, 1759; = Danaus chrysippus klugii Butler, 1886; = Papilio alcippus Cramer, 1777; = Danaus chrysippus liboria Hulstaert, 1931; = Danaus chrysippus alcippoides Moore, 1883; = Danaus chrysippus dorippus Klug, 1845; = Danaus chrysippus transiens Suffert, 1900)

References

• Ackery, P. & Vane-Wright, R. (1984). Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. London: British Museum (Natural History.
• Jiggins, F. M.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Jiggins, C. D.; Schulenburg, J. H. G. v. D. & Majerus, M. E. N. (2000). The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected by a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium. Parasitology 120(5): 439–446. doi:10.1017/S0031182099005867 (HTML abstract)
• Lushai, G., Goulson, D., Allen, J. A., Maclean, N., Smith, D. A. S., & Gordon, I. J. (2003). Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) and the creation of a hybrid zone. Heredity, 90(3), 236-246.
• Smith, D. A. S., Gordon, I. J., Lushai, G., Goulson, D., Allen, J. A., & Maclean, N. (2002). Hybrid queen butterflies from the cross Danaus chrysippus (L.) x D. gilippus (Cramer): Confirmation of species status for the parents and further support for Haldane's Rule. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 76(4), 535-544.
• Smith, D. A. S., Lushai, G., & Allen, J. A. A. (2005). A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144(2), 191-212.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danaus_(butterfly)&oldid=1118575158"

Danaus es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la familia Nymphalidae (superfamilia Papilionoidea) conocidos vulgarmente como mariposas tigre, monarca o reina. Se las halla mundialmente, incluyendo Norteamérica, Sudamérica, África, Asia, Indonesia, Australia. Por otras mariposas tigre ver el género Parantica.

Taxonomía

Se sigue la revisión de Smith et al. (2005), aceptándose 12 especies provisionalmente sobre la base de morfología, a las subunidades proteicas I ADNmt 12S rRNA y a citocromo c oxidasa, y a las subunidades α de datos de secuencia de ADN, ADN nuclear 18S rRNA y al EF1:

• Danaus affinis Fabricius, 1775 -- tigre malayo.
• Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758 -- tigre común, o reina africana.
• Danaus cleophile Godart, 1819 -- monarca de Jamaica.
• Danaus dorippus Klug, 1845 -- tigre Dorippus, antes incluida en D. chrysippus.
• Danaus eresimus Cramer, 1777 -- mariposa soldado, reina del trópico, incluye a D. plexaure.
• Danaus erippus Cramer, 1775 -- monarca del sur.
• Danaus genutia Cramer, 1779 -- tigre común, monarca india, tigre naranja.
• Danaus gilippus Cramer, 1775 -- reina
• Danaus ismare Cramer, 1780 -- tigre de Ismare.
• Danaus melanippus Cramer, 1777 -- tigre blanco, tigre común, o tigre común del este.
• Danaus petilia Stoll, 1790.
• Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, 1758 -- monarca

Este género fue antes dividido en los subgéneros Danaus, Salatura y Anosia, pero ese arreglo fue abolido. Mientras el primero (las 2 o 3 mariposas monarcas) y Salatura (las especies ismare, genutia, affinis y melanippus) parecen ser clados, las relaciones de ellas con las otras especie, especialmente D. dorippus, no es clara.

La hibridación se da entre algunas especies y produce descendencia fértil confundiendo los datos de ADNmt; esto es especialmente verdadero en el caso de D. dorippus (Smith et al. 2005). Además, la infección por Spiroplasma, mortal para los machos, ha sido vista en D. chrysippus y probablemente ocurra también en otras especies (Jiggins et al. 2000); las consecuencias para la especiación y evolución sean probablemente similares a las observadas en infecciones con razas matadoras de machos de la mejor investigada bacteria Wolbachia.

Filogenia

 

Tirumala septentrionis

   

Tirumala limniace

       

Danaus plexippus

   

Danaus erippus

         

Danaus genutia

     

Danaus melanippus

   

Danaus affinis

       

Danaus ismare

       

Danaus eresimus

   

Danaus gilippus

       

Danaus petilia

       

Danaus dorippus dorippus-2

   

Danaus d. bataviana

       

Danaus chrysippus chrysippus

   

Danaus chrysippus orientis

   

Danaus chrysippus alcippus

         

Danaus dorippus dorippus-1

   

Filogenia del género (sin. Danaus cleophile).^[1]​

Sinonimia de las especies y subespecies de Danaus

• Fuente: The higher classification of Nymphalidae, at Nymphalidae.net
• Note: los nombres precedidos de un signo igual (=) son sinónimos, homónimos, nombres rechazados, o invalidados. La sinonimia, dada abajo en forma abreviada, es de Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984.

Tribu Danaini Boisduval, 1833

• Danaus Kluk, 1802 (= Danaida Latreille, 1804; = Limnas Hübner, 1806; = Danais Latreille, 1807; = Danaus Latreille, 1809; = Anosia Hübner, 1816; = Festivus Crotch, 1872; = Salatura Moore, 1880; = Nasuma Moore, 1883; = Tasitia Moore, 1883; = Danaomorpha Kremky, 1925; = Panlymnas Bryk, 1937; = Diogas d'Almeida, 1938)
  • Danaus cleophile (Godart, 1819) (nombre original = Danais cleophile Godart, 1819)
  • Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (nombre original = Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758; = misippiformis Meuschen, 1781; = archippus Fabricius, 1793; = menippe Hübner, 1816; = megalippe Hübner, 1826; = leucogyne Butler, 1884; = fumosus Hulstaert, 1886; = pulchra Strecker, 1900; = nigrippus Haensch, 1909; = americanus Gunder, 1927; = nivosus Gunder, 1927; = curassavicae Fabricius, 1938; = portoriciensis Clark, 1941; = tobagi Clark, 1941; = disjuncta Dufrane, 1948; = bipunctata Dufrane, 1948; = obliterata Dufrane, 1948)
  • Danaus erippus (Cramer, 1775) (nombre original = Papilio erippus Cramer, 1775 ( = larensis Köhler, 1929; = asclepiadis Fabricius, 1938)
  • Danaus ismare (Cramer, 1780) (original = Papilio ismare Cramer, 1780; = ismareola Butler, 1866; = fulvus Ribbe, 1890; = celebensis Rothschild, 1892; = felicia Fruhstorfer, 1907; = goramica Fruhstorfer, 1907; = alba Morishita, 1981)
  • Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779) (original = Papilio genutia Cramer, 1779; = adnana Swinhoe, 1917; = albipars Talbot, 1943; = alexis Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = bandjira Martin, 1911; = bimana Martin, 1911; = connectens Moulton, 1921; = conspicua Butler, 1866; = grynion Fruhstorfer, 1907; = intensa Moore, 1883; = intermedia Moore, 1883; = kyllene Fruhstorfer, 1910; = laratensis Butler, 1883; = leucoglene Felder & Felder, 1865; = niasicus Fruhstorfer, 1899; = nipalensis Moore, 1877; = partita Fruhstorfer, 1897; = plexippus auctt. nec Linnaeus, 1758; = sumatrana Moore, 1883; = sumbana Talbot, 1943; = telmissus Fruhstorfer, 1910; = tuak Pryer & Cator, 1894; = tychius Fruhstorfer, 1910; = uniens Martin, 1911; = wetterensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = yuchingkini Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (híbrido chrysippus x genutia, Kurosawa, 1973)
  • Danaus affinis (Fabricius, 1775) (original = Papilio affinis Fabricius, 1775; = abigar Eschscholtz, 1821; = adustus Godman & Salvin, 1882; = affinoides Fruhstorfer, 1899; = albistriga Talbot, 1943; = albonotata Howarth, 1962; = artenice Cramer, 1781; = aruana Moore, 1883; = astakos Fruhstorfer, 1906; = batjana Fruhstorfer, 1899; = bipuncta Talbot, 1943; = biseriata Butler, 1882; = bonguensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = cecilia Bouganville, 1837; = chionippe Hübner, 1823; = cometho Godman & Salvin, 1888; = coriacea Fruhstorfer, 1906; = decentralis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = decipiens Butler, 1882; = decipientis Strand, 1914; = djampeana Van Eecke, 1915; = fergussonia Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ferruginea Butler, 1876; = fuliginosa Hagen, 1894; = fulgurata Butler, 1866; = fuscata Talbot, 1943; = galacterion Fruhstorfer, 1906; = gelanor Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = hegesippinus Röber, 1891; = insolata Butler, 1870; = jimiensis Miller & Miller, 1978; = jobiensis Grose-Smith, 1894; = kapaura Talbot, 1943; = kawiensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = kiriwina Fruhstorfer, 1907; = leucippis Röber, 1891; = litoralis Doherty, 1891; = luxurians Fruhstorfer, 1907; = malayana Fruhstorfer, 1899; = molyssa Fruhstorfer, 1907; = mysolica Moore, 1883; = mytilene Felder & Felder, 1860; = nigrita Moore, 1883; = nore Swinhoe, 1917; = nubila Butler, 1866; = obscura Capronnier, 1886; = oesypera Talbot, 1943; = olga Swinhoe, 1917; = oros Fruhstorfer, 1907; = paradoxa Röber, 1939; = philene Stoll 1782; = piepersi Kalis, 1933; = pittakus Fruhstorfer, 1907; = pleistarchus Fruhstorfer, 1912; = pseudophilene Fruhstorfer, 1907; = pullata Butler, 1866; = rubrica Fruhstorfer, 1906; = sabrona Talbot, 1943; = sangira Fruhstorfer, 1899; = signata Talbot, 1943; = snelleni Kalis, 1933; = strephon Fruhstorfer, 1907; = subnigra Joicey & Talbot, 1922; = subnubila Fruhstorfer, 1907; = tambora Fruhstorfer, 1899; = taroena Van Eecke, 1915; = taruna Fruhstorfer, 1899; = transfuga Fruhstorfer, 1907; = tualana Talbot, 1943; = vandeldeni Kalis, 1933; = vorkeinus Röber, 1866; = wentholti Martin, 1914; = woodlarkiana Fruhstorfer, 1907)
  • Danaus melanippus (Cramer, 1777) (original = Papilio melanippus Cramer, 1777; = hegesippus Cramer, 1777; = lotis Cramer, 1779; = thoe Hübner, 1816; = edmondii Bougainville, 1837; = nesippus C. Felder, 1862; = eurydice Butler, 1884; = celebensis Staudinger, 1889; = erebus, Röber, 1891 ; = haruhasa Doherty, 1891; = pietersii Doherty, 1891; = taimanu Doherty, 1891; = fruhstorferi Röber, 1897; = keteus Hagen, 1898; = indicus Fruhstorfer, 1899; = malossona Fruhstorfer, 1899; = lotina Fruhstorfer, 1904; = umbrosus Fruhstorfer, 1906; = philozigetes Fruhstorfer, 1907; = mezentius Fruhstorfer, 1910; = meridionigra Martin, 1913; = edwardi Van Eecke, 1914; = insularis Moulton, 1921; = albescens Röber, 1927; = kotoshonis Matsumara, 1929; = camorta Evans, 1932)
  • Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777) (original = Papilio eresimus Cramer, 1777; = ares d'Almeida, 1944; = asclepidea Fabricius, 1938; = dilucida Forbes, 1939; = erginus Godman & Salvin, 1897; = estevana Talbot, 1943; = icensis Fuchs, 1954; = montezuma Talbot, 1943; = tethys Forbes, 1943)
  • Danaus plexaure (Godart, 1819) (original = Danais plexaure Godart, 1819; = brasiliensis Capronnier, 1874)
  • Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775) (original = Papilio gilippus Cramer, 1775; = berenice Cramer, 1779; = vincedoxici Hübner, 1816; = vincetoxici Hübner, 1816; = cleothera Godart, 1819; = manuja Eschscholtz, 1821; = xanthippus Felder & Felder, 1860; = thersippus Bates, 1863; = jamaicensis Bates, 1864; = strigosa Bates, 1864; = hermippus Felder & Felder, 1865; = nivosus Godman & Salvin, 1897; = esperanza Hoffman, 1924; = centralis Joicey & Talbot, 1925; = kempfferi Hall, 1925; = kerri Comstock, 1925; = vincetoxici Fabricius, 1938; = candidus Clark, 1941; = gilippina Hoffman, 1940; = wheeleri Talbot, 1943; = roedingeri Fuchs, 1954)
  • Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (original = Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758; = albinus Lanz, 1896; = amplifascia Talbot, 1943; = anomala Dufrane, 1948; = asclepiadis Gagliardi, 1811; = auriflava Van Eecke, 1914; = axantha Hayward, 1922; = bataviana Moore, 1883; = bipunctata Dufrane, 1948; = bowringi Moore, 1883; = candidata Hayward, 1922; = chrysipellus Strand, 1910; = clarippus Weymer, 1884; = completa Dufrane, 1948; = cratippus Felder, 1860; = deficiens Dufrane, 1948; = duplicata Dufrane, 1948; = duponti Dufrane, 1948; = evanescens Storace, 1949; = fuscippus Van Eecke, 1915; = gelderi Snellen, 1891; = hanoiensis Dufrane, 1948; = hypermnestra Stoneham, 1958; = impunctata Dufrane, 1948; = infumata Aurivillius, 1898; = joannisi Dufrane, 1948; = kanariensis Fruhstorfer, 1898; = lemeemagdalenae Lemeé, 1950; = limbata Matsumura, 1929; = luxurians Dufrane, 1948; = margarita Röber, 1926; = orientis Aurivillius, 1909; = ornata Dufrane, 1948; = petilia Stoll, 1790; = praealbata Froreich, 1928; = pseudopetilea Kalis, 1933; = radiata Dufrane, 1948; = reducta Dufrane, 1948; = rubra Van Eecke, 1915; = semialbinus Strand, 1910; = subpurpurea Matsumura, 1929; = subreducta Dufrane, 1948; = vigelii Heylaerts, 1884; = witteellus Overlaet, 1955; = yuchingkini Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid D. chrysippus × D. genutia)
    • Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Danaus chrysippus aegyptius (Schreber, 1759) (original = Papilio aegyptius Schreber, 1759; = Danaus chrysippus klugii Butler, 1886; = Papilio alcippus Cramer, 1777; = Danaus chrysippus liboria Hulstaert, 1931; = Danaus chrysippus alcippoides Moore, 1883; = Danaus chrysippus dorippus Klug, 1845; = Danaus chrysippus transiens Suffert, 1900)

Referencias

• Ackery, P. & Vane-Wright, R. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. London: British Museum (Natural History.
• Jiggins, F. M.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Jiggins, C. D.; Schulenburg, J. H. G. v. D. & Majerus, M. E. N. 2000. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected by a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium. Parasitology 120(5): 439–446. doi 10.1017/S0031182099005867 (resumen HTML)
• Lushai, G., Goulson, D., Allen, J.A., Maclean, N., Smith, D.A.S., & Gordon, I.J. 2003. Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus) and the creation of a hybrid zone. Heredity, 90(3), 236-246.
• Smith, D. A. S., Gordon, I. J., Lushai, G., Goulson, D., Allen, J. A., & Maclean, N. 2002. Hybrid queen butterflies from the cross Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus) × D. gilippus (Cramer): Confirmation of species status for the parents and further support for Haldane's Rule. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 76(4), 535-544.
• Smith, D. A. S., Lushai, G., & Allen, J. A. A. 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144(2), 191-212.

Danaus est un genre de lépidoptères (papillons) appartenant à la famille des Nymphalidae, à la sous-famille des Danainae et à la tribu des Danaini. Présent sur tous les continents, il comprend une douzaine d'espèces.

Noms vernaculaires

En français, les Danaus sont appelés « Monarques » (nom qui désigne aussi plus particulièrement l'espèce Danaus plexippus). En anglais, on les appelle tigers, milkweeds, monarchs, wanderers ou queens en fonction des espèces.

Systématique

Le genre Danaus a été décrit par l'entomologiste polonais Jan Krzysztof Kluk en 1780^[1]. L'espèce type pour le genre est Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Le nom Danaus Kluk, 1780 a de nombreux synonymes^[2] :

Liste des espèces et sous-genres

En fonction des sources, le genre Danaus compte entre 10 et 13 espèces :

• Danaus affinis (Fabricius, 1775) — Asie du Sud-Est, Océanie.
• Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) — le Petit monarque — Afrique, Europe du Sud, Arabie, Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est. Inclut désormais le taxon dorippus^[12].
• Danaus cleophile (Godart, 1819) — Jamaïque, Haïti, Cuba.
• Danaus eresimus (Cramer, [1777]) — de l'Amérique du Sud au Sud des États-Unis
• Danaus erippus (Cramer, [1775]) — Sud de l'Amérique du Sud.
• Danaus genutia (Cramer, [1779]) — Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est jusqu'en Australie.
• Danaus gilippus (Cramer, [1775]) — Amérique du Sud, moitié sud de l'Amérique du Nord.
• Danaus ismare (Cramer, [1780]) — Indonésie.
• Danaus melanippus (Cramer, [1777]) — Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est.
• Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790) — Océanie — anciennement considéré comme une sous-espèce de Danaus chrysippus^[12].
• Danaus plexaure (Godart, 1819) — Amérique du Sud — parfois considéré comme une sous-espèce de Danaus eresimus.
• Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) — le Monarque — toute l'Amérique, Nouvelle-Guinée, îles Canaries.

Certains auteurs considèrent que ces espèces se répartissent en trois sous-genres :

• Danaus s.str., comprenant D. plexippus, D. erippus et D. cleophile ;
• Salatura Moore, [1880], comprenant D. ismare, D. genutia, D. melanippus et D. affinis ;
• Anosia Hübner, 1816, comprenant D. eresimus, D. plexaure, D. gilippus, D. chrysippus et D. petilia.

• Danaus affinis

• Danaus chrysippus

• Danaus cleophile

• Danaus eresimus

• Danaus erippus

• Danaus genutia

• Danaus gilippus

• Danaus ismare

• Danaus melanippus

• Danaus petilia

• Danaus plexippus

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Danaus (Anglice tiger,^[1] milkweed, monarch, queen) est genus papilionum subfamiliae Danainarum familiae Nymphalidarum, omnem per orbem terrarum, praecipue in America Septentrionali, America Australi, Africa, Asia, Indonesia, et Australia endemicus.

Taxinomia

Post recognitionem commentarii Smith et al. (2005), duodecim species late accipiuntur secundum morphologicam mtDNA 12S rRNA, et cytochrome c oxidase^? subunit^? I, et DNA nuclearis 18S rRNA et EF1^? subunitas α sequentia:

• Danaus affinis (Fabricius, 1775)
• Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Danaus cleophile (Godart, 1819)
• Danaus dorippus (Klug, 1845) (olim in D. chrysippus)
• Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777) (comprehendit D. plexaure)
• Danaus erippus (Cramer, 1775)
• Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779)
• Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775)
• Danaus ismare (Cramer, 1780)
• Danaus melanippus (Cramer, 1777)
• Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790)
• Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Hoc genus olim in subgenera Danaum, Salaturam, et Anosiam diffissum est, sed haec dispositio abolita est.

Hybridizatio quae progenies fertiles gignit inter nonnullas species fieri agnoscitur, res mtDNA confundens; hoc videtur praecipue verum in D. dorippo (Smith et al. 2005). Praeterea, Spiroplasma, contagio quae mares inferficit, in D. chrysippo monstrata est, et probabiliter in aliis speciebus fit (Jiggins et al. 2000); consequentiae pro speciatione et evolutione probabiliter sunt similes illorum in contagione ex bene investigatis generis Wolbachiae varietatibus, quae etiam mares interficiunt.

Phylogenia

Tirumala septentrionis

Tirumala limniace

Danaus plexippus

Danaus erippus

Danaus genutia

Danaus melanippus

Danaus affinis

Danaus ismare

Danaus eresimus

Danaus gilippus

Danaus petilia

Danaus dorippus dorippus-2

Danaus d. bataviana

Danaus chrysippus chrysippus

Danaus c. orientis

Danaus c. alcippus

Danaus d. dorippus-1

Phylogenis generis (sine Danaus cleophile).^[2]

Synonyma specierum et subspecierum

• Fons: "The higher classification of Nymphalidae," apud situm nymphalidae.net.
• Nota bene: Nomina post signum aequationis ( = ) sunt synonyma, homonyma, nomina reiecta, vel nomina invalida. Synonymia, infra abbreviata data, est ex Ackery & Vane-Wright (1984).

Tribus Danaini Boisduval, 1833

• Danaus Kluk, 1802 ( = Danaida Latreille, 1804; = Limnas Hübner, 1806; = Danais Latreille, 1807; = Danaus Latreille, 1809; = Anosia Hübner, 1816; = Festivus Crotch, 1872; = Salatura Moore, 1880; = Nasuma Moore, 1883; = Tasitia Moore, 1883; = Danaomorpha Kremky, 1925; = Panlymnas Bryk, 1937; = Diogas d'Almeida, 1938)
  • Danaus cleophile (Godart, 1819) (primum nomen = Danais cleophile Godart, 1819)
  • Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (primum nomen = Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758; = misippiformis Meuschen, 1781; = archippus Fabricius, 1793; = menippe Hübner, 1816; = megalippe Hübner, 1826; = leucogyne Butler, 1884; = fumosus Hulstaert, 1886; = pulchra Strecker, 1900; = nigrippus Haensch, 1909; = americanus Gunder, 1927; = nivosus Gunder, 1927; = curassavicae Fabricius, 1938; = portoriciensis Clark, 1941; = tobagi Clark, 1941; = disjuncta Dufrane, 1948; = bipunctata Dufrane, 1948; = obliterata Dufrane, 1948)
  • Danaus erippus (Cramer, 1775) (primum nomen = Papilio erippus Cramer, 1775 ( = larensis Köhler, 1929; = asclepiadis Fabricius, 1938)
  • Danaus ismare (Cramer, 1780) (primum nomen = Papilio ismare Cramer, 1780; = ismareola Butler, 1866; = fulvus Ribbe, 1890; = celebensis Rothschild, 1892; = felicia Fruhstorfer, 1907; = goramica Fruhstorfer, 1907; = alba Morishita, 1981)
  • Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779) (primum nomen = Papilio genutia Cramer, 1779; = adnana Swinhoe, 1917; = albipars Talbot, 1943; = alexis Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = bandjira Martin, 1911; = bimana Martin, 1911; = connectens Moulton, 1921; = conspicua Butler, 1866; = grynion Fruhstorfer, 1907; = intensa Moore, 1883; = intermedia Moore, 1883; = kyllene Fruhstorfer, 1910; = laratensis Butler, 1883; = leucoglene Felder & Felder, 1865; = niasicus Fruhstorfer, 1899; = nipalensis Moore, 1877; = partita Fruhstorfer, 1897; = plexippus auctt. nec Linnaeus, 1758; = sumatrana Moore, 1883; = sumbana Talbot, 1943; = telmissus Fruhstorfer, 1910; = tuak Pryer & Cator, 1894; = tychius Fruhstorfer, 1910; = uniens Martin, 1911; = wetterensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = yuchingkini Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid chrysippus x genutia, Kurosawa, 1973)
  • Danaus affinis (Fabricius, 1775) (primum nomen = Papilio affinis Fabricius, 1775; = abigar Eschscholtz, 1821; = adustus Godman & Salvin, 1882; = affinoides Fruhstorfer, 1899; = albistriga Talbot, 1943; = albonotata Howarth, 1962; = artenice Cramer, 1781; = aruana Moore, 1883; = astakos Fruhstorfer, 1906; = batjana Fruhstorfer, 1899; = bipuncta Talbot, 1943; = biseriata Butler, 1882; = bonguensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = cecilia Bouganville, 1837; = chionippe Hübner, 1823; = cometho Godman & Salvin, 1888; = coriacea Fruhstorfer, 1906; = decentralis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = decipiens Butler, 1882; = decipientis Strand, 1914; = djampeana Van Eecke, 1915; = fergussonia Fruhstorfer, 1907; = ferruginea Butler, 1876; = fuliginosa Hagen, 1894; = fulgurata Butler, 1866; = fuscata Talbot, 1943; = galacterion Fruhstorfer, 1906; = gelanor Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = hegesippinus Röber, 1891; = insolata Butler, 1870; = jimiensis Miller & Miller, 1978; = jobiensis Grose-Smith, 1894; = kapaura Talbot, 1943; = kawiensis Fruhstorfer, 1899; = kiriwina Fruhstorfer, 1907; = leucippis Röber, 1891; = litoralis Doherty, 1891; = luxurians Fruhstorfer, 1907; = malayana Fruhstorfer, 1899; = molyssa Fruhstorfer, 1907; = mysolica Moore, 1883; = mytilene Felder & Felder, 1860; = nigrita Moore, 1883; = nore Swinhoe, 1917; = nubila Butler, 1866; = obscura Capronnier, 1886; = oesypera Talbot, 1943; = olga Swinhoe, 1917; = oros Fruhstorfer, 1907; = paradoxa Röber, 1939; = philene Stoll 1782; = piepersi Kalis, 1933; = pittakus Fruhstorfer, 1907; = pleistarchus Fruhstorfer, 1912; = pseudophilene Fruhstorfer, 1907; = pullata Butler, 1866; = rubrica Fruhstorfer, 1906; = sabrona Talbot, 1943; = sangira Fruhstorfer, 1899; = signata Talbot, 1943; = snelleni Kalis, 1933; = strephon Fruhstorfer, 1907; = subnigra Joicey & Talbot, 1922; = subnubila Fruhstorfer, 1907; = tambora Fruhstorfer, 1899; = taroena Van Eecke, 1915; = taruna Fruhstorfer, 1899; = transfuga Fruhstorfer, 1907; = tualana Talbot, 1943; = vandeldeni Kalis, 1933; = vorkeinus Röber, 1866; = wentholti Martin, 1914; = woodlarkiana Fruhstorfer, 1907)
  • Danaus melanippus (Cramer, 1777) (primum nomen = Papilio melanippus Cramer, 1777; = hegesippus Cramer, 1777; = lotis Cramer, 1779; = thoe Hübner, 1816; = edmondii Bougainville, 1837; = nesippus C. Felder, 1862; = eurydice Butler, 1884; = celebensis Staudinger, 1889; = erebus, Röber, 1891 ; = haruhasa Doherty, 1891; = pietersii Doherty, 1891; = taimanu Doherty, 1891; = fruhstorferi Röber, 1897; = keteus Hagen, 1898; = indicus Fruhstorfer, 1899; = malossona Fruhstorfer, 1899; = lotina Fruhstorfer, 1904; = umbrosus Fruhstorfer, 1906; = philozigetes Fruhstorfer, 1907; = mezentius Fruhstorfer, 1910; = meridionigra Martin, 1913; = edwardi Van Eecke, 1914; = insularis Moulton, 1921; = albescens Röber, 1927; = kotoshonis Matsumara, 1929; = camorta Evans, 1932)
  • Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777) (primum nomen = Papilio eresimus Cramer, 1777; = ares d'Almeida, 1944; = asclepidea Fabricius, 1938; = dilucida Forbes, 1939; = erginus Godman & Salvin, 1897; = estevana Talbot, 1943; = icensis Fuchs, 1954; = montezuma Talbot, 1943; = tethys Forbes, 1943)
  • Danaus plexaure (Godart, 1819) (primum nomen = Danais plexaure Godart, 1819; = brasiliensis Capronnier, 1874)
  • Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775) (primum nomen = Papilio gilippus Cramer, 1775; = berenice Cramer, 1779; = vincedoxici Hübner, 1816; = vincetoxici Hübner, 1816; = cleothera Godart, 1819; = manuja Eschscholtz, 1821; = xanthippus Felder & Felder, 1860; = thersippus Bates, 1863; = jamaicensis Bates, 1864; = strigosa Bates, 1864; = hermippus Felder & Felder, 1865; = nivosus Godman & Salvin, 1897; = esperanza Hoffman, 1924; = centralis Joicey & Talbot, 1925; = kempfferi Hall, 1925; = kerri Comstock, 1925; = vincetoxici Fabricius, 1938; = candidus Clark, 1941; = gilippina Hoffman, 1940; = wheeleri Talbot, 1943; = roedingeri Fuchs, 1954)
  • Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (primum nomen = Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758; = albinus Lanz, 1896; = amplifascia Talbot, 1943; = anomala Dufrane, 1948; = asclepiadis Gagliardi, 1811; = auriflava Van Eecke, 1914; = axantha Hayward, 1922; = bataviana Moore, 1883; = bipunctata Dufrane, 1948; = bowringi Moore, 1883; = candidata Hayward, 1922; = chrysipellus Strand, 1910; = clarippus Weymer, 1884; = completa Dufrane, 1948; = cratippus Felder, 1860; = deficiens Dufrane, 1948; = duplicata Dufrane, 1948; = duponti Dufrane, 1948; = evanescens Storace, 1949; = fuscippus Van Eecke, 1915; = gelderi Snellen, 1891; = hanoiensis Dufrane, 1948; = hypermnestra Stoneham, 1958; = impunctata Dufrane, 1948; = infumata Aurivillius, 1898; = joannisi Dufrane, 1948; = kanariensis Fruhstorfer, 1898; = lemeemagdalenae Lemeé, 1950; = limbata Matsumura, 1929; = luxurians Dufrane, 1948; = margarita Röber, 1926; = orientis Aurivillius, 1909; = ornata Dufrane, 1948; = petilia Stoll, 1790; = praealbata Froreich, 1928; = pseudopetilea Kalis, 1933; = radiata Dufrane, 1948; = reducta Dufrane, 1948; = rubra Van Eecke, 1915; = semialbinus Strand, 1910; = subpurpurea Matsumura, 1929; = subreducta Dufrane, 1948; = vigelii Heylaerts, 1884; = witteellus Overlaet, 1955; = yuchingkini Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid D. chrysippus x D. genutia)
    • Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Danaus chrysippus aegyptius (Schreber, 1759) (primum nomen = Papilio aegyptius Schreber, 1759; = Danaus chrysippus klugii Butler, 1886; = Papilio alcippus Cramer, 1777; = Danaus chrysippus liboria Hulstaert, 1931; = Danaus chrysippus alcippoides Moore, 1883; = Danaus chrysippus dorippus Klug, 1845; = Danaus chrysippus transiens Suffert, 1900)

Bibliographia

• Ackery, P., et R. Vane-Wright. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology. Londinii: British Museum (Natural History).
• Jiggins, F. M., G. D. D. Hurst, C. D. Jiggins, J. H. G. v. D. Schulenburg, et M. E. N. Majerus. 2000. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus is infected by a male-killing Spiroplasma bacterium. Parasitology 120(5): 439–446. Formula:DOI (HTML abstractum)
• Lushai, G., D. Goulson, J. A. Allen, N. Maclean, D. A. S. Smith, et I. J. Gordon. 2003. Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) and the creation of a hybrid zone. Heredity 90(3), 236-246.
• Smith, D. A. S., I. J. Gordon, G. Lushai, D. Goulson, J. A. Allen, et N. Maclean. 2002. Hybrid queen butterflies from the cross Danaus chrysippus (L.) x D. gilippus (Cramer): Confirmation of species status for the parents and further support for Haldane's Rule. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 76(4), 535-544.
• Smith, D. A. S., G. Lushai, et J. A. A. Allen. 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144(2), 191-212.

Notae

Nexus externus

Vide "Danaus" apud Vicispecies. Haec stipula ad insectum spectat. Amplifica, si potes!

Insecten

Danaus is een geslacht van vlinders uit de familie Nymphalidae. De naam Danaus werd in 1758 al door Linnaeus gebruikt op een manier zoals we tegenwoordig ondergeslachten zouden aangeven.^[1] Linnaeus' 'ondergeslacht' Danai werd door Jan Krzysztof Kluk in 1780 opgewaardeerd tot zelfstandig geslacht, waarmee Kluk de auteur van de geslachtsnaam is.^[2] Er zijn twaalf soorten die allemaal een overwegend oranje tot rode basiskleur hebben. De bekendste soort is de monarchvlinder (Danaus plexippus). Deze soort geniet grote bekendheid vanwege de grote afstand tussen de overwinteringsgebieden en de zomergebieden die deze trekvlinder elk jaar, in meerdere generaties per jaar, twee keer aflegt.

Geslachtsnaam

De wetenschappelijke geslachtsnaam Danaus is afgeleid van Danaos. Dit was een figuur uit de Griekse mythologie, koning van Libië, die met zijn 50 dochters, de Danaïden, van Libië naar Argos vluchtte om de meisjes te redden van een gedwongen huwelijk met de 50 zonen van zijn tweelingbroer Aigyptos. Linnaeus vernoemde het overgrote deel van de soorten die hij in de groep Danai candidi plaatste naar de dochters van Danaos, en die in de groep Danai festivi naar de zonen van Aigyptos.^[3] Linnaeus licht de namen zelf ook toe, onderaan pagina 467 van Systema naturae. Daar staat: "Danaorum Candidorum nomina a filiabus Danai Aegypti, Festivorum a filiis mutuatus sunt." (= "De namen van de Danai candidi zijn aan de dochters van Danaos ontleend, die van de Danai festivi aan de zonen van Aigyptos").^[4]

Soorten

naar Nymphalidae.net,^[5] gemodificeerd naar Smith et al. (2005).^[6]

• Danaus affinis - (Fabricius, 1775)
• Danaus bibussa - Fruhstorfer
• Danaus birungensis - Fruhstorfer
• Danaus chaoaspina - Staudinger
• Danaus chrysippus - (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Danaus chrysippus alcippus - (Cramer, 1777)
  • Danaus chrysippus orientis - (Aurivillius, 1909)
• Danaus cleophile - (Godart, 1819)
• Danaus diapientis - Strand
• Danaus dorippus - (Klug, 1845)
  • Danaus dorippus bataviana - (Moore, 1883)
• Danaus eresimus - (Cramer, 1777)
• Danaus erippus - (Cramer, 1775)
• Danaus genutia - (Cramer, 1779)
• Danaus gilippus - (Cramer, 1775)
• Danaus hamata - (MacLeay, 1827)
• Danaus infumatus - Aurivillius
• Danaus ismare - (Cramer, 1780)
• Danaus kotoshoensis - (Matsumura, 1929)
• Danaus malayensis - Fruhstorfer
• Danaus mangiolina - Staudinger
• Danaus melanippus - (Cramer, 1777)
• Danaus petilia - (Stoll, 1790)
• Danaus plexaure - (Godart, 1819)
  • Danaus eresimus plexaure - (Godart, 1819)
• Danaus plexippus - (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Danaus plexippus megalippe - (Hübner, 1826)
  • Danaus plexippus nigrippus - (Haensch, 1909)
• Danaus ravida - (Fruhstorfer, 1896)

Referentie

Monarksommerfugler (Danaus spp.) er en gruppe av sommerfugler som tilhører den store familien flikvinger (Nymphalidae). De er slanke, forholdsvis store sommerfugler, de fleste av dem er gode flygere og noen kan vandre over lange avstander. De fleste monarksommerfugler har larver som lever på mer eller mindre giftige planter. De tar vare på giftstoffene fra vertsplantene og bruker dem til å forsvare seg. Monarksommerfuglene signaliserer sin giftighet med karakteristiske, kontrastrike fargemønstre. Både giftige og ugiftige sommerfugler etterligner disse mønstrene og oppnår gjennom dette beskyttelse.

Utseende

Store sommerfugler (vingespenn gjerne 60 – 120 mm) med slank kropp og store vinger. På farge er de oransje eller rødlige med svarte flekker eller striper. Antennene er lange (ca. halvparten så lange som forvingene)og tynne. Forvingene er forholdsvis lange og smale, avrundet trekantede. Bakvingene er mye kortere enn forvingene og avrundede. Larvene er kontrastrikt fargede, ofte med trådsmale, oppstående utvekster på ett eller flere kroppsledd.

Levevis

Slekten Danaus, de egentlige monarkene, har larver på slekten Asclepias i gravmyrtfamilien. Disse plantene er ganske giftige. Noen arter er vandrere som kan ha vandringer som strekker seg over flere tusen kilometer (gjerne over flere generasjoner). Disse har ofte meget store utbredelsesområder.

Utbredelse

Monarksommerfuglene er ikke i stand til å overleve en kald vinter (de mangler et kuldeherdig overvintringsstadium), og det finnes derfor ingen arter som lever i tempererte områder året rundt. Monarken (Danaus plexippus) kan forekomme over det meste av Nord-Amerika og etter hvert også Europa om sommeren, men den vandrer sørover eller dør om høsten. De øvrige anrtene er utelukkende tropiske eller subtropiske. Særlig mange arter finnes i Sørøst-Asia.

Systematisk inndeling

• Ordenen Sommerfugler, Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758
  • Gruppen Glossata
    • Gruppen Coelolepida
      • Gruppen Myoglossata
        • Gruppen Neolepidoptera
          • Gruppen Heteroneura
            • Gruppen Eulepidoptera
              • Gruppen Ditrysia
                • Gruppen Apoditrysia
                  • Gruppen Storsommerfugler, Macrolepidoptera
                    • Gruppen Dagsommerfugler, Rhopalocera
                      • Overfamilien Egentlige dagsommerfugler, Papilionoidea
                        • Familien Flikvinger, Nymphalidae
                          • Underfamilien Danainae Boisduval, 1833
                            • Gruppen monarksommerfugler, Danaini Boisduval, 1833 – 160 arter, varme områder over hele Jorden
                              • Slekten monarksommerfugler, Danaus Kluk, 1780 – tolv arter, varme områder over hele Jorden
                                • Monarksommerfugl, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Nord-Amerika, Europa, Afrika, Asia og Australia
                                • Danaus erippus (Cramer, 1775)
                                • Danaus cleophile (Godart, 1819)
                                • Danaus ismare (Cramer, 1780)
                                • Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779)
                                • Danaus melanippus (Cramer, 1777)
                                • Danaus affinis (Fabricius, 1775)
                                • Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777)
                                • Danaus plexaure (Godart, 1819)
                                • Rødbrun monark, Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775) – Sør-Amerika, sørlige Nord-Amerika
                                • Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790)
                                • Afrikansk monark, Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Afrika, Asia, Australia

Kilder

• Carter, D. (1994) Sommerfugler fra hele verden. Teknologisk Forlag. ISBN 82-512-0438-0

Eksterne lenker

• (sv) Danaus hos Dyntaxa
• (en) Danaus i Encyclopedia of Life
• (en) Danaus i Global Biodiversity Information Facility
• (en) Danaus hos Fauna Europaea
• (en) Danaus hos NCBI
• (en) Danaus hos ITIS
• (en) Kategori:Danaus – bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• Danaus – detaljert informasjon på Wikispecies
• Danaus på Tree of life

Danaus é um género de borboletas (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) aposemáticas, da subfamília Danainae, tribo Danaini, com doze espécies reconhecidas, que habitam climas temperados, subtropicais e tropicais, possuindo representantes nas regiões Neártica, Neotropical, Paleártica, Afrotropical, Oriental, Australiana e Pacífica.^[1] Entre as espécies de borboletas do gênero Danaus se destaca a espécie popularmente conhecida como Borboleta-monarca (Danaus plexippus).

Biologia e reprodução

Plantas, muitas vezes, apresentam defesas químicas como cardenolidas e alcaloides pirrolizidínicos para deter os herbívoros predadores. Entretanto, borboletas do gênero Danaus (Nymphalidae: Danainae: Danaini) se beneficiam destas defesas. As Danaus apresentam dois mecanismos de defesa química: um baseado em cardenolidas e o outro baseado em alcaloides pirrolizidínicos.^[2][3][4][5] As larvas de Danaus são aposemáticas e especialistas em sequestrar cardenolidas^[1] das folhas de suas plantas hospedeiras da família Apocynaceae.^[6] As cardenolidas consumidas são retidas após o processo de pupação e conferem defesa química, tanto às larvas como aos adultos, contra o ataque de predadores.^[7][8][6] Quando adultas, as borboletas sequestram alcaloides pirrolizidínicos do néctar e partes senescentes de folhas e ramos das famílias Asteraceae, Boraginaceae e Fabaceae. Desta forma, ambos compostos conferem às borboletas uma proteção química contra predadores.^[9][10]

Machos do gênero Danaus utilizam os alcaloides pirrolizidínicos sequestrados como precursores para a síntese de feromônios sexuais^[11] e para o desenvolvimento e funcionamento dos órgãos sexuais androconiais.^[12] O sucesso reprodutivo dos machos depende das androcônias, as quais expelem, ao longo do intrincado voo nupcial, feromônios sexuais, como o hidroxidanaidal, que estimulam a receptividade da fêmea para a reprodução.^[12][13][14] Entretanto D. plexippus não depende de alcaloides pirrolizidínicos para reprodução.^[15]

Sistemática

Taxonomia

Filogenia

Referências

Danaus^[1] är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av Jan Krzysztof Kluk 1802. Danaus ingår i familjen praktfjärilar.^[1][2]

Flera av arterna i släktet har en form av mimikry som kallas Browers mimikry och innebär en skyddande likhet inom arten.^[3]

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life^[1] och Dyntaxa^[2]:

Danaus

Danaus chrysippus

Danaus gilippus

Monark

Bildgalleri

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Källor

Fotnoter

1. ^ [a b c] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (9 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/danaus/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
2. ^ [a b] Dyntaxa Danaus
3. ^ Pasteur 1982, s. 169-199

Tryckta källor

• Pasteur, G. (1982). ”A classificatory review of mimicry systems”. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125.

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Danaus.
  Bilder & media

• Wikispecies har information om Danaus.
  Artförteckning

Danaus là một chi bướm trong tông Danaini. Chi này có 12-13 loài. Loài nổi bật nhất là bướm vua. Chúng được tìm thấy trên toàn thế giới, bao gồm Bắc Mỹ, Nam Mỹ, Châu Phi, châu Á, Indonesia và Úc.

Các loài

Theo Smith et al. (2005), 12 loài được tạm thời chấp nhận dựa trên dữ liệu mtDNA 12S rRNA và cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, và nuclear DNA 18S rRNA và EF1 subunit α chuỗi hình thái học:

• Danaus affinis (Fabricius, 1775)
• Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Danaus cleophile (Godart, 1819) – bướm vua Jamaica
• Danaus dorippus (Klug, 1845) – (trước đây nằm trong D. chrysippus)
• Danaus eresimus (Cramer, 1777)
• Danaus erippus (Cramer, 1775)
• Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779)
• Danaus gilippus (Cramer, 1775)
• Danaus ismare (Cramer, 1780)
• Danaus melanippus (Cramer, 1777)
• Danaus petilia (Stoll, 1790)
• Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Hình ảnh

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Tham khảo

Без ранга: Первичноротые

Без ранга: Линяющие

Без ранга: Panarthropoda

Тип: Членистоногие

Подтип: Трахейнодышащие

Надкласс: Шестиногие

Класс: Насекомые

Подкласс: Крылатые насекомые

Инфракласс: Новокрылые насекомые

Клада: Насекомые с полным превращением

Надотряд: Amphiesmenoptera

Отряд: Чешуекрылые

Подотряд: Хоботковые

Инфраотряд: Разнокрылые бабочки

Клада: Двупорые

Клада: Obtectomera

Надсемейство: Булавоусые

Семейство: Нимфалиды

Подсемейство: Данаиды

Триба: Данаины

Род: Данаиды

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Данаиды.

Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Данаиды_(род)&oldid=71459288

模式種 君主斑蝶
Papilio plexippus
Linnaeus, 1758 種

共12種，詳見正文

斑蝶屬（Monarch，Queen，學名：Danaus）是蝴蝶的一屬，歸在蛺蝶科斑蝶亞科斑蝶族中。

種

斑蝶亞屬

• 牙買加斑蝶 Danaus cleophile
• 君主斑蝶 Danaus plexippus —— 在台湾称帝王斑蝶
• 伊麗斑蝶 Danaus erippus

虎斑蝶亞屬

• 黑紋斑蝶 Danaus ismare
• 虎斑蝶 Danaus genutia —— 在台湾称黑脉桦斑蝶
• 愛妃斑蝶 Danaus affinis = 紅褐斑蝶 D. philene
• 黑虎斑蝶 Danaus melanippus —— 在台湾称白虎斑蝶

女王斑蝶亞屬

• 熱帶女王斑蝶 Danaus eresimus
• 普萊斑蝶 Danaus plexaure
• 女王斑蝶 Danaus gilippus
• 金斑蝶 Danaus chrysippus在台湾称桦斑蝶
• 騎士斑蝶 Danaus petilia

參考資料

• Ackery PR, and Vane-Wright RI. 1984. Milkweed butterflies. British Museum (Natural History), London.
• Brower, L. P., Oberhauser, K., Boppre, M., Brower, A. V. Z. & Vane-Wright, R. I. 2007. Monarch sex: ancient rites, or recent wrongs? Antenna 31:12-18.
• Lushai G, Allen JA, Goulson D, MacLean N, and Smith DAS. 2005. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) in East Africa comprises polyphyletic, sympatric lineages that are, despite behavioral isolation, driven to hybridization by female-biased sex ratios. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86: 117-131.
• Lushai G, Zalucki MP, Smith DAS, Goulson D, and Daniels G. 2005. The lesser wanderer butterfly, Danaus petilia (Stoll 1790) stat. rev. (Lepidoptera: Danainae), reinstated as a species. Australian Journal of Entomology 44: 6-14.
• Brower, Andrew V. Z. 2009. Danaus Kluk 1780. Monarchs and Queens. Version 21 April 2009 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Danaus/70714/2009.04.21 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
• 徐堉峰. 《臺灣蝴蝶圖鑑．下【蛺蝶】》. 台灣: 晨星出版有限公司. 2013年3月10日. ISBN 9789861776682 （中文（繁體）‎）.
• 呂至堅、陳建仁. 《蝴蝶生活史圖鑑》. 台灣: 晨星出版有限公司. 2014年3月23日. ISBN 9789861777849 （中文（繁體）‎）.
• 寿建新 周尧 李宇飞. 世界蝴蝶分類名錄. 中國: 陝西科學技術出版社. 2006-04-01. ISBN 9787536936768 （中文（简体）‎）.

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：斑蝶屬 维基物种中的分类信息：斑蝶屬 綃蝶族 斑蝶族　 澳綃蝶族

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=斑蝶屬&oldid=53193990”